Spring, 2025 @ DAA, NCKU
Fluid Mechanics
應用空氣動力學
Course Introduction
葉 思 沂 (Szu-I Yeh)
Associate Professor, DAA, NCKU
Course Material
Time: Tuesday 18:20-20:50
Instructors: Szu-I Yeh (葉思沂)
TA: 陳昱翔 @5894 (B1)
Referenced book:
Reference: lecture notes (download from Moodle)
Course website— [Link]
Course Objectives
This course will attempt to offer the fundamental areas
of aerodynamics that can be used to guide the design
of airfoils. In particular, it includes the topics on
incompressible and compressible inviscid flow.
Course Outline
PART I: Fundamental Principle
Introduction to Aerodynamics
Review of Fluid Mechanics
Perfect fluid approximation and consequences
------ Midterm Exam (APR. 22, 2025 Tuesday 18:20~20:50) ------
PART II: Inviscid, Incompressible Flow
Review of airfoil profile study and determination of characteristics;
Slender body theory in subsonic flow(2D thin airfoil theory)
Prandtl lifting line theory, lifting surface theory (3D flow over finite wings)
------ Final Exam (June. 17, 2025 Tuesday 18:20~20:50) ------------
Evaluation & Grading Policies
Midterm-Exam (50%) & Final-Exam (50%)
※ No cheating!!!!! F-grade for cribber!!!!
Introduction to Flight Fundamental of Aerodynamics
Chapter 2 Chapter 1
Fundamental Thoughts Aerodynamics: Some Introductory Thoughts
Chapter 3 CHAPTER 2
The Standard Atmosphere Aerodynamics: Some Fundamental
Principles and Equations
Chapter 4 CHAPTER 3
Basic Aerodynamics Fundamentals of Inviscid, Incompressible
Flow
Chapter 5 CHAPTER 4
Airfoils, Wings, and Other Incompressible Flow over Airfoils
Aerodynamic Shapes
CHAPTER 5
Incompressible Flow over Finite Wings
CHAPTER 6
Three-Dimensional Incompressible Flow
Spring, 2025 @ DAA, NCKU
Fluid Mechanics
應用空氣動力學
Review of Fluid Mechanics
葉 思 沂 (Szu-I Yeh)
Associate Professor, DAA, NCKU
Main Topics
Definition of a Fluid
Basic Equations
Methods of Analysis
Dimensions and Units
Definition of Fluid
Vague idea:
Fluid is soft and easily deformed
Solid is hard and not easily deformed
Molecular structure
Solid has densely spaced molecules with large intermolecular
cohesive force allowed to maintain its shape
Definition of Fluid
Liquid has further apart spaced molecules, the intermolecular
forces are smaller than for solids, and the molecules have
more freedom of movement.
Gases have even greater molecular spacing and freedom of
motion with negligible cohesive intermolecular forces and as a
consequence are easily deformed.
Definition of Fluid
• Substance: Solid, liquid and gas phases
• A fluid is a substance that deforms continuously under
the application of a shear (tangential) stress.
• No matter how small the shear stress may be, a fluid
will deform.
Fluids comprise the liquid and gas
phases of matter.
Definition of Fluid
When a shear stress is applied:
Fluids continuously deform
Solids deform or bend
There is no slip at the boundary; the fluid in direct contact with
the solid boundary has the same velocity as the boundary itself.
[Link]/watch?v=cUTkqZeiMow
Definition of Fluid
Some materials, such as slurries, tar, putty, toothpaste,
and so on, are not easily classified since they will
behave as solid if the applied shearing stress is small,
but if the stress exceeds some critical value, the
substance will flow.
The study of such materials is called rheology.
Basic Equations
Analysis of any problem in fluid mechanics necessarily
includes statement of the basic laws governing the
fluid motion.
The basic laws, which applicable to any fluid, are:
Conservation of mass
Newton’s second law of motion
The principle of angular momentum
The first law of thermodynamics
The second law of thermodynamics
NOT all basic laws are required to solve any one problem
Methods of Analysis
System method
In mechanics courses.
Dealing with an easily identifiable rigid body.
Control volume method
In fluid mechanics course.
Difficult to focus attention on a
fixed identifiable quantity of mass.
Dealing with the flow of fluids.
System Method
A system is defined as a fixed, identifiable quantity of mass.
The boundaries separate the system from the surrounding.
The boundaries of the system may be fixed or movable; No
mass crosses the system boundaries.
Piston-cylinder assembly:
The gas in the cylinder is the system. If the
gas is heated, the piston will lift the weight;
The boundary of the system thus move.
Heat and work may cross the boundaries,
but the quantity of matter remain fixed.
Control Volume Method
Control Volume (CV) is an arbitrary volume in space through
which the fluid flows.
The geometric boundary of the control volume is called the
Control Surface (CS).
The CS may be real or imaginary
The CV may be at rest or in motion
Example 1.2
Example 1.2
Differential versus Integral Approach
The basic law can be formulated in terms of
infinitesimal systems or control volume.
differential equations
The basic law can be formulated in terms of systems or
control volume of finite size.
integral equations
Methods of Description
Lagrangian description => System
Eulerian description => Control Volume
Lagrangian Description
Attention is focused on a material volume and follow
individual fluid particle as it move.
The fluid particles are tagged or identified.
Determining how the fluid properties associated with
these particles change as a function of time.
TA = TA(t)=T (xo, yo, zo, t)
Example: one attaches the temperature-measuring device
to a particular fluid particle A and record that particle’s
temperature as it moves about.
Eulerian Description
Attention is focused on the fluid which passes through
a control volume that is fixed in space.
The fluid motion is given by completely prescribing the
necessary properties as a functions of space and time.
Using the field concept
TA = TA(t)=T (x, y, z, t)
Example: one attaches the temperature-measuring device
to a particular point (x,y,z) and record the temperature at
that point as a function of time.
Field Representation of Flow
At a given instant in time, any fluid property (such as density,
pressure, velocity, and acceleration) can be described as a
functions of the fluid’s location.
This representation of fluid parameters as functions of the
spatial coordinates is termed a field representation of flow.
To describe a fluid flow we must determine the various
parameter not only as functions of the spatial coordinates
but also as a function of time.
Dimensions and Units
Qualitative aspect
Identify the nature, or type, of the characteristics ( such
as length, time, stress, and velocity) .
Quantitative aspect
Provide a numerical measure of the characteristics.
Requires both a number and a standard, Such standards
are called units.
Dimensions and Units
System of Dimensions
Mass[M], Length[L], time [t], and Temperature[T]
MLT system (International System)
Force[F], Length[L], time [t], and Temperature[T]
FLT system (British Gravitational)
Force[F], Mass[M], Length[L], time [t], and Temperature[T]
FMLT system (English Engineering)
Preferred Systems of Units
SI (kg, m, s, K)
1 N ＝ 1 kg × 1 m / sec2
British Gravitational (lbf, ft, s, oR)
1 lbf ＝ 1 slug × 1 ft / sec2
English Engineering (lbf, lbm, ft, s, oR)
1 lbf ＝ (1 lbm × 32.2 ft / sec2 ) / gc
gc ＝32.2 (ft / sec2)(lbm/lbf)
Common Physical Quantities
Dimensional Consistency of Equation
All theoretically derived equations are dimensionally
homogeneous, that is, the dimensions of the left side of
the equation must be the same as those on the right side,
and all additive separate terms have the same dimensions.
Uncertainties and Error Propagation
t = 0.50 ± 0.02 s
V = 4.30 ± ??? m/s
d = 2.15 ± 0.04 m
Error propagation rules
Adding and Subtraction: z = x2 y2 ...
Multiplication by an exact number: z c x
2
z x y
2
Multiplication and Division: = ...
z x y
z m x
Product of power: =
z x
Uncertainties and Error Propagation
Multiple Variables: z f ( x, y )
2 2
z z
z = x y ...
x y