Building Technology
Chapter :4 – Building component and Services
Er. Ram Pd. Neupane
Assistant Professor,
Department of Civil Engineering ,
I.O. E., Thapathali Campus
4.1 – Door and Windows
Er. Ram Pd. Neupane
Assistant Professor,
Department of Civil Engineering ,
I.O. E., Thapathali Campus
Doors
➢A framework of screen used to
secure in an opening left in a wall
for the purposes of providing
access to the users
➢Made up of wood, steel,
aluminum, glass, plastic or a
combination of these materials.
➢Basically, consists of two parts; Frame
Shutter
frame and shutter (leaf).
➢Can be designed to swing from
one edge, slide, slide and fold or
roll to close and opening.
➢Can be classified by their position
in a building, by their function or
by their method of construction
TOP RAIL
FRIEZE RAIL
STYLE
INTERMEDIATE
RAILS
PANEL
BOTTOM RAIL
Typical Door Shutter
Typical Door Frame
Terminology of door
External doors
➢Used to close the access to the interior of a building and provide
a measure of security.
➢Need to be weather resistant
➢Resistance is provided by the thickness, stability and durability of
the construction materials used together with protective
coatings of paint or polish.
Internal doors
➢Used to close the access through internal walls and partitions.
➢Thinner than external doors and they no-longer need any weather
protection.
Location of doors
➢Should be located in appropriate position so as to
meet the functional requirements of the building or
room.
➢Usually located to the opposite walls of the window to
provide the access and the enough air circulation
within the room
➢To minimize the space covered by the swing of the
shutter, doors are generally located in the corner.
➢The number of doors in the room should be minimized
to achieve optimum utilization of space.
➢This will provide the privacy to the users and the
proper utilization of space is achieved.
➢Large number of doors cause obstruction, and
consumes more area in circulation.
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size of doors
➢Dependent on the functional requirements of the room.
➢Should be large enough to easy access of the people and permit the
movement of larger objects that may be used inside the room or
building.
➢Generally, the height of the door in residential and public building is
2100 mm (7’-0”).
➢The width is adopted minimum 750 (2-’6”) for bath or w. c. 900 for
internal doors and 1000-1200 for external doors in residential buildings.
➢In public building like educational, medical and the places where traffic
is higher, we adopt the width of the door is >1200 mm
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Materials used for door frames
➢Timber
➢Steel
➢Aluminum
➢UPVC
➢Fiber
➢Concrete
➢Stone
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Types of timber doors
1. Hinged doors
i. Battened type
ii. Framed and paneled
iii. Glazed/Sash
iv. Flushed
v. Louvered
vi. Wire-guage
2. Revolving doors
3. Sliding doors
4. Swing doors
5. Collapsible doors
6. Rolling shutter
Battened and Ledged door
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Battened Ledged and Braced doors
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Battened Ledged Braced and framed doors
Framed and Paneled door
➢These types of doors are widely used
in all types of buildings since they are
strong and give better appearance
than battened doors.
➢Panel doors consist of vertical
members called stiles and horizontal
members called rails.
➢Stiles and rails form the framework
into which panels are inserted.
➢Panels may be solid wood, plywood,
particleboard or louvered or have
glass inserts.
➢Additional vertical members called
mullions are used to divide the door
into any number of panels.
Framed and Paneled doors
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Framed and Paneled doors
Six Paneled doors in wood
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Framed and Paneled doors
Six Paneled doors in wood
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Glazed and sash doors
Fully Glazed Door Partly Glazed Door
Flush Door
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Flush Door
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Flush door
Types:
➢Solid core flush door
➢Hollow core
➢Cellular core
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Louvered doors
Wire mesh door (Mosquitoes net
or fly proof door)
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Revolving Doors
Sliding doors
Swing door Folded door
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Collapsible steel door
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Rolling steel shutter
Rolling steel shutter
[Link]
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Fire check door
➢Especially used in Bank
Vault, and others spaces
of higher fire resistance
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windows
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Windows and ventilations
➢A window may be defined as an opening made in a wall for the
purpose of providing day light, vision, and ventilation.
➢Windows, like doors, can be made from a variety of materials or a
combination of these materials such as timber, metal and plastic.
➢Windows also consist of window frame and shutter.
The selection of size, shape, location and number of windows to be
provided in a room depends upon the following considerations.
a. Size and location of the room
b. Architectural treatment is to be given in the building
c. Direction of wind and its speed
d. Climatic considerations (temperature, humidity) of the site
e. From the considerations of the above, thumb rule have been
formulated for the determination of size of the window. We usually
adopt the size of the window is about 10%-20% of the floor area.
windows details
Design of windows
➢ The size and number of windows should be sufficient to provide adequate
light and ventilation in the room.
➢ The opposite facing window provides maximum ventilation.
➢ The north face windows permit maximum day-light without glare.
➢ The sill height for the window shall be considered 750 to 1000 mm from the
floor level. For the ventilation and privacy of the room, sill height shall be
1750 mm form the floor level.
➢ In humid areas, the number and size of windows shall be increased and
located in opposite corners so as to provide maximum ventilation.
➢ The rebating of windows frame in casement window, sashes and venti lights
are designed over the external face of the frame to form a double barrier to
the entry of wind and rain.
➢ For the safety, especially in the ground floor, MS steel grill shall be provided.
➢ Windows in external wall should be protected with Chajja projection.
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Types of windows and ventilations
Fixed windows
Pivoted windows
Double Hung windows
Sliding windows Casement window
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Casement windows Sash or glazed windows
Louvered windows
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Bay windows
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Corner windows clerestory windows
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Dormer window and Gable window
➢ The windows provided at the dormer end and gable and of the sloping roof
to provide light and ventilation to the enclosed space below the roof.
Awning windows
➢Awning windows are hinged at
the top and open outward.
➢They are designed to provide
ventilation without letting in rain,
etc.
➢Awning windows can be used
alone or in vertical or horizontal
groups in combination with
additional awning windows, other
types of windows, or above doors.
Skylight
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Skylight
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Skylight
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Fanlights and ventilator
➢ Fanlights: The small window or ventilator fitted above the
door or window frame separated by transom.
➢ The function is to ensure cross ventilation in the room even if
the door or windows are closed. They also assist in admitting
natural light.
➢ Ventilator: It is a narrow window of small height fitted near
the roof of a room for ventilation.
➢ The construction is similar to the fanlights. They are
horizontally pivoted.
Materials for windows
Wood
Steel
Metal
UPVC windows
Aluminium Windows
Fibber Windows
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Thank you
Er. R.P. Neupane