Arithmetic Operations

Arithmetic Operations are the basic mathematical operations—

Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, and Division—used for
calculations.
These operations form the foundation of mathematics and are
essential in daily life, such as sharing items, calculating bills, solving
time and work problems, and interpreting data.

The term "Arithmetic" comes from the Greek word "arithmos,"

meaning "numbers." It is the branch of mathematics focused on the
study of numbers and their operations.
 Arithmetic Operations
Addition
Addition is one of the basic arithmetic operations where two or more
numbers (called addends) are combined to get a total (called the sum).
When we combine two or more numbers or quantities we say are
adding It is represented by the plus sign (+).

Addition is helpful in totaling the bill at a shop, the amount of money

you receive from different sources, the amount you spend at different
places, and in the counting of numbers or quantities.
In the counting of numbers, the next number is obtained by adding 1 to
the previous number. We can say that Addition is the backbone of
counting.
Arithmetic Operations
 Arithmetic Operations
Subtraction
Subtraction is the process of finding the difference between two
numbers. It is represented by the (-) symbol and is the opposite of
addition.

Subtraction helps calculate things like how much change you get after
paying more than a bill, how much bigger or smaller one number is
compared to another, and how much money you save after expenses.
Arithmetic Operations
 Arithmetic Operations
Multiplication
Multiplication is the process of adding a number to itself repeatedly
for a specified number of times. Instead of lengthy addition, we
multiply the number by the number of repetitions. Multiplication is
represented by the cross (⨯) symbol.

For Example, 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 = 20, can write it as 4 ⨯ 5 = 20. Thus,

multiplication is often referred to as repeated addition.
Arithmetic Operations
 Arithmetic Operations
Division
Division is the reverse operation of Multiplication. It is the method of
reducing a number by continuous subtraction. Division is represented by the
(÷) symbol. For Example, if we divide 8 by 2, i.e. 8 ÷ 2, it means we
continuously subtract 8 by 2 until we get a number less than 2. We perform
this as
8-2=6
6-2=4
4-2=2
2-2=0
Here, in the fourth step, we get 0 which is less than two. Now we will stop the
process here, and the number of steps involved is 4, hence the result of
division is 4. Division has got its application from distributing sweets among
your friends equally to calculate the per capita income of a country. Let's
learn about the components of division.
Arithmetic Operations
 Arithmetic Operations
Arithmetic Properties
The properties followed by arithmetic operations are listed below:
• Closure Property : Closure Property is followed by all four arithmetic
operations however their meaning differ for different kinds of
numbers.
• Commutative Property : Commutative Property is followed by
addition and multiplication. Commutative Property of Addition
states (a + b) = (b + a) and the Commutative Property of Multiplication
states (a ⨯ b) = (b ⨯ a).
• Associative Property : Associative Property is followed by addition and
multiplication only. Associative Property of Addition states that a + (b
+ c) = (a + b) + c and the Associative Property of Multiplication states
that a ⨯ (b ⨯ c) = (a ⨯ b) ⨯ c.
 Arithmetic Operations
• Distributive Property : Distributive Property. is followed by multiplication
over addition and subtraction. The distributive property of multiplication
over addition is given by a ⨯ (b + c) = a ⨯ b + a ⨯ c and the Distributive
Property over Subtraction is given as a ⨯ (b - c) = a ⨯ b - a ⨯ c.
• Additive Identity : The property of additive identity states that when zero is
added to any number it results in the number itself. Additive Identity is
given by a + 0 = a
• Multiplicative Identity : The property of multiplicative identity states that if
any number is multiplied by 1 it results in the number itself.
• Additive Inverse : The property of additive inverse states that if a number is
added with the negative of itself, the sum is zero. It is expressed as a + (-a) =
0.
• Multiplicative Inverse : The property of multiplicative inverse states that if a
number is multiplied by its reciprocal, the result is 1. It is expressed as a ⨯
1/a = 1.
 Arithmetic Operations
Table of Arithmetic Properties
Let a, b be two integers.
 Arithmetic Operations
Table of Arithmetic Properties
Let a, b be two integers.
 Operations on Numbers
Addition:
When two or more numbers are combined together,
then it is called addition.
Addition is de noted by ' + ' sign.

For example 24 + 23 + 26 = 73
 Operations on Numbers
Subtraction:
When one or more numbers are taken out from a
larger number, then it is called subtraction.

Subtraction is denoted by '-' sign.

For example 100-4-13=100-17=83

 Operations on Numbers
Multiplication:
When 'a’ is multiplied by ‘b', then 'a' is added 'b' times
or 'b' is added 'a' times.

It is denoted by a x b.
 Operations on Numbers
Division:
When D and d are two numbers, then
𝐷
D÷𝑑 = is called the operation of division
𝑑
where D is the dividend and d is the divisor.

A number which tells how many times a divisor (d )

exists in dividend D is called the quotient Q.
 Operations on Numbers
Division:
If dividend D is not a multiple of divisor d, then D is not
exactly divisible by d and in this case remainder R is
obtained.

Division Rule:
Dividend = divisor X Quotient + Remainder
 Order of operations (PEMDAS)
PEMDAS is an acronym for a mathematical rule that defines
the order to solve arithmetic problems effectively.

The PEMDAS rule tells us the sequence in which the

expression with multiple operations is solved.

The order is PEMDAS:

Parentheses, Exponents, Multiplication, Division (from left
to right), Addition, and Subtraction (from left to right).
PEMDAS Full Form
PEMDAS is a collection of rules in mathematics that help us solve problems in the
correct sequence. It's similar to a recipe for solving arithmetic problems.

P stands for Parentheses, which are essentially containers that house numbers and
operations. First, we deal with what is inside them.

E stands for Exponents, which are integers that inform us how many times we can
multiply a given number.

M stands for Multiplication

D stands for Division.

A and S stands for Addition and Subtraction, performed from left to right direction.
PEMDAS Rule- Order of Operations
PEMDAS is a set of recommendations that define the order of
operations for solving mathematical equations properly.

It begins with brackets, which prioritize the processes

encompassed inside them.

Following that, exponents and powers are discussed.

Then, multiplication and division are done from left to right.

Finally, addition and subtraction are done the same way.

The use of PEMDAS is explained using the example below:

Suppose in a class, two students A and B are asked to solve 11 - 2 × 2

Student A solved it as 11 - 2 × 2 (Incorrect way)

=9×2
= 18

Student B solved it as: 11 - 2 × 2 (Correct way)

= 11 - 4
=7
PEMDAS Rule Solved Example

5 + 2[10 - 3(4 - 2)] ÷ 2

We will begin by working from the inside of the brackets. We will begin by solving the innermost bracket and
then proceed to the outermost bracket.

Step 1: Solve for 4 - 2, which equals 2. The equation becomes 5 + 2[10 - 3(2)] ÷ 2.

Step 2: Compute 3(2), which equals 6. The equation becomes 5 + 2[10 - 6] ÷ 2.

Step 3: Now, between the parentheses, answer 10 - 6 = 4. Our equation is now 5 + 2[4] ÷2.

Step 4: Then, address what's between the brackets 2[4] = 8. Our expression now looks like 5 + 8 ÷ 2.

Step 5: Following PEMDAS, we divide first 8 ÷ 2 = 4. The equation becomes 5 + 4.

Step 6: Finally, add 5 and 4, and we have our final answer: 9.

Example 1:
Simplify the equation with the PEMDAS rule: [18 + {12 – (4 x 8)}]
Solution:

= [18 + {12 – (4 x 8)}]

= [18 + {12 – 32}]
= [18 + {-20}]
= [18 - 20]
= -2
Example 2: Calculate: 3 × 3 - 3 ÷ 3 + 3.
Solution:

= 3×3-3÷3+3
=9-3÷3+3
=9-1+3
=9+2
= 11
Example 3: Solve: 5 + 8 × (3 + 8) ÷ 4 – 6 using PEMDAS.
Solution:

Step 1 (Parentheses): 5 + 8 × (3 + 8) ÷ 4 – 6 = 5 + 8 × 11 ÷ 4 – 6
Step 2 (Multiplication): 5 + 8 × 11 ÷ 4 – 6 = 5 + 88 ÷ 4 – 6
Step 3 (Division): 5 + 88 ÷ 4 – 6 = 5 + 22 – 6
Step 4 (Addition): 5 + 22 – 6 = 27 - 6
Step 5 (Subtraction): 27 - 6 = 21
 Fractions
Fractions are numerical expressions used to represent parts of
a whole or ratios between quantities.

Example: If an apple is divided into 4 equal parts, and one

part is taken out, thus the fraction representing the taken out
part is 1/4 as one part is taken out of 4 equal parts.
If 3 parts are taken then the fraction representing the taken
out part will be 3/4.
Parts of a Fraction
If we divide anything into some equal parts, then a fraction
consists of two main parts and a fraction line:

Numerator: The number at the top of the fraction represents the

number of parts being considered.

Vinculum: The line that separates the numerator and

denominator is also called the fraction line.

Denominator: The number at the bottom of the fraction,

representing the total number of equal parts into which the whole
is divided.
Types of Fractions

1) Proper Fraction: Fractions in which the numerator value is less than the denominator value.

2) Improper Fractions: Fractions in which the numerator value is greater than the denominator value.

3) Mixed Fractions: Fraction that consists of a whole number with a proper fraction.

4) Like Fractions: Fractions whose denominators are the same are known as like fractions

5) Unlike Fractions: Fractions whose denominators are different are called unlike fractions.

6) Unit Fraction: A Fraction with 1 as a numerator is known as a Unit Fraction. All unit fractions are proper
fractions since all unit fractions have 1 in the numerator, which is less than the denominator.

7) Equivalent Fractions: Fractions that result in the same value after simplification.
LCD of 5 and 3 is 15.

Convert: 2/5 = 6/15, 1/3 = 5/15

Add: 6/15 + 5/15 = 11/15

Subtract: 6/15 - 5/15 = 1/15

Fraction Multiplication and Division
Fraction division and multiplication are straightforward.

Steps to multiply fractions:

Multiply the numerators together.

Multiply the denominators together.
Simplify the resulting fraction if possible.
Steps to divide fractions:

Flip (find the reciprocal of) the second fraction.

Multiply the first fraction by the reciprocal of the second
fraction.
Simplify the resulting fraction if possible.
Properties of Fractions
Properties of Fractions
Properties of Fractions
Example 1: Write two equivalent fractions of 3/39.
Solution:

Given, fraction : 3/39

Equivalent fraction by multiplying with the same number, lets multiply by

2:
= (3 × 2)/(39 × 2)
= 6/78

Equivalent fraction by division with the same number, here, both

numerator and denominator are divisible by 3, dividing by 3:
= (3 ÷ 3)/(39 ÷ 3)
= 1/13
Example 2: In a class of 90 students, 1/3rd of the students do not like cricket. How many
students like cricket?
Solution:

Fraction of students that do not like cricket = 1/3

Fraction of student that like cricket = 1 - 1/3

= (3 - 1)/3
= 2/3rd students like cricket.

Number of students that like cricket = 2/3 × 90

= (2 × 30)
= 60

Therefore, 60 students like cricket.

Example 3: What type of fraction is this - 1/2, 1/5, 1/7, 1/10, 1/3?
Solution:

This is a Unit fraction because all the fractions have 1 as a

numerator.
Example 4: If a recipe needs 3/4 cup of sugar and you want to
make twice the quantity mentioned in the recipe, how much
sugar do you need?
Solution:

Sugar needed for recipe = 3/4 cup

Sugar needed for half the recipe = 2 × 3/4
Required sugar = 2× 3/4 = 6/4

Therefore, we need 6/4 cup of sugar.

 Decimals
Decimals are numbers that use a decimal point to separate the whole
number part from the fractional part.
This system helps represent values between whole numbers, making it
easier to express and measure smaller quantities.

Each digit after the decimal point represents a specific place value, like
tenths, hundredths, and so on, allowing for more precise calculations and
measurements.
Examples:

3.25: The whole part is 3, and the fractional part is 0.25 (25 hundredths).
5.7: The whole part is 5, and the fractional part is 0.7 (7 tenths).
Reading and writing decimals involves understanding the
place value of digits after the decimal point. Here are the
steps:

Step 1: Read Whole Number Part: Identify the digits to the

left of the decimal point as the whole number part.
Step 2: Read Decimal Part: State the digits to the right of the
decimal point as individual digits. For example, in the decimal
38.75, read "thirty-eight point seven five."
Step 3: Write Decimal in Words: Express the decimal
numerically and verbally. For example, 4.2 can be written as
"four point two".
Decimals Place Value Chart
What is Place Value in Decimals?
For example, in the decimal 0.75:

The 7 is in the "tenths" place because it's one-tenth of the

whole.
The 5 is in the "hundredths" place because it's one-hundredth
of the whole.
In 0.75, you have 7 tenths and 5 hundredths.
Expanded Form of Decimals
Expanded form of decimals shows the value of each digit based on its place value.

For example: The expanded form for 56.739,

First, we will write the digits of the given number in the place value chart of decimals, as
shown below.
Recurring Decimals
Recurring decimals are numbers that have a repeating pattern
of one or more digits after the decimal point. The repetition is
indicated by a bar placed over the repeating part.
For example, the recurring decimal representation of 1/3 is
0.333..., denoted as 0.3ത
Non-Recurring Decimals
Non-recurring decimals are numbers where the decimal
expansion does not repeat. The digits after the decimal point
do not form a recurring pattern.
An example is 0.274, where the digits 2, 7, and 4 do not
repeat in a predictable manner.
Decimal Fractions
Decimal fractions are numbers that fall between two
consecutive integers on the number line and are expressed in
decimal form. These numbers have a finite number of digits
after the decimal point.
For example, in the decimal fraction 0.75, the digits 7 and 5
represent the fractional part, and there is no recurring or
infinite pattern.
Arithmetic Operations on Decimals
Addition and Subtraction of Decimal Numbers
• To add or subtract decimals, align them based on the
decimal point.
• Perform the operation as usual, treating the decimals as if
they were whole numbers.
• Place the decimal point in the result directly below the
aligned decimals.
Multiplication of Decimal Numbers
• Multiply decimals as if they were whole numbers,
disregarding the decimal points.
• Count the total decimal places in the factors.
• Place the decimal point in the product, counting from the
right, equal to the total decimal places.
Division of Decimal Numbers
• Similar to multiplication, perform division as if the decimals
were whole numbers.
• Count the total decimal places in both the dividend and
divisor.
• Move the decimal point in the quotient to make it a whole
number, then adjust accordingly.
Rounding Decimals
Rounding decimals means approximating a decimal number
to a specified place value. For example, rounding 3.78 to the
nearest tenth results in 3.8, as it is closer to 3.8 than 3.7.
Rule of Rounding Decimals
• To round a decimal, identify the desired decimal place, then look
at the digit immediately to its right:

• If this digit is 5 or greater, round the identified place value up by

1.
• If the digit is 4 or less, leave the identified place value
unchanged.
For example:

Rounding 3.78 to the nearest tenth: Look at the hundredth place

(8). Since 8 is greater than 5, round up, giving 3.8.
Rounding Decimals to Nearest Tenth
Rounding decimals to the nearest tenth means you're making
the number simpler by keeping only one digit after the
decimal point. For example:

In the decimal 4.72. To round it to the nearest tenth, look at

the digit in the hundredth place, which is 2. Since 2 is less
than 5, you round down the digit in the tenths place. So, 4.72
rounded to the nearest tenth is 4.7
Rounding Decimals Examples
Rounding decimals involves simplifying them to a specified
place value. Here are examples and techniques:

Rounding to Nearest Whole Number:

For Example, 4.78 rounded to the nearest whole number is 5,

as the digit in the tenths place is 8 (greater than 5).
Rounding to Nearest Tenth:

For example, 3.46 rounded to the nearest tenth is 3.5,

considering the digit in the hundredths place, which is
6(greater than 5).
Rounding to Nearest Hundredth:

For example, 2.934 rounded to the nearest hundredth is 2.93,

with the digit in the thousandths place being 4(less than 5).
Comparing Decimals
Comparing decimals involves determining which decimal is greater or smaller. Follow
these steps:

Step 1: Compare Whole Numbers

Start by comparing the whole number parts of the decimals. The decimal with the greater
whole number is larger. If the whole numbers are the same, move to the decimal places.

Step 2: Compare Decimal Places

Compare the digits in the decimal places from left to right. The first digit where the
decimals differ determines the larger number.

Note: If one decimal has fewer decimal places, consider the missing places as zeros when
making comparisons.
Example: Compare 3.25 and 3.15

Solution:

Whole numbers are same (3)

Compare tenths place (2 vs. 1)
3.25 is greater than 3.15
Decimal to Fraction Conversion
We can easily convert decimals to fractions by following the given steps:

Step 1: Identify Decimal: Begin by identifying the decimal you want to convert to a
fraction.

Step 2: Write Decimal as a Fraction with a Denominator of 1: Express the decimal as a

fraction with a denominator of 1. For example, if the decimal is 0.5, write it as 0.5/1

Step 3: Multiply to Eliminate Decimal Places: Multiply both the numerator and the
denominator by 10, 100, 1000, or any power of 10 sufficient to eliminate the decimal
places. For instance, for the decimal 0.5, multiply both numerator and denominator by 10
to get 5/10

Step 4: Simplify Fraction: If possible, simplify the fraction by finding the greatest common
factor (GCF) and dividing both the numerator and denominator by it. In the example, 5/10​
can be simplified to 1/2​ by dividing both by 5.
 Arithmetic Operations
Fraction to Decimal Conversion
To convert a fraction into a decimal, it needs a simple division of the
numerator by denominator.

For Example: To convert 3/4 into decimal we need to divide 3 by 4, this

will give us 0.75.
Example 1: Convert 1/4 to decimal.

Solution:

To convert the fraction 1/4 into a decimal, you can divide 1 by

4: 1/4 =0.25

Therefore, 1/4 as a decimal is 0.25

Example 2: Express the percentage 25% as a decimal.

Solution:

25% can be written as 25/100 in fraction on solving we get

1/4

1/4= 0.25
 1
Example 3: Convert the mixed number 2 into a
4
decimal.
Solution:
1
Convert 2 into whole fraction as [(4 × 2) + 1]/4
4
= 9/4
Now divide 9 by 4 we get
= 2.25
Example 4. Represent the repeating decimal 1/3 as a
fraction.
Solution:
To convert the fraction 1/3 into a decimal, you can divide
1 by 3: 1/3 =0.3333....
Therefore, 1/3 as a decimal is 0.3333......, this is a non
terminating repeating decimal representation.
Example 1: Compare 4.67 and 4.678. Which decimal
is greater, and by how much?
Solution:
To compare 4.67 and 4.678:
Both decimals have the same whole number part (4), so
we move to the decimal place. In the decimal place,
678 is greater than 67.
Therefore, 4.678 is greater than 4.67. The difference
between them is 0.008.
Example 2: Convert the fraction 3/5 into a decimal.
Solution:
To convert fraction 3/5 into a decimal, you can divide 3
by 5: 3/5 =0.6
Therefore, 3/5 as a decimal is 0.6.
Example 3: Express the decimal 4.267 in expanded
form.
Solution:
4.267= 4 × 100+ 2 × 10−1+ 6 × 10−2+ 7 × 10−3
Example 4: Add 0.25, 1.6, and 4.75.
Solution:
0.25 + 1.6 + 4.75
= 0.25 + 1.60 + 4.75 = 6.60
Practice Questions on Decimals
Question 1: Compare 0.325 and 0.53. Determine the
relationship between these decimals and express it
using the symbols ">" or "<".
Question 2: Express the ratio 7:9 as a decimal.
Question 3: Write the expanded form of the decimal
0.825.
Question 4: Add the decimals 2.34 and 1.89.
Question 5: Subtract 0.56 from 3.72.
Question 6: Multiply 0.25 by 4.
 Arithmetic Operations

Example 1. The sum of the two numbers is 100, and their difference is
60. Find the numbers.
 Arithmetic Operations
Solution:

Let the two numbers be x and y

Now, according to the question

x + y = 100 . . . (i)
x - y = 60 . . . (ii)

From equation (i)

= x = 100 - y
 Arithmetic Operations
Therefore, putting the value of x
= 100 - y - y = 60
= 100 - 2y = 60
= 2y = 40
= y = 20

Putting the value of y in equation (ii)

= x - y = 60
= x = 60 + 20
= x = 80

Therefore, the numbers are 80 and 20 respectively.

 Arithmetic Operations

Example 2: Simplify 50 + 10(9) - 9

 Arithmetic Operations
Solution:

50 + 10(9) - 9
= 50 + 90 - 9
= 140 - 9
= 131
 Arithmetic Operations

Example 3: If the sum of two numbers x and x + 5 is 39. Find the value of x.
 Arithmetic Operations
Solution:

According to the question,

x + (x + 5) = 39
= 2x + 5 = 39

Subtracting 5 on both sides,

2x + 5 - 5 = 39 - 5
= 2x = 34
x = 34/2 = 17

Therefore, the value of x is 17.

 Arithmetic Operations
Example 4: The difference between the two numbers is given by
p - 4 = 11. Find the value of p.
 Arithmetic Operations
Solution:

According to the equation,

p - 4 = 11

Adding 4 to the both sides,

p - 4 + 4 = 11 + 4
= p = 15

Therefore, the value of p is 15.

 Arithmetic Operations
Example 5: Find the valueof y in thegiven equation y - 9 = 3.
 Arithmetic Operations
Solution:

According to the question,

y-9=3
=y=9+3
= y = 12

Therefore, the value of y is 12.

 Arithmetic Operations
Example 6: Simplify: -1[(3 - 28) ÷ 5] - 2 × 24 ÷ 6
 Arithmetic Operations
Solution:

-1[(3 - 28) ÷ 5] - 2 × 24 ÷ 6
= -1 × [(-25) ÷ 5] - 2 × 24 ÷ 6
= -1 × [-5] - 2 × 24 ÷ 6
= 5 - 2 × 24 ÷ 6
=5-2×4
=5-8
= -3
 Arithmetic Operations
Solution:

-1[(3 - 28) ÷ 5] - 2 × 24 ÷ 6
= -1 × [(-25) ÷ 5] - 2 × 24 ÷ 6
= -1 × [-5] - 2 × 24 ÷ 6
= 5 - 2 × 24 ÷ 6
=5-2×4
=5-8
= -3
 Arithmetic Operations
Arithmetic Operations - Practice Problems
Question 1: A student purchased a copy for 20 rupees and a pen for 5 rupees then
how much money did he spend in total?

Question 2: There were 5 glasses on a table, 2 of them fell down and got broken.
How many unbroken glasses are left?

Question 3: In a stack of books there are 10 books, how many books are in total in 3
such stacks?

Question 4: John has 20 dollars. He purchased toys worth 4 dollars each. How many
toys can he purchase?

Question 5: A farmer has 50 apples. He sold 15 apples at the market. How many
apples does he have left?
 Arithmetic Operations
Arithmetic Operations - Practice Problems
Question 6: Sarah had 30 candies. She gave 12 candies to her friend. How many
candies does she have now?

Question 7: A car travels 60 kilometers per hour. How far will it travel in 3 hours?

Question 8: A store sells notebooks for 15 rupees each. If you buy 8 notebooks. How
much will you spend in total?

Question 9: A baker baked 24 cookies. If he packs them in boxes of 6. how many

boxes will he need?

Question10: Emily read 45 pages of a book on Monday and 30 pages on Tuesday.

How many pages did she read in total?
 Algebra
Variable in Maths:
A variable is like a placeholder or a box that can hold different values.
In math, it's often represented by a letter, like x or y.

The value of a variable can change depending on the situation.

For example, if you have the equation y = 2x + 3, the value of y depends

on the value of x.

So, if you change x, the value of y will change too i.e., if x = 2, then y =
2(2) + 3 = 7.
 Algebra
Some more examples of variables in real life are:

Consider x is the changing price of apple due to season change.

If you buy 3 apples, each costing x dollars, you pay 3x. Here x is a variable.

Consider Celsius to Fahrenheit conversion formula –

F = (9/5)​C + 32.
In this formula, C is the temperature in Celsius, and F is the temperature in
Fahrenheit.
If C=0, then F = (9/5)(0) + 32 = 32 degrees Fahrenheit.
Here C and F are variables
 Algebra
Constant in Maths:
In mathematics, a constant is a value that does not change. It is fixed and
remains the same throughout a given problem or equation. Constants can
appear in various forms, such as specific numbers, variables with known
values, or symbols representing unchanging values.

Some examples for constants are:

Pi (π): The ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, approximately

3.14159, is a constant because it has the same value for any circle.
Euler’s Number (e): A mathematical constant approximately equal to 2.71828,
used in exponential growth and logarithmic functions.
Zero (0): In equations, 0 is a constant because it does not change value.
Speed of Light (c): In physics, the speed of light is constant at approximately
299,792,458 meters per second.
Like and Unlike Algebraic Terms: Definition and Examples
Like terms are terms in algebraic expressions that have the same
variables raised to the same powers. Like and Unlike Terms are
the types of terms in algebra, and we can differentiate between
like and unlike terms by simply checking the variables and their
powers. We define algebraic terms as the individual terms
obtained from the algebraic equation.
For example in the algebraic equation 5x + 3y2 = 12 we have three terms
that are, 5x, 3y², and 12. Here, 5x, and 3y2 are variable terms and 12 is
the constant term
 Algebra
Constant Term in Algebraic Expression
In an algebraic expression, a constant term is a term that does not
contain any variables and has a fixed value. It is simply a number that
stands alone in the expression.

For example, in algebraic expression 2𝑥 2 + 3x - 11, -11 is constant.

How to Recognize a Constant in Algebraic Expression?

To recognize a constant in an algebraic expression, Look for terms
without variables. For example, in the expression 3x + 5, the constant is
5 because it is a standalone number, not multiplied by any variable.
 Algebra
Example 1: Identify the constant term in the given algebraic expression:
3 𝑥 2 + 2xy − 7.

Solution:

Given Expression, 3 𝑥 2 + 2xy − 7

Constant term in the expression is −7

 Algebra
Example 2: Compute the value of the given algebraic expression: 5a + 3
when a = 2.

Solution:

Given Expression, 5a + 3 when a = 2

Substituting a = 2 into the expression,

= 5(2) + 3
= 10 + 3 = 13
 Algebra
Example 3: Solve the equation 2x + 8 = 16 for the value of x.

Solution:

Given Expression,

2x + 8 = 16
⇒ 2x + 8 - 8 = 16 -8
⇒ 2x = 8
⇒ 2x/2 = 8/2
⇒x=4
 Algebra
Example 3: Solve the equation 2x + 8 = 16 for the value of x.

Solution:

Given Expression,

2x + 8 = 16
⇒ 2x + 8 - 8 = 16 -8
⇒ 2x = 8
⇒ 2x/2 = 8/2
⇒x=4
 Algebra
Polynomials:
Polynomials are mathematical expressions made up of variables (often
represented by letters like x, y, etc.), constants (like numbers), and
exponents (which are non-negative integers). These expressions are
combined using addition, subtraction, and multiplication operations.

A polynomial can have one or several terms. Each term is a product of a

constant and a variable raised to an exponent.
 Algebra
For Example:

• 𝑥 2,
• 𝑥 2 + 2x,
• 5x + y,
• 3 𝑥 3 + 5x2 - 4x,
• √2(x) + y, etc.
Algebra
 Algebra
Degree of Polynomial
Degree of polynomial is determined by the highest exponent or power
of the variable in the expression. It represents the highest degree term
in the polynomial.
 Algebra
Degree of Single Variable Polynomial
The degree of a single variable polynomial is determined by the highest
exponent or power of that variable in the polynomial expression. It is
represented by the highest degree term in the polynomial.

Example: 5 𝑥 5 - 2 𝑥 3 + 4 𝑥 2 - x + 4
Solution:

The highest exponent is 5, which corresponds to the term 5x5. Therefore, the
degree of this polynomial is 5.

Note: The degree of any polynomial which contains constant terms will be
zero.
 Algebra
Degree of a Multivariable Polynomial

The degree of a multivariable polynomial is determined by the sum of the

exponents of the variables in each term, considering the highest sum among all
the terms.
Example: 5x2y3 - 2xy4 + 3x3+ 10
Solution:
In this expression, we have terms with variables x and y raised to different powers.
To find the degree, we calculate the sum of the exponents for each term:
• First term, 5x2y3, has a sum of exponents equal to 2 + 3 = 5.

• Second term, -2xy4, has a sum of exponents equal to 1 + 4 = 5.

• Third term, 3x3, has a sum of exponents equal to 3.

Among all the terms the highest sum of exponents is 5. Therefore, the degree of
this polynomial is 5.
Algebra
 Algebra
Types of Polynomials
Polynomials can be categorized into several types based on the
number of terms they contain or their degree.

Based on the Number of Terms:

[Link]:
1. A polynomial with just one term. For example, 7x3 or −4.

[Link]:
2. A polynomial with two terms. For example, x2 − 5x2.
 Algebra
Types of Polynomials
Based on the Number of Terms:

[Link]:
3. A polynomial with three terms. For example, 2x2 − 3x + 4.

[Link]:
4. A polynomial with more than three terms. For example, x4 − 2x3 +
3x2 − x + 1.
 Algebra
Types of Polynomials
Based on Degree:

[Link] Polynomial:
1. A polynomial of degree 0. It has no variable terms, just a constant. For
example, 5 or −3.

[Link] Polynomial:
2. A polynomial of degree 1. It forms a straight line when graphed. For
example, 3x + 2.
 Algebra
Types of Polynomials
Based on Degree:

[Link] Polynomial:
3. A polynomial of degree 2. It forms a parabolic shape when graphed.
For example, x2 − 4x + 4.

[Link] Polynomial:
4. A polynomial of degree 3. It can have points of inflection and typically
has the shape of an S-curve when graphed. For example, x3 − 6x2 +
11x − 6.
 Algebra
Standard Form of a Polynomial
P(x) = anxn + an−1 xn−1 + ⋯ + a1 x + a0
• an, an−1, …, a1, a0 are coefficients (which can be real or complex
numbers).

• x is the variable.

• n is a non-negative integer representing the degree of polynomial.

• an is the leading coefficient and a0 is the constant term.

Each term consists of a variable raised to a non-negative whole

number power, multiplied by a number.
 Algebra
Example: Express the variable in Standard form: x2 - 3x3 + 4x
Given Polynomial: x2 - 3x3 + 4x
In standard form polynomial is arranged in decreasing order of
their degree = -3x3 + x2 + 4x
 Algebra
Terms in a Polynomial
In a polynomial various terms are separated using the plus (+) and the
minus (-) sign. Depending on the number of terms in a polynomial a
polynomial can be monomial, binomial, etc.

In a polynomial, we classify various terms into like terms and unlike

terms.

Like terms are the terms that have the same variable and with same
exponent.
Unlike terms are terms that have different variables or different
powers(even with the same variable).
 Algebra
For example, Identify like terms and unlike terms in the polynomial, 4x3
+ 2x2 -3xy + x3 - xy

Given Polynomial : 4x3 + 2x2 -3xy + x3 - xy

Like Terms: (4x3, x3) and (-3xy, -xy)

Unlike Terms: (4x3, x2), (x3, x2), (-3xy, x2), (-xy, x2), etc
 Algebra
Properties of Polynomials (Theorems of Polynomials)
Various properties of the polynomials are:

• For two polynomials P(x) and Q(x) :

Degree (P ± Q) ≤ max(deg P, deg Q)

Deg(P⋅Q) = deg P + deg Q

• For two given polynomials P(x) and D(x) we always have unique
polynomials Q (Quotient Polynomial) and R (Residue Polynomial) such
that, P = D.Q + R
 Algebra
• If a polynomial P(x) is divisible by polynomial x - a, then P(a) = 0 is
always true. This is also called Bezout's Theorem or Factor Theorem.

• If a polynomial Q divides the polynomial P then zeros of polynomial Q

are the zeros of polynomial P.

• For a polynomial of n degree, we have n roots that may be real or

complex. The remainder of a polynomial f(x) when divided by (x - a) is
f(a).
 Algebra
Solving Polynomials:
Solving polynomials or solving polynomial equations means finding the
roots or zeros of polynomials which are the values of the variable that
make the equation true for a specific polynomial equation. There are
various methods to find the root of the polynomial equations which
often involve factorization of polynomials.

Zeroes of Polynomials: Zeros of a polynomial, also known as roots or

solutions, are the values of the variable that make the polynomial equal
to zero. In other words, they are the values of x for which the
polynomial evaluates to zero.

If x is a zero of a given polynomial P(x) then p(x) = 0

 Algebra
Example: Solve 𝑥 2 − 5x + 6 = 0
Solution:

Step 1: Set the Equation to Zero : Ensure your polynomial equation is in

the standard form, where one side is zero. 𝑥 2 − 5x + 6 = 0

Step 2: Factor the Polynomial : Factorize the polynomial into simpler

binomial factors, if possible.

𝑥 2 − 5x + 6 = (x−2)(x−3).
 Algebra
Step 3: Apply the Zero Product Property : According to the zero product
property, if a product equals zero, then at least one of the factors must
be zero.

(x - 2) = 0 and (x - 3) = 0

Step 4: Solve for the Variable : Solve each equation from the previous
step:

From (x - 2) = 0, x = 2.
From (x − 3) = 0, x = 3.
 Algebra
Step 5: Check Your Solutions : Substitute your solutions back into the
original equation to verify:

Put x=2 in 𝑥 2 − 5x + 6 = 0 ⇒ 22 − 5(2) + 6 = 4 − 10 + 6 = 0

Put x = 3 in 𝑥 2 − 5x + 6 = 0⇒ 32 − 5(3) + 6 = 9 − 15 + 6 = 0.
 Algebra
Algebraic Expression is a mathematical expression that is made of
numbers, and variables connected with any arithmetical operation
between them. Algebraic forms are used to define unknown conditions
in real life or situations that include unknown variables.

An algebraic expression is made up of terms, there can be one or more

than one term present in the expression. Suppose we have to find the
age of Arum if the age of his sister is twice the age of Arun and the sum
of their age is 24 years.

This situation can be easily explained using the Algebraic Expressions let
the age of Arun be x then the age of his sister be 2x and the sum of their
ages is x + 2x = 24 this is an algebraic expression.
 Algebra
Some other examples of algebraic expressions are,

5x + 4y
11x – 12
2y - 13, etc.
Here the above three expressions are algebraic expressions they have
variables x, and y and constant terms -12, and -13.
 Algebra
Question 1: Find the value of x in the polynomial equation 2x2 - 5x
+ 3 = 0.
Solution:
We can solve this quadratic equation using the quadratic formula:
x = (-b ± √(b2 - 4ac)) / 2a
where a = 2, b = -5, and c = 3.
Substituting the values:
x = (5 ± √(25 - 423)) / 2*2
x = (5 ± √(25 - 24)) / 4
x = (5 ± √1) / 4
So, the solutions are:
x = (5 + 1) / 4 = 6 / 4 = 3/2 and x = (5 - 1) / 4 = 4 / 4 = 1.
 Algebra
Question 2: Factorize the polynomial x2 - 4x + 4.
Solution:
We observe that the given polynomial is a perfect square
trinomial.
It can be written as (x - 2)2.
So, the factored form is (x - 2)(x - 2) or (x - 2)2.
 Algebra
Question 3: Given the polynomial 3 𝑥 4 - 7x3 + 2x2 - 5x + 1, find its
degree and leading coefficient.
Solution:

The degree of a polynomial is the highest power of the variable present.

In this case, the degree is 4. The leading coefficient is the coefficient of
the term with the highest power of the variable. Here, the leading
coefficient is 3.
 Algebra
Question 4: Simplify the expression (2x2 - 3x + 1)(x2 + 4x - 2).
Solution:
We use the distributive property to expand the expression:
(2x2 - 3x + 1)(x2 + 4x - 2) = 2x2(x2 + 4x − 2) − 3x(x2 + 4x − 2) +
1(x2 + 4x − 2)
= 2x4 + 8x3 − 4x2 − 3x3 − 12x2 + 6x + x2 + 4x − 2
= 2x4 + 5x3 - 15x2 + 10x - 2
Algebra
 Algebra
What is Monomial?
A monomial is a single-term algebraic expression. It can be a constant, a variable,
or a product of numbers and variables where the variables have non-negative
integer exponents.
Monomials are the simplest forms of polynomials and are essential in algebraic
expressions and equations.
In general, a monomial can be written as:
𝑘 𝑘 𝑘
𝑎 ⋅ 𝑥1 1 ⋅ 𝑥2 2 ⋯ 𝑥𝑛 𝑛
Where:
• a is a constant (also called the coefficient),

• x1, x2, . . ., xn​ are variables,

• k1, k2, . . . , kn​ are non-negative integers (the exponents).

Algebra
 Algebra
Key points:
• A monomial always contains a single term.

• Variables must have non-negative integer exponents.

• No addition, subtraction, or division of terms or variables.

Algebra
 Algebra
Example of Monomial
"Mono" refers to one. When polynomials are classified on the
basis of the number of terms, the polynomials with only a
single term are called monomials. Some of the examples of
monomials are:
Constant Monomials
•5
• -3.14
• 1000
 Algebra
Monomials with a Single Variable
• 2x

• -0.5y

• 4x2

• 0.25y3

Monomials with Multiple Variable

• 6xy

• -2.5yz2

• 3x2y3
 Algebra

Degree of Monomial

The sum of the exponents of the variables in a monomial gives us the degree of monomial.
This can be well understood by the following example.
The exponents of all the variables are added to determine a monomial's degree. It is always an integer that is
not zero. For instance, the monomial xyz3 has a degree of 5.
•Variable 'x' has an exponent of 1,

•Variable 'y' has an exponent of 1, and

•Variable 'z' has an exponent of 3.

 Algebra
• The result of adding all these exponents is 1 + 1 + 3 = 5.
• Example 1: Find the degree of monomial -3x3y3.
• Solution:
• Here the exponent of x is 3
• Exponent of y is 3
• So degree = 3 + 3 = 6
 Algebra
The result of adding all these exponents is 1 + 1 + 3 = 5.
Example 1: Find the degree of monomial -3x3y3.
Solution:
Here the exponent of x is 3
Exponent of y is 3
So degree = 3 + 3 = 6
 Algebra
Example 2: Find the degree of the monomial 9xy3.
Solution:
Degree of a monomial is given by the sum of exponents of the
variables in a monomial.
Exponent of x = 1, Exponent of y = 3
Degree = 1 + 3 = 4
 Algebra
Identifying a Monomial

Let's apply the properties of a monomial in order to identify a monomial in

the examples below:
 Algebra
Example: Identify if the following are monomial or not.
• x + 2y

• 7x2y

Solution:
• For x + 2y, Contains two terms that is x and 2y so it is not a
monomial.
• For 7x2y, Contains a single term so it is a monomial.
 Algebra
Monomial Binomial and Trinomial
A monomial expression has, only one term. For example, 3xy is a
monomial. A binary expression is one which has two terms. For
example, 3x+4y, 4xy+6z is a binomial. Similar to this, a
trinomial is an expression with three terms. For instance, a
trinomial is 4x2 + 2y + 6z or 5x + 7xy + 9z .
Algebra
Algebra
 Algebra
Factors of Monomials
We usually factor coefficient and variables independently while
factoring monomial. A monomial can be factored just as easily as a
whole number.
Example: Factorize the monomial, 20y4.
In the given monomial, 20 is the coefficient and y4 is the variable.
• The prime factors of the coefficient, 20; are 2, 2, and 5.

• The variable y4 can be factored in as y × y × y × y.

Therefore, the complete factorization of the monomial is

20y4 = 2 × 2 × 5 × y × y × y × y.
Algebra
Operation on Monomials
Operations on monomials involve:
•Addition
•Subtraction
•Multiplication
•Division
Addition of Monomials
To add two or more monomials that are like terms, add the
coefficients; keep the variables and exponents on the variables
the same.
Example: Add 10xy2 and -9xy2.
Solution:
In both monomials 10xy2 and -9xy2; xy2 is common.
Thus, 10xy2 + (-9xy2) = (10 + (-9))xy2 = xy2
Subtraction of Monomials
To subtract two or more monomials that are like terms,
subtract the coefficients; keep the variables and
exponents on the variables the same.
Example: Subtract 10xy2 and -9xy2
Solution:
Subtract the coefficient only
(10 - (-9))xy2 = 19xy2
 Algebra
Monomial Multiplication
To multiply a monomial by a monomial we get a
monomial. The coefficients of the monomials are
multiplied together and then the variables are
multiplied.
Example: Find the product of two monomials 2x
and 2y.
Solution:
Product of two monomial = 2x*2y = 4 xy
 Algebra

Monomial Division
To divide a monomial by a monomial, divide the
coefficients and divide the variables with like bases by
subtracting their exponents. To divide a polynomial by a
monomial, divide each term of the polynomial by the
monomial.
Example: Divide 4xy by 2x.
Solution:
Division of 4xy by 2x
= 4xy/2x = 2y
 Algebra

Problem 1: Choose the monomials from the

following expressions:
(a) x3
(b) 4 - x
 Algebra

Solution:
(a) x3 is a monomial as it has a single term.
(b) 4 -x isn't a monomial as it has two term.
 Algebra

Problem 2: Factorize the monomial expression:

8xy.
Solution:
In 8xy, the prime factors of coefficient 8 are 2 and 4.
The variable part 'xy' can be split as x × y.
Therefore, the complete factorization of the
monomial is 8xy = 2 × 4 × x × y.
 Algebra

Problem 3: Is 10y/x a monomial expression? Justify your answer.

Solution:
The expression has a single non-zero term, but the denominator of the
expression is a variable. Therefore, the expression 10y/x is not a
monomial.
 Algebra

Problem 4: Find the degree of monomial 48 xy3.

Solution:
Degree of monomial = sum of exponents of all variable
Thus, Degree of monomial = 1 + 3 = 4
 Algebra

Practice Problems on Monomials

Problem 1: Multiply the monomials: 4x3 and 2x2.
Problem 2: Simplify the expression: 3a4b2 · 5a2b3.
Problem 3: Divide the monomials: 8x5/4x2.
Problem 4: Add the monomials: 2x3 + 3x3.
Problem 5: Subtract the monomials: 7y4 - 2y4.
Problem 6: Find the product of the monomials: -2x4 · -3x2.
 Algebra
Binomial
An algebraic expression that contains two non-zero terms is
known as a binomial. It is expressed in the form axm +
bxn where a and b number, x is variable, m and n are
nonnegative distinct integers.
Examples:
•g + 3m is a binomial in two variables g and m.

•3a4 - 5b2 is a binomial in two variables a and b.

•-4x2 - 9y is a binomial in two variables x and y.

•a2/4 + b/2 is a binomial in two variables a and b.

 Algebra

Binomial Equation
Any equation that contains one or more binomials is known as a
binomial equation.
Example:
v = u + 1/2 at2
 Algebra
Operations on Binomials
• A few basic operations on binomials are
• Factorization
• Addition
• Subtraction
• Multiplication
• Raising to the nth power
• Converting to lower-order binomials
 Algebra
Factorization:
A binomial can be expressed as the product of the other two.
Example:
a2 - b2 can be expressed as (a + b) (a - b).
 Algebra

Addition:
Two binomials can be added if both contain the same variable and
the same exponent.
Example:
(2a2 + 3b) + (4a2 + 5b) = 6a2 + 8b
 Algebra

Subtraction:
It is similar to addition, two binomials should
contain the same variable and exponent.
Example:
(6a2 + 3b) - (2a2 + 5b) = 4a2 - 2b
 Algebra

Multiplication:
When we multiply two binomials distributive property is used
and it ends up with four terms. In this method, multiplication is
carried by multiplying each term of the first factor to the second
factor.
Example:
(ax + b) (mx + n) can be expressed as amx2 + (an + mb) x + bn
 Algebra

Raising to nth Power:

A binomial can be raised to the nth power and expressed in the form
of (x + y)n
Converting to Lower order binomials:
Higher-order binomials can be factored to lower-order binomials such
as cubes can be factored to products of squares and another monomial.
Example:
a3 + b3 can be expressed as (a + b) (a2 - ab + b2).
 Algebra

Trinomials
A trinomial is a type of polynomial that consists of three
terms. These terms are usually written as ax² + bx + c,
where a, b, and c are constants, and x is the variable.
Trinomials are common in algebra, particularly when
dealing with quadratic equations, which can often be
expressed or factored into trinomial form.
It is the expression that consist of three terms, the common form
of trinomial is ax2 + bx + c. Trinomials in algebra, are essential for
solving quadratic equations and analyzing various mathematical
models.
 Algebra

• Trinomial
• A trinomial is a mathematical expression with three non-zero parts
and involves more than one variable. It falls under the category of
polynomials, which are expressions with one or more terms.
A polynomial in general form is written as,
• P(x) = a0xn + a1x(n - 1) + a2x(n - 2) + ... + anx0
• where,
• (a0, a1, a2,...., an) are Fixed Numbers
• (n) is a Positive Whole Number
 Algebra

Trinomial Examples
• 32x2 - y2 + 2xy
• 15x2 - 42x2 + 3z
• xyz3 - z2 + y3
• x2 + yx + 3x
• 5x4 - 4yx2 + x
Factoring Trinomial by Splitting Middle Term
Algebra
Factoring a trinomial by splitting the middle term is a method used when
factoring quadratic trinomials in the form (ax2 + bx + c), where (a), (b), and (c)
are constants, and (a) is not equal to zero. The goal is to split the middle
term (bx) into two terms whose coefficients multiply to give (a × c).
Steps to factorize trinomial by splitting middle term are:
Step 1: Identify the coefficients (a), (b), and (c) from the trinomial.
Step 2: Calculate the product of (a) and (c).
Step 3: Break the middle term (bx) into two terms whose coefficients
multiply to give (a × c). Rewrite the trinomial accordingly.
Step 4: Group the terms into pairs and factor out the common factor from
each pair.
Step 5: Factor out the common binomial factor from the grouped terms.
 Algebra

Example: Factorize (x2 - 5x + 6)

Coefficient of a=1, b=-5, c=6
Find (a × c) = 1 × 6 = 6
Split middle term: Rewrite (-5x) as (-2x - 3x), where (-2 × -3 = 6)
Factor by grouping: (x2 - 2x - 3x + 6)
Factor out common binomial factor: x(x - 2) - 3(x - 2)
(x2 - 5x + 6) factors as (x - 2)(x - 3)
 Algebra
Example 1: Factor the trinomial: (y2 - 6y + 9)
Solution:
Coefficients of a, b, and c are
a=1

b= -6

c=9

(1 × 9 = 9) and 1 + (-6) = -5)

= y2 - 3y - 3y + 9
= y(y - 3) - 3(y - 3)
= (y - 3)(y - 3) or (y - 3)2
 Algebra
Example 2: Factor the trinomial: 4m2 - 12m + 9
Solution:
Coefficients of a, b, and c are
a=4
b = -12
c=9
(4 × 9 = 36) and 4 + (-12) = -8)
= (4m2 - 6m - 6m + 9)
= 2m(2m - 3) - 3(2m - 3)
= (2m - 3)(2m - 3) or (2m - 3)2
 Algebra

Practice Questions on Trinomial

Q1. Factorize Trinomial: x2 + 7x + 12
Q2. Factorize Trinomial: 2x2 -5x - 3
Q3. Factorize Trinomial: 3y2 + 10y + 7
Q4. Factorize Trinomial: 4a2 - 4a - 3
Q5. Factorize Trinomial: x2 - 9
 Algebra

Addition Rules:
• Always take the like terms together while performing
addition/subtraction. Like terms are the constants with variables
having the same power/exponent. Example: 2x & 5x, 3x2 & 7x2.
• Signs of all terms in polynomials remain the same.
 Algebra

Subtraction Rules:
[Link] take the like terms together while performing
addition/subtraction. Like terms are the constants with variables
having the same power/exponent. Example: 4x2 & 10x2, 6x3 & 7x3.
[Link] of all terms of a subtracting polynomial will get changed
i.e., + changes to - and - changes to +.
 Algebra
Methods of Addition and Subtraction
We can perform addition/subtraction between polynomials in two
ways. Either horizontally or vertically.

Adding Polynomials Horizontally

Steps to Add
•Step 1: Arrange the polynomial in standard form i.e., arrange the
polynomial in such a way that terms with variables having higher
exponents are arranged first and lower at last.
•Step 2: Group the like terms i.e., variable having the same
power/exponent.
•Step 3: Perform calculations.
 Algebra

Example: Perform addition between polynomials 3x2 + 2x + 1

and 4x2 + x + 9.
Solution:
Group like terms:
3x2 + 4x2 + 2x + x + 1 + 9
Compute:
(3 + 4)x2 + (2 + 1)x + 10
7x2+3x+10
 Algebra

Adding Polynomials Vertically

Steps to Add
•Step 1: Write polynomials in standard form, and align like terms
in columns.
•Step 2: Perform calculations.
Algebra
 Algebra
Subtracting Polynomials Horizontally
Steps to Subtract
•Step 1: Arrange the polynomial in standard form i.e., arrange the
polynomial in such a way that terms with variables having higher
exponents are arranged first and lower at last.
•Step 2: Group the like terms i.e., variable having the same
power/exponent.
•Step 3: Signs of subtracting polynomial get's changes i.e., from + to
- and - to +.
•Step 4: Perform calculations.
 Algebra

Example: Perform subtraction between polynomials x+7x2+1 and 2x2-

7.
Solution:
Step 1: Arrange polynomial in standard form.
7x2+x+1 and 2x2+0x-7
Step 2: Group like terms and Signs of subtracting polynomial get's
changed and calculate the result
(7x2+x+1)-(2x2+0x-7)= (7-2)x2+(1-0)x+(1+7)
= 5x2+x+8
 Algebra

Subtracting Polynomials Vertically

Steps to Subtract
•Step 1: Arrange both the polynomials one above the other with
like terms placed one above the other in standard form. And if any
of the polynomials didn't have the variable with the same
exponent as the above polynomial use 0 as a coefficient to avoid
confusion.
•Step 2: Signs of subtracting polynomial get's changes i.e., from +
to - and - to +.
•Step 3: Perform calculations.
Algebra
Algebra
 Algebra

Multiplying Polynomials Worksheet

A polynomial is an algebraic expression consisting of variables
and coefficients. We can perform various operations on
polynomials, including addition, subtraction, multiplication, and
division. This worksheet focuses on multiplying
polynomials using different methods.
 Algebra
Steps to Multiply Polynomials
The steps related to Multiplying polynomials are :
Step 1: Multiply each term of one polynomial with each
term in the other polynomial by using the distributive law.
Step 2: Sum up the powers of the same variables using the
law of exponents.
Step 3: Combine the like term by adding or subtracting.
 Algebra

Methods to Multiply Polynomials

There can be many possible cases involving monomial, binomial, or
polynomials while multiplying. Some of the common cases are:
•Multiplying Polynomials with Exponents
•Multiplying Polynomials with Different Variables
•Multiplying a Monomial by a Polynomial
•Multiplying a Polynomial by a Polynomial
•Multiplying a Monomial by a Monomial
•Multiplying a Binomial by a Binomial
•Multiplying Binomials by Box Method
 Algebra

Multiplying Polynomials with Exponents

To multiply the polynomial in which we have the same
variables, we multiply the polynomials using the exponents
rules. Suppose we are given to multiply the polynomials with
the same variables and different exponents then we follow the
following steps,
•Step 1: Multiply the coefficients of both the variables.
•Step 2: To multiply the variables we use the laws of
exponents.
 Algebra

For example, Multiply the

polynomials 3x5 and 5x2
(3x5)(5x2)
= (3 · 5)(x5 · x2)
= 15(x5+2)
= 15x7
 Algebra
Multiplying Polynomials with Different Variables
Polynomials with different variables are multiplied together by
following the steps that are discussed below,
•Step 1: Multiply the coefficient of both the variables.
•Step 2: Use the laws of exponents to multiply the polynomial or
write different variables together to get the required product of the
variable.
 Algebra

For example, Multiply the

polynomials 3x5 and 5y2
(3x5)(5y2)
= (3 · 5)(x5 · y2)
= 15x5y2
 Algebra

Multiplying a Monomial by a Polynomial

To multiply a polynomial and a monomial we need to multiply
each and every term of the polynomial with monomial.
Examples: Find the product of 5x and (5x2 + 2x + 6)
Solution:
5x × (5x2 + 2x + 6)
= (5x × 5x2) + (5x × 2x) + (5x × 6)
= 25x3 + 10x2 + 30x
 Algebra

Multiplying a Polynomial by a Polynomial

To multiply two polynomials, we need to multiply each and every
term of one polynomial with each and every term of other
polynomials.
Examples: Find the product of (5x2 + 2x + 6) and (x2 + 2x + 3)
Solution:
(5x2 + 2x + 6) × (1x2 + 2x + 3)
= (5x2 × 1x2) + (5x2 × 2x) + (5x2 × 3) + (2x × 1x2) + (2x × 2x) + (2x ×
3) + (6 × 1x2) + (6 × 2x) + (6 × 3)
= 5x4 +10x3 + 15x2 + 2x3 + 4x2 + 6x + 6x2 + 12x + 18
= 5x4 +12x3 + 21x2 + 18x + 18
 Algebra

Multiplying a Monomial by a Monomial

Two monomials are easily multiplied. We should follow the following steps
to multiply to monomial.
•Step 1: Multiply the coefficient of both polynomial together to get the
coefficient of resultant polynomial.
•Step 2: Multiply the variables of both the polynomial to get required
product.
For example, Multiply the polynomials 20x5y and 3xy2
(20x5y)(3xy2)
= (20 · 3)(x5y · xy2)
= 60(x5+1)(y1+2)
= 60x6y3
 Algebra

Multiplying a Binomial by a Binomial

Two binomials can be multiplied using the distributive
properties. The distributive properties of the algebra are,
(a + b) · (c + d) = a · c + a · d + b · c + b · d
Using this property we can easily multiply two binomial. To
multiply the same follow the steps added below,
•Step 1: Write the polynomials in the form (a ± b) . (c ± b)
•Step 2: Use the property discussed above to open the bracket.
•Step 3: Simplify to get the required product.
 Algebra

Example: Multiply (3x + 4y)(5x2 + 2xy)

Solution:
= (3x + 4y)(5x2 + 2xy)
= (3x)(5x2) + (3x)(2xy) + (4y)(5x2) + (4y)(2xy)
= 15x3 + 6x2y + 20x2y + 8xy2
= 15x3 + 26x2y + 8xy2
 Algebra
Multiplying Binomials by Box Method
The box method (or area model) is a visual way to multiply polynomials,
particularly binomials. It helps organize calculations and makes it easy to
combine like terms.
Steps to Multiply Binomials using the Box Method
•Set up a 2 × 2 grid (box):

• Write the terms of the first binomial along the top.

• Write the terms of the second binomial along the left side.
•Multiply each row and column entry:

• Multiply each term from the row with each term from the column.
• Fill in the grid with the products.
•Combine like terms (if any).
Algebra
 Algebra
Example 1: Find the product of (3x2 + 1x + 2) and (1x2 + 2x + 1)
Solution:
= (3x2 + 1x + 2) × (1x2 + 2x + 1)
= (3x2 × 1x2) + (3x2 × 2x) + (3x2 × 1) + (1x × 1x2) + (1x × 2x) + (1x
× 1) + (2 × 1x2) + (2 × 2x) + (2 * 1)
= 3x4 + 6x3 + 3x2 + 1x3 + 2x2 + 1x + 2x2 + 4x + 2
= 3x4 + 7x3 + 7x2 + 5x + 2
 Algebra

Example 2: Find the product of (5xy + 1) and (2z + 3)

Solution:
= (5xy + 1) × (2z + 3)
= (5xy × 2z) + (5xy × 3) + (1 × 2z) + (1 × 3)
= 10xyz + 15xy + 2z + 3
 Algebra

Example 3: Find the Product of (3xyz) and (2x + 6)

Solution:
= (3xyz) × (2x + 6)
= (3xyz × 2x) + (3xyz × 6)
= 6x2yz +18xyz
 Algebra

Example 4: Find the product of (−a3b) and (2ab3)

Solution:
= (−a3b) × (2ab3)
= -2a4b4
 Algebra

Example 5: Find the product of (xy + 2y) and (a + b)

Solution:
= (xy + 2y) × (a + b)
= (xy × a) + (xy × b) + (2y × a) + (2y × b)
= axy + bxy + 2ay + 2by
 Algebra

Practice Questions on Multiplying Polynomial

Question 1: Multiply 2x2 and 3xy.
Question 2: Multiply (3x2 – 5y) and (4x – y).
Question 3: Multiply (x + 2y) and (3x2 − 4xy + 5).
Question 4: Multiply (xy – 3) and (2x2 – 9y).
 Algebra
Dividing Polynomials | Long Division | Synthetic Division | Factorization
Methods
Dividing Polynomials in maths is an arithmetic operation in which
one polynomial is divided by another polynomial, where the divisor
polynomial must have a degree less than or equal to the Dividend
Polynomial otherwise division of polynomial can't take place. The
most general form of a polynomial is given as:
anxn + an−1xn−1 + ... + a2x2 + a1x + a0
Where a0, a1, a2, . . ., an are the real coefficients. In Dividing
Polynomial we divide the polynomial with a higher degree by a
polynomial (that can be a monomial, binomial, trinomial, or any other
higher degree polynomial) with less degree.
Algebra
 Algebra
Long Division of Polynomials
Steps to Divide Polynomials using Long Division Method
To divide the polynomial using Long Division, we can use the following steps:
Step 1: Arrenge both Divisors and Dividends in the decreasing order of degree
of each of term i.e., anxn + an−1xn−1 + . . . + a1x + a0.
Step 2: Arrenge the Divisor and Dividend Long Division Form.
Step 3: Divide the the dividend's first term(xn) by the divisor's first term, and
use it as the quotient's first term.
Step 4: Multiply the divisor by the result of step 2 and arrenge them under the
divident such that like terms aligned with each other.
Step 5: Subtract the result of step 3 from the divisor to create new
polynomial.
Step 6: Repeat the steps 3, 4, 5 untill the resulting polynomial has a degree
less then divisor.
Algebra
Algebra
Algebra
Algebra
Algebra
Algebra
Algebra
 Algebra
Linear Inequalities:
Linear Inequalities are mathematical statements that show the
relationship between two expressions using inequality symbols instead
of an equal sign.

They are similar to a linear equation, but instead of “=”, they use
symbols like: <, >, ≤, ≥, ≠
Algebra
 Algebra
Inequality Symbols Meanings:

Strict inequality symbols: > and < (do not include the boundary points).
Non-strict inequality symbols: ≥ and ≤ (include the boundary points).
 Algebra
Forms of Linear Inequalities:

Linear inequalities are formed by combining linear algebraic expressions

with inequalities. A linear algebraic expression has a degree of one,
meaning it involves terms of degree one.

Linear inequality in one variable: For example, x < 6.

Linear inequality in two variables: For example, x + z > 11.
In linear inequalities, at least one quantity being compared must be a
polynomial.
 Algebra
Linear Inequalities Examples
Following are some examples of linear inequalities with their meaning:
 Algebra
Linear Inequalities Rules
All the mathematical operations i.e. addition, subtraction, multiplication,
solutions and division are applicable to linear inequalities also.

Adding or Subtracting the Same Value

When you add or subtract the same number (or expression) to both sides of
the inequality, the inequality sign remains the same.

Example:

x+3>7⇒x>4
2x − 5 ≤ 9 ⇒ 2x ≤ 14 ⇒ x ≤ 7
 Algebra
Multiplying or Dividing by a Positive Number

When you multiply or divide both sides of the inequality by a positive

number, the inequality sign remains the same.

Example:

3x < 12 ⇒ x < 4

2𝑋
≥4⇒x≥12 /2=6
3
 Algebra
Multiplying or Dividing by a Negative Number

When you multiply or divide both sides of the inequality by a negative

number, reverse the inequality sign.

Example:

−2x > 6 ⇒ x < −3 (reverse the inequality sign)

−3𝑋
≤9⇒x≥−12 (reverse the inequality sign)
4
 Algebra
Combining Inequalities

When you have an inequality with a common variable on both sides, you can
combine them by solving the inequality.

Example: 2x − 3 ≥ 5 and x + 1 < 6

Solve each inequality:

2x ≥ 8 ⇒ x ≥ 4
x<5
Combine: 4 ≤ x < 5
 Algebra
Inequalities Involving Absolute Values

For inequalities with absolute values, treat them as two separate

inequalities based on the definition of absolute value.

Example: ∣x − 3∣ ≤ 5

This splits into two inequalities: −5 ≤ x − 3 ≤ 5

Solve: −2 ≤ x ≤ 8
 Algebra
Types of Linear Inequalities:
There are generally two types of linear inequalities that are,

• Linear Inequalities in One Variable(X<5)

• Linear Inequalities in Two Variables(2X+3Y>8)

 Algebra
Linear Inequalities in One Variable
The linear inequalities which deal with only one variable are called
linear inequalities with one variable. For example x >5.

In order to solve the linear inequality with variables on one side

following steps are followed:

Use the rules of inequality mentioned above to isolate the variable on

one side.
The inequality so obtained is the required answer and tells the value of
variable.
 Algebra
For example: Consider the inequality x + 10 < 7. This can be solved as:

Subtract 10 from both sides to get x + 10 - 10 < 7 - 10

Thus, we get x < -3.
Hence, x < -3 is the required value of x. This is a strict inequality.

Examples of Linear Equation in One Variable

x > 11
y < -4
z < 8, etc
 Algebra
Linear Inequalities in Two Variables
The linear inequalities which deal with two variables are called Linear
Inequalities with Two Variables. For example x - y > 5 and x + y > 4.

In order to solve the linear inequality with two variables, it is necessary to

have at least two linear inequalities with the same variables. These type of
linear inequalities can be solved only through graphing.

Examples of Linear Equation with Two Variable

x + y > 11
y - z < -4
z + x < 8, etc
 Algebra
Example 1: Solve the inequality 2x + 3 < 5.

Solution:

Given 2x + 3 < 5
Subtract 3 from both sides
2x < 2

Divide both sides by 2

x<1

Thus x < 1 is the required inequality.

 Algebra
Example 2: Solve the inequality x + 3 < 5 + 2x.

Solution:

Given x + 3 < 5 + 2x
Subtract x from both sides
x + 3 - x < 5 + 2x - x
3<5+x

Subtract 5 from both sides

-2 < x

Thus x > -2 is the required inequality.

 Algebra
Example 3: Solve the inequality x/5 + 3 < 8.

Solution:

Given x/5 + 3 < 8

Subtract 3 from both sides
x/5 + 3 - 3 < 8 - 3
x/5 < 5

Multiply both sides by 5

x < 25

Thus x < 25 is the required inequality.

 Algebra
Example 4: Graph the inequality x ≥ 6.
Solution:
Given x ≥ 6
The numbers that satisfy this linear inequality are represented in the
closed interval [6, ∞) as it is not a strict inequality. The graph for this
inequality is shown below:
 Algebra
Example 5: Solve the system of linear inequalities y ≤ x – 1 and y < –2x + 1.
Solution:
Given y ≤ x – 1 and y < –2x + 1
Step 1: Replace all the inequality symbols with = sign so as to obtain an
equation of line.
y = x - 1 and y = -2x + 1
 Algebra
Step 2: Plot the lines on the graph as follows:
Step 3:
Select the point (3, 1) for line y = x - 1. Check if this point satisfies linear
inequality or not. As 1 ≤ 3 - 1 = 2, the point satisfies the linear inequality. Thus
the area on the side of the point is marked.

Select the point (-1, 1) for line y = -2x + 1. Check if this point satisfies linear
inequality or not. As 1 < -2(-1)+1 = 3 , the point satisfies the linear inequality.
Thus the area on the side of the point is marked.

Step 4: The area common to both the lines is shaded in purple as seen in the
diagram.

Thus all the points that lie in the shaded region satisfy the linear inequality.
 Algebra
Applications of Linear Inequalities:
Linear inequalities has various applications such as:

• They are used to model real life business problems.

• They are used in a game called inequality sudoku.
• They also find applications in astronomy and space research.
• They are also used in business to make decisions such as maximizing
the profit and minimizing the cost of production.
 FUNCTION
• Function: A function from a set A to set B is a rule of associating
elements of set A to elements of set B such that every element in A is
uniquely associated with some elements in B.
• If f is a function from set A to set B, then we write 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵. The set A
is the domain of f and the set B is the co-domain of f.
• Remark: If f is a function from a set A to a set B, then (i) all elements
of A must be associated to some element in B, and (ii) an element of
A must be associated to a unique element in B, i.e. it should not be
associated to more than one element in B.
 FUNCTION
Real function:
• If the domain and co-domain of a function are subset of R (set of all
real numbers). It is called a real valued function.
• Let A and B be two non-empty subsets of R, and let 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 be a
real function. Let 𝑥 be an element of A. The element in B that is
associated to 𝑥 by 𝑓 is denoted by 𝑓(𝑥) and is known as the image of
𝑥 under 𝑓 or the value of 𝑓 𝑎𝑡 𝑥. Sometimes we also say that 𝑓 takes
the value 𝑓(𝑥) at 𝑥.
 FUNCTION
• Range of a function
• The range of a function 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 is the set of all values taken by 𝑓 𝑖. 𝑒.
it is the set of images of elements in domain.
• Or Range 𝑓 = {𝑓 𝑥 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴
• Clearly Range 𝑓 ⊂ 𝐵.
TYPES OF FUNCTIONS ,SOME REAL FUNCTIONS

(xii)Linear Function:
A function of the form 𝑓 𝑥 =a+bx, is a polynomial in which the
variable x has degree at most one.
TYPES OF FUNCTIONS ,SOME REAL FUNCTIONS

F(x)=-x+2
 Algebra
Example: Find the Linear function when two points on the
function are, (-1, 2) and (3, 4)
Solution:
Given Points,
•(x1, y1) = (-1, 2)
•(x2, y2) = (3, 4)
Slope of Line(m) = (y2 - y1)/(x2 - x1)
m = (4 - 2)/(3 - {-1}) = 2/4 = 1/2
Now the linear function is,
y - y1 = m(x - x1)
y - 2 = 1/2(x - {-1})
y - 2 = 1/2(x + 1)
2y - 4 = x + 1
x - 2y + 5 = 0
This is the required linear function.
 Algebra
• Graphing of a Linear Function
• We know that graph of linear equation represents the straight
line and to draw a straight line we need at least two point and
joining those two points and stretching the line in both the
direction gives the required straight line.
• The graph of a linear function f(x) = mx + b is shown in the
image added below as,
 Algebra
• Case 1: When m > 0
• The image added below shows the linear function when m > 0,
 Algebra
• Case 2: When m < 0
• The image added below shows the linear function when m < 0,
 Algebra
• Case 3: When m = 0
• The image added below shows the linear function when m = 0,
 Algebra
Graphing a Linear Function by Finding Two Points
To discover two pinpoints on a linear function (line) f(x) = mx + b,
consider some unexpected values for 'x' and have to replace
these values to find the connected values of y.
This method is presented by an instance where we are
proceeding to graph the function f(x) = 2x + 4.
Step 1: Find two points on the line by first taking two random
value of x
Let the values be: x = 0 and x = 1
TYPES OF FUNCTIONS ,SOME REAL FUNCTIONS

(xiii)Quadratic Function:
A function of the form 𝑓 𝑥 =a𝑥 2 +bx+c, is a polynomial function in
which the variable x has degree at most two.
A quadratic function is a type of polynomial function of
degree 2,
which can be written in the general form:
f(x) = ax2 + bx + c
where:
• x is the variable,
• a, b, and c are constants with a ≠ 0 (if a = 0,
the function would be linear, not quadratic),
• The highest exponent of x is 2 (hence the term
"quadratic").
 Algebra

Quadratic functions are important in various mathematical fields and

real-life applications, particularly because their graphs are parabolas.
They are commonly used in contexts where parabolic shapes and
properties are needed.

Some examples of Quadratic Functions:

f(x) = 3𝑥 2 + 7x + 2
g(x) = 𝑥 2 – 2
h(x) = 9 𝑥 2 + 5x
TYPES OF FUNCTIONS ,SOME REAL FUNCTIONS
 Algebra

Parabola:
A parabola is a fundamental concept in mathematics and geometry,
categorized as one of the conic sections. It is formed by the intersection
of a plane and a double-napped cone. The result is a U-shaped curve
that can either open upwards or downwards, depending on its
equation.

Parabolas appear in various real-world applications, from the trajectory

of projectiles in physics to the design of satellite dishes and suspension
bridges. They are also widely used across disciplines such as physics,
engineering, finance, and computer science.
Algebra
 Algebra
• Important Terms Related to Parabola
• Focus: Point (a, 0) is called the focus of a Standard Parabola
(y2 = 4ax), and it has a very special property that has various
real-life applications i.e. if any light ray traveling parallel to the
axis of the parabola, the parabola converges those light rays at
the focus.
• Directrix: A line drawn perpendicular to the base axis and
passing through the point (-a, 0) is the directrix of the parabola.
Directrix is always perpendicular to the axis of a parabola.
• Focal Chord: A chord passing through the focus of the parabola
is called the focal chord of a parabola. The focal chord always
cuts the parabola at two distinct points.
 Algebra
• Focal Distance: Distance of any point (x1,y1) lying on the
parabola, from the focus of the parabola, is called the focal
distance. The focal distance equals the perpendicular distance
of the given point from the directrix.
• Latus Rectum: A chord perpendicular to the axis of the
parabola and passing through the focus of the parabola is
called the Latus rectum. Points at the ending of the latus
rectum are (a, 2a), (a, -2a), and their length is taken as LL’ = 4a.
• Eccentricity: Ratio of the distance of a point from the focus, and
the distance of the point from the directrix is called eccentricity.
Eccentricity for a parabola is 1.
 Algebra

Definition and Key Elements

A parabola is a symmetrical curve that is defined as the set of all points
that are equidistant from a fixed point (the focus) and a fixed straight
line (the directrix). Both the focus and directrix play a vital role in
determining the parabola's shape and position.

As one of the basic curves in conic sections, a parabola can be derived

by slicing a double-napped cone (two cones stacked on top of each
other at the vertex) with a plane at various angles. This geometrical
relationship helps distinguish the parabola from other conic sections.
Algebra
 Algebra
Equation of Parabola
Equation of Parabola can vary depending on its orientation and the
position of its vertex, but one common form is:

y = a 𝑥 2 + bx + c

Here, a, b, and c are constants. The shape of the parabola depends

primarily on the value of a:

If a > 0, the parabola opens upwards.

If a < 0, the parabola opens downwards.
 Algebra

Standard Equation of Parabola

Standard Equation of Parabola is given as follows:
𝑦 2 = 4ax
In this form, directrix is parallel to the y-axis.

If directrix is parallel to the x-axis, then the standard equation of a parabola is

given by,
𝑥 2 = 4ay

If the parabolas are drawn in alternate quadrants, then their equation is given
as
𝑦 2 = -4ax and 𝑥 2 = -4ay.
Algebra
Algebra
Vertex Form of a Parabola
General equation of a parabola is
given by y = a(x – h)2 + k or x = a(y –
k)2 +h where (h, k) denotes the
vertex.
(Regular form) y = a(x – h)2 + k
(Sidewise from) x = a(y – k)2 + h
Parametric Coordinates of a Parabola
For a parabola, y2 = 4ax, if we take x = at2 and y = 2at for
any value of “t” they will satisfy the equation of a
parabola, the coordinates (at2, 2at) is termed as
parametric coordinate, and "t" is called as the parameter.

Thus, x = at2 and y = 2at are called the parametric

equations of the parabola y2 = 4ax
Similarly, parametric form of the parabola x2 = 4ay are x
= 2at, y = at2
 Algebra
Example 1: Find coordinates of the focus, axis, the equation of
the directrix, and latus rectum of the parabola y2 = 16x.
 Algebra
Solution:

Given equation of the parabola is: 𝑦 2 = 16x

Comparing with the standard form 𝑦 2 = 4ax,

4a = 16 ⇒ a = 4

The coefficient of x is positive so the parabola opens to the right.

Also, the axis of symmetry is along the positive x-axis.

 Algebra

Therefore,

Focus of the parabola is (a, 0) = (4, 0).

Equation of the directrix is x = -a, i.e. x = -4

Length of the latus rectum = 4a = 4(4) = 16

 Algebra
Example 2: Find the equation of the parabola which is symmetric
about the y-axis, and passes through the point (3, -4).
Solution:
Given that parabola is symmetric about the y-axis and has its vertex at
the origin.
Thus, equation can be of the form x2 = 4ay or x2 = -4ay, where the sign
depends on whether the parabola opens upwards or downwards.
Since parabola passes through (3, -4) which lies in the fourth quadrant, it
must open downwards.
So, equation will be: x2 = -4ay
Substituting (3, -4) in the above equation,
(3)2 = -4a(-4)
9 = 16a
a = 9/16
Hence, the equation of the parabola is: x2 = -4(9/16)y
4x2 = -9y
 Algebra
Example 3: Find coordinates of the focus, axis, and the equation
of the directrix and latus rectum of the parabola y2 = 8x.
Solution:
Given equation of the parabola is: y2 = 8x

Comparing with the standard form y2 = 4ax,

4a = 8
a=2

The coefficient of x is positive so the parabola opens to the right.

Also, the axis of symmetry is along the positive x-axis.

Therefore,
Focus of the parabola is (a, 0) = (2, 0).

Equation of the directrix is x = -a, i.e. x = -2

Length of the latus rectum = 4a = 4(2) = 8

TYPES OF FUNCTIONS ,SOME REAL FUNCTIONS

(vii). Logarithm Function: If ′𝑎’ is a positive real number then the

function that associates every positive real number to log 𝑎 𝑥 𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑓 𝑥
= log 𝑎 𝑥 is called the logarithm function.
The domain of the logarithmic function is the set of all positive real
numbers and the range is the set R of all real numbers.
 Algebra
Logarithmic Function
Logarithmic functions are referred to as the inverse of the
exponential function. In other words, the functions of the form
f(x) = logbx are called logarithmic functions where b represents
the base of the logarithm and b > 0. Concept of logarithm in
mathematics is used for changing multiplication and division
problems to problems of addition and subtraction.
 Algebra
Logarithmic Function
Logarithmic functions can be easily converted into exponential
functions and vice versa. The formula for converting the
logarithmic functions to exponential function is given by:
ax = p ⇔ x = logap
Example of Logarithmic Functions
Some examples of the logarithmic functions are listed
below:
• y(x) = log3 x
• p(y) = log (y + 6) - 5
• z(x) = 5ln x
Common Logarithmic Function
Logarithmic function which contains the logarithm of
base 10 is called common logarithmic function. The
common logarithm is represented as the log10 or log.
The common logarithmic function is of the form
f(x) = log10x
log10x = y ; 10y = x
Example:
log10 (100) = 2 ; because 102 = 100
Natural Logarithmic Function
The natural logarithmic function, denoted
as ln(x) or loge(x), is the logarithm to the base e,
where e≈2.71828 is Euler's number (an irrational
mathematical constant). It is defined as the inverse
function of the natural exponential function ex.
For any positive number x> o; . Integral represents the area
under the curve y = 1/t from 1 to x.
ln(x) = y ; ey = x
Example:
𝑙𝑛 100 ≈ 4.605 because 𝑒 4.605 ≈ 100
Domain and Range of Logarithmic Functions
Domain of Logarithmic Functions
Domain of the fundamental logarithmic function i.e., y = log x is all
the positive real numbers since the logarithmic function is
defined for the positive numbers only i.e., x > 0. To find the
domain of the other logarithmic functions put the term with log >
0 and find the value of variable.
Domain of the given logarithmic function is given by (value of
variable, ∞).
Domain of log x = All Positive Real Numbers
or
Domain of log x = (0, ∞)
Range of Logarithmic Functions
Range of the logarithmic function is defined by putting
the different values of x in the given logarithmic
functions. The range of the logarithmic function is set
of all real numbers.
Range of Logarithmic function = R (Real Numbers)
• Domain of log function y = log x is x > 0 (or) (0, ∞)
• Range of any log function is the set of all real
numbers (R)
Logarithmic Function​ Graph
Properties of Logarithmic Function
The properties of the logarithmic functions help us to solve the
logarithmic functions. The several properties of logarithmic
functions are listed below:
• logb1 = 0
• logb b = 1
• logb (pq) = logb p + logb q
• logb (p/q) = logb p - logb q
• logb px = x logb p
• logb p = (logc p) / (logc b)
Example 1: Evaluate log 20 - log 2
Solution:
Let y = log 20 - log 2
Using formula: logb (p/q) = logb p - logb q
y = log (20/ 2)
y = log 10
Using formula: logb b = 1
y=1
Example 2: Solve: log927 + 5
Solution:
Let y = log927 + 5
Using formula: logb p = (logc p) / (logc b)

log927 = (log3 27) / (log3 9)

log927 = (log3 33) / (log332)

Using the formula: logb px = x logb p

log927 = 3(log3 3) / 2(log33)

Using formula: logb b = 1

log927 = 3/ 2
Putting above value in y.

y = (3/2) + 5

y = 13/2
Example 3:
Find the value of x when log2x + log2(x + 6) = 4.
Solution:
log2x + log2(x + 6) = 4
Using formula: logb (pq) = logb p + logb q
log2 [x (x + 6)] = 4
Using formula: ax = p ⇔ x = logap
[x (x + 6)] = 24
[x (x + 6)] = 16
x2 + 6x - 16 = 0
x = 2 or - 8
Example 4: Find the domain and range of given
logarithmic function y = log (6x - 24) + 7.
Solution:
y = log (6x - 24) + 7
To find the domain of the given function put 6x - 24 > 0
6x - 24 > 0
6x > 24
x>4
Domain of the given logarithmic function = (4, ∞)
We know that,
Range of any logarithmic function is set of all real
numbers.
TYPES OF FUNCTIONS ,SOME REAL FUNCTIONS

(viii). Exponential Function: If a is positive real number(a>0), then the

function which associates every real number 𝑥 to 𝑎 𝑥 i..e 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑥 is
called the exponential function.
Clearly the domain of the exponential function is R and the range is the
set of all positive real numbers.
Exponential Functions: Definition, Formula and Examples
Exponential functions are mathematical functions in the
form f(x) = a ⋅ bx, where:
• a is a constant called the coefficient, which scales the
function but does not change its exponential nature.
• b is the base of the exponential function, which must
be a positive real number other than 1.
• x is the exponent, which is typically a variable.
Exponential functions are special types of mathematical
functions that increase or decrease very quickly.
The rate at which they grow or shrink depends on the value of
the function it slef.
This makes them perfect for describing things that grow or
shrink rapidly, such as populations, money investments, or
the way radioactive materials break down.
Key features of exponential functions include:

If b > 1, the function exhibits exponential growth; it increases

rapidly as x increases.

If 0 < b < 1, the function shows exponential decay; it

decreases rapidly as x increases.

The graph of an exponential function never touches the x-axis

but gets arbitrarily close to it as x approaches negative
infinity.
Some examples of exponential functions are:
•f(x) = 2x
•f(x) = 11x
•f(x) = ex/2
•f(x) = e(-1/2x)
Exponential function ex is defined as:
ex = ∑ xn/n!
Where n! (n factorial) is the product of all positive integers
up to n.
Exponential Function Properties
Below are some properties of the Exponential Function.
Domain and Range
• Domain: The domain of an exponential function is all real
numbers, (−∞, ∞)
• Range: The range depends on the value of a. If a > 0, the
range is (0, ∞). If a<0, the range is (−∞, 0).
Intercepts
• Y-intercept: When x = 0, f(0) = a⋅b0 = a. Thus, the y-intercept is at (0, a).

• X-intercept: For the standard exponential function a⋅bx, there is no x-intercept

because bx ≠ 0 for any real x.

Asymptotes
• Exponential functions have a horizontal asymptote.

• For f(x) = a⋅bx,

• if a > 0, the horizontal asymptote is y = 0.

• If a < 0, the horizontal asymptote is also y = 0, but the function approaches it

from below.
Domain and Range of Exponential Functions
For a typical exponential function of the form, f(x) = ax,
where a is a positive constant, the domain encompasses
all real numbers. This means that you can input any real
number x into the function.
On the other hand, the range of an exponential function is
limited to positive real numbers. No matter what real
number you choose for x, the output of f(x) will always be
greater than zero. This is because any positive number
raised to a power, whether that power is positive,
negative, or zero, will result in a positive number.
Thus, the range of f(x) = ax is (0, ∞), indicating that the
function never touches or crosses the x-axis but grows
indefinitely as x increases.
Exponential Graph of f(x) = 2x
Let us consider an exponential function f(x) = 2x.
 Algebra
Example 1:
Simplify the exponential function 5x - 5x+3.
Solution:

Given exponential function: 5x - 5x+3

From the properties of an exponential function, we have ax × ay = a(x +

y)

So, 5x+3 = 5x × 53 = 125×5x

Now, the given function can be written as

5x - 5x+3

=5x-125×5x
=5x(1-125)
=5x(-124)
= -124(5x)

Hence, the simplified form of the given exponential function is -

124(5x).
 Algebra
Example 2:
Find the value of x in the given expression: 43× (4)x+5 = (4)2x+12.
 Algebra
Solution:
Given, 43× (4)x+5 = (4)2x+12
From the properties of an exponential function,
we have ax × ay = a(x + y)
⇒(4)3+x+5=(4)2x+12

⇒(4)x+8 = (4)2x+12
Now, as the bases are equal, equate the powers.
⇒x+8=2x+12

⇒x-2x=12-8
⇒-x=4

⇒ x = -4
Hence, the value of x is -4.
 Algebra
Example 3: Simplify: (3/4)-6 × (3/4)8.
 Algebra

Solution:
Given: (3/4)-6 × (3/4)8
From the properties of an exponential function, we have
ax × ay = a(x + y)
Thus,(3/4)-6×(3/4)8=(3/4)(-6+8)
=(3/4)2
= 3/4 × 3/4
= 9/16
Hence, (3/4)-6 × (3/4)8 = 9/16.
 Algebra
Example 4: In the year 2009, the population of the town was
60,000. If the population is increasing every year by 7%, then
what will be the population of the town after 5 years?
 Algebra
Solution:
Given data:
• Population of the town in 2009 (a) = 60,000

• Rate of increase (r) = 7%

• Time span (x) = 5 years

Now, by the formula for the exponential growth, we get,

y=a(1+r)x

=60,000(1+0.07)5

=60,000(1.07)5

= 84,153.1038 ≈ 84,153.
So, the population of the town after 5 years will be 84,153.
 Algebra
Exponential Functions Practice Questions
Question 1: Calculate the value of f(x) for f(x) = 3.2x when x = 4.
Question 2: Given the exponential function g(x) = 5.(0.5)x, sketch the
graph of the function. Indicate the behavior of the function as x
increases and as x decreases. Identify any asymptotes and
intercepts.
Question 3: A population of bacteria doubles every hour. If the initial
population is 200 bacteria, express the population P as an
exponential function of time t in hours. Then, find the population
after 6 hours.
Question 4: Solve for x in the exponential equation 10.3x = 90.
 Algebra
Graphing Exponential Function
Exponential graph are plots of exponential functions, where the exponential functions are
of type, f(x) = ax. The value of f(x) can never be zero for any real value of x, so the x-axis
will always be an asymptote (a line which touches the at infinity) to the graph.
Consider an example of f(x) = ax + b, for drawing any graph, x and y intercept plays an
important role, so let's understand that. Steps to draw the exponential graph:
• Step 1: Find the asymptote of the graph, which shift by an amount in case of
bias(quantity added/subtracted) in the function, it will be shifted vertically by an amount
'b' in this case.

• Step 2: Find the y-intercept of the graph by putting the value x = 0, which will be the
point where the graph cuts the y-axis (b in this case).

• Step 3: In a tabular format find the value of f(x) for 4-5 values of x (consider both positive
and negative values), and plot them in the graph.

• Step 4: Join all the plotted point with raw hand making the x-axis as asymptote.
Exponential Growth Graph
Exponential Decay Graph
Algebra
Algebra
Algebra
Algebra
Algebra
Algebra