Practical 1 : General solution of first

and second order Partial Differential

Equations
(A) Solutions of First Order PDEs

Q1. Find the general solution of the following first order PDE : ux + uy = 0.

Pde = D[u[x, y], x] + D[u[x, y], y]  0

O u t [ ] =

u(0,1) [x, y] + u(1,0) [x, y]  0

I n [ ] : = Sol = DSolve[Pde, u[x, y], {x, y}]

O u t [ ] =

{{u[x, y]  1 [- x + y]}}

I n [ ] : = f[x_, y_] = u[x, y] /. Sol〚1〛

O u t [ ] =

1 [- x + y]

I n [ ] : = f[x, 0]
O u t [ ] =

1 [- x]

Q2. Find the general solution of the following first order PDE : x ux + y uy = u .

I n [ ] : = Pde = x D[u[x, y], x] + y D[u[x, y], y]  u[x, y]

O u t [ ] =

y u(0,1) [x, y] + x u(1,0) [x, y]  u[x, y]

I n [ ] : = Sol = DSolve[{Pde}, u[x, y], {x, y}]

O u t [ ] =
y
u[x, y]  x 1  
x
2 [Link]

Q3. Plot the solution of the following PDE : ux + uy = 0, u[0, y] = Sin y.

I n [ ] : = Sol = DSolve[{D[u[x, y], x] + D[u[x, y], y]  0, u[0, y]  Sin[y]}, u[x, y], {x, y}]
O u t [ ] =

{{u[x, y]  - Sin[x - y]}}

I n [ ] : = Plot3D[u[x, y] /. Sol, {x, - 5, 5}, {y, - 5, 5}, AxesLabel  {x, y, u}]

O u t [ ] =

Q4. Plot the solution of the following first order PDE : x ux + y uy = x e-u , , u (x, y)
= 0 on y = x 2.

I n [ ] : = Pde = x D[u[x, y], x] + y D[u[x, y], y]  x Exp[- u[x, y]]

O u t [ ] =

y u(0,1) [x, y] + x u(1,0) [x, y]  -u[x,y] x

I n [ ] : = Sol = DSolvePde, u[x, y] /. y  x2   0, u[x, y], {x, y} // Quiet

O u t [ ] =
y
u[x, y]  Log1 + x - 
x
 [Link] 3

I n [ ] : = Plot3D[u[x, y] /. Sol, {x, - 5, 5}, {y, - 5, 5},

AxesLabel  {x, y, u}, ColorFunction  "Rainbow"]
O u t [ ] =

(B) Solutions of Second Order PDEs

Q5. Find general solutions of the following Second order

PDE : uxx + 2 uxy + uyy = 0.

I n [ ] : = Pde = D[u[x, y], {x, 2}] - 2 D[u[x, y], x, y] + D[u[x, y], {y, 2}]  0
O u t [ ] =

u(0,2) [x, y] - 2 u(1,1) [x, y] + u(2,0) [x, y]  0

I n [ ] : = Sol = DSolve[Pde, u[x, y], {x, y}]

O u t [ ] =

{{u[x, y]  1 [x + y] + x 2 [x + y]}}

Q6. Find solution of the following Second order PDE : uxx+ 2 uxy - 3 uyy = 0, u[x,
0] = Sin x, uy [x, 0] = x .

I n [ ] : = Pde = D[u[x, y], {x, 2}] + 2 D[u[x, y], x, y] - 3 D[u[x, y], {y, 2}]  0
O u t [ ] =

- 3 u(0,2) [x, y] + 2 u(1,1) [x, y] + u(2,0) [x, y]  0

4 [Link]

I n [ ] : = Sol = DSolve[{Pde, (u[x, y] /. y  0)  Sin[x], (D[u[x, y], y] /. y  0)  x},

u[x, y], {x, y}] // FullSimplify
O u t [ ] =
1 y
u[x, y]  4 y (3 x + y) + 9 Sinx -  + 3 Sin[x + y] 
12 3

I n [ ] : = Plot3D[u[x, y] /. Sol, {x, - 5, 5}, {y, - 5, 5},

AxesLabel  {x, y, u}, ColorFunction  "Rainbow"]
O u t [ ] =
 [Link] 5

Practical 2 : Solution and Plotting of

Cauchy Problem for the first order
PDEs
Q 1. Obtain the solution of the linear equation u x - uy = 1,
with the data u (x, 0) = x2.

I n [ ] : = Pde = D[u[x, y], x] - D[u[x, y], y]  1

O u t [ ] =

- u(0,1) [x, y] + u(1,0) [x, y]  1

I n [ ] : = Sol = DSolvePde, u[x, 0]  x2 , u[x, y], {x, y}

O u t [ ] =

u[x, y]  x2 - y + 2 x y + y2 

I n [ ] : = Ch = D[y[x], x]  - 1
O u t [ ] =

y′ [x]  - 1

I n [ ] : = chSol = DSolve[Ch, y[x], x]

O u t [ ] =

{{y[x]  - x + 1 }}

I n [ ] : = Plot[y[x] /. chSol /. C[1]  Range[0, 4],

{x, - 4, 4}, Frame  True, FrameLabel  "Characteristics"]
O u t [ ] =

-2

-4
-4 -2 0 2 4
Characteristics
6 [Link]

I n [ ] : = Plot3D[u[x, y] /. Sol, {x, - 4, 4}, {y, - 4, 4},

PlotLabel  "Integral Surface", ColorFunction  "Rainbow"]
O u t [ ] =

Q 2. Obtain the solution of the linear equation u x + 2 uy = 0,

2
with the cauchy data u (0, y) = e-y .

I n [ ] : = Pde = D[u[x, y], x] + 2 D[u[x, y], y]  0

O u t [ ] =

2 u(0,1) [x, y] + u(1,0) [x, y]  0

I n [ ] : = Sol = DSolvePde, u[0, y]  Exp- y2 , u[x, y], {x, y}

O u t [ ] =
2
u[x, y]  -(-2 x+y) 

I n [ ] : = Ch = D[y[x], x]  2
O u t [ ] =

y′ [x]  2

I n [ ] : = ChSol = DSolve[Ch, y[x], x]

O u t [ ] =

{{y[x]  2 x + 1 }}
 [Link] 7

I n [ ] : = Plot[y[x] /. ChSol /. C[1]  Range[0, 4], {x, - 4, 4},

Frame  True, FrameLabel  "Characteristics", PlotStyle  Blue]
O u t [ ] =

10

-5

-4 -2 0 2 4
Characteristics

I n [ ] : = Plot3D[u[x, y] /. Sol, {x, - 10, 10}, {y, - 10, 10},

PlotLabel  "Integral Surface", ColorFunction  "Rainbow"]
O u t [ ] =

Q 3. Obtain the solution of the equation u (x + y) ux + u (x - y) uy =

x2 + y2, with the data u (x, 2 x) = 0.

I n [ ] : = Pde = u[x, y] (x + y) D[u[x, y], x] + u[x, y] (x - y) D[u[x, y], y]  x2 + y2

O u t [ ] =

(x - y) u[x, y] u(0,1) [x, y] + (x + y) u[x, y] u(1,0) [x, y]  x2 + y2

I n [ ] : = Sol = DSolve[{Pde, (u[x, y] /. y  2 x)  0}, u[x, y], {x, y}] // Quiet

O u t [ ] =

2 2
u[x, y]  - 2 x2 + 3 x y - 2 y2 , u[x, y]  2 x2 + 3 x y - 2 y2 ,
7 7

2 2
u[x, y]  - 2 x2 + 3 x y - 2 y2 , u[x, y]  2 x2 + 3 x y - 2 y2 
7 7
8 [Link]

x - y[x]
I n [ ] : = Ch = D[y[x], x] 
x + y[x]

O u t [ ] =
x - y[x]
y′ [x] 
x + y[x]

I n [ ] : = ChSol = DSolve[Ch, y[x], x]

O u t [ ] =

y[x]  - x - 2 1 + 2 x2 , y[x]  - x + 2 1 + 2 x2 

I n [ ] : = Plot[y[x] /. ChSol /. C[1]  Range[- 2, 2], {x, - 2, 2},

Frame  True, FrameLabel  "Characteristics", PlotStyle  Blue]
O u t [ ] =
10

-5

-10
-2 -1 0 1 2
Characteristics

I n [ ] : = Plot3D[u[x, y] /. Sol, {x, - 10, 10}, {y, - 10, 10},

PlotLabel  "Integral Surface", ColorFunction  "AlpineColors"]
O u t [ ] =
 [Link] 9

Practical 3 : Plotting the

characteristics for the first order
partial differential equations
Q 1. Plot the characteristics for the following
first order PDE : ux + uy = 0, u (x, 0) = f (x).

I n [ ] : = Pde = D[u[x, y], x] + D[u[x, y], y]  0

O u t [ ] =

u(0,1) [x, y] + u(1,0) [x, y]  0

I n [ ] : = Chsys = {x '[t]  1, y '[t]  1, u '[t]  0};

I n [ ] : = Sol = DSolve[{Chsys, x[0]  x0, y[0]  0, u[0]  f[x0]}, {x[t], y[t], u[t]}, t]
O u t [ ] =

{{x[t]  t + x0, y[t]  t, u[t]  f[x0]}}

(*Define range of intitial x0 value*)

I n [ ] : = x0list = Range[- 5, 5, 2];

I n [ ] : = ParametricPlot[Evaluate @ Table[{t + x0, t}, {x0, x0list}], {t, 0, 5},

PlotStyle  {Green, Purple, Red, Blue, Orange}, PlotLegends  x0list,
Frame  True, FrameLabel  {"x", "t"}, PlotRange  {{- 5, 5}, {0, 5}}]
O u t [ ] =
5

4 -5
-3
3
-1
t

2
1
1 3

0
5
-4 -2 0 2 4
x
10 [Link]

Q 2. Plot the characteristics for the following first order PDE : u ux + uy = 0, u (x,
0) = g (x).

I n [ ] : = Pde = u[x, y] × D[u[x, y], x] + D[u[x, y], y]  0

O u t [ ] =

u(0,1) [x, y] + u[x, y] u(1,0) [x, y]  0

I n [ ] : = Chsys = {x '[t]  u[t], y '[t]  1, u '[t]  0};

I n [ ] : = Sol = DSolve[{Chsys, x[0]  x0, y[0]  0, u[0]  g[x0]}, {x[t], y[t], u[t]}, t]
O u t [ ] =

{{u[t]  g[x0], x[t]  x0 + t g[x0], y[t]  t}}

I n [ ] : = (*Define range of intitial x0 value*)

x0list = Range[- 5, 5, 2];

I n [ ] : = (*Define function g(x)*)

g[x_] = x;

I n [ ] : = ParametricPlot[Evaluate @ Table[{x0 + t g[x0], t}, {x0, x0list}], {t, 0, 10},

PlotStyle  {Red, Blue, Green, Purple, Orange}, PlotLegends  x0list,
Frame  True, FrameLabel  {"x", "t"}, PlotRange  {{- 10, 10}, {0, 10}}]
O u t [ ] =
10

8
-5

6 -3
-1
t

4
1

2
3
5
0
-10 -5 0 5 10
x

[Link] the Characteristics for

the following first order PDE : ux + uy = u,
2
u (x, 0) = h (x), where h (x) = e-x .

I n [ ] : = Pde = D[u[x, y], x] + D[u[x, y], y]  u[x, y]

O u t [ ] =

u(0,1) [x, y] + u(1,0) [x, y]  u[x, y]

I n [ ] : = Chsys = {x '[t]  1, y '[t]  1, u '[t]  u[t]};

 [Link] 11

I n [ ] : = Sol = DSolve[{Chsys, x[0]  x0, y[0]  0, u[0]  h[x0]}, {x[t], y[t], u[t]}, t]
O u t [ ] =

x[t]  t + x0, y[t]  t, u[t]  t h[x0]

I n [ ] : = (*Define range of intitial x0 value*)

x0list = Range[1, 5, 1];

I n [ ] : = (*Define function h(x)*)

h[x_] = Exp- x2 ;

I n [ ] : = ParametricPlot[Evaluate @ Table[{Exp[t] h[x0], t}, {x0, x0list}], {t, 0, 10},

PlotStyle  {Red, Blue, Green, Purple, Orange}, PlotLegends  x0list,
Frame  True, FrameLabel  {"u", "t"}, PlotRange  {{0, 10}, {0, 10}}]
O u t [ ] =
10

6
1
2
t

3
4
4
5
2

0
0 2 4 6 8 10
u
12 [Link]

Practical 4 : Solution of vibrating

string problem using D’Alembert
formula with initial conditions.
The PDE is :
utt = c2 uxx, xϵ (0, L), t > 0
with initial conditions
u (x, 0) = f (x), ut (x, 0) = g (x)
The D ' Alembert Solution is :
u (x, t) =
x+ct
1 / 2[f (x + ct) + f (x - ct)] + 1 / (2 c)  g (s)  s
x-ct

I n [ ] : = (*Parameters*)c = 1;(*wave speed*)

L = 10;(*String length*)
(*Initial displacement and Velocity*)
f[x_] := Exp[- (x - 5) ^ 2](*Gaussian hump*)
g[x_] := 0 (*Zero initial velocity*)
(*D'Alembert Solution*)
u[x_, t_] := 1 / 2 (f[x - c t] + f[x + c t]) + 1 / (2 c) Integrate[g[s], {s, x - c t, x + c t}]
(*Simplify solution since g[x]=0 here*)
usol[x_, t_] = Simplify[u[x, t]]
O u t [ ] =
1 2 2
-(5+t-x) + -(-5+t+x) 
2
 [Link] 13

I n [ ] : = (*Plot Displacement at a fixed Time *)

Plot[usol[x, 2], {x, 0, L}, PlotRange  All, Frame  True, FrameLabel  "String at t=2"]
O u t [ ] =

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.0

0 2 4 6 8 10
String at t=2

I n [ ] : = (* Animate Evolution of string *)

Manipulate[Plot[usol[x, t], {x, 0, L} , PlotRange  {- 1, 1}, AxesLabel  {"x", "u(x,t)"},
PlotLabel  Row[{"Vibrating String at t=", t}]], {t, 0, 10}]
O u t [ ] =

Vibrating String at t=0

u(x,t)
1.0

0.5

x
2 4 6 8 10

-0.5

-1.0
14 [Link]

I n [ ] : = (*Parameters*)c = 1;(*wave speed*)

L = 10;(*String length*)
(*Initial displacement and Velocity*)
f[x_] := Exp[- (x - 5) ^ 2] (*Gaussian hump*)
g[x_] := 1 (*Zero initial velocity*)
(*D'Alembert Solution*)
u[x_, t_] := 1 / 2 (f[x - c t] + f[x + c t]) + 1 / (2 c) Integrate[g[s], {s, x - c t, x + c t}]
(*Simplify solution since g[x]=0 here*)
usol[x_, t_] = Simplify[u[x, t]]
O u t [ ] =
1 2 2
-(5+t-x) + -(-5+t+x)  + t
2

I n [ ] : = (*Plot Displacement at a fixed Time *)

Plot[usol[x, 2], {x, 0, L}, PlotRange  All, Frame  True, FrameLabel  "String at t=2"]
O u t [ ] =

2.5

2.4

2.3

2.2

2.1

2.0

0 2 4 6 8 10
String at t=2
 [Link] 15

I n [ ] : = (* Animate Evolution of string *)

Manipulate[Plot[usol[x, t], {x, 0, L} , PlotRange  {- 1, 1}, AxesLabel  {"x", "u(x,t)"},
PlotLabel  Row[{"Vibrating String at t = ", t}]], {t, 0, 10}]
O u t [ ] =

Vibrating String at t = 0
u(x,t)
1.0

0.5

x
2 4 6 8 10

-0.5

-1.0

In[1]:= (*Parameters*)c = 1;(*wave speed*)

L = 10;(*String length*)
(*Initial displacement and Velocity*)
f[x_] := Sin[x] (*Gaussian hump*)
g[x_] := x2 (*Zero initial velocity*)
(*D'Alembert Solution*)
u[x_, t_] := 1 / 2 (f[x - c t] + f[x + c t]) + 1 / (2 c) Integrate[g[s], {s, x - c t, x + c t}]
(*Simplify solution since g[x]=0 here*)
usol[x_, t_] = Simplify[u[x, t]]
t3
Out[6]= + t x2 + Cos[t] Sin[x]
3
16 [Link]

In[7]:= (*Plot Displacement at a fixed Time *)

Plot[usol[x, 5], {x, 0, L}, PlotRange  All, Frame  True, FrameLabel  "String at t=2"]

500

400

300

Out[7]=

200

100

0 2 4 6 8 10
String at t=2

In[8]:= (* Animate Evolution of string *)

Manipulate[Plot[usol[x, t], {x, 0, L} , PlotRange  {- 1, 1}, AxesLabel  {"x", "u(x,t)"},
PlotLabel  Row[{"Vibrating String at t = ", t}]], {t, 0, 1}]

Vibrating String at t = 0
u(x,t)
1.0

0.5
Out[8]=

x
2 4 6 8 10

-0.5

-1.0
 [Link] 17

Practical 5 :
Solution of heat equation
ut = kuxx with
intitial conditions
The hear equation is :
ut = k uxx, x ∈ (0, L), t > 0
where :
u (x, t) -> temperature at position x and time t, k -> thermal diffusivity constant .
Initial Conditions : u (x, 0) = f (x),
0 < x < L . Boundary conditions
(i) Dirichlet (Fixed Temperature) Conditions
u (0, t) = ϕ1 (t) and u (L, t) = ϕ2 (t)
(ii) Neumann (Insulated/Specified Heat Flux) conditions
ux (0, t) = ψ1 (t) and ux (L, t) = ψ2 (t)
(iii) Robin (Mixed type) conditions
a1 u (0, t) + b1 ux (0, t) = g1 (t), a2 u (L, t) + b2 ux (L, t) = g2 (t)

Q .1 : Solve and plot the solution of following heat equation :

ut - uxx = 0, 0 < x < 5, t > 0,
u (x, 0) = 0, 0 < x < 5, u (0, t) = Sin t,
t ≥ 0, u (5, t) = 0, t ≥ 0.

I n [ ] : = Pde = D[u[x, t], t] - D[u[x, t], {x, 2}]  0

O u t [ ] =

u(0,1) [x, t] - u(2,0) [x, t]  0

18 [Link]

I n [ ] : = Sol =
DSolve[{Pde, u[x, 0]  0, u[0, t]  Sin[t], u[5, t]  0}, u[x, t], {x, t}] /. K[1]  n /.
∞5
O u t [ ] =
1
- n 2 π2 t nπx
5 50  25 n2 π2 - 50 n2 π2 Cos[t] - 1250 Sin[t] Sin 
1 5
u[x, t]  - (- 5 + x) Sin[t] +  
5 n=1 625 n π + n5 π5

I n [ ] : = a1[x_, t_] = u[x, t] /. Sol〚1〛 // Activate

O u t [ ] =
π2 t
- πx
50  25 π2 - 50 π2 Cos[t] - 1250 Sin[t] Sin 
1 5
- (- 5 + x) Sin[t] + +
5 625 π + π5
4 π2 t
- 2πx
200  25 π2 - 200 π2 Cos[t] - 1250 Sin[t] Sin 
5
+
1250 π + 32 π5
9 π2 t
- 3πx
450  25 π2 - 450 π2 Cos[t] - 1250 Sin[t] Sin 
5
+
1875 π + 243 π5
16 π2 t
- 4πx
800  25 π2 - 800 π2 Cos[t] - 1250 Sin[t] Sin 
5
+
2500 π + 1024 π5
2
t
1250 -π π2 - 1250 π2 Cos[t] - 1250 Sin[t] Sin[π x]

3125 π + 3125 π5

I n [ ] : = Plot3D[a1[x, t], {x, 0, 5}, {t, 0, 10}, AxesLabel  {"x", "t", "u(x,t)]"}]
O u t [ ] =
 [Link] 19

Q .2 : Solve and plot the solution of following heat equation :

ut - 4 uxx = 0, 0 < x < 2, t > 0,
u (x, 0) = x2 (1 - x), 0 < x < 2, u (0, t) = 0,
t ≥ 0, u (1, t) = 0, t ≥ 0.

I n [ ] : = Pde = D[u[x, t], t] - 4 D[u[x, t], {x, 2}]  0

O u t [ ] =

u(0,1) [x, t] - 4 u(2,0) [x, t]  0

I n [ ] : = Sol = DSolvePde, u[x, 0]  x2 (1 - x), u[0, t]  0, u[2, t]  0, u[x, t], {x, t} /.
K[1]  n /. ∞  3
O u t [ ] =
2
π2 t nπx
3 8 -n - 2 - 10 (- 1)n + (- 1)n n2 π2  Sin 
2
u[x, t]   
n=1 n 3 π3

I n [ ] : = a1[x_, t_] = u[x, t] /. Sol〚1〛 // Activate

O u t [ ] =
2 πx 2 3πx
t
8 -π t
8 - π2  Sin  -4 π
2
t
- 12 + 4 π2  Sin[π x] 8 -9 π 8 - 9 π2  Sin 
2 2
+ +
π3 π3 27 π3

I n [ ] : = Plot3D[a1[x, t], {x, 0, 2}, {t, 1, 3},

AxesLabel  {"x", "t", "u(x,t)]"}, ColorFunction  "Rainbow"]
O u t [ ] =
20 [Link]

Practical 6 : Solution of one

dimensional wave equation with
initial conditions
(i) : u (x, 0) = f (x), ut (x, 0) = g (x), x ∈ , t > 0.

I n [ ] : = Pde = D[u[x, t], {t, 2}]  c2 D[u[x, t], {x, 2}];

I n [ ] : = (*Solution of the PDE analytically*)

Sol = DSolveValue[{Pde, u[x, 0]  f[x], Derivative[0, 1][u][x, 0]  g[x]}, u[x, t], {x, t}]
O u t [ ] =
c2 t+x
∫ g[K[1]]×K[1]
1 2 2 - c2 t+x
f- c t + x + f c t + x + t≥0
2 2 c2
Indeterminate True

I n [ ] : = (*Define initial data*)

f[x_] := Exp- x2 ;

I n [ ] : = g[x_] := 1;

I n [ ] : = (*sol is a Piecewise result;extract only the first branch (t≥0)*)

uExpr1 = Sol〚1, 1〛 /. c  1 // Activate
O u t [ ] =
1 2 2
 -(-t+x) + -(t+x)  + t, t ≥ 0
2
 [Link] 21

I n [ ] : = (*3D surface plot of the solution*)

Plot3D[uExpr1, {x, - 8, 8}, {t, 0, 5}, AxesLabel  {"x", "t", "u(x,t)"},
PlotLabel  "1D Wave Equation Solution", ColorFunction  "BrightBands", PlotRange  All]
O u t [ ] =

(ii) : u (x, 0) = f (x), ut (x, 0) = g (x), u (0, t) = 0, x ∈ , t > 0.

I n [ ] : = Pde = D[u[x, t], {t, 2}]  c ^ 2 D[u[x, t], {x, 2}];

I n [ ] : = (*Solution of the PDE analytically*)Sol = DSolveValue[

{Pde, u[x, 0]  f[x], Derivative[0, 1][u][x, 0]  g[x], u[0, t]  0}, u[x, t], {x, t}]
O u t [ ] =
c2 t+x
∫ g[K[1]]×K[1]
1 2 2 c2 t+x
c2 t ≥ 0
-
f- c t + x + f c t + x + x>
2 2 c2
c2 t+x
∫ g[K[1]]×K[1]
1 c2 t-x
- f c2 t - x + f c2 t + x + 0≤x≤ c2 t
2 2 c2
Indeterminate True

I n [ ] : = Sol /. f[x_]  Exp- x2 , g[x_]  1

O u t [ ] =
2 2
1 -- c2 t+x - c2 t+x
 + +t x> c2 t ≥ 0
2
2 2
1 - c2 t-x - c2 t+x x
- + + 0≤x≤ c2 t
2 c2
Indeterminate True
22 [Link]

I n [ ] : = Manipulate[Plot3D[%3, {t, 0, 8}, {x, 0, 8},

AxesLabel  {"x", "t", "u(x,t)"}, PlotLabel  "1D Wave Equation Solution",
ColorFunction  "BrightBands", PlotRange  All], {c, 1, 2}]
O u t [ ] =

(iii) : u (x, 0) = f (x), ut (x, 0) = g (x), ux (0, t) = 0, x ∈ , t > 0.

I n [ ] : = Pde = D[u[x, t], {t, 2}]  c ^ 2 * D[u[x, t], {x, 2}];

I n [ ] : = DSolveValue[{Pde, u[x, 0]  f[x], Derivative[0, 1][u][x, 0]  g[x],

Derivative[1, 0][u][0, t]  0}, u[x, t], {x, t}] // Simplify
O u t [ ] =

f[x] x ≥ 0 && t  0
∞ ∞ Sin c2 t K[1] ∫0∞ Cos[x K[1]] g[x] x
2 ∫0 Cos[x K[1]] Cos c2 t K[1] ∫0 Cos[x K[1]] f[x] x+ K[1]
c2 K[1]
x ≥ 0 && t > 0
π
Indeterminate True
 [Link] 23

I n [ ] : = Sol = DSolveValue[{Pde, u[x, 0]  Sin[x], Derivative[0, 1][u][x, 0]  x ^ 2,

Derivative[1, 0][u][0, t]  0}, u[x, t], {x, t}] // Simplify
O u t [ ] =
c2 t3
+ t x2 + Cos c2 t Sin[x] x > c2 t ≥ 0
3
c2 t3
+ t x2 + Cos[x] Sin c2 t 0 ≤ x ≤ c2 t
3
0 True

I n [ ] : = Manipulate[Plot3D[%3, {t, 0, 5}, {x, 0, 10},

AxesLabel  {"x", "t", "u(x,t)"}, PlotLabel  "1D Wave Equation Solution",
ColorFunction  "MintColors", PlotRange  All], {c, 0, 2}]
O u t [ ] =

c
24 [Link]

Practical 7 : Solution of the traffic

flow problem with given initial
conditions, and plotting of the
characteristic base curves and
traffic density function .
Problem 1 : Find the trafic density ρ (x, t),
∂ρ ∂ρ
satisfying : + x Sinx =
∂t ∂x
1
0 with initial conditionρ (x, 0) = ρ0 (x) = 1 + .
2
1+x .

Characteristic base curve or IVP :)

I n [ ] : = Charbase = DSolve[{D[x[t], t]  x[t] Sin[t], x[0]  x0}, x[t], t]

O u t [ ] =

x[t]  1-Cos[t] x0

I n [ ] : = (*Along the characteristic base curves,

the function ρ(x(t),t) is conserved an hence we take:ρ(x(t),t)=ρ(x(0),0)=ρ(x(0))*)
Solvex[t]  1-Cos[t] x0, x0
O u t [ ] =

x0  -1+Cos[t] x[t]

 [Link] 25

I n [ ] : = x0 = -1+Cos[t] x[t];
1
ρ0[x_] = 1 + ;
1 + x2
(*Solution of the problem*)
ρ = ρ0[x0]
O u t [ ] =
1
1+
1 + -2+2 Cos[t] x[t]2

I n [ ] : = (*Plot of Solution curve*)

Plot3D[1 + 1 / (1 + Exp[- 2 + 2 Cos[t]] x ^ 2), {x, 0, 5},
{t, 0, 5}, PlotLabel  "Characteristic base curve for x0 = 1",
AxesLabel  {"x", "t", "ρ"}, ColorFunction  "Rainbow"]
O u t [ ] =
26 [Link]

I n [ ] : = (*Plot of Characteristic Base Curve*)

Plot[Evaluate[Table[x0 Exp[1 - Cos[t]], {x0, {0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4}}]], {t, 0, 10},
PlotLegends  Placed[{"x0=0.5", "x0=1", "x0=2", "x0=3", "x0=4"}, Right],
PlotLabel  "Family of Characteristic Base Curves",
AxesLabel  {"t", "x(t)"}, PlotStyle  Thick]
O u t [ ] =

Family of Characteristic Base Curves

x(t)

30

25
x0=0.5

20 x0=1
x0=2
15
x0=3
10 x0=4

t
2 4 6 8 10

Problem 2 : Find the trafic density ρ (x, t),

∂ρ ∂ρ
satisfying : + et =
∂t ∂x
2 ρ with initial condition ρ0 (x) = 1 + sin2 x.

Characteristic base curve or IVP :)

I n [ ] : = Charbase1 = DSolve[{D[x[t], t]  Exp[t], x[0]  x0}, x[t], t]

O u t [ ] =

x[t]  - 1 + t + x0

I n [ ] : = (*Along the characteristic base curves,

the function ρ(x(t),t) is conserved an hence we take:ρ(x(t),t)=ρ(x(0),0)=ρ(x(0))*)
Solvex[t]  - 1 + t + x0, x0
O u t [ ] =

x0  1 - t + x[t]

I n [ ] : = Charbase2 = DSolveD[ρ[t], t]  2 ρ[t], ρ[0]  1 + Sin2 [x0], ρ[t], t

O u t [ ] =

ρ[t]  2 t 1 + Sin2 [x0]

 [Link] 27

I n [ ] : = (*Solution of the problem*)

ρ = ρ[t] /. Charbase2 /. x0  1 - t + x[t]
O u t [ ] =

2 t 1 + Sin2 1 - t + x[t]

I n [ ] : = (*Plot of solution*)
Plot3D[Exp[2 t] (1 + Sin[x - Exp[t] + 1] ^ 2),
{x, - 5, 5}, {t, - 2, 2}, AxesLabel  {"x", "t", "ρ(x,t)"},
PlotLabel  "Traffic density ρ(x,t)", ColorFunction  "Mint"]
O u t [ ] =

I n [ ] : = (*Plot of Characteristic base curve*)

Plot[Evaluate @ Table[x0 + Exp[t] - 1, {x0, - 4, 4, 1}], {t, - 2, 2},
PlotRange  All, PlotStyle  Table[ColorData["Rainbow"][k / 9], {k, 0, 8}],
AxesLabel  {"t", "x"}, PlotLabel  "Characteristic base curves"]
O u t [ ] =
Characteristic base curves
x

10

t
-2 -1 1 2

-5