C'hapie- 13
Nucleus
NudeuS# mass ah
3n every atom, the potive chaqe and m
densly Concentated at the certral cou o the atom forming
concentated in
its nucleus. More thah 99gto masy al atom is
the nucleu
O Atbc mass unit a n atDm
The unit of rnass used to exress mas4a h
iS caled atomic mss unt. a" Atomic mass untt dutined as
the maSI ot carbon îsotepes()
6 atom.
d omy = 1. 660529 x1o27 g
U)- Moss o pwton (mp) =4:00727u
(2)- mass of neuton (m) = 1 09866u
(3- MaSs ot electronmej 100549U.
mass of is = 992647 X10 kg
6
4[1.9926471|6241
1amu =1
- 1666539 X15Kg
6+ Find the mass of Proton, ectron amd neuton in Amu
S- Classitication ot Nuclei same no of þrotbns
ot ele ment whose uclei haye
J> Isptobes Atorm that
but dut ditfenent ni of seten meutron tu called [Link]
ele ment
Eg- Hydtogen - , , Ogen- go 80>
80'8
et.
9t has Aame no o ekchron .
o Chemical properti same but phyical pretiea not same.
o Sorne 9sotbped a stade but some anu adioactive.
2) Isokns: The nucei whích haye the same number of nucleon
buct ditferent urnben ot proton ond neutron is called isabars.
eTotcd mumben ot proton Ond meutrons a khoon a nucleons.
and, He etc.
O Atomjc murnbe Z coL diterent
O Mass numb e ot otom a some
They hass difeent blore in beiodic table
3 called
He n fsotones
Isotones+- The nucleî taving equal nurnbe of netrons au
Ex - gLi' amdbe ,H° omdHet
2
SbYcovey of NeutrontThe nuclei of deuteoú wm and titurn ne isotopes
of hycgen, they must contaîn only. one broton ut mass of nucle of
ot
hydogen H, deuteoum 4 and ttium ?H au in the aho of 132%3
have SCme þosrtve chonge eguol to proton, hence the neudei of
fH Omd H must contain Some neutral mtt apot trom pbnthat
This ís vorúfied by
is knoon as neutron.9t is a bac unit of neucdeus.
Tames chadwick in 1932. He detehmne ma Ssof meutron 1s Yeuy neanly
the proton
$ Comþositfon of nucleus
Nudeus Contain protons and neutons, both combine
called neudeons . gn neutral state 'number of proton equal to number
of etron. Amudeus is re þresentedby notation
X. hGu z= Atomic numben = mumben of proton
A= Z+N
A : Mass umber,
N= Heutronumben,
N A-1
Egt Gld nucleus 197
7gu
Z=79
A= 197. . Proton,N= A-2
=J97-79
§ Size of the Nucleus
Acuording to Ruthenjeord a- gay scatteüng expoument,
nudea s)ze of diteent ernent a assumedto be spheücal , so the
volume of a neulcus is directiy þrop oruthona to ts mass number 94 R
is radiuc of the nucleus having mass number
A, then,
R- RoA3
bwhere , Ro= 1-2 XI6m,
Voume of nudeus.
TRS A
VcA
Novw, denity, 9f nuceus Cortain
mass of neudeu
X protorn +y neutron:
Voume of neucdeu X+y = A
M mass o4 nucleus is
M= mA.
3 m
4TT R
O Macs- Energy
Einstein sho wed tht mass is anothe form of
energy and one Com Convet
Convet mass- enongy into otheh form ot
mass-energy
ene"gy Einstein mass-enoGY eqivalence egaton i gven by
E-Amc2,
Whhe,E-Energy e leayed
Am= mas dittect [Massof Pasentmudei -
e Nudean Cirding eneg mass of duçkter nuci].
© Mass Defect
The sum of the masses of neutrons and protons
formirg a nucleus is more than the actual ass o the mucleus
Thic diHerence of masses is known
known as ma ss defet.
Am= Zmp + (A-Z)mn-M
here, Z= Atonmc mumber = No of proton
A = Atomic mass
A-Z= No ot neuton.
mp= Masi of proton, Mn Mau otneuton
M = Mass of nucleus .
oBirding Eneng The ynínimum ensgy required to sebanate trs
nucleons and plated them at est't infinite distomnce ahrt
Vcing Einstin's mass - engy latiom
4E = Amc
-[zmp+(A-zymn-M].
34 fs abo called seharation enegy
BirdQng. Encray pen nucleon of a Nucieus
g+t is the avohage enbgy nequured to temove a
neucleon f9om the nucleus t5 intite dictonce. 9 is aiven by tol
birding en dividud Yhe nass mumbeh otthe nucdeus.
Mathemotiay.
Binding Ervegy þen nucleon = Total binding Energy
Numbe of nucleons
A
Brrng breng Cvet a blot of the birding. enegy þor nucleon
Vesus he mass numbe A for a lang umbeh of nucleá aS shown
t next page. The qrabh used to explcon phenomena o nudeo
aion amd ducini
56Fe Main fectsres ot
00Mo 127f the plot
AThe birding ene
180 e2380
ber neudeoHs Ebn
191An procttaliy (onstort
lo
for mass number
30 to70. The CLãNe
hast moxinum of
tpn i about 815 Me
4
for A=56 For mass
mumber 238 haS
7.6 MeV.
450 250 2)- En lopeh for both
The binding enengy beh ucleon as a igt mucå CAL30) and
funchion of mass numbeh heavy nudei (A>170).
Conclusion from Hhese two obsenvctims:
) The force is cttracire amd cu ficienty storg to þrodue a
birding enogy oj a fo Mev per'udeon
a> The Constomcy of the birding enÛGy inthe romq 30<A
Is a conseqience of the fäc tht the nucde0n fooce fs
short -omqed
3 Tioo Lght' ycle? (ALlo) 7oining to 4orm a heovier nucleug.
Th þoroceLy c knoon as tusfon
4> Avey heavy. nudeus cA>248) break in to two lighter udei.
§ Nucle force
The nuden 4orce fs one of the fouh tundamental foner
of natwe ,along toith Pavitatiom, elecrotati. md toeah nucean force.
t fs haston stle for irding þrotons aond neutrons. Many fetwu of
nuclegn oKe ziven bello these ohe odained uom viety af
enpeHment cwðued outcung 1930 to1s0.
I> the ucle 4ace ?s mich
songo thom the coulomb force adtihg
behaeen chonge or avtatmal ore b8 too ma ses.
2) Aþlot ot þotential enngy beBoeen to ucleons on a fumcion
of ditomce 'is shoon n the 4ollauing tgane
-The minimum botential enong4 fs t istomce ro, aboct
o8 fm.
Nedeo force is attadive for cistomce longe than o.8 fm.
- Comþrused to dirtance
O- Nuclecn torce îs napulsive if they
les then o8 fm.
loo
1
2 3
Potential Erny Y(fm)
(Mev) -\o0
(0) - The nucleon frce betaeen neuton-hetron, proon - proton gnd
proton- uton fs abþroi mately the some. Nudeon charge does
not debend on electic chahg e.
Rodioactivity A-H- Bequenel
by accident hile studying:dí Atuorescence
coehed rodioactity fn 1806 þuuly.
'o compounds troadiated 'uoith viible Lghtomd jhyah osphore stente"
66 Radio actvity. is a nudegn bhenomenon in which
an ungtable
vucdeu undeigoes adecay his decay is
radlo active de cay theu ae thu reened to as
tye t dcay Occw ih nat