Spanish Civil War

Summary - Began in 1936; Nationalists(Right Wing) vs Republicans(Left Wing); Ended in 1939

with victory of Nationalists(Right Wing)

2 - Spanish Civil War; Causes

Long Term Causes-

Economic Political Ideological Territorial

Rural Poverty Collapse of Ideological Separatism -

Division between Monarchy - Primo Divisions -
wealthy landowners Rivera - Dictator and -Regions had
and landless laborers Prime Minister Primo powerful economies -
Left Right
Rivera resigned after hence the desire for
-Laborers Had Low ideological divisions. Reformist Conservative independence
Pay, Failed reforms made
Republican Monarchist
underemployment him unpopular -These regions had
due to seasonal Poor Wealthy distinctive culture and
farmers / Landowners
work. -King Alfonso sees workers and
language.
ability to take over Industrialists
Laborers - organized with monarchical rule -Left wing groups
Anti Catholic Catholic
strikes against - Election held but wanted regions to
landlords. majority vote for have more
democratic republic independence /
-Divided Government to replace monarchy autonomy
unable to solve
problems Hence Monarchy
ended in 1931 - led to -Right wing Groups
unstable democratic wanted unification-
republic no autonomy

-King Alfonso left

spain humiliated

Urban Poverty -
Industrial workers;
terrible working
conditions; no rights,
no minimum wage;
no working hour limit;
no protection from
hazards.

-Led to increase in
desire for socialist
revolution

-labor unions formed

and strikes happened

-Landlords, Churches
and factory owners
grew fearful of
laborers

Short Term Causes

-Change in government ever few years - back and forth;

Left Wing Coalition 1931-33

Right Wing Coalition 1933-36

Popular Front - Left Wing 1936

Left Wing Coalition Reforms

Urban Worker Reform More rights - base pay, Not given to those who
improved work conditions currently are unemployed

Work Schedule introduced

Agrarian Reforms Redistribute land to Only succeeded 10%

peasants families

Anti Clerical Reforms Transformed Into Secular

State

Religion removed from

education
 Military Reforms -Right Wing army officers
demoted

Officers swear loyalty to

republic

Separatists given More autonomy given to

Autonomy Catalonia

-Became Internally Divided- Extreme Left Wing Faction refused to cooperative with other left
wing parties - end of left wing coalition

Caused opposition from conservative right - viewed left wing coalition government as a
misguided attack on traditional order. Led to formation of CEDA (Right Wing Opposition)

Right Wing Republic - Wins Election - Reforms - reverse on urban worker reform, anti
clerical reform. Enhanced police power

Violent Left Wing Protest - Uprising - revolutionaries burned 58 churches and killed 31
people

Violent Response From Right Wing Government - Killed 1335 and wounded 3000 to stop
uprising.; Government became more far right.

Popular Front (left wing): wins election- resumes left wing reforms

Renewed Opposition from conservative right and from extreme left

Right Wing Opposition Extreme Left Wing Opposition

Oppose Reforms Reforms not radical enough

Became militant, violent - anti Became militants, violent

democratic
Revenge Encouraged
Right Wing Coup- to stop Popular Front
from taking power PSOE(Socialist Party - Extreme Left) -
Calls for socialist revolution

Military Uprising 1936 (Direct Cause) - Right Wing military uprising against popular front
government - 1936

- Right Wing Military General - has links with monarchists and CEDA(Right Wing Party) to
support revolt

-Spanish Military Union - secret right-wing organization - established cells throughout

country - supported uprising - involved in revolt
 -Left Wing response - armed and mobilized regular citizens(transform citizens into militia)
Supported by left wing troops who left military

-Uprising Fails - the right wing military uprising fails to take control due to left wing response -
civil war begins in 1936

2 - Spanish Civil War Progression

Territorial Progression After War Initiates - division of spain ;

nationalist or republican control

Nationalists Republicans

- controlled north west spain & small part of Controlled southern and eastern spain
southern spain and Seville and spanish Controlled large cities; Madrid, Barselona
morocco -Controlled Basque Country; resource rich

Situation At Initiation Of War (1936)

Nationalists Republicans

-Agriculture in north west; food supply plenty -Had larger army supported by Spain's small
navy and air force
-1500 elite troops from the army of africa
airlifted by aid of the German Military. -Received Support from the soviet union /
volunteers from international brigades
-Leader of Nationalists - Francisco Franco

- 66% Army Officers supported

Nationalists;results in more experienced
/professional leadership

-International Support from Italy and Germany

1936 - Nationalist Advance To Madrid ; Stalemate(further progression not possible)

Nationalists Republicans

-Aim to take Madrid(Capital City) -Republicans had strong defense

- Progressed quickly from Seville(Nationalist -Republican resistance initially inadequate;

Controlled) to outskirts of Madrid inexperienced citizens fighting for defense.

-Nationalist army of africa - transported in -Republicans were able to defend

trucks Madrid(Capital) due to superior aircraft and
tanks from the Soviet Union and weapons
-Cover given by Italian and German aircraft from Mexico.

-Cities Merida and Badajoz fall to nationalists International Brigade volunteers arrive to aid
on way to spain Republicans defense in madrid - Republicans
now have even more manpower

In 1936 Republicans succeed in defending Capital but lose Merida ,Badajoz

1937 - Nationalists territorial gains; nationalists controlled 66% Spain

Nationalists Republicans

-Malaga Campaign - nationalists achieved -Republicans successfully defended Madrid

victory in southern spain using rapid war due to the large number of troops and better
tactics - used speed and air support to weapons.
capture Malaga successfully
-Republican forces divided in Barcelo;
-Continued attacks on Madrid; Guadalajara Extreme left desire to replace conventional
campaign; attempt to take city from north east military strategies with Guerrilla tactics;
Moderate Left separated refusing to comply
-Failure in capturing Madrid shifted focus to with desire of extreme left.
northern spain; industrialized regions in
Basque country. Republicans attempt to distract Nationalists
from Madrid
 -German supplied aircraft superior to
Republican aircraft. -Attempt to Capture Brunet by Republicans;
succeeded initially; failed later and
-Cities Ochandiano and Durango bombed nationalists took control again
and captured
-Captured Teruel; retaken by nationalists after
-Guernica - bombed by italian and german intense fire and aerial bombardment.
aircraft

North Spain won by Nationalists - Capture of

Basque Region capital ; Bilbao; industrialized

1938 - Nationalist Advance; Catalonia

Nationalists Republicans

-Ebro river defended; republicans pushed -Ebro offensive to divert nationalist troops
back from advancement into river north in Catalonia

-Republican leader/ PM ; Juan Negrin felt the

spanish civil war would be over in hope of
european war outbreak in which Italy and
Germany would be driven away from Spain

-Republican advance into Ebro River and

nationalist territory; Nationalist resistance
pushed Republicans back; aircraft gave
advantage to Nationalists

1939

Nationalists Republicans

-Captured Madrid and Barcelona With brutal -Internal rebellion with remaining republican
and constant and aerial bombardment troops led to conditional surrender with
Franco.
-Franco becomes leader of Spain under full
nationalist control Popular Front president resigns and went into
exile
-Civil war ends

2-Spanish Civil War; Practices

Foreign Historian narrative - foreign powers played a decisive role in the outcome of
Interference / war; Nationalist Victory due to superior foreign aid - limited ability to
Support domestically produced weapons in spain = Spain dependant on foreign aid
 Nationalists Republicans

-International Support from Italy and -International Support from Soviet

Germany to Nationalists Union and volunteers of countries
from International brigades to
-Germany Italy - supplied weapons Republicans
to nationalists - double amount to
soviet supply to republicans -Weapons supplied from Mexico to
Republicans
-Army Of Africa in Spanish
Morocco; airlifted by Germany -Soviet Union continued to secretly
supply weapons, tanks and aircraft
-Army of Africa; transported in to republicans
trucks covered by German/Italian
aircraft while trying to invade
Republican City(Merida)

1937 - Non Intervention Agreement by France signed - no support or

assistance in war in Spain - Germany, Soviet Union, Italy, Britain and
some other countries signed; insignificant; aid continued

Technology -Historian Perspective - Nationalist victory due to access to superior military

technology and better quantity. Aerial superiority most significant - sea and
land developments limited significance
Nationalists Republicans

- Superior aircraft; successful -Soviet bomber; more powerful;

nationalist campaigns slow, poor performing
- German fighter aircraft -Motorized combat vehicles/
faster abundant but ineffective
- Motorized combat vehicles/ -Naval blockade in sea; Bilbao
abundant but ineffective starved of city supplies; no major
- Naval blockade in sea; sea battles; supplies never
Bilbao starved of city completely cut off
supplies; no major sea
battles; supplies never
completely cut off

Mobilisation -Historian Perspective - victory dependent on adequate manpower,

of human weapons and food. Nationalists dominated this area contributing greatly to
their victory

Nationalists Republicans
 -1936 - army = 33% smaller than -No military academies or
Republican army equivalent for Republicans - less
experienced
-1937- army conquered more
territory -Democratic Politicians - less
control over Republican army
-1938- army = 33% larger than
Republican army -Disorganized / lack of unity / lack of
coordination - militias(labor unions
-Nationalists troops more and leftists groups);
experienced/skilled than independent ;mistrust over more
Republicans; 66% Military officers powerful Republican military
aligned with nationalist; nationalists hierarchy
had military academies to train
commanders

- More coordinated - militias and

army merged together; controlled
by central authority(Military Defence
Council)

Mobilization Historian perspective - domestic production/economic resources played a

of economic small role due to foreign interference/aid. Nationalists had advantage due to
resources industrial and mining regions in Basque country and Asturia

Nationalists Republicans

-Nationalists Defence -Republicans - inefficient production

council(Central Nationalist of weapons due to creation of
Authority) controlled independent worker decision of
supply/distribution of war materials what to manufacturer (Workers
effectively could refuse to obey governments
demands in industrial terms)
-Nationalists had adequate food
supply control over agricultural -Republican farmers independent -
regions of Spain. led to shortages and food not
supplied to republican army
-Food distribution prioritized to
military; more efficient and -Inflation of food prices in
energetic military Republican cities Barcelona and
Madrid

2-Spanish Civil War; Effects

Civil War -Historian perspective - civil war ended hopes of left wing progression and
Effects reforms. Resulted in right wing Franco dictatorship; traditionalist values
Overall remained - conservative role of women remained as it was pre-war

Political -Franco assumed power - Right Wing Conservative Dictatorship; mass

Effects persecution on left wing elements and republicans which were seen as
threat - 280 000 prisoners

-Civil Liberties had no respect - power rested in army not political party
leadership

-Franco portrayed as hero/ savior of nation

-No tolerance for regional autonomy

-Nationalist narrative emphasized

-Catholic Church regained power

Economic -Historian Perspective; devastated Spain's economy; homes, businesses,

Impact agricultural land and industry damaged. Resulted in debt to other countries;
repayment of debt drained resources

-Destroyed cities and infrastructure; industrial production 25% compared to

pre war; 50% railways became unoperational; livestock 33% less

-$700 million USD debt repayments drained food and raw material

-Loss of 500000 workers in war

-No funds to rebuild spain - gold reserves spent by Republican government

to fight nationalists

Social Impact -Historian Perspective - socially divided and devastated - divisions between
nationalists and republicans/right wing and left wing/conservatives and
progressives remained divided. Franco's right wing repression policies
favored nationalists.

-Mistrust between two sides(Nationalists, Republicans)

-100000 people disabled permanently

-Nationalists supported; given jobs; no such aid for wounded republicans

-400000 people fled Spain after defeat of Republic

 Impact On -Historian perspective - no liberal freedoms for Women; women left unable
Women to work

-Confined with traditional female jobs; food preparation and health service.

-Labour Charter; removed married women from paid work in workshops and
factories

-Divorce banned

-Classroom Gender Separation Observed

-Education differs - education focused on domestic work only

Comparison to Republican Spain during war

-Marriage law; equal rights in issue of divorce and marriage

-Political Equality; Women could hold cabinet positions in national

governments; first in Europe(Federica Monseny.) Doloros Ibarruri; high
ranking communist party leader

-Work permitted in factories to replace men who were fighting in the war

-Still confronted with hostility for right wing male employers

Chinese Civil War

Summary - Civil War occurred in two phases; 1927 to 1937 and 1945 to 1949; Chinese
Communists Party vs Nationalist Party(Guomindang); Second Chinese Japanese War paused
civil war temporarily - formed a temporary fragile alliance between CCP and Nationalists.
Resumed after the second world war ended. CCP won the war and a communist regime was
established by its leader Mao Zedong; Nationalists fled to Taiwan.

5 - Chinese Civil War; Causes

Long Term Causes

Economic Political Ideological Clashes CCP vs

Nationalists
-Rural Poverty -Political Ideological -White Terror 1927;
fragmentation Divisions - Shanghai;
-85% Nationalists support
citizens(Peasants) -Collapse of Qing attack on CCP by
Nationalists
lived in poverty in Dynasty(1912) - Green Gang - anti
rural areas defeated by -Leader; Yatsen communist criminal
Nationalist military organization;
- Basic farming revolt -Desired to end Ordered by Kai-Shek
techniques exploitation of land
-democracy by foreign powers -Communist
-No electricity or established; Counterattacks
running water nationalist party -Pro Democracy 1927; attempted
elected guerilla warfare on
-Unlucky harvests led -Pro capitalist Nationalists; failed
to starvation -General Shikai due to inexperience
becomes military -Wealthy urban and and disorganization
-Peasants did not dictator and middle class party
own land - rented attempted emperor support -Communist
from wealthy (1916); dies leaving regroup in Jiangxi -
landowners; rent = power vacuum; -social reforms to CCP regroup and
70% of harvest value results in warlords redistribute land from
becoming failed; lack of stronghold(1928-34);
Urban Poverty independent dictators support from appealed to peasants
across China peasants here.
- 4.5% citizens lived
and worked in -Establishment of -The four
industrial towns Chinese Communist encirclement
Party (1921) campaigns(1930 -
-Terrible Living CCP 34) - successful
conditions; unsanitary -United Front(CCP campaigns by
and Nationalists Leader - Mao Nationalists to
-Low pay; social Unite) to fight Zedong; believed encircle and cut off
security non existent warlords unifying that revolutionists supplies to CCP -
; needed foreign aid. would be peasants guerrilla tactics used
-Death by hunger by CCP to defend
common - United Front -Also desired rural locations; CCP
Launched a northern freedom from fails to completely
-Chinese communist expedition; a foreign powers stop encirclement
party helped develop successful military campaigns
trade unions; strikes campaign that -Focus on peasants
to increase union reunited China and -Fifth encirclement
membership defeated landlords. -Supported by campaign - 1934 -
Peasants Nationalists takeover
-Nationalists CCP rural stronghold
reemerged as ruling -Pro communist in Jiangxi; CCP flees
party - united front
ended -Attacked landlords -Long March 1934-
35 - communist
-first CCP nationalist -Gender Equality; march far away from
clash occurs Jiangxi province;
 crossed through 11
won most female
provinces; only 10%
supporters
in march survived;
Set up new base in
Yanan

Long Term Causes Continued

Actions Of Nationalist Government (1928- CCP survival/growth strategies

37)

-Nanjing Decade - Nationalist Government Skillful Strategies used to grow and

Rule strengthen communists

-unpopular with much of population -land redistribution from landlords to peasants

- strengthened central power of China; -tradition customs removed - allowed women

alliance with warlords to work

- strong economic growth 9% per year; -Soldiers forbidden from torturing peasants -
commercial airline opened led to good relations among peasants

Failures of Nanjing Decade -aggressive terror towards wealthy landlords -

encouraged peasants to attack landlords
-Failed to fulfill goals based on nationalist
ideology -trained peasants to become guerilla soldiers;
used anti- japan propaganda to achieve this
-Authoritarian Regime - Dictator led by Kai
Shek -Second United Front with nationalists led to
increase in CCP membership
-Torture and executions took place

-Against original ideology of Nationalists

-Failure to eliminate CCP

-Failed(Three Principles of People);Unable to

uplift peasants from poverty

-Weak response to Japanese invasion of

Manchuria in 1931- perceived by masses as
weak government

-Focuses more on defeating communists than

Japanese invaders - led to frustration among
masses
 Short Term Causes

Second Sino Japanese War 1937-45

Historian perspective - nationalists and CCP focused on common enemy Japan - formed
united front - tensions remained high between CCP and Nationalists - war for control among
CCP and nationalists after defeating Japan.

Nationalists CCP

-Shanghai and Capital Nanjing fall to Japan -CCP territory expanded from base(Yanan)
because of support won from land reform
-Japan tortures and murders 300000 civlians policies.
in Capital(Nanjing)
-Communists used guerilla warfare to fight
-Changed capital to Chongqing - unpopular japanese troops
with civilians who felt they were being
abandoned - weakened support for -Sabotaged Japanese supply lines
nationalists
-Anti japanese propaganda to generate
-Japan (1944) occupied much of southern support
and eastern China; nationalist isolating in
Chongqing; become further unpopular -Red Army size increase from 22000 to 1
among civilians million in 1945

-food became scarce when Japan subjected

Chongqing to aerial bombardment ; resulted
in mass starvation and inflation

Japanese surrender - Japan surrendered to the allies(USA, USSR and Nationalist Chinese
Government).

-CCP and Nationalists raced to control former japanese held territories

-Gained weapons from surrendering japanese soldiers

-Civil war resumes

5 - Chinese Civil War; Progression

-Historian Perspective; communist victory achieved through CCP strength by effectively

mobilizing human and economic resources. Superior military strategy compared to Nationalists
Civil War - 1945

Nationalists Communists

-Army outnumbered communists 3 to 1 -Communists army(Red Army) 66% smaller

than Nationalists
-Superior weapons; airpower
-Dominant in rural northern China; 19 bases
-Support from USA for navy and air transport
-Popular in rural areas because of land
-Larger territory; increased resources; distribution to peasants - taken from landlords
controlled seventeen major cities
-Took weapons from surrendered Japanese
Troops

-Soviet Union support - communism = similar

ideology

-New Strategy Developed- Mobile Defence;

guerilla tactics used to sabotage, ambush and
weaken nationalists - would progressively
defeat nationalists

CCP attempts to seize manchuria. Soviet union gives access to Japanese arm depots

-Surrendered Japanese Troops transferred to CCP(Red Army); manpower increase

-Soviet Union abandons support for CCP due to pressure from foreign allies in European
allies; also lost confidence in CCPs ability to win

-Nationalists appear successful - US urges nationalists to secure already controlled territory

than stretching army further

Civil War - 1946 - Truce In Manchuria , Then Resumption of hostilities

-Truce In Manchuria - -Four Month Ceasefire; Manchuria - arranged by USA ; CCP and
Nationalists agree

Nationalists CCP

-cities occupied by after Soviets left

CCP in truce were Manchuria - CCP
taken back again by occupied three
Nationalists - CCP major cities they
retreated again originally vacated -
taken back by
--Kai Shek and nationalists
nationalists regret
 truce
-CCP strengthened
as result of
ceasefire; CCP
military commander
reorganized the red
army; transformed
from small guerilla
units into
professional units.

-continues to receive
vital supplies from
soviet union after
confidence returns

-Red Army(CCP);
surprise attack on
Nationalists at
Sungari River;
failed but inflicted
huge casualties on
nationalists;captured
weapons

-CCP has strengthened but Nationalists still control most of the cities. CCP continues to
control countryside

-Manchuria situation uncertain

Civil War - 1947; Nationalist Offensive; CCP strengthening continues

Nationalists CCP

-Nationalists -continue country

succeeded in side control; mobile
capturing key cities; defense operations
captured cities in continue
Shandon, Shanxi
and Shaanxi -tactics shifted -
provinces large scale attacks
on urban areas.
-Neglected rural
China - resulting in -CCP carry
strengthening in sabotage missions
CCP to disrupt supply line
to nationalists
 -Seized CCP base
in Yanan -Captured two major
cities: Shijiazhuang/
-Army troops had to Hebei province and
spread out to Siping/ Manchuria
simultaneously
defend three cities
from CCP attacks

-Supply and
reinforcements
disrupted by
sabotage missions
by CCP

CCP strengthened and Nationalists weakened

Civil War - 1948 - 49 ; CCP victory

Historian perspective - communists transitioned from guerrilla mobile defense to conventional

war - attacked urban areas held by nationalists - This was due to increased CCP strength to
confront nationalists - resulted in victory of Chinese Communist Party

Nationalists CCP

-Nationalist groups -Communist

fled Xuzhou city due Manchuria
to shortage on Campaign - assaults
supplies and food - by CCP on major
enabled CCP to cities in Manchuria -
capture Xuzhou majority of region
now under
-After CCP’s pingjin communist control
campaign - Zuoyi -
nationalist -Huai-hai campaign
commander - CCP assaulted
surrenders in Beijing cities in central
provinces. Xuzhou
-After being City encircled and
defeated by CCP captured
general Chiang Kai
Shek and -Pingjin Campaign -
nationalists flee to focus on controlling
Taiwan central China; Red
army launches
artillery attacks on
three major cities
capturing them
 successfully

-Rest of cities
successfully
captured by CCP

-Nationalists Flee to Taiwan. Mao Zedong proclaims the establishment of the communist
People's Republic Of China in Beijing October 1949

5 - Chinese Civil War; Practices

Foreign Historian Perspective - CCP and Nationalists had limited domestic

Interference / capabilities to manufacture weapons - relied on foreign supplies. CCP
Support effectively utilized foreign aid throughout the war.
q
Nationalists lost due to misuse of foreign aid, would have otherwise won -
Foreign Minister USA 1939

Nationalists CCP

-Supported by Americans; Military -Soviet Union - gave CCP access

supplies given - $1 billion USD; to stockpiles of Japanese weapons
Only 40% spent effectively - rest in Manchuria; e.g aircraft, tanks
wasted due to corruption artillery and machine guns

-Supplies halted in 1946 to -Soviet Union trained CCP

encourage peace talks between commanders at russian military
GMD(nationalists) and CCP. training schools

-Supplies and aid resumed but -Sino Japanese war - support from
arrived late after defeat by CCP peasants using anti japan
propaganda - gained weapons from
surrendered japanese troops -
japanese troops forced to join Red
army - CCP manpower increase

Mobilisation of Historian Perspective - CCP military strategies such as mobile defense

human tactics overcame a large number of nationalist troops. CCP effectively
resources utilized the majority of civilian population to form troops.
Nationalists CCP
 -Three times larger than Red Army -Mobile defense tactics overcame
Nationalist troops numerical
-Reliance on forced conscription for advantage
army recruitment. Troops collected
using brutal techniques; results in -Also used conscription to gain
disloyal troops. troops however treated troops
better resulting in loyalty to army
-Thus ineffective recruitment tactics
-gained troops from support of
peasantry through ideological
appeals

Mobilization of
economic
Nationalists CCP
resources
-Food shortages due to lack of -socio economic reform policies
access to agricultural countryside such as land distribution results in
support from peasantry.
-Depended on railways to get food
to urban areas; railways sabotaged Ill equipped Peasantry militias
by CCP formed - loyal supporters to Maos
ideas
-Food Expenses increase - mass
inflation -Good treatment of people resulted
in nationalists switching sides - ex
-Attempted to target business with nationalists joined CCP
the warning of a socioeconomic
revolution that the CCP could bring -Had access to vast amounts of
food due to agricultural countryside
-Increasing hardships in cities control - supply abundance enabled
resulted from mistrust and pursuing of mobile defense
perception of corruption of the
nationalist government by civilians.

-Nationalist officials hoarded food

resulting in anger from civilians

5- Chinese Civil War; Effects

Political -Historian perspective - Mao's communist victory resulted in the

Impact establishment of a communist authoritarian dictatorship.

-Communist dictatorship was set in China with Chairman Mao as dictator.

 -Other political Organizations outlawed

-Campaign to destroy counter revolutionaries; definition of revolutionary

unclear resulting in fear terror and compliance

-Mass surveillance observed - Order Keeping Committees monitored

behavior of school students

-China was reunified - took control of distinct provinces Xinjiang, Tibet

and Guangdong which had different ethnic linguistic and religious
identities.

-Traditional language and the Buddhism religion was banned at schools

in these distinct provinces.

-Communist Nationalist rivalry - In Taiwan the nationalists and general

Kai shek made the claim that they themselves were the rightful
government of mainland China;

-Until late 70s the UN recognized Taiwan as rightful government of

mainland china supporting Kai Shek’s claim

Social Impact -Historian perspective - war caused vast social change in terms of
socioeconomic structure and opportunities for women. Mao’s communist
reforms proved revolutionary for chinese society,

-4-6 million people were estimated to die during the civil war as a result of
combat famine and destruction. This was relatively less than the 18 million
that died during the second sino-japanese war.

-Social Structure changed - landlords removed from power and persecuted

by local peasantry.

-149 million peasants became landowners for first time; trend continued as
result of Mao's 1950 agrarian reform giving land to peasants

-Mao later deviated from the concept of private ownership - brought all
property and agriculture under the control of state introducing
collectivization

-Great leap forward - Mao's attempt to transform chinese economy from

 agrarian to industrialized - resulted in great chinese famine.

-Cultural revolution - chinese youth called to remove anti communist

elements from intellectuals and elderly - youth for paramilitary groups(Red
Guards) ;1.5 million died and millions tortured

-Religion - both western and local religions were destroyed - churches and
other places of worship attacked. Religious practices condemned.
Communist culture was promoted and all other cultures eliminated - This
included songs, dances and festivals.

-Primary education introduced - increase in literacy rate from 20% at the

end of the civil war to 70% in 1979 - still only 25% continued education
after age of 12; 1% of people held degrees.

Economic Historian perspective - China experienced a century of conflict which

Impact created deep-seated economic problems - the civil war destruction only
increased these difficulties. Mao’s economic reforms were often disastrous
as well.

-Industrial production weakened due to destruction in urban areas; Soviets

removed the industrial infrastructure in Manchuria

-Food shortages/inflation - Crop yields fell as much of the farming peasants

joined the Red Army; CCP attacks on landlords further damaged the
agricultural economy

-Grain production dropped 25% and meat production was 4 times less than
before; 18-55 million people die in Great Chinese Famine

-Great leap forward - Maps attempt to transform chinese economy from

agrarian to industrialized - resulted in great chinese famine.

Impact On
Women
Before War

women had little rights

- had to obey father husband and son

-women were prevented from working and were restricted to being

homemakers

During War
Nationalist territory Communist territory

nationalists passed civil code -theoretically equal to men

- gave rights to divorce to women - Women encouraged to join CCP

committee
- demands for equal pay for women
- women able to go to colleges and -Forced marriage discouraged
universities
-women are allowed to have jobs
-These policies were not upheld as manual laborers(farmers) in
due to sino-japanese war rural life

-fulfilled military roles; second

independent division of the red
army was a female only unit

After War under rule of CCP

-Forced marriages were abolished

-Divorce rights given to women

-Child marriage abolished

-Women expected to work the same way as men- equal job opportunity

-Children looked after in nursery

-Divorce was partially banned again by CCP as divorce rate reached

alarming levels.
World War 2; Europe
3 - WW2; Causes

Long Term Causes

First World War Post War Economic Great Depression Nazi Party
Treaties Problems

Treaty of Versailles -Debt - must pay Stock Market Crash Pre power actions
- 1919; peace treaty reparations - 1923 - 1929 - global
-attempt to
imposed on germany economic crisis
takeover
after its defeat in ww1 -Industrialized Ruhr
Bavaria(German
Valley; occupied by -USA recalls loans to
Province); Hitler
France, Belgium until Germany
-forced to pay sent jail
Germany payed
reparations to allied
-Germany -
powers(6.6 billion -Paramilitary units
-Currency loses value
pounds) formed to harass
rapidly - citizens -unemployment
and attack
blame economic high(6 million)
-accept blame for opponents;
crisis on forced -high import tariffs
causing war propaganda spread
reparations - -businesses closes
instability rises -government fails to
-military reduced
address problems - -Ideology
-Loans borrowed increases instability
-lost colonies and
from USA - ruhr -end treaty of
territory to - Poland,
valley given back - -Trade Reduced versailles
Belgium and
Germany remains Globally
France
economically -transform into self
vulnerable sufficient nation
-banned from
League of Nations
-Required living
space
-Citizens angry
(lebensraum)
because
-communism = evil
-Germany weakened
- blamed for war
-Germans superior
- Weimar Republic
race) - jews,
signed treaty of
handicapped, other
versailles
inferior
-Germans not
allowed to live in one
state
-led to revolutions -Came into power -
from left and right; 1933; Hitler becomes
increases instability leader - removes
 opposition(including
opponents in Nazi
party itself)

Short Term Causes

Economic Nazi economic minister - Creates New Plan; to make germany self
Recovery sufficient and exit economic crisis

-1935 - exports > imports; leads to increase in currency value

-1938 unemployment reaches zero - Nazi party allocates resources to

expand military

German 1932 - withdraws from world disarmament conference because France

Rearmament would not disarm

-Germany defies treaty of versailles - expands military

-1934 - Polish non aggression pact signed - no hostilities between

Germany and Poland for 10 years

-1935 - Conscription Begins - german army increases to 700000 men

by 1939

-Agreement signed with Britain - navy size increases to 35% of Britains

Stresa Front - -Britain, France Italy form Stresa front in 1934

Abyssinian
crisis -Abysinnian crisis destroyed agreement - Italy invades Abyssinia -
economic sanctions placed on Italy

-Italy withdraws from league - signs Rome-Berlin Axis with Germany -

end of German political isolation;

Appeasement British strategy - negotiate with Hitler and satisfy many of germany's
territorial demands; aims to prevent war outbreak

-Viewed as an apology by Britain for the treaty of versailles

-criticized for being too lenient towards Germany encouraging Hitler to

become more aggressive.
German Foreign German foreign policy becomes more aggressive after improved military,
Policy economic and diplomatic situation

-Saar region hold plebiscite(1935) - becomes part of Germany

-Troops sent to Rhineland(demilitarized zone France|Germany) - (1936)

- succeeds in taking Rhineland - France Britain busy with Abysinnian
crisis

-Sudetenland(contains 3 million German speaking people) - becomes part

of Germany (1938)

-Munich Agreement - German territorial ambition does not extend further

-1939 - Munich Agreement violated - Germany invades Czechoslovakia

- ends hopes of negotiating with Hitler

Poland -Germany invaded Poland

(1939)
-France Britain support Poland to defend against Germany

-Britain and France declare war against Germany

Nazi - Soviet pact; neither country would invade each other; split spoils
obtained from invading Poland

-WW2 begins

Potential Short Term Causes

Role Of Hitler -Different perspectives of Hitlers responsibility

for causing war -

1. Hitler manipulated France, Britain,

Italy and USSR until strong enough to
attack Europe
2. Hitlers foreign policy was same as
former governments(no major role
played by Hitler)
3. Hitler took advantage of opportunity to
attack
4. Hitler under pressure by German
public to fight against treaty of
versailles
5. Hitler not involved(government
decisions independent)

Economic-Defense Germany went to war to protect economy -

 economy started failing again due to
armament building

-opportunity to seize raw materials from

land rich areas

-larger populations from newly invaded

regions meant larger workforce

3 - WW2; Reasons For German Defeat

Reasons For German Defeat

Weak axis partners -Italy; was weak

-Italy only conquered Greece with German assistance

-Italy failed to invade Egypt
-Italy did not significantly assist Germany in European campaigns

-Hungry - R.I.B.S - Hungary, Romania, Italy, Bulgaria, Slovakia

Aside from Italy, other allies were poorly equipped and extremely
insignificant.

War production German Industry - not fully functional until 1943 - bad for
Germany during war from 1939-1944

-Funds and resources wasted on weapon production

experimentation.

-In contrast Allied Nations are well resourced and organized.

-USSR - excellent industrial capabilities

-USA - most powerful economy

Failed Strategy Blitzkrieg tactics(surprise attacks) - initially successful however

allies caught on - strategy ended up as failure

-Britain difficult to invade, German aircraft intended to work

alongside land forces. Difficult as Britain was an island.

-German invasion of USSR - German troops left vulnerable

and overextended - victory could not be achieved due to
German forces being required to fight through winter months.

Hitlers Military Hitler held responsible for Germany's defeat

 decisions -Hitler refused advice from generals; best soldiers and key
weaponry lost in Stalingrad and Kursk battles.

USSR as the cause of -USSR difficult to conquer - perhaps main reason for German
German defeat defeat

-Size climate and challenging terrain made USSR difficult to

conquer

-USSR has Enormous population willing to fight against Germany

-Soviet forces responsible for 80% of all German killed or

wounded

Role of USA and Britain US and British invasion of France(1944) - helped prevent
German forces in France from taking action

3 - WW2; Practices during war

Effects During War

Women Germany - Nazi ideology believed women

should stay at home

-Eventually made up 37% of workforce but

were never allowed in any military service

-Britain - conscripted into the industrial

workforce. Eventually 6.5 million women
worked in factories and shipyards.

-Worked in non combatant military roles -

460000 women - Auxiliary Air Force, the
women's royal naval service, Women's Land
Army

-USSR - Millions conscripted for military

service

800000 women served in Soviet armed forces

Women took the role of pilots mechanics and

agricultural laborers to replace men.

40% of soviet doctors were women

Rationing -Britain - rationing of oil based products,

 sugar and butter

-Finally all food products

-USSR - rationing severe, 700 calories for

elderly and children

1500 calories for workers

Population on verge of starvation

-Italy - rationing started even before the war

1000 calorie limit.

Petrol purchase banned

-Germany - limited rationing. Better access to

food products,

-However by end of war food shortages were

apparent

War Production -US military production; lend-lease agreement

- allies including Britain and USSR sent many
goods and supplies

-German military production reorganized to

give government control.

-Italy behind germany in war production but

second highest production of all Axis powers

Extermination -Holocaust - government order execution of

jews in occupied areas in 1941(50000 soviets
jews killed)

-Final Solution - Jews worked to death and

Jews incapable of working would be executed
in death camps in Poland.

-6 million jews killed; 60% of Jewish

population in Europe.

Resistance movements (Poland) Polish Home Army(AK) - resistance group

against Germany and Soviet Union

-allied with Polish government

spy network - informed about german military

operations
 -German supply convoys targeted

-Jewish resistance groups[Jewish Military

Union, Jewish Combat Organization] joined
AK to fight Germany's attempt to remove
Jews in 1943

Ideology of the Cold War

Communism Capitalism
● Capitalism is based on the
Political philosophers Friedrich Engels and Karl production of goods with the goal of
Marx developed the idea of communism. They earning a profit.
argued the following: ● Individual business enterprises
make economic decisions based on
● Capitalist and industrial society was their ability to make a profit, unlike
oppressive. a command economy.
● Only a violent revolution by the workers
By the 1940s, the major Western economies
or 'proletariat' against the bourgeoisie
could end the oppressive system. such as the USA, Britain and Canada were
● A 'dictatorship of the proletariat' mixed economies - where private enterprise
would then be needed to destroy played a significant role, but with the state
the remnants of the old order. becoming increasingly involved in some key
● All people would be equal in the
sectors.
new communist society.
● Economic concerns would be used
for human welfare instead of for
profit.
 ● The dictatorship of the proletariat
would then dissolve itself.

The communist system of Marx and Engels

formed the basis of Marxism-Leninism.

Marxism-Leninism :
Vladimir Ilyich Lenin adapted Marx's ideas into
what is now called Marxism-Leninism. Russia,
in the early twentieth century, was primarily
an agricultural society, not an industrial one.
Lenin could not wait for a proletariat revolution
to naturally develop. Lenin argued that:

● A small band of highly committed,

organized and reliable communist
revolutionaries could overthrow the
Tsarist regime
● the new revolutionary state would
be a 'dictatorship of the ‘proletariat'
● The proletariat state would use
force and terror against any
opponent.

Lenin's ideology shaped the Bolshevik Party

and, later, the development of the USSR into
an authoritarian, communist state with
extensive control that used force and terror.

Ideological Clashes
Political Systems :
Western powers distrusted communism's lack of democracy. Parliamentary government and
representative government emphasized:

● Individual liberty
● Legal equality, not economic equality
● Challenging the right of any individual or party to have a monopoly of power
● Opposition to dictatorship.

The USSR saw democracy as a disguise for capitalism's inequality and oppression.

Religion :
Marxism-Leninism bitterly opposed religion. Its proponents believed that :
Economics and material conditions determined the fate of people, not an all-powerful God
• religion - 'the opium of the masses’ - fooled the proletariat into accepting the oppressive conditions
created by capitalism and rulers.

In Europe, religious institutions and leaders played key roles in opposing communism :
● Catholic-dominated parties in Germany and Italy played significant roles in government.
● Pope John Paul Il of Poland (reigned 1979-2005) challenged communist rule.

The Soviet Union and the Western powers, 1917-41

Lenin believed that Bolshevik Russia could not survive as the lone communist
country. The power and strong hostility of the capitalists made Russia vulnerable.
Communism could survive only if it spread globally. Lenin's belief greatly affected
Soviet relations with the rest of the world.

The USA and Russia

Some historians, such as Howard Roffman, believe that the Cold War began when
the Bolsheviks succeeded in coming to power. Tensions were then raised when
the USA, as well as Britain, France and Japan, intervened in the Russian Civil
War (1918-22) siding with the White Army against the Bolshevik Red Army.
Ideological differences between Lenin and US President Woodrow Wilson further
increased tensions.

US President Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points clashed with Lenin's ideology. It

called for:

● self-determination of people
● creation of democratic states
● free trade
● collective security
● a League of Nations.

In contrast, Lenin:

● agitated for world revolution and communism

 ● rejected Russia's foreign debt obligations
● nationalized all businesses in Russia, including foreign-owned ones.

The US Congress refused to ratify the Treaty of Versailles and join the League of
Nations.

The USA began a period of isolationism lasting until 1941. These actions kept
tensions between the USA and USSR at a low level

The Russian Revolution and Allied intervention

The Russian Civil War
Despite the Bolsheviks successes in seizing major Russian cities in 1917, they faced
opposition from the Whites that resulted in a long, violent civil war that lasted until
1922.

The Allies assisted the White Army in the Russian Civil War to:
● destroy Bolshevism
● stop it spreading to Germany
● prevent communist revolution then spreading across the whole of Europe.

Allied intervention was ineffective. In 1922, the Red Army achieved victory over the
Whites. The Soviets never forgot the Allied intervention and grew increasingly
suspicious of the Western powers.

The Polish-Russian War, 1920

At the Paris Peace Conference, British Foreign Minister proposed that Poland's
border with Russia should be established about 160 kilometres (100 miles) east of
Warsaw; became known as the Curzon Line. Poland, however, desired more territory
to the east. Poland:

● Invaded the Ukraine, a breakaway region from Russia, in 1920, taking

advantage of the chaos
● from the Russian Civil War
● needed help from France after almost being defeated by the Red Army
 eventually drove the Red Army out of its desired territory
● signed the Treaty of Riga with Soviet Russia, gaining significant areas of the
Ukraine and Byelorussia.

The USSR became geographically isolated from western and central Europe as
a result of Poland pushing its border so far east. The creation of Finland, Estonia,
Latvia and Lithuania added to the geographical isolation. The new borders
established a cordon sanitaire, a zone of states that prevented the westward spread
of communism. The recovery of lost Russian territory became a major foreign
policy goal for the USSR prior to 1938