Prepared by: Stephanie B.

Uy, MBA CapSU College of Management SY 2022-2023

 College of Management
Business Administration Department

LEARNING MODULE 2

Preliminaries

Module Title: The National Service Training Program

Course Title: Civic Welfare Training Service
Course Number: NSTP 101
Course Description: The course is aimed at enhancing the student`s knowledge and
skills for them to enhance civic consciousness and defense preparedness in the youth by
developing the ethics of service and patriotism. It covers programs and projects anchored
on the dimensions of development namely; citizenship training, disaster risk reduction
management awareness, drug addiction, environmental protection awareness, national
security and peace education, sports and recreation, entrepreneurship, health and nutrition
for the purpose of empowering them to become potent resources for nation building.
Total Learning Time: 6 hours
Pre-requisite: None

Overview
This module deals with values development for good citizenship, including the
preamble to the 1987 constitution, the roots of and philosophy behind Filipino values,
nationalism and patriotism, and personal development plan. In addition, the nature of the
human person is also discussed and answers questions on what a human person is, how can a
human person attain his/her highest potential and his/her contribution to the common good.
Leadership training is tackled in this module wherein the leader inspires the followers to
perform well and develop their own leadership potential.

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Learning Outcomes (LOs):

1. Describe the nature of the human person.

2. Identify the importance of a person’s ability and capacity.
3. Define and expound on the nature and philosophical values of being a Filipino.
4. Cite popular Filipino values of good citizenship.
5. Describe transformational leadership.
6. Identify the characteristics of a leader.

Indicative Content:

The Human Person

Characteristics of a Human Person
The Preamble
Philosophy Values
Good Citizenship Values
Roots of the Filipino Character
Nationalism and Patriotism
Personal Development Plan
Human Behavior
Motivation
Good Leadership
Transformational Leadership
Transactional and Transformational Leadership
Leadership Development

DISCUSSION

LO1 It is essentially difficult to understand the human person, human nature, and the
possibility of achieving a productive society through the highest potential of a person.

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 Estañol (2007) defines the human person as having physical, spiritual, emotional, and
intellectual attributes. St. Thomas Aquinas describes the human person as having physical
and spiritual substance because he/she has a soul and is created by a Superior Being with a
divine purpose. Dictionaries define the human person as a ‘self-conscious animal.”

Characteristics of a Human Person

Babor (2007) in his book, The Human Person: Not Real, But Existing, discusses the
several characteristics of a human person, namely:
1. A human person is a rational being. He/she is free to think and has the capacity to reason
and distinguish between right and wrong.
2. A human person is born free. He/she has the freedom to do or not to do things. However,
every person is responsible for his/her won action.
3. A human person is unique. He/she possesses an identity that makes him/her unlike any
other person. Generally speaking, even if two persons have the same characteristics and
physical features, they are not the same because each one has his/her own perception, and a
different set of values and priorities in life.
4. Every person is intrinsically a social being and cannot detach himself/herself from other
creatures in the universe. By nature, he/she is characterized by his/her relationships with
other creatures, objects, or his/her fellowmen.
5. All living things are sexual by nature, but the uniqueness of expression of a person’s
sexuality makes him/her different. The expression of a person’s emotions, attitudes, feelings,
actions, and thoughts in sexual activity best exemplifies his/her uniqueness from animals.

Four Major Views on a Human Person

1. Biblical Views
The human person has superiority and dignity inherited from the Supreme Being.
According to the book of Genesis 1:26-27, God created man and woman in His own image
and likeness and made them masters of the fish of the sea, the birds, the heaven, the wild
beasts, and all the reptiles that crawl upon the earth. The Supreme Being entrusted to the
human person the care of creatures on the earth, aware of the possibilities, challenges, and
difficulties he/she will encounter in his/her life.
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 Agbuya (1997) states that “he/she (human person) is designated by God to exercise
dominion over other creatures in his/her everyday use of freedom, search for happiness, and
openness to the world around him/her. And what makes him/her human is his/her being a true
person, which includes the special gifts and talents of thinking, loving, longing for happiness,
and making decision. The human nature was patterned after the image of God.”
2. Philosophical Views
According to Protagoras, a human person is the measure of all things that exist and of
all things that do not exist. Furthermore, Plato claimed that the perfect human being does not
exist in this world because what is in this world is just an imperfect copy of humanity’s
original self in the realm of ideas.
Maguidad (2006) in his book, Philosophy of the Human Being, explains the different
philosophical views of the human person. These are the following:
 Conservatism - not entirely positive and definitely non-egalitarian. Some men
contribute more than others to society, and therefore, must be rewarded and
honored by society. All human persons may not be of equal value to society:
some men are intended to rule, the rest to obey.
 Liberalism - more egalitarian view of human nature. It believes that all men
are capable of reason and rational action and have the capacity to live
satisfactory and productive lives if given the opportunity.
 Socialism - the human being readily engages in cooperative social activities
when given the opportunity. Unfortunately, this natural cooperative instinct is
not fostered when some people selfishly exploit other people.
 Fascism - holds that what matters most the country itself. The human being
can prosper only when the nation prospers; his/her fate is merely secondary
when it comes to the country.
3. Classical Greek Views
The early classical Greeks define the human person as “a rational animal.” As a
rational animal, he/she needs the power of thought, reason, and cognition. Due to a person’s
nobility and his/her special place in God’s kingdom, it is through him/her that the rest of
creation enter into a dialogue and relationship with the Supreme Being. Because the human
person is given free will to choose, decide, or shape his/her life, he/she is always responsible
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for his/her action. A human person is capable of knowing, loving, and believing, which leads
him/her to be fully aware of his/her humanity.
4. Sociological Views
A perspective is a particular way of looking at and seeing something. Salcedo (2004)
states that people look at this social world or at the various ways that human beings behave in
a social way. Hence, when we talk about society or the social world, we are really referring to
the behavior of human beings.
San Juan (2007) proposes some common ideas about the human person. These are the
following:
 Human persons are social animals. We need to cooperate with others in some
way to create the social world in which to live.
 The human person’s social behavior is learned, not instinctive.
 To understand the human person’s social behavior, we have to focus our
attention on the groups to which people belong.
 Sociology is a discipline that looks into the totality of relationships in an
individual’s life. Although each of these areas is significant and interesting in
varying degrees, it is only by looking at how these relationships affect each
other that we can arrive at a complete picture of human social behavior.
LO2 The guiding principle in realizing a person’s competence and ability is the exploration
of his/her totality in the field of humanistic psychology, which theorizes that a person’s
behavior and his/her relationship with others are shaped by his/her inner feelings and self-
image.
Maslow presented the levels of hierarchy of needs in his theory of personality.
 Physiological needs include the biological and basic needs such as water and
clothing. These needs are immensely important because they are essential for
survival.
 Safety needs include security and protection from physical and emotional
harm.
 Social needs include affection, sense of belonging, and friendship, which
people seek to overcome feelings of loneliness and alienation.

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  Self-esteem needs include achievement, mastery, and confidence derived from
recognition, respect, and attention. When these needs are satisfied, the person
feels confident and valuable. However, when they are not met, the person may
feel inferior, weak, helpless, and worthless.
 Self-actualization means a person has reached the peak of his/her potential.

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Maslow’s theory points out that a person needs to satisfy first the lower needs before
realizing his/her self-worth and potential. Accordingly, when the lower needs are not met, a
person cannot completely devote his/her time to developing his/her full potential. He also
maintains that self-actualization is the driving force of a human personality. Thus, a person
cannot appreciate intellectual and aesthetic learning when he/she is hungry or if he/she feels
unsafe. Artistic and scientific endeavors do not flourish in a society where people must
struggle for food, shelter, and safety. Self-actualization can only be achieved after all other
needs are satisfied.

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LO 3 A preamble is an introductory and preliminary statement in a document that explains
the document’s purpose and underlying philosophy. It may cite historical facts pertinent to
the subject of the statute. The preamble of the constitution of the Philippines dictates that the
Philippines and the Filipino people are the sovereign masters of the Philippine Islands.

THE PREAMBLE

“We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God, in order
to build a just and humane society and establish a Government that shall embody
our ideals and aspirations, promote the common good, conserve and develop our
patrimony, and secure to ourselves and our posterity the blessings of
independence and democracy under the rule of law and a regime of truth, justice,
freedom, love, equality, and peace, do ordain and promulgate this Constitution.”

Philosophy of Values
Understanding the philosophy of human values is necessary in understanding Filipino
values such as family closeness and solidarity (pagkamalapit at pagkakaisa ng pamilya),
politeness (pagkamagalang through the use of po or ho), hospitality, and gratitude (utang na
loob).
Values are both subjective and objective. They involve a subject or person who values
and an object or value to be realized. Justice is objective because it is a value that should be
realized by all. There is a difference between value and disvalue such as pleasure and pain,
life and death, poverty and affluence, heroism and cowardice, truth and falsehood, right and
wrong, holiness and sinfulness. The difference is not only in the mind or simply a matter of
personal taste or preference. It is real and evident.

Roots of the Filipino Character

The strengths and weaknesses of the Filipino have their roots in many factors such as
(a) the home environment, (b) the social environment, (c) culture and language, (d) history,
(e) the educational system, (f) religion, (g) economic environment, (h) the political
environment, (i) mass media, and (j) leadership and role models.
a. The home environment - child-bearing practices, family relations, and family attitudes and
orientation are the main components of the home environment. Child-bearing in the Filipino
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family generally is characterized by high nurturance, low independence training, and low
discipline.
b. The social environment - the main components of the social environment are social
structures and social systems such as interpersonal, religious, and community interaction. The
social environment of the Filipino is characterized by a feudal structure with great gaps
between the rich minority and the poor majority.
c. Culture and language - such characteristics as warmth and person orientation, devotion to
family, and sense of joy and humor are part of our culture and are reinforced by all
socializing forces like the family, school, and peer group.
d. History - we are the product of our colonial history, which is regarded by many as the
culprit behind our lack of nationalism and our colonial mentality. Colonialism developed a
mindset in the Filipino which encouraged us to think of the colonial power as superior and
more powerful.
e. The educational system - the lack of suitable local textbooks and dependence on foreign
textbooks, particularly in the higher school levels, force Filipino students as well as their
teachers to used school materials that are irrelevant to the Philippine setting.
f. Religion - the root of the Filipinos’ optimism and capacity to accept life’s hardships.
However, religion also instills in us attitudes of resignation and a preoccupation with the
afterlife and superstitious.
g. The economic environment - many local traits are rooted in the poverty and hard life that is
the lot of most Filipinos. Our difficulties drive us to take risks, impel us to work very hard,
and develop in us the ability to survive.
h. The political environment - the Philippine political environment is characterized by a
centralization of power. Political power of authority is concentrated in the hands of the elite
and the participation of most Filipinos often is limited to voting in elections.
i. Mass media - it reinforces our colonial mentality. Advertisements using Caucasian models
and emphasizing a product’s similarity with imported brands are part of our daily lives.
j. Leadership and role models - Filipinos look up to their leaders as role models. Political
leaders are the main models, but all other leaders serve as role models as well. Thus, when
our leaders violate the law or show themselves to be self-serving and driven by personal

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interest, when there is lack of public accountability, there is a negative impact on the
Filipinos.

LO 4 What are Filipino values? What is distinctly Filipino in our value system? The
Filipino value system arises from our culture or way of life, our distinctive way of becoming
human in this particular place and time. We speak of Filipino values in a fourfold sense.
 It is obvious that certain values take on a distinctively Filipino flavor for us.
The Greek ideal of moderation or meden agan, the Roman in medio stat
virtus, and the Confucian and Buddhist doctrine of the middle way or path,
find their Filipino equivalent in walang labis, walang kulang, or katamtaman
lamang.
 Speaking of Filipino values, we do not mean that elements of these Filipino
values are absent in the value systems of other peoples and cultures. All
people eat, talk, and sing; but they eat a variety of food, speak various
languages, and sing different songs. The difference lies in the way these
elements are ranked, combined, or emphasized, so that they take on a
distinctively Filipino slant or cast.
 Universally, human values in the Filipino context (historical, cultural, socio-
economic, political, moral, and religious) take on a distinctive set of Filipino
meanings and motivations. A Filipino value is not a discrete item which exists
alone, in isolation, or in a vacuum. Filipino values like bahala na, utang na
loob, hiya, pakikisama, and pakiusap are clustered around core values like
social acceptance, economic security, and social mobility. They are always
found in a definite context or set of circumstances.
 Values in the sense of historical consciousness had evolved among the
Filipino people, leading to the concept of justice evolving from inequality to
equality and to human dignity. From the tribe, to the family, and the nation,
consciousness of different values varies during the distinct periods of
Philippine history.

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Good Citizenship Values
1. Love for God or Pagkamaka-Diyos
The Philippine is the only Christian nation in Asia, our population being
predominantly Catholic. Therefore, religiousness is a prime Filipino value. Faith is the deeply
rooted submission to a divine Creator and believing in His authority over all creations. It is
also putting oneself in the hands of the Divine Authority which is an expression of faith in
and unconditional love for God.
2. Love for Fellowmen or Pagkamaka-Tao
St. Paul defines love in a different way: Love is patient; it never fails; it is eternal. It
illustrates the real essence of love which strengthens the foundation of the family and other
social groupings. It is the strongest force within the human community. It provides a deeper
meaning to the purpose of human existence.
3. Love for Country or Pagkamaka-Bayan
Progressive countries are able to attain their economic goals because the people have
trust and confidence in their governments and are actively supporting their policies and
programs.
4. Love for the Environment or Pagkamaka-Kalikasan
Environment refers to everything that surrounds us from the natural world to the man-
made physical structures. Human interventions are important to derive the full benefits from
natural resources, but such interventions have at times gone beyond the limits of the domain
reserved for human utilization.

LO 5 Bass (1990) explains that transformational leadership is a form of leadership that

occurs when leaders broaden and elevate the interests of their employees, when they generate
awareness and acceptance of the purposes and mission of the group, and when they stimulate
their employees to look beyond their own self-interest for the good of the group.
Transformational leaders have a clear collective vision, and most importantly, they
manage to communicate it effectively to all employees. By acting as role models, they inspire
employees to put the good of the whole organization above self-interest. This form of
leadership goes beyond traditional forms of transactional leadership that emphasizes

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corrective action and mutual exchanges and rewards only when performance expectations are
met.

Transactional and Transformational Leadership

Transactional leadership is based on power that makes use of rewards and coercion to
deliver benefits to members (patronage), or to force or instill fear as illustrated by
colonization, vote-buying, and similar methods.
Transformational leadership or real leadership starts from the recognition of what the
members need and the steps towards achieving these needs, and relating rewards to effort.
The leader acts as a role model. He/she lives out values, demonstrates personal
qualities, is approachable and accessible, and accepts pressure to perform. The leader treats
people as individuals and involves many in decision-making, seeks to empower and give
maximum freedom, and is concerned with developing members collectively and individually.

LO 6 Behaviors of a Transformational Leader

1. Is articulate in creating compelling vision of the future.
2. Uses stories and symbols to communicate his/her vision and message.
3. Specifies the importance of having a strong sense of purpose and a collective mission.
4. Talks optimistically and enthusiastically and expresses confidence that goals will be
achieved.
5. Engenders the trust and respect of his/her followers by doing the right thing rather than
simply doing things right.
6. Instills pride in employees.
7. Talks most about important values and beliefs.
8. Considers the moral and ethical consequences of decisions.
9. Seeks different perspectives when solving problems.
10. Encourages employees to challenge old assumptions and to think about problems in new
ways.
11. Spends time teaching and coaching.
12. Considers each individual employee’s different needs, abilities, and aspirations.

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13. Is compassionate, appreciative, and responsive to each employee and recognizes and
celebrates each employee’s achievements.

Characteristics of a Good Leader

1. Vision - they know where they want to go and they can motivate people to believe in their
vision.
2. Wit - they can make sound judgments and decisions even during crucial situations.
3. Passion - they are very passionate and intensely obsessed in whatever they are focused on,
be it business, sport, or hobby.
4. Compassion - they show compassion for their supporters and followers with exemplary
coaching and development skills.
5. Charisma - they are captivating, charming individuals who tend to draw people toward
them.
6. Communication skills - they are usually great orators and persuaders expressing their ideas
clearly and convincingly.
7. Persistence - they are determined to attain their goals in spite of the obstacles and
problems.
8. Integrity - leaders mean what they say. They walk the talk, practice what they preach, and
keep their promises.

Four Components of Transformational Leadership

1. Charisma - the leader’s charisma or idealized influence is envisioning and building
confidence, and he/she sets high standards to be followed.
2. Inspirational motivation - the leader’s inspirational motivation provides followers with
challenges and meanings/reasons for engaging in shared goals and undertakings.
3. Intellectual stimulation - the leader’s intellectual stimulation moves followers to question
assumptions and generate more creative solutions to problems.
4. Individualized consideration - the leader treats each follower as an individual and provides
coaching, mentoring, and growth opportunities.

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Teamwork
Teamwork is the process of working collaboratively with a group of people in order
to achieve a goal. It is often a crucial part of a business as it is often necessary for colleagues
to work well together and try their best in any circumstance. Teamwork means that people
will try to cooperate by using their individual skills and providing constructive feedback,
despite any personal conflict between individuals.

Time Management
Time management is the art of arranging, scheduling, and budgeting one’s time for
the purpose of generating more effective work and productivity.
An important aspect of time management is planning ahead. Sometimes, successful
time management involves putting in more time at the outset in order to reorganize one’s life.

Decision-making
Decision-making is a process that involves selecting the most logical choice from
among two or more options. Making a decision is instrumental in the survival and prosperity
of human beings. The right choice is what set an average individual from the rest. Although
the ability of making the correct decision within a short span of time is a highly valued trait,
we cannot simply follow a set of patterns when deciding on a course of action at all points in
time.
Types of Involvement in Decision-making
 Consensus or agreement involves compromising various possibilities after all
opinions have been heard.
 Majority voting is considered the most effective way to make a decision.
 Minority is not consciously organized, but a few powerful personalities
dominate the group, often unconsciously.
 Silent consensus of some groups leads to unanimous decisions. This type of
involvement is rarely applied when tackling important issues.
 Clique is a small group whose members plan beforehand to get their way in
decision-making. Because they are better organized than those who disagree,
they are often successful in getting/having their own way in resolving an

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 immediate issue but they bring the spirit of rivalry rather than cooperation to
the group.
 Handclasp happens when person makes a suggestion and another commends
it. Without further discussion, the matter is decided.
 On-person decision is quickly made, but later when the decider needs free or
voluntary support from others to implement the decision; he/she might find
trouble getting it.

Difficulties in Decision-making
1. Fear of consequences brings division and disagreement.
2. Conflicting loyalties of one person as a member of different groups frequently leads to
divided loyalties about decisions.
3. Interpersonal conflicts and personal differences evoke various feelings among members,
which interfere with sound decision-making.
4. Hidden agenda or secret motive can hinder decision- making for reasons a member does
not share with the group.
5. Blundering methods include using rigid procedure that leaves little room for expressing
differing views, substituting personal opinions for adequate information, and disregarding
proper consultation or consensus.
6. Inadequate leadership restricts the expression of opinions and discussion on issues.
7. Clash of interest occurs when different groups or individuals within an organization have
opposing interests.

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EXERCISES/DRILLS
1. Discuss the philosophy of human values in the Filipino context.

2. Discuss nationalism and patriotism in the Filipino context.

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 EVALUATION
Multiple Choice: Circle the letter that corresponds to your answer.
1. This process involves selecting the most logical choice from among two or more options.
a. choosing c. decision-making
b. contracting d. revising
2. It involves compromising after all opinions have been heard.
a. consensus b. majority voting c. clique d. handclasp
3. It is considered the most effective way to make a decision.
a. consensus c. clique
b. majority voting d. handclasp
4. This small group whose members plan beforehand to get their own way in decision-
making.
a. consensus c. clique
b. majority voting d. handclasp
5. Unanimous agreement is assumed when some members do not want to disagree and
have chosen to stay silent about the issue.
a. handclasp c. plop
b. silent consensus d. one-person decision
6. He/she has a physical, spiritual, emotional, and intellectual attributes.
a. human person c. natural person
b. rational person d. human nature
7. This is not a characteristic of a person according to Babor.
a. rational b. free c. unique d. optimistic
8. It is a particular way of looking at and seeing something.
a. psychology c. knowledge
b. perspective d. philosophy
9. It includes the basic needs according to Maslow
a. safety b. self-esteem c. self-actualization d. physiological
10. It means a person has reached the peak of his/her potential.
a. safety b. self-esteem c. self-actualization d. physiological

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ADDITIONAL READING
 (to be sent via Google Classroom)

REFERENCES

Villasoto, H.S., Villasoto, N.S. (2018). Human person gearing towards social development: NSTP-
CWTS 1. 839 EDSA, South Triangle, Quezon City: C&E Publishing Inc.

Labuguen, Florida C., Ed. D., et al : Towards a Responsive Community Action ( A modular
Work text in NSTP 2 for Trainers and Students) 2015., Mehga –Jesta Prints, Inc.

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