DR.

KRUPA RASANE
PROFESSOR ECE
JAIN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BELAGAVI
EMAIL: [Link]@[Link]
MOBILE: 9341107810
© DR. KRUPA RAASANE 3/4/2025 1
 MULTIMEDIA
COMMUNICATIONS
MODULE - 1
BEC613A

3/4/2025
© DR. KRUPA RAASANE
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Suggested Learning Resources:
Textbooks:
• Multimedia Communications –Fred Halsall, Pearson Education,2001,ISBN-978813170994
Reference Books:
1. Multimedia: Computing, Communications and Applications- Raif Steinmetz, Klara Nahrstedt,
Pearson Education, 2002, ISBN-978817758
2. Fundamentals of Multimedia–Ze-NianLi, Marks Drew, and JiangchuanLiu.

Web links and Video Lectures (e-Resources):

• Implementation of compression algorithms using MATLAB/any open source tools (Python, Scilab, etc.)

Activity Based Learning (Suggested Activities in Class)/ Practical Based learning

● [Link] NPTEL Video Lectures
● [Link]
● Multimedia Computing lecture: Communications & Networking –You Tube

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Assessment Details (both CIE and SEE)
• The weightage of Continuous Internal Evaluation (CIE) is 50% and
for Semester End Exam (SEE) is 50%.
• The minimum passing mark for the CIE is 40% of the maximum
marks (20 marks out of 50) and for the SEE minimum passing
mark is 35% of the maximum marks (18 out of 50 marks).
• A student shall be deemed to have satisfied the academic
requirements and earned the credits allotted to each subject/
course if the student secures a minimum of 40% (40 marks out of
100) in the sum total of the CIE (Continuous Internal Evaluation)
and SEE (Semester End Examination) taken together.

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Introduction Multimedia
Communications: (Chapter 1 of Text1)
1. Introduction,
2. Multimedia information representation,
3. Multimedia networks,
4. Multimedia applications,
5. Application and networking terminology.

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What is multimedia?
• Derived from the word ”Multi” and “Media”
• Multi: Means Many, Multiple
• Media : The Medium through which information is
presented
• So, Multimedia means it is the media that uses
multiple forms of information content (text, audio,
graphics, video and interactivity) to inform or
entertain users
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Examples of Multimedia Communication
• Television.
• Radio.
• Internet.
• podcast
• Film.
• Music.
• Game.
• Tutorial.
• Entertainment.
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URLs explaining in depth working
• Television Broadcast - [Link]
Wbk
• Satellite TV - [Link]

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1. Introduction to Multimedia
• In networks, the data transferred can be of any of the following forms.
• Text
• Formatted text (electronic documents etc.)
• Unformatted text ( email – plain text without any font specifications)
• Images
• Computer generated images –shapes (line/circle etc)
• Digitized images of documents and Pictures
• Audio
• Low fidelity (Speech - telephony)
• High fidelity (Steoreophonic music)
• Video
• Short sequence of moving images (video clips - advertisements)
• Complete movies ( films )

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3/4/2025 © Dr. Krupa Raasane 11
[Link]: Applications
• Person to person communication using (TE) Terminal Equipments
• Person to computer system communication
• Person -- a MM (Multi Media) PC and Computer – server with files (holding
single MM type or Integrated MM)
• Person – a set top box connected to a TV can communicate with MM
servers Applications that initially supported only one type of the MM now
with advanced H/W and S/W supports Integrated MM(allows for a more
immersive and engaging experience)
• email supported only text initially now can be sent with any type of media
attached
• Telephone services supported using only speech earlier but now allows
all MM Types.
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Person to computer System examples
• typing an email,
• entering data into a spreadsheet,
• clicking on a website link,
• sending a text message, using voice commands on a smart assistant,
• filling out an online form,
• uploading a file to a cloud storage service, and
• interacting with a chatbot through a messaging app;

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 [Link]: Networking Infrastructure
• Network infrastructure refers to the
hardware and software that enable network
connectivity and communication between
users, devices, apps, the internet, and more.
• Examples of multimedia networking
infrastructure include:
• streaming servers,
• content delivery networks (CDNs),
• video conferencing platforms,
• online gaming platforms,
• digital signage networks,
• IP-based broadcast systems,
These include • webcasting platforms, and dedicated media
PSTNs (Public Switched telephone networks) also known as routers;
GSTNs (General Switched Telephone Network) • all of which rely on underlying network
components like
PSTN is the aggregate of the world's telephone networks
• routers, switches, fiber optic cabling, and
that are operated by national, regional, or robust servers to effectively transmit audio,
local telephony operators. video
It provides infrastructure and services for public telephony.
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Introduction Multimedia
Communications: (Chapter 1 of Text1)
1. Introduction,
2. Multimedia information representation,
3. Multimedia networks,
4. Multimedia applications,
5. Application and networking terminology.

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[Link]: Networking Infrastructure (PSTN)
• The PSTN consists of
• Telephone lines are physical wires or cables that connect phones to a network,
allowing people to make calls,
• Fiber-optic cables are typically installed underground, is an assembly similar to an electrical
cable but containing one or more optical fibers that are used to carry light. Hence used for long-
distance and high-performance data networking
• Microwave transmission links (uses high-frequency electromagnetic waves to communicate,
wireless),
• Cellular networks (a wireless network that allows mobile devices to communicate with each other
and with land-based networks),
• Communications satellites (A communications satellite is an artificial satellite that relays and
amplifies through the use of a transponder, radio telecommunications signals), and
• Undersea telephone cables (fiber optic cables that carry phone calls and other data across the
ocean.) interconnected by switching centers

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[Link] Information Representation
• It is the process of storing and processing multimedia data in digital
form.
• Text and Images
• represented using blocks of digital data
• Text- rep with codewords – fixed number of binary digits (bits)
• Images- picture elements – every pixel is rep using a fixed number of bits
• Transaction duration – less
• Audio and Video
• represented as analog signals that vary continuously with time
• Telephonic conversations may take minutes and movie downloads may take
hours
• When they are only type, they take their basic form- analog
• When integrated with other types,
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© Dr. Krupa need to be converted to digital form.17
Raasane
[Link] Information Representation
• Speech signal – typical data rate is 64kbps
• Music and Video – higher bit rates are required
• Huge bit rates cannot be supported by all networks
• Compression is the technique applied to the digitized signals to
reduce the time delay for a request / response.
How is analog information converted to digital information?
•Sampling: A signal's amplitude is sampled at a minimum rate
that is equal to or greater than twice the bandwidth of the signal
•Quantization: The amplitude of a signal is confined into a finite
number of values
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Introduction Multimedia Communications:
(Chapter 1 of Text1)

1. Introduction,
2. Multimedia information representation,
3. Multimedia networks
4. Multimedia applications
5. Application and networking terminology

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3. Multimedia Networks
• Five basic types of Communication Networks
a) Telephone Networks
b) Data Networks
c) Broadcast Television Networks
d) Integrated Services Digital Network
e) Broadband Multiservice Networks
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3. Multimedia Networks : (a)Telephone Networks
• POTS-Plain Old Telephone System
• Initially calls were done within a country
• Extended to International calls

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Telephone Networks

• Explanation of the figure

• PBX – Private Branch Exchange
• LE - Local Exchange
• IGE - International Gateway
Exchange
• GMSC – Gateway Mobile
Switching Centre
• PSTN- Public Switched Telephone
Networks

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Telephone Networks

• Microphone is used to convert speech to analog signal

• Telephone earlier used to work in circuit mode – a separate call is set
up and resources are reserved through out the network during the
duration of the call.
• Handsets were designed to carry two way analog signals to PBX.
• Digital mode is seen within a PSTN.
• MODEM was a significant device used.(a combined device for
modulation and demodulation, for example, between the digital
data of a computer and the analogue signal of a phone line.)
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• STB: A device that converts video content to earlier analog or today's digital
TV signals.
• A modem is a device that connects your home to the internet. It translates data
from your internet service provider (ISP) into a format that your devices can use.
• Earlier Modems worked at speed - 300bps but now they operate at higher bit rates.
• 56kbps – sufficient for text, image as well as speech and low resolution videos
• Digital Signal Processing techniques has helped communication in many ways.
• Two channels are used with high speed modems – one in which speech is sent for
telephony and the other is a high bit rate one which can carry high resolution videos
and
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3. Multimedia Networks : (b)Data Networks
• A data network is a system designed to transfer data from one
network access point to one other or more network access points via
data switching, transmission lines, and system controls.

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DATA NETWORKS
• Designed for basic data communication services – Email and file transfers.
• Eg: UE- PC/Computer/Workstation
• Two widely deployed networks- X.25 and Internet
• X.25- low bit rate –unsuitable for MM
• Internet- collection of interconnected networks operate using
the same set of communication protocol e,g LAN, WAN, MAN)
• Communication protocol- set of rules agreed by the comm. Parties
for exchange of infor-this includes syntax of messages.
• Open System Interconnection- Irrespective of the type or manufacturer, all
systems in Internet they communicate

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 Data networks

DTEs (Data Terminal Equip) are end user devices that

generate or receive data, while DCEs (Data Comm
Equip) are the equipment that facilitates the transmission
of data between DTEs.
An X.25 WAN consists of packet-switching exchange
(PSE) nodes as the networking hardware, and leased
lines, plain old telephone service connections, or ISDN ...
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Data Networks
• Home/Small Offices connect to Internet via Internet Service Provider (ISP) through a PSTN via modem or
ISDN.
• Site / Campus Network – single site/Multiple sites through an enterprise-wide private network connect to
the Internet. EWPN – ex. College / University campus
• When these networks use the same set of protocols for internal services used by Internet, they are said to
be Intranets.
• All the above type of networks connect to Internet Backbone Network via a gateway (router)
• Data networks operate in packet mode.
• Packet- container for data – has both head and body. Head contains the control information like the
destination address
• MM PC were introduced which supports Microphones and Speaker, sound card and a supporting software
to digitize the speech.
• Introduction of camera with its supporting H/W and S/W introduced Video.
• The data networks hence initiated the MC applications.

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3. Multimedia Networks : (c)Broadcast Television Networks

• Broadcast Television is also referred to as “OVER THE AIR” (OTA) TV. A

Broadcast Network is a type of network where a machine can send
data to all other machines within the network simultaneously. It is
commonly used in LAN environments, such as Ethernet networks.
•As opposed to satellite, cable, or fiber TV, this television
service is called broadcast TV or over-the-air TV.

•To watch OTA TV, all you need is a television set and an
OTA antenna.

•There won’t be a cable provider technician to set everything

up for you, but many antennas can be easily mounted
indoors.
© Dr. Krupa Raasane 32
3/4/2025
Broadcast Television N/W
• Designed to support the diffusion of analog television to geographically
wide areas.
• For city/town- the bx medium is a cable distribution network, for larger
areas – a satellite network or a terrestrial broadcast network.
• Digital services started with Home shopping and Game playing.
• The STB in case of cable network, help for control of television channels
(low bit rate) that are received and the cable model in STB give access to
other services where a high bit rate channel is used to connect the
subscriber back to the cable head-end.
• These also provides an “interaction television”- where an
interaction channel helps the subscriber to demand his/her interests.

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 Cable network
▪ STB provides both low bit rate connection to PSTN and
high bit rate connection to Internet
▪ Subscriber is able to actively respond to the information
being broadcast through PSTN
▪ Typical return channel use: voting, game, home
shopping
▪ Satellite and terrestrial broadcast networks
▪ STB provides similar service

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 (a) Cable Network

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(b) Satellite/Terrestrial broadcast networks
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3. Multimedia Networks : (d) Integrated Services Digital Network

• Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) is a set of standards that allow voice,
video, data, and other services to be transmitted over phone lines. ISDN was
introduced in 1986.
• Note: ISDN has been phased out in the United States in favor of newer
technologies like DSL (DSL stands for Digital Subscriber Line. It's a technology that
uses existing phone lines to provide internet access to homes and businesses. DSL
is a type of broadband internet connection) and cable.

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Integrated Services Digital Network
• Integration of services with PSTN without the MODEM
• Conversion of Telephone Networks into all digital form.
• Two separate communication channels – supporting two telephonic calls simultaneously / one
telephone call and the other data call
• These circuits are termed Digital Subscriber lines (DSL)
• UE can be either an analog or a digital phone.
• Digital phone- all required conversion circuitry seen in handset
• Analog phone- all required conversion circuitry was seen in the network terminal equipment.
• Basic Rate Access – two 64kbps per channel –either independent or combined as one 128kbps
line.
• This definitely requires two separate circuitry setup to support two different calls.
• The synchronization of the two channels into a single 128kbps requires a additional box to do
the aggregation function.
• Primary rate Access – 1.5 or 2 Mbps data rate channel
• Service provided has now extended to p X 64kbps where p =1..30.
•3/4/2025
Supports MM applications with an increDr©a. [Link]
dhinci Raasane
Voinset
ethcompared to PSTN. 38
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3. Multimedia Networks : (e)Broadband Multiservice Networks
• A broadband multiservice network is a high-speed internet
connection that offers multiple communication services (such as
voice, data, and video. ) over the same physical infrastructure. It can
support multiple traffic types without compromising the quality of
service for any of them.

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Broadband Multiservice Networks
• Broadband- Bit rates in excess of the max 2 Mbps – 30 X 64
kbps given by ISDN.
• These are enhanced ISDN and hence termed Broadband-
ISDN (B-ISDN) with the simple ISDN termed as Narrowband
or N-ISDN.
• Initial type did not support video. Current ones do with the
introduction to compression tech.
• As the other three types of networks also started showing
improvements with the introduction to compression
techniques, broadband slowed down
3/4/2025 © Dr. Krupa Raasane 42
Multi Service
• Multiple services- Different rates were required for different services,
hence flexibility was introduced. Every media type was first converted
to digital form and then integrated together. This is further divided
into equal sized cells.
• Uniform size helped in better switching.
• As different MM requires different rates, the rate of transfer of cells
also vary and hence termed
• Asynchronous transfer Modes (ATM).
• ATM Networks or Cell switching Networks.
• ATM LANs- single site, ATM MANs- high speed back bone network
to inter connect a number of LANs
• These can also communicate with other types of LANs
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3. Multimedia Networks Summarize
• Five basic types of Communication Networks
a) Telephone Networks
b) Data Networks
c) Broadcast Television Networks
d) Integrated Services Digital Network
e) Broadband Multiservice Networks
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Questions
1. Compare different Multimedia Network Types. Briefly explain with
diagram
2. There are nine different types of Internet connections
available including, ISDN, satellite, DSL, cable, dial-up,
broadband, mobile, wireless and hot spots. Explain each
briefly

3/4/2025 © Dr. Krupa Raasane 47

Introduction Multimedia
Communications: (Chapter 1 of Text1)
1. Introduction,
2. Multimedia information representation,
3. Multimedia networks,
4. Multimedia applications,
5. Application and networking terminology.

3/4/2025 © Dr. Krupa Raasane 48

 4. Multimedia Applications

The applications fall under three categories:

1. Interpersonal communication
2. Interactive applications over the internet
3. Entertainment applications

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4. Multimedia Applications: (1) Interpersonal communication

• "Interpersonal communication in multimedia" refers

to the exchange of messages between individuals
using various digital platforms like social media, email,
and instant messaging,
• essentially meaning communication between people
facilitated
• through multimedia tools like video calls, online forums,
and shared documents,
• where both verbal and non-verbal cues can be conveyed
digitally.

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Multimedia Applications: (1) Interpersonal
communication
Interpersonal communication Involves all four MM types May in
single form or combined form as follows
• Speech Only
• Image only
• Text only
• Text and Image only
• Speech and Video
• Multimedia

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4. Multimedia Applications:
(1) Interpersonal communication Speech only
• Telephones connected to PBX or a PSTN/ISDN/Celullar networks
• Computers can also be used to make calls
• Computer telephony Integration-requires a telephone interface card and associated
software.
• Adv – Phone Directory can be saved and dialing a number is easily done with a click
• Telephony can be integrated with network services provided by the PC
• Additional services: Voice mail and teleconferencing
• Voice mail – in the absence of called party, a message is left for them which is stored in a
central voice mail server Which can be read the next time the party contacts the server.
• Teleconferencing- conference call requires an audio bridge – to setup a conference call
automatically

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Telephony
• Internet also support telephony.
• Initially only PC TO PC Telephony was the only one
supported. Later they were able to include
telephones in these networks.
• Here voice signal was converted to packets and
hence necessary Hardware and softwares were
required
• Telephone over internet is collect packet voice or
Voice over IP (VoIP).
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Telephone : VoIP
• When a PC is to call a telephone, a request is sent to a Telephony
Gateway (TG) with IP address of the called party (CP).
• This obtains the phone number of the called party from source PC.
• A session call is established by this TG to the TG nearest to CP using
internet address of the gateway.
• This gateway initiates a call set up procedure to the receiver’s
phone.
• When the CP answers, reverse communication happens
• A similar procedure for the closing of the call

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Multimedia Applications: (1) Interpersonal
communication
Interpersonal communication Involves all four MM types May in
single form or combined form as follows
• Speech Only
• Image only
• Text only
• Text and Image only
• Speech and Video
• Multimedia

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Image only
• Exchange of electronic images of documents. – facsimile / fax
• To send images, a call set up is made as in telephone call
• Two fax machine communicate to establish operational parameters
• Sending machine starts to scan and digitize each page of the document in turn.
• An internal modem transmits the digitized image is simultaneously transmitted
over the network and is received at the called site a printed version of the image is
produced.
• After the last page is received, connection is cleared by the calling machine
• PC fax- electronic version of a document stored in a PC can be send. This requires
a telephone interface card and an associated software. The other side of
communication can a Fax machine or a PC.
• With a LAN interface card and associated software, digitized documents can be
sent over other network types like enterprise networks.
• This is mainly useful for sending paper-based documents such as invoices, marks
cards and so on. © Dr. Krupa Raasane 58
3/4/2025
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Multimedia Applications: (1) Interpersonal
communication
Interpersonal communication Involves all four MM types May in
single form or combined form as follows
• Speech Only
• Image only
• Text only
• Text and Image only
• Speech and Video
• Multimedia

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Text Only
• Email: Home/Enterprise N/w 🡪ISP->receiver Email server,
mailbox
• Users can create and deposit / read mails into the mailbox.
• Email servers and Internet gateways work on the standard internet
communication protocols.
• Message format-
• Source and destination – name and address
• cc- carbon copy
• Can contain only text
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Multimedia Applications: (1) Interpersonal
communication
Interpersonal communication Involves all four MM types May in
single form or combined form as follows
• Speech Only
• Image only
• Text only
• Text and Image only
• Speech and Video
• Multimedia

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Text and images
• An application showing this integration is Computer supported
cooperative working (CSCW).
• A window on each PC is a shared workspace said to be shared
whiteboard.
• The software associated with this is a whiteboard program with a linked set of
support programs.
• Shared whiteboard has two components- Change notification and Update
control.
• Change notification gives an update to the shared whiteboard program
whenever there is a modification done by the user.
• This relays the changes to the update-control in each of the other PC and in
turn proceeds to update the contents of their copy of the whiteboard.

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Multimedia Applications: (1) Interpersonal
communication
Interpersonal communication Involves all four MM types May in
single form or combined form as follows
• Speech Only
• Image only
• Text only
• Text and Image only
• Speech and Video
• Multimedia

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Speech and Video
• Video Telephony – Video camera in addition to microphone is userd.
• A dedicated terminal / MM PC can be used for communication
• An entire display / window in PC is used.
• A two-way communication channel must be provided by the network with sufficient bandwidth to
support this integrated environment.
1. Desktop video conferencing call is used in large corporations Bandwidth used is more
2. Multipoint Control Unit/Videoconferencing server is used (BW –reduced)
• Integrated speech and video is sent from each participant reaches MCU which selects a
single Information stream to send to each participant.
• When it detects a participant speaking, it sends that stream to all other participants.
Only a single two way comm channel between each location and the MCU is required.
3. Internet supports multicasting- one PC to a predefined group of PCs. MCUs were not used here.
• Here number of participants will be limited to a particular group.

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Speech and Video- Interpersonal
communication
• Environments : when more number of participants are involved at
one or more locations
1. One person may communicate with a group at another location
• Ex. Live lecture
• Lecturer may share notes/ presentation
• Students may only talk or may send video along with speech
• If the students are at same location, it may be like a video phone call (
• IIT-B Live lecture sessions
• When the students are at different locations, either a separate communication channel
is required to each remote site or an MCU is used at lecturer’s site
• Relative high BW is required and hence ISDN or Broadband multiservice n/w suit

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Speech and Video- Interpersonal
communication
2. Group of people at different location Ex. video conferencing
• Specially equipped room called Video conferencing Studios (VS) are
used
• Studios may have one or more cameras, microphones(audio equipment), large
screen displays
• Multiple locations when involved, an MCU is used to minimize the BW demands on
the access circuits
• MCU is a central facility within the network and hence only a single two way
communication channel is required. Example : Telecommunication provider
conference
• In Private networks, MCU is located at one of the sites where the comm
requirements are more demanding as it must support multiple input channels, and
an output stream to broadcast to all sites
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Multimedia Applications: (1) Interpersonal
communication
Interpersonal communication Involves all four MM types May in
single form or combined form as follows
• Speech Only
• Image only
• Text only
• Text and Image only
• Speech and Video
• Multimedia

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Multimedia
• Three different types of electronic mail other than text only
1. Voice mail:
• Voice mail server is associated with each network.
• User enters a voice message addressed to a recipient
• Local voice mail server relays this to the voice server of the intended recipient network.
• When the recipient logs in to the mailbox next, the message is played out
2. Video mail also works the same way – but with video and speech
3. Multimedia Mail
• Combination of all four media types
• MIME – Multimedia Internet Mail Extensions protocol
• In case of speech and video, annotations can be sent either directly to mailbox of recipient
with original text message.
• Stored and played in a normal way/ played when the recipients reads out the text message
and the recipient terminal supports audio /video

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Multimedia E-mail Structure

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Multimedia Applications: (1) Interpersonal
communication (Summary)
Interpersonal communication Involves all four MM types May in
single form or combined form as follows
• Speech Only
• Image only
• Text only
• Text and Image only
• Speech and Video
• Multimedia

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 4. Multimedia Applications

The applications fall under three categories:

1. Interpersonal communication
2. Interactive applications over the internet
3. Entertainment applications

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Multimedia Application : 2. Interactive
applications over Internet
• World Wide Web
• Linked set of multimedia servers that are geographically distributed
• Total information stored is equivalent to a vast library of documents.
• Pages are linked through Hyperlinks (References to other pages / same page)
• Options available to jump to specific point of pages.
• Anchors used
• HyperText
• HyperMedia (an extension to hypertext providing multimedia facilities, such
as those handling sound and video.)
• Uniform Resource Locator- URL –unique identification to a location
• Home Page
• Browser
• HyperText Markup Language (e.g. HTML)
• Free sites / Subscription sites
• Teleshopping, Telebanking- initiate additional transactions
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 4. Multimedia Applications

The applications fall under three categories:

1. Interpersonal communication
2. Interactive applications over the internet
3. Entertainment applications

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Multimedia Application : 3. Entertainment
Applications
• Two types:
1. Movie/ video – on demand
2. Interactive television
1. Movie/ video –on demand
• Video / audio applications need to be of much higher quality/resolution
since wide screen or stereophonic sound may be used.
• Min channel bit rate of 1.5 Mbps is used.
• Here a PSTN with high bit rate required / Cable network
• Digitized movies / videos are stored in servers.

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Entertainment Applications
• Subscriber end
• Conventional television
• Television with selection device for interactive purpose.
• Movie-on-demand /video-on-demand
• Control of playing of the movies can be taken like Video Casette Recorder
• Any time – User’s choice
• This may result in concurrent access leading to multiple copies in the server
• This may add up to the cost
• Alternate method used is not play the movie immediately after request but defer till the
next time playout time. All request satisfied simultaneously by server outputting a single
video stream. This mode is known as near movie-on-demand or N-MOD.
• Viewer is unable to control the playout of the movie
• Formats of the files also play a significant role

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2. Interactive Television
• Broadcast Television include cable, satellite and terrestrial networks.
• Diffusion of analog and digital television programs
• Set Top Box also has a modem within it
• Cable Networks- STB provides a low bit rate connection to PSTN as well
requests and a high bit rate connection to Internet or broadcasts
• An additional Keyboard, telephone can be connected to the STB to gain
access to services.
• Interaction Television:
• Through the connection to PSTN, users were initially actively able to respond to the
information being broadcast.
• Return channels helped in voting, participation in games, home shopping etc.,
• STB in these networks require a high speed modem.

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Introduction Multimedia
Communications: (Chapter 1 of Text1)
1. Introduction,
2. Multimedia information representation,
3. Multimedia networks,
4. Multimedia applications,
5. Application and networking terminology.

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5. Application and networking terminology.

5.1 Media Types

5.2 Communication Modes
5.3 Network Types
1. Network Switched Network
2. Packet Switched Network
5.4 Multipoint Conferencing
5.5 Network QoS
5.6 Application QoS

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5. Application and networking
terminology.

5.1 Media Types

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• CBR stands for constant bitrate and is an encoding method
that keeps the bitrate the same.
• VBR, by contrast, is a variable bitrate.
• When audio data is encoded by a codec, a fixed value is
used, like 128, 256 or 320 Kbps.
• In general, the higher the bitrate, the better the quality of
the audio.
• The advantage of using the CBR method is that audio data
typically processes faster compared to the alternatives.
• However, the files that are created aren't as well optimized
for quality-versus-storage, as is the case with VBR.
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 5.2 Communication Modes

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5. Application and networking
terminology.

Media Types

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What is Symmetrical?
In internet technology, symmetry refers to the equal distribution of
resources or data flow in a network. Symmetrical systems ensure
that both sides of a connection, such as upload and download
speeds, are balanced. This balance is vital for applications requiring
consistent data flow, such as video conferencing and cloud
computing.
What is Asymmetrical?
Asymmetry involves an unequal distribution of resources or data
flow. Asymmetrical systems often prioritize one side of a
connection over the other, such as offering higher download
speeds than upload speeds. This approach is common in consumer
internet services, where downloading data is typically more critical
than uploading.
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5. Application and networking
terminology.

Media Types

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CBR stands for constant bitrate and is an encoding method that
keeps the bitrate the same. VBR, by contrast, is a variable
bitrate. When audio data is encoded by a codec, a fixed value is
used, like 128, 256 or 320 Kbps.
In general, the higher the bitrate, the better the quality of the
audio.
The advantage of using the CBR method is that audio data
typically processes faster compared to the alternatives.
However, the files that are created aren't as well optimized for
quality-versus-storage, as is the case with VBR.

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5. Application and networking terminology.

5.1 Media Types

5.2 Communication Modes
5.3 Network Types
1. Circuit Switched Network
2. Packet Switched Network
5.4 Multipoint Conferencing
5.5 Network QoS
1. Network Switched Network
2. Packet Switched Network
5.6 Application QoS
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 5.3 Network Types

Eg: PSTN and ISDN

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5. Application and networking terminology.

5.1 Media Types

5.2 Communication Modes
5.3 Network Types
1. Circuit Switched Network
2. Packet Switched Network
5.4 Multipoint Conferencing
• Centralized Mode
• Decentralized Mode
• Hybrid Mode
5.5 Network QoS
5.6 Application QoS
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 5.4 Multipoint Conferencing

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5. Application and networking terminology.

5.1 Media Types

5.2 Communication Modes
5.3 Network Types
1. Circuit Switched Network
2. Packet Switched Network
5.4 Multipoint Conferencing
5.5 Network QoS
1. QoS in Circuit Switched Network
2. QoS in Packet Switched Network
5.6 Application QoS
3/4/2025 © Dr. Krupa Raasane 112
Network QoS (Quality of Service)

• Communication Channel
• Parameters associated with the communication channel–
Network QoS
• Suitability of a channel for an application can be decided
using these parameters
• Different for Circuit Switched networks and Packet
Switched networks

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Network QoS (Quality of Service)
Circuit-Switched N/w
Constant bit rate channels Parameters
• Bit rate
• Mean bit rate error
• Transmission delay

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Network QoS - Circuit-Switched N/w
• Bit Error Rate (BER)
• Probability of the bit being corrupted during transmission
• A BER of 10-3 =1/1000 – indicates 1 bit may be corrupted in 1000 bits
• Bit errors occur randomly
• If BER probability is P and the number of bits in a block is N then
assuming random errors, the prob of a block containing a block error PB is
given by
PB = 1-(1-P)N = N x P
Which approximates to N x P if NxP < 1
Ex. If P=1/1000 and N =100 bits, PB =100 /1000=1/10

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Network QoS - Circuit-Switched N/w
• Both CS and PS provide an unreliable service known as a best effort or best try service
• Erroneous packets are generally dropped either within the network or in the network interface
of the destination.
• If the application demands error free packets, then the sender needs to divide the source
information into blocks of a defined max size and transmits and the destination is to detect if the
block is missing.
• When a block is missed out, destination requests the source to send another copy of the missing
block. This is reliable service.
• A delay is introduced so the retransmission procedure should be invoked relatively infrequently
which dictates a small block size.
• High overheads are also involved since each block contains additional information associated
with retransmission procedure.
• Choice of a block size is a compromise between the increased delay resulting from a larger block
size and hence retransmissions
• When small block sizes is used, loss of transmission bandwidth results from the high overheads
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Network QoS - Circuit-Switched N/W
• Transmission delay within a channel is determined not only by the bitrate
but also delays that occur in the terminal/ computer n/w interfaces(codec
delays) + propagation delay
• ie. Transmission delay depends on bitrate + terminal delay + interface
delay + propagation delay
• Determined by the physical separation of the two communicating devices
and the velocity of propagation of a signal across the transmission
medium.
• Speed of light in free space is 3 X 108 m/s
• Physical media – 2 X 108 m/s
• Propagation delay is independent of the bit rate of the communications
channel and assuming that codec delay remains constant, it is the same
whether the bit rate is 1 kbps, 1 Mbps
3/4/2025 or 1 Gbps
© Dr. Krupa Raasane 117
From Author of Data Communication
Forouzan Book
• Propagation speed - speed at which a bit travels though the medium
from source to destination.
• Transmission speed - the speed at which all the bits in a message
arrive at the destination. (difference in arrival time of first and last bit)
• Propagation Delay = Distance/Propagation speed

• Transmission Delay = Message size/bandwidth bps

• Latency = Propagation delay + Transmission delay + Queueing time

+ Processing time
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Problem – Network QoS

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Network QoS -Packet Switched Networks
• QoS Parameters
• Max Packet Size
• Mean packet Transfer rate
• Mean packet error rate
• Mean packet Transfer delay
• Worst case jitter
• Transmission delay

• Inspite of a constant bit rate supported by most of the networks, the store
and forward delay in router/PSE, the actual rate across network also
becomes variable.

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Network QoS -Packet Switched Networks
• Mean packet Transfer rate
• Average number of packets transmitted across the network per second and
coupled with packet size being used, determines the equivalent mean bit rate
of the channel
• Summation of mean - store and forward delay that a packet experiences in
each PSE/ router in its route
• Mean packet error rate PER
• Problem of a received packet containing one or more bit errors.
• Same as the block error rate of a CS N/W
• Related to the max packet size and the worst case BER of the
transmission links that interconnect the PSEs/routers that make up the
network
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Network QoS -Packet Switched Networks
• Mean packet Transfer delay : It is the summation of the mean store
and forward that a packet experiences in each PSE/Router that it
encounters along a route.

• Jitter – worst case - variation in the delay

• Transmission delay is the same in both pkt mode or a circuit mode

and includes the codec delay in each of the communicating computers
and the signal propagation delay.

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5. Application and networking terminology.

5.1 Media Types

5.2 Communication Modes
5.3 Network Types
1. Network Switched Network
2. Packet Switched Network
5.4 Multipoint Conferencing
5.5 Network QoS
5.6 Application QoS

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5.6 Application QoS

• In applications depending on the media the parameters may vary

• Ex. Images – parameters may include a minimum image resolution
and size
• Video application- digitization format and refresh rate may be
defined
• Application QoS parameters that relate to network include:
• Required bit rate or Mean packet Transfer rate
• Max startup delay
• Max end to end delay
• Max delay variation/jitter
• Max round trip delay
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Application QoS
• For appln demanding a constant bit rate stream, the important parameters are bit
rate/mean packet transfer rate, end to end delay, the delay variation/jitter since at the
destination decoder problems may be caused if the rate of arrival of the bitstream is
variable.
• For applications with constant bit rate, a circuit switched network would be appropriate
as the requirement is that call setup delay is not important, but the channel should be
providing a constant bit rate service of a known rate

• Interactive applications- a connectionless packet switched network would be

appropriate as no call set up delay and any variation in the packet transfer delay are
not important

• For interactive applications, however the startup delay (delay between the application
making a request and the destination (server) responding with an acceptance. Total time
delay includes the connection establishment delay + delay in source and destination.
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Application QoS
• Round trip delay is important for a human computer interaction to be
successful-delay between start of a request for some info made and
the start of the information received/displayed should be as short as
possible and should be less than few seconds
• Application that best suits packet switched n/w compared to CS is a
large file transfer from a server to a workstation.
• Devices in home n/w connection can use PSTN, an ISDN connection,
or a cable modem
• PSTN/ISDN – CS constant bit rate channel -28.8kbps(PSTN) and
64/128kbps(ISDN)
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Application QoS
• Cable modems operate in Packet switched mode.
• As concurrent users are seen using the channel, 100kbps of mean data rate
can be used.
• Time taken to transfer the complete file is of interest as though 27Mbps
channels are available, as time sharing is used, file transfer happens at the
fullest in the slot allotted.
• Summary, when a file of 100Mbits is to be transferred, the min time taken
by
• PSTN and 28.8kbps modem 57.8min ((100X106)/28.8X103)/60 =57.8min
• ISDN at 64 kbps 26 min ((100X106)/64X103)/60 = 26 min
• ISDN at 128kbps 13 min ((100X106)/128.8X103)/60 = 13 min
• Cable modem at 27Mbps 3.7 sec ((100X106)/27X106) = 3.7 sec

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Application QoS
• Many situations, depending on the parameters, constant bit stream
applications can pass through packet switching networks also
• Buffering is the technique used to overcome the effects of jitter.
• A defined number of packets is kept in a memory buffer at the
destination before play out.
• FIFO discipline is followed
• Packetization delay adds up to the transmission delay of the channel
• Packet size is chosen appropriately to give an optimized effect

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Applicatio n QoS

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Application QoS
• To check the suitability of the network to applications to be transmitted
by the end machines, service classes have been defined.
• Every specific set of QoS parameters defined for each service class.
• Internet – includes all classes of services.
• Packets in each class have a different priority and treated differently
• Ex. Packets relating to MM applications are sensitive to delay and jitter and
are given high priority compared to packet with text messages like email
• During network congestion, video packets are transmitted first.
• Video packets are more sensitive to packet loss and hence given a higher
priority than audio.

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Application QoS

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Module 1 Question Paper1 Aug 2022

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Module 1 Question paper Jan 2024

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 Thank You

Refer Question Bank

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