1.

3 GRAPHS FOR CATEGORICAL DATA 0 17

sed to
ze the
)1e are
hart to UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPTS 4 Van Dodge Yes 31.7 2
5 Motor- Harley- No 25.5 1
1.1 Experimental Units Identify the experimental cycle Davidson
units on which the following variables are measured: 6 Car Chevrolet No 5.4 9
listed a. Gender of a student
gories b. Number of errors on a midterm exam a. What are the experimental units?
nns of
c. Age of a cancer patient b. What are the variables being measured? What types
Since
d. Number of flowers on an azalea plant of variables are they?
charts
awn is e. Colour of a car entering the parking lot c. Is this univariate, bivariate, or multivariate data?
s from 1.2 Qualitative or Quantitative? Identify each 1.6 Past Canadian Prime Ministers A data set
r chart variable as quantitative or qualitative: consists of the ages at death for each of the 15 past
prime ministers of Canada.
a. Amount of time it takes to assemble a simple puzzle
a. Is this set of measurements a population or a sample?
b. Number of students in a first-grade classroom
b. What is the variable being measured?
c. Rating of a newly elected politician (excellent,
good, fair, poor) c. Is the variable in part b quantitative or qualitative?
d. Province or territory in which a person lives 1.7 Voter Attitudes You are a candidate for your
provincial assembly, and you want to survey voter
1.3 Discrete or Continuous? Identify the following
quantitative variables as discrete or continuous: attitudes regarding your chances of winning. Identify
the population that is of interest to you and from which
a. Population in a particular area of Canada you would like to select your sample. How is this
b. Weight of newspapers recovered for recycling on a population dependent on time?
single day
1.8 Cancer Survival Times A medical researcher
c. Time to complete a sociology exam wants to estimate the survival time of a patient after the
d. Number of consumers in a poll of 1000 who con- onset of a particular type of cancer and after a particu-
sider nutritional labelling on food products to be lar regimen of radiotherapy.
important
a. What is the variable of interest to the medical
1.4 Discrete or Continuous? Identify each quanti- researcher?
tative variable as discrete or continuous. b. Is the variable in part a qualitative, quantitative
a. Number of boating accidents along a 50-kilometre discrete, or quantitative continuous?
stretch of the St. Lawrence River c. Identify the population of interest to the medical
b. Time required to complete a questionnaire researcher.
c. Choice of colour for a new refrigerator d. Describe how the researcher could select a sample
d. Number of brothers and sisters- you have from the population.
e. Yield in kilograms of wheat from a 10,000-square- e. What problems might arise in sampling from this
metre plot in a wheat field population?
1.5 Parking on Campus Six vehicles are selected 1.9 New Teaching Methods An educational
from the vehicles that are issued campus parking researcher wants to evaluate the effectiveness of a new
permits, and the following data are recorded: method for teaching reading to deaf students. Achieve-
ment at the end of a period of teaching is measured by
One-way a student's score on a reading test.
Commute Age of
Distance Vehicle
a. What is the variable to be measured? What type of
Vehicle Type Make Carpool? (kilometres) (years) variable is it?
1 Car Honda No 23.6 6 b. What is the experimental unit?
2 Car Toyota No 17.2 3 c. Identify the population of interest to the
3 Truck Toyota No 10.1 4 experimenter.
NEL
NEL
18 3 CHAPTER 1 DESCRIBING DATA WITH GRAPHS

BASIC TECHNIQUES principal source of conflict in the post–Cold War world

1.10 Basic Statistics Fifty people are grouped into
will spring from cultural and religious divisions. Most
four categories—A, B, C, and D—and the number of Canadians reject the notion that the Islamic and West- Universit
ern worlds are engaged in a clash of civilizations based Trades, c
people who fall into each category is shown in the table: certifi
on culture and religion, according to an international
Category Frequency poll published in The Ottawa Citizen, February 19,
Some po
High sch
A 11 2007. Pollsters interviewed 1008 Canadians in Decem- Less tha
B 14 ber and January as part of an international survey in 27
C 20 a. Del
D 5
countries. In theory, in 19 cases out of 20, the results tab]
of the poll would not differ by more than 3 percentage
a. What is the experimental unit? points from those obtained by interviewing all Cana- b. Is t]
b. What is the variable being measured? Is it dian adults. The GlobeScan survey found .that a major- c. Wh
qualitative or quantitative? ity (56%) of Canadians regard the conflict between d. Co]
c. Construct a pie chart to describe the data. Islam and the West to be primarily about "political levi
d. Construct a bar chart to describe the data. power and interests." Only 29% said religious and e. Co]
e. Does the shape of the bar chart in part d change cultural differences are to blame. Thus, ley
depending on the order of presentation of the four Political power and interests 56%
categories? Is the order of presentation important? Religious and cultural differences 29%
f. What proportion of the people are in category B, a. If the pollsters were planning to use these results to
C, or D? predict the opinion for 2008, describe the popula-
g. What percentage of the people are not in category B? tion of interest to them.
1.11 Jeans A manufacturer of jeans has plants in b. Describe the actual population from which the
Quebec (QC), Ontario (ON), and Manitoba (MB). A sample was drawn.
group of 25 pairs of jeans is randomly selected from c. Are all of the reasons accounted for in this table?
the computerized database, and the province in which Add another category if necessary.
each is produced is recorded: d. Is the sample selected by the pollsters representative
ON QC QC MB ON of the population described in part a? Explain.
ON ON MB MB MB
1.13 Clash between Islam, West, continued
QC QC ON QC MB
ON QC MB MB MB Refer to Exercise 1.12. On the other hand, worldwide,
ON QC QC ON ON Muslims tended to put most of the blame on politics.
a. What is the experimental unit? The data from four predominately Muslim countries is
given below: 1.16
b. What is the variable being measured? Is it qualita- cane(
tive or quantitative? Lebanon 78%
Egypt 56%
tion i
c. Construct a pie chart to describe the data. Indonesia 56% Facet
d. Construct a bar chart to describe the data. Turkey 55% to the
e. What proportion of the jeans are made in Quebec? a. Are all of the Islamic countries accounted for in
f. What province produced the most jeans in the group? this table? Suggest a few more Islamic countries if
g. If you want to find out whether the three plants necessary.
produced equal numbers of jeans, or whether one b. Would you use a pie chart or a bar chart to
produced more jeans than the others, how can you graphically describe the data? Why?
use the charts from parts c and d to help you? What c. Draw the chart you chose in para.
conclusions can you draw from these data? d. If you were the person conducting the opinion poll,
what other types of questions might you want to
APPLICATIONS investigate?
1.12 Clash between Islam, West Is Political, 1.14 Education Attainment The data below
Majority of Canadians Say The clash of civiliza- repeats educational attainment of the Aboriginal and
tions is a notion popularized by Harvard University non-Aboriginal population in Ontario, aged 15 years
professor Samuel P. Huntington, who theorized that the and over (2001 Census).
NEL NEL
 1.3 GRAPHS FOR CATEGORICAL DATA 0 19

world Aboriginal Non-Aboriginal f. What percentage of the members of the Aboriginal

/lost Population (%) Population (%) population have a university degree? Is there a sig-
est- University degree 6.00 17.70 nificant gap between the education attainment of the
aased Trades, college, university 28.00 27.10 Aboriginal and the non-Aboriginal population?
ial
certificate/diploma
Some post-secondary 12.20 11.20 1.15 Education Attainment, continued The
High school only 12.10 14.40 educational attainment of the Aboriginal population
cem- Less than high school 41.70 21.60 in Canada, aged 25-64, for the years 2001 and 1996 is
in 27 displayed in two bar charts (stacked), respectively.
a. Define the variable that has been measured in this
ilts
table. a. Are all of the education levels accounted for in the
tage
b. Is the variable quantitative or qualitative? graph? Add another category if necessary.
la-
aj or- c. What do the numbers represent? b. Have any improvements in Aboriginal educational
n d. Construct a pie chart to describe the education attainment been made over the years?
levels in the Aboriginal population. c. Use a pie chart to describe the data. Which graph is
e. Construct a bar chart to describe the education more interesting to look at?
levels in the non-Aboriginal population.

Is to
la-
2001 Census

1111High school only

*Less than high school

e? nPost-secondary
qualifications

tative 1996 Census

ride,
cs. 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
es is
1.16 Facebook Fanatics The social networking site to number of Internet users. The total number of
called Facebook has grown quickly since its incep- Facebook users in Canada is reaching 17,190,240.
tion in 2004. Social networking statistics' show that The largest age group is currently 18-24 with total
Facebook penetration in Canada is 50.92% compared of 4,125,658 users, followed by the users in the age
to the country's population, and 65.55% in relation range of 25-34.
a
;s if

poll,
0

nd
irs
[Link] . © Socialbakers.
NEL NEL
20 3 CHAPTER 1 DESCRIBING DATA WITH GRAPHS

a. Define the variable that has been measured in the e. Construct a bar chart to describe the age distribution.
pie chart. f. Would you use a pie chart or a bar chart to
b. Is the variable quantitative or qualitative? graphically describe the data? Why? Which graph is
c. What do the percentages represent? more interesting to look at?
d. Is the pie chart drawn accurately? That is, are the g. If you were the person collecting the data, what other Fl(
sections in the correct proportion to each other? types of questions might you want to investigate? Bar

GRAPHS FOR QUANTITATIVE DATA

Quantitative variables measure an amount or quantity on each experimental unit. If the
variable can take only a finite or countable number of values, it is a discrete variable.
A variable that can assume an infinite number of values corresponding to points on a
line interval is called continuous.

Pie Charts and Bar Charts

Sometimes information is collected for a quantitative variable measured on different
segments of the population, or for different categories of classification. For example,
you might measure the average incomes for people of different age groups, different
genders, or living in different geographic areas of the country. In such cases, you can
use pie charts or bar charts to describe the data, using the amount measured in each cat-
egory rather than the frequency of occurrence of each category. The pie chart displays
how the total quantity is distributed among the categories, and the bar chart uses the
height of the bar to display the amount in a particular category.
Fit
Canadian Defence Budget Expected to Rise to $20 billion by 2010 Like all federal
institutions during the 1990s, the Department of Defence underwent budget cuts as part Pie
of the federal government's effort to eliminate the deficit. Consequently, the budget,
which totalled $12 billion in 1993-1994, declined to $9.38 billion by 1998-1999. Since
then, the Department of National Defence has received three successive budget increases
totalling more than $5 billion, to be delivered between 2001-2002 and 2006-2007.
The amount of money estimated for the fiscal year 2002-2003 budget ($ millions) by
the Department of National Defence, Government of Canada, is shown in Table 1.5. 2
Construct both a pie chart and a bar chart to describe the data.
Compare the two forms of presentation.
TABLE 1.5
• Expenses by Cateaory
Category Amount (in dollars)
Maritime forces 2,053,210,000
Land forces 3,181,330,000
Air forces 2,828,760,000
Joint operations and civil emergency preparedness 1,086,310,000
Communications and information management 304,020,000
Support to the personnel function 860,850,000
Materiel, infrastructure, and environment support 754,080,000
DND/CF executive 786,240,000
Total 11,834,800,000
Source: National Defence and Canadian Forces Budget-Budget 2002-2003 [Link] •
20060327215046/[Link] . Reproduced with the permission of the Minister of Public
Works and Government Services, 2007.

NEL NEL
 1.5 RELATIVE FREQUENCY HISTOGRAMS 0 31

have GPAs of 2.7 or higher is 14/30, or approximately 47%. This is also the percentage
of the total area under the histogram in Figure 1.15 that lies to the right of 2.7.
Suppose you wrote each of the 30 GPAs on a piece of paper, put them in a hat, and
drew one at random. What is the chance that this piece of paper contains a GPA of 2.7
or higher? Since 14 of the 30 pieces of paper fall in this category, you have 14 chances
out of 30; that is, the probability is 14/30. The word probability is not unfamiliar to
you; we will discuss it in more detail in Chapter 4.
Although we are interested in describing the set of n = 30 measurements, we might
also be interested in the population from which the sample was drawn, which is the set
of GPAs of all first-year students currently in attendance at the University of Windsor.
Or, if we are interested in the academic achievement of first-year university students in
general, we might consider our sample as representative of the population of GPAs for
first-year students attending University of Windsor, or other universities similar to the
University of Windsor. A sample histogram provides valuable information about the
population histogram-the graph that describes the distribution of the entire popula-
tion. Remember, though, that different samples from the same population will produce
different histograms, even if you use the same class boundaries. However, you can
expect that the sample and population histograms will be similar. As you add more
and more data to the sample, the two histograms become more and more alike. If you
enlarge the sample to include the entire population, the two histograms are identical!
iu

ie

BASIC TECHNIQUES c. What fraction of the measurements are less than 5.1?
ken Data sets for all exercises marked with the data set d. What fraction of the measurements are larger
3 them icon are available for download from the companion than 3.6?
website, at [Link] . e. Compare the relative frequency histogram with the
asure- 1.17 Construct a stem and leaf plot for these 50 stem and leaf plot in Exercise 1.17. Are the shapes
EX0117 measurements: similar?
ir Data
et 1.19 Consider this set of data:
3.1 4.9 2.8 3.6 2.5 4.5 3.5 3.7 4.1 4.9
EX0119
2.9 2.1 3.5 4.0 3.7 2.7 4.0 4.4 3.7 4.2
izontal 3.8 6.2 2.5 2.9 2.8 5.1 1.8 5.6 2.2 3.4 4.5 3.2 3.5 3.9 3.5 3.9
2.5 3.6 5.1 4.8 1.6 3.6 6.1 4.7 3.9 3.9 4.3 4.8 3.6 3.3 4.3 4.2
4.3 5.7 3.7 4.6 4.0 5.6 4.9 4.2 3.1 3.9 3.9 3.7 4.3 4.4 3.4 4.2
4.4 4.0 3.6 3.5 3.9 4.0
a. Describe the shape of the data distribution. Do you
see any outliers? a. Construct a stem and leaf plot by using the leading
a set of digit as the stem.
ith other b. Use the stem and leaf plot to find the smallest
observation. b. Construct a stem and leaf plot by using each leading
umetric, digit twice. Does this technique improve the presen-
presents c. Find the eighth and ninth largest observations. tation of the data? Explain.
ights can 1.18 Refer to Exercise 1.17. Construct a relative
1.20 A discrete variable can take on only the values
frequency histogram for the data. 0, 1, or 2. A set of 20 measurements on this variable is
up of a. Approximately how many class intervals should shown here:
you use? 1 2 1 0 2
fall in a b. Suppose you decide to use classes starting at 1.6 2 1 1 0 0
with a class width of 0.5 (i.e., 1.6 to <2.1, 2.1 to 2 2 1 0
<2.6). Construct the relative frequency histogram 0 1 2 1
.5. What
s beyond for the data. a. Construct a relative frequency histogram for the data.
Lion who
NEL
32 0 CHAPTER 1 DESCRIBING DATA WITH GRAPHS

b. What proportion of the measurements are greater APPLICATIONS 38 4C

than 1? rata
set 1.25 A Recurring Illness The length of time 47 39
32 34
c. What proportion of the measurements are less EX0125 (in months) between the onset of a particular 55 39
than 2? illness and its recurrence was recorded for n = 50 42 50
d. If a measurement is selected at random from the patients:
20 measurements shown, what is the probability a. Com
2.1 4.4 2.7 32.3 9.9 9.0 2.0 6.6 3.9 1.6
that it is a 2? 14.7 9.6 16.7 7.4 8.2 3.3
b. Con:
19.2 6.9 4.3 1.2
e. Describe the shape of the distribution. Do you see 4.1 18.4 0.2 6.1 13.5 7.4 0.2 8.3 0.3 1.3
data.
any outliers? 14.1 1.0 2.4 2.4 18.0 8.7 24.0 1.4 8.2 5.8 30 ai
1.21 Refer to Exercise 1.20.
1.6 3.5 11.4 18.0 26.7 3.7 12.6 23.1 5.6 0.4 c. Com
a. Construct a relative frequency histogram for the signi
a. Draw a dotplot to describe the data. choc
data.
b. How could you define the stem and the leaf for this data'
b. Would you describe the shape as roughly
data set? d. Wha
symmetric, skewed right, or skewed left?
c. Draw the stem and leaf plot using your decision (2 ye
c. Give the fraction of recurrence times less than or
from part b. 45 nr
equal to 10 months.
d. Compare the dotplot, the stem and leaf plot, and the enro:
relative frequency histogram (Exercise 1.20). Do 1.26 Post-secondary Education Pays Off Big- e. If on
they all convey roughly the same information? Especially for Albertans Post-secondary education
of ch
is one of the best investments you can make, especially less 1
1.22 Navigating a Maze An experimental
if you're living in Alberta, according to a recent inter- first
psychologist measured the length of time it took for provincial comparison of graduate salaries conducted
a rat to successfully navigate a maze on each of five by Alberta Learning.' 1
days. The results are shown in the table. Create a line EX0128 r
The average Alberta university graduate with
chart to describe the data. Do you think that any learn- major L
a bachelor's degree can expect to earn more than
ing is taking place?
$46,000 a year-the second highest gross salary after
Day 1 2 3 4 5
Ontario. When taxes and cost of living are taken into Airline
Time (sec.) 45 43 46 32 25 consideration, the salary of a university bachelor's Air Canada
1.23 Measuring over Time The value of a graduate living in Alberta is the highest in Canada at Airtran Air
American N
EX0123 quantitative variable is measured once a year for just under $34,000, followed by Ontario at $32,000 American A
a 10-year period. Here are the data: and Saskatchewan at just under $31,000. Continental

Year Measurement Year Measurement

The average annual incomes for five different Delta
Northwest i
categories are shown in the table: Southwest
1 61.5 6 58.2
2 62.3 7 57.5 Educational Level Average Annual Income ($) United Airlir
57.5 U.S. Airway
3 60.7 8
High-school graduates 30,072
4 59.8 9 56.1
10 56.0
Certificate and diploma graduates 38,952 a. Cons
5 58.0
Bachelor degree graduates 46,565 numl
a. Create a line chart to describe the variable as it Masters degree and earned doctorate
b. Orde
changes over time. graduates 56,974
All labour force survey categories 35,440 numt
b. Describe the measurements using the chart descr
constructed in part a. a. What graphical methods could you use to describe c. Is the
1.24 Test Scores The test scores on a 100- the data?
migh
EX0124 point test were recorded for 20 students: b. Select the method from part a that you think best more
61 93 91 86 55 63 86 82 76 57 describes the data.
1
94 89 67 62 72 87 68 65 75 84 c. How would you summarize the -information that you EX0129 n
a. Use an appropriate graph to describe the data. see in the graph regarding educational levels and built in t
b. Describe the shape and location of the scores. salary?
informat
c. Is the shape of the distribution unusual? Can you 1.27 Preschool The ages (in months) at to servic
think of any reason the distribution of the scores EX0127 which 50 children were first enrolled in a pre-
service t
would have such a shape? school are listed below: was recc
NEL NEL
 1.5 RELATIVE FREQUENCY HISTOGRAMS O 33

38 40, 30 35 39 40 48 36 31 36 3.6 1.9 2.1 0.3 0.8 0.2 1.0 1.4 1.8 1.6
47 35 34 43 41 36 41 43 48 40 1.1 1.8 0.3 1.1 0.5 1.2 0.6 1.1 0.8 1.7
time 32 34 41 30 46 35 40 30 46 37 1.4 0.2 1.3 3.1 0.4 2.3 1.8 4.5 0.9 0.7
tar 55 39 33 32 32 45 42 41 36 50 0.6 2.8 2.5 1.1 0.4 1.2 0.4 1.3 0.8 1.3
42 50 37 39 33 45 38 46 36 31 1.1 1.2 0.8 1.0 0.9 0.7 3.1 1.7 1.1 2.2
1.6 1.9 5.2 0.5 1.8 0.3 1.1 0.6 0.7 0.6
a. Construct a stem and leaf display for the data. a. Construct a stem and leaf plot for the data.
1.6 b. Construct a relative frequency histogram for these
1.2 b. What fraction of the service times are less than or
data. Start the lower boundary of the first class at equal to 1 minute?
1.3
5.8 30 and use a class width of 5 months.
c. What is the smallest of the 60 measurements?
0.4 c. Compare the graphs in parts a and b. Are there any
significant differences that would cause you to 1.30 Service Times, continued Refer to
ie Exercise 1.29. Construct a relative frequency histogram
choose one as the better method for displaying the
data? for the supermarket service times.
d. What proportion of the children were 35 months a. Describe the shape of the distribution. Do you see
(2 years, 11 months) or older, but less than any outliers?
or 45 months (3 years, 9 months) of age when first b. Assuming that the outliers in this data set are valid
enrolled in preschool? observations, how would you explain them to the
g- e. If one child were selected at random from this group management of the supermarket chain?
ation of children, what is the probability that the child was c. Compare the relative frequency histogram with
less than 50 months old (4 years, 2 months) when the stem and leaf plot in Exercise 1.29. Do the two
inter- first enrolled in preschool? graphs convey the same information?
icted Data
1.28 Happy in the Air? The following table et 1.31 Calcium Content The calcium (Ca)
EX0128 reveals complaints against Air Canada and EX0131 content of a powdered mineral substance was
major U.S. airlines in a given year.' analyzed ten times with the following percent composi-
tions recorded:
after June Dec. Canada U.S. Grand Passengers
into Airline 2003 2003 Total Total Total (millions) 0.0271 0.0282 0.0279 0.0281 0.0268
0.0271 0.0281 0.0269 0.0275 0.0276
- 's Air Canada 310 176 486 36 522 20.1
Airtran Airways 0 0 0 97 97 11.7 a. Draw a dotplot to describe the data. (HINT: The
ia at
American West Airlines 0 0 0 168 168 20.1 scale of the horizontal axis should range from
)00 American Airlines 0 5 5 781 786 88.8
0.0260 to 0.0290.)
Continental Airlines 0 0 0 371 371 38.9
Delta 4 3 7 656 663 84.3 b. Draw a stem and leaf plot for the data. Use the numbers
Northwest Airlines 1 4 5 492 497 52.0 in the hundredths and thousandths places as the stem.
Southwest Airlines 0 0 0 106 106 74.8
United Airlines 6 2 8 548 556 66.2
c. Are any of the measurements inconsistent with the
come ($1 U.S. Airways 1 5 6 373 379 41.3 other measurements, indicating that the technician
may have made an error in the analysis?
a. Construct a pie chart to describe the grand total Data
number of complaints by airline. 1.32 Canadian Prime Ministers by
EX0132 Age This is a list of prime ministers of Canada
b. Order the airlines from the smallest to the largest
since Confederation in 1867, arranged in descending
number of complaints. Construct a Pareto chart to
order of their age upon first taking office. 5
describe the data. Which display is more effective?
cribe C. Is there another variable that you could measure that
Prime Minister Age Prime Minister Age

might help to explain why some airlines have many C. Tupper 74 W. Laurier 54
)est more complaints than others? Explain. J. Abbott 70 J. A. Macdonald 52
M. Bowel) 69 A. Mackenzie 51
Data
set 1.29 How Long Is the Line? To decide on the L. St.-Laurent 66 P. Trudeau 48
hat you EX0129 number of service counters needed for stores to be L. B. Pearson 66 J. S. Thompson 47
and built in the future, a supermarket chain wanted to obtain P. Martin 65 W. L. M. King 47
J. Diefenbaker 61 S. Harper 46
information on the length of time (in minutes) required
R. Bennett 60 K. Campbell 46
It to service customers. To find the distribution of customer J. ChrAtien 59 A. Meighen 46
pre- service times, a sample of 1000 customers' service times R. Borden 57 B. Mulroney 45
Was recorded. Sixty of these are shown here: J. Turner 55 J. Clark 39
34 D CHAPTER 1 DESCRIBING DATA WITH GRAPHS

a. Before you graph the data, try to visualize the dis- b. If you were to randomly choose one of the a. Wh;
tribution of the ages for the prime ministers. What 20 names, what is the chance that you would choose disc
shape do you think it will have? a player whose average was above 2.4 for his b. Con
b. Construct a stem and leaf plot for the data. Describe championship year? of tl
the shape. Does it surprise you? 1.35 Top 20 Movies The table that follows mea
c. The five youngest prime ministers at the time of EX0130 shows the weekend gross ticket sales for the top c. Can
first taking oath appear in the lower "tail" of the dis- 20 movies for the weekend of June 25, 2010:' wou
tribution. Identify the five youngest prime ministers Movie Weekend Gross ($ millions) Whi
at the time of first taking oath. What common trait 1. Toy Story3 59.3
expl
explains these measurements? 2. Grown Ups 40.5
1.33 RBC Counts The red blood cell count 3. Knight and Day 20.1 Data
EX0133 of a healthy person was measured on each of 4. The Karate Kid 15.5
EX0137
5. The A-Team 6.2
15 days. The number recorded is measured in 10 6 cells 6. Get Him to the Greek 3.1 mation,
per microlitre (FL). 7. Shrek Forever After 3.1 membe
8. Prince of Persia 2.8 (in mill
5.4 5.2 5.0 5.2 5.5 9. Killers 1.9
5.3 5.4 5.2 5.1 5.3
[Link] Hex 1.6
5.3 4.9 5.4 5.2 5.2 [Link] Man 2 1.4
a. Use an appropriate graph to describe the data. [Link] and the City 2 1.2
[Link] 1.0
b. Describe the shape and location of the red blood cell [Link] Hood 0.6
counts. [Link] Man 0.5
c. If the person's red blood cell count is measured [Link] to Train Your Dragon 0.5
today as 5.7 x 106 cells/µL, would you consider this 17. Winter's Bone 0.4
unusual? What conclusions might you draw? [Link] to Juliet 0.4
[Link] Rivers: A Piece of Work 0.4
0
EX0134
1.34 NHL Goals Against Average Leaders
Average determined by games played through
20. Cyrus
Source: [Link]/[Link]
0.3

1942-43 season and by minutes played since then. A a. Draw a stem and leaf plot for the data. Describe the
sample of goals against average leaders is listed in the shape of the distribution. Are there any outliers?
table.' b. Construct a dotplot for the data. Which of the two
Year Name Goals Against Average graphs is more informative? Explain.
1968 Gump Worsley 1.98 0 1.36 Contaminated Waste Sites (in 2002)
1967
1974
Glenn Hall
Bernie Parent
2.38
1.89
2.53
EX0136 peggy's Cove Lighthouse is among 1200 con-

taminated federal sites. Environmentalists are upset Ell

1990 Mike Liut
1961 Johnny Bower 2.50 following the publication of a national inventory of Key
1970 Ernie Wakely 2.11 contaminated sites on federal land. There are more than
1918 Georges Vezina 3.82 1200 sites with contamination ranging from oil spills to I. He
1940 Dave Kerr. 1.60 toxic mining waste. The table lists the number of sites. 8 1.
1937 Norm Smith 2.13
Province/Territory Number of Sites 2.
2000 Brian Boucher 1.91
1943 John Mowers 2.47 Newfoundland and Labrador 55 3.
1956 Jacques Plante 1.86 Prince Edward Island 17
1941 Turk Broda 2.06 Nova Scotia 78
1952 Terry Sawchuk 1.90 New Brunswick 34
1926 Alex Connell 1.17 Quebec 300
1997 Martin Brodeur 1.88 Ontario 205
1977 Bunny Larocque 2.09 Manitoba 78
1980 Bob Sauve 2.36 Saskatchewan 44
1994 Dominik Hasek 1.95 Alberta 57
1944 Bill Durnan 2.18 British Columbia 235
Northwest Territories 56
a. Construct a relative frequency histogram to Yukon Territory 21
describe the Goals Against Average for these Nunavut 44
20 champions. Source: [Link]
NEL NEL
 CHAPTER REVIEW 35

a. What variable is being measured? Is the variable Members Members

discrete or continuous? Religion (millions) Religion (millions)
choose
b. Construct a stem and leaf plot. Describe the shape Buddhism 376 Judaism 14
of the data distribution. Identify the unusually large Christianity 2100 Sikhism 23
Hinduism 900 Chinese traditional 394
(lows measurements. Islam 1500 Other 61
the top c. Can you think of any reason that some provinces Primal indigenous and
would have a large number of contaminated sites? African traditional 400

illions) What other variable might you measure to help a. Construct a pie chart to describe the total member-
explain why the data behave as they do? ship in the world's organized religions.
b. Construct a bar chart to describe the total member-
Data
set 1.37 Organized Religion Statistics of the ship in the world's organized religions.
EX0137 world's religions are only very rough approxi- c. Order the religious groups from the smallest to the
mations, since many religions do not keep track of their largest number of members. Construct a Pareto chart
membership numbers. An estimate of these numbers to describe the data. Which of the three displays is
(in millions) is shown in the table.' most effective?

As you continue to work through the exercises in this chapter, you will become more
experienced in recognizing different types of data and in determining the most appropriate
graphical method to use. Remember that the type of graphic you use is not as important as
the interpretation that accompanies the picture. Look for these important characteristics:
• Location of the centre of the data
• Shape of the distribution of data
• Unusual observations in the data set
ibe the Using these characteristics as a guide, you can interpret and compare sets of data using
ers? graphical methods, which are only the first of many statistical tools that you will soon
have at your disposal.
e two

2002)
) con- CHAPTER REVIEW
pset
y of Key Concepts a. Pie charts
ore than b. Bar charts
spills to I. How Data Are Generated
)f sites.' 1. Experiniental units, variables, measurements 2. Quantitative data
2. Samples and populations a. Pie and bar charts
3. Univariate, bivariate, and multivariate data b. Line charts
c. Dotplots
II. Types of Variables
d. Stem and leaf plots
1. Qualitative or categorical e. Relative frequency histograms
2. Quantitative 3. Describing data distributions
a. Discrete a. Shapes—symmetric, skewed left, skewed
b. Continuous right, unimodal, bimodal
III. Graphs for Univariate Data
b. Proportion of measurements in certain
Distributions
intervals
1. Qualitative or categorical data c. Outliers
NEL NEL
 SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISES 0 45

FIGURE 1.27
• Frs.

Histogram of Stocks

15/40

1 10/40
fc

5/40

4.5 65 8.5 10.5 12.5

Stocks

:. The
:ssion Supplementary Exercises
n
1.38 Quantitative or Qualitative? Identify each c. Number of typing errors on a page of manuscript
sion
variable as quantitative or qualitative: d. Number of defective lightbulbs in a package con-
a. Ethnic origin of a candidate for public office taining four bulbs
1 vari- b. Score (0-100) on a placement examination e. Time required to finish an examination
ked c. Fast-food establishment preferred by a student
nes) 1.41 Continuous or Discrete, again Identify each
(McDonald's, Burger King, or Subway)
y-axis variable as continuous or discrete:
d. Mercury concentration in a sample of tuna
he a. Weight of two dozen shrimp
1.39 Symmetric or Skewed? Do you expect
the b. A person's body temperature
40
the distributions of the following variables to be
symmetric or skewed? Explain. c. Number of people waiting for treatment at a hospital
is and
a. Size in dollars of nonsecured loans emergency room
Fre-
ve b. Size in dollars of secured loans d. Number of properties for sale by a real estate
agency
c. Price of a 250-gram can of peas
ars e. Number of claims received by an insurance com-
d. Height in centimetres of first-year women at your pany during one day
university
it e. Number of broken taco shells in a package of 1.42 Continuous or Discrete, again Identify each
im.
100 shells variable as continuous or discrete:
f. Number of ticks found on each of 50 trapped a. Number of people in line at a supermarket checkout
ie cottontail rabbits counter
1.40 Continuous or Discrete? Identify each b. Depth of a snowfall
variable as continuous or discrete: c. Length of time for a driver to respond when faced
options a. Number of homicides in Vancouver during a one- with an impending collision
Die at a month period
y ways. d. Number of aircraft arriving at the Pierre Elliot
of OTC b. Length of time between arrivals at an outpatient Trudeau International airport in Montreal in a
clinic given hour

NEL
NEL
46 -) CHAPTER 1 DESCRIBING DATA WITH GRAPHS

1.43 Aqua Running Aqua running has been a. What graphical techniques did JUMP use? 7th (189
8th (1891
EX0143 suggested as a method of cardiovascular con- b. Do you think that a comparison of EQAO scores 9th (1901
ditioning for injured athletes and others who want a pre- and post-JUMP is the best way to measure the 10th (191
low-impact aerobics program. A study reported in program effectiveness on a given student? Why or 11th (191
the Journal of Sports Medicine investigated the rela- why not? 12th (19
tionship between exercise cadence and heart rate by 13th (19
1.45 Ages of Pennies We collected 50 14th (19
measuring the heart rates of 20 healthy volunteers at a
pennies and recorded their ages, by calculating
EX0145 15th (19
cadence of 48 cycles per minute (a cycle consisted of
AGE = CURRENT YEAR — YEAR ON PENNY. 16th (19
two steps).'° The data are listed here: 17th (19
109 79 80 96 95 90 92 96 98 5 1 9 1 2 20 0 25 0 17 18th (19
87
101 91 78 112 94 98 94 107 81 96 1 4 4 3 0 25 3 3 8 28 19th (19
5 21 19 9 0 5 0 2 1 0 20th (19
Construct a stem and leaf plot to describe the data. 0 1 19 0 2 0 20 16 22 10
Discuss the characteristics of the data distribution. 19 36 23 0 1 17 6 0 5 0 Source: El
Elections?
1.44 JUMP and EQAQ Scores Mathematician a. Before drawing any graphs, try to visualize what the Parlemen
permissio
and award-winning playwright John Mighton started distribution of penny ages will look like. Will it be
Junior Undiscovered Math Prodigies (JUMP) in 1998. mound-shaped, symmetric, skewed right, or skewed
Education Quality and Accountability Office (EQAO) left? EX0148
tests are designed to assess a student's ability in reading, nickn
b. Draw a relative frequency histogram to describe the
writing, and mathematics for Grades 3 and 6 in Ontario. averai
distribution of penny ages. How would you describe
The following two graphs reported in Professionally cities
the shape of the distribution?
Speaking" display EQAO scores for Grades 3 and 6
Dsata 1.46 Ages of Pennies, continued The data City
before and after JUMP training at six schools in Ontario.
EX0146 below represent the ages of a different set of Prince At
Port Albt
00 50 pennies, again calculated using Chilliwat
80
AGE = CURRENT YEAR — YEAR ON PENNY. Abbotsfc
Campbel
41 9 0 4 3 0 3 8 21 3 Halifax
2 10 4 0 14 0 25 12 24 19 Sydney
3 1 14 7 2 4 4 5 1 20 St. John
14 9 3 5 3 0 8 17 16 Vancouv
0 7 3 5 23 7 28 17 9 2 Saint Jo
• Courteni
Jesse
Ketchum
Mill Valley Nelson Palmerston Queeen
Mandela Vic ofie
Regent
Park
a. Draw a relative frequency histogram to describe Nanairrx
2002-03 2002-03 2002-03 2002-03 2002-03 2002-03 Duncan
to to to to to to the distribution of penny ages. Is the shape similar
2003-04 2004-05 2004-05 2004-05 2004-05 2004-05 Truro
to the shape of the relative frequency histogram in Kentvillr
Before JUMP El After JUMP
Exercise 1.45? Quebec
Saint-Je
Grade 3 EQAO Score, Before and After JUMP b. Draw a stem and leaf plot to describe the penny Riche)
Source: [Link] 2007/[Link], Written by Elke Town, ages. Are there any unusually large or small Frederic
Professionally Speaking by Ontario College of Teachers. Reproduced with permission Charlott
measurements in the set?
Drummc
100 1.47 Canadian Federal Election The Sherbro
Monctoi
80
EX0147 data below shows the seats won by the
Conservatives in every election in Canadian history
up to 2006. 12 Use an appropriate graph to describe the Corner E
Victoria
40 number of seats won by Conservatives. Write a sum-
Woodst
mary paragraph describing this set of data. Edmund
Stratfor
General General Shawini
Carleton Lord Nelson Palmerston Queeen Spruce
Vil age Duffed], Mandela Vic oria Court Election (Date) Seats Election (Date) Seats London
2002-03 2002-03 2002-03 2002-03 2002-03 2002-03
to to to to to
1st (1867.09.20) 101 21st (1949.06.27) 41 Summei
2004-05 2004-05 2004-05 2004-05 2004-05 2004-05
Windso
2nd (1872.10.12) 103 22nd (1953.08.10) 51
Before JUMP After JUMP Cornwa
3rd (1874.01.22) 73 23rd (1957.06.10) 112 Kingsto
4th (1878.09.17) 137 24th (1958.03.31) • 208
Grade 6 EQAO Score, Before and After JUMP Brockvil
5th (1882.06.20) 139 25th (1962.06.18) 116 Joliette
Source: [Link] . Written by Elke Town,
Professionally Speaking by Ontario College of Teachers. Reproduced with permission 6th (1887.02.22) 123 26th (1963.04.08) 95
NEL
NEL
 SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISES 0 47

7th (1891.03.05) 123 27th (1965.11.08) 97 Brantford 38 779.60 Calgary 85 320.60

North Bay 39 774.61 Grande Prairie 86 317.65
8th (1896.06.23) 88 28th (1968.06.25) 72
Sorel-Tracy 40 773.59 Fort St. John 87 312.59
9th (1900.11.07) 81 29th (1972.10.30) 107 Gander 41 Regina 88 304.35
771.62
the 10th (1904.11.03) 75 30th (1974.07.08) 95 Guelph 42 771.41 Kelowna 89 298.00
or 11th (1908.10.26) 85 31st (1979.05.22) 136 Kitchener- 43 765.02 Williams Lake 90 295.69
12th (1911.09.21) 133, 32nd (1980.02.18) 103 Waterloo Penticton 91 279.58
13th (1917.12.17) 153 33rd (1984.09.04) 211 Hamilton 44 764.80 Lethbridge 92 271.09
14th (1921.12.06) 50 34th (1988.11.21) 169 Montreal 45 760.04 Cranbrook 93 270.72
ating 35th (1993.10.25) 2 Oshawa 46 759.52 Moose Jaw 94 270.08
15th (1925.10.29) 116
Sept-Iles 47 757.44 Saskatoon 95 265.2t
Y. 16th (1926.09.14) 91 36th (1997.06.02) 20
Owen Sound 48 752.81 Swift Current 96 260.78
17th (1930.07.28) 137 37th (2000.11.27) 12 St. Catharines- 49 745.72 Medicine Hat 97 249.60
17 18th (1935.10.14) 39 38th (2004.06.28) 99 Niagara Kamloops 98 217.87
28 19th (1940.03.26) 39 39th (2006.01.23) 124 Midland 50 745.20 Yellowknife 99 164.52
0 20th (1945.06.11) 67 Whitehorse 100 163.13
10
Source: Electoral Results by Party [Link] Source: Rainy Cities: Rank and Annual Rainfall (mm) [Link]
0
ElectionsAndRidings/[Link] of Parliament / Bibliotheque du winners/[Link]?lang=e. Environment Canada. Reproduced with the permission of
Parlement, "Electoral Results by Party. Parliament of Canada. Reproduced with the the Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada, 2012.
la the permission of the Minister of Public Works and Government Services, 2012
it be a. Construct a relative frequency histogram for the
sewed 1.48 Wettest Cities Are some cities wetter data. (HINT: Choose the class boundaries without
EX0148 than others? Does Vancouver deserve to be including the value x = 2468.53 in the range of
nicknamed "The Wettest City"? These data are the values.)
be the
average rainfall in millimetres (mm) for 100 selected
;scribe b. The value x = 2468.53 was recorded at Prince
cities in the Canada: 13
Rupert, BC. Does the geography of that city explain
Annual Annual
data City Rank Rainfall (mm) City Rank Rainfall (mm)
the observation?
of Prince Rupert 1 2468.53 Bathurst 51 744.38 c. The average rain fall in Vancouver is recorded as
Port Alberni 2 1797.94 Belleville 52 735.92
Chilliwack 3 1679.98 Sarnia 53 732.62
1154.66 mm. Do you consider this unusually rainy?
Y. Abbotsford 4 1507.46 Ottawa- 54 731.96
Campbell River 5 1344.07 Gatineau 1.49 Queen's Plate Finish Times History
3 Halifax 6 1254.33 Campbellton 55 708.21 EX0149 was made at Woodbine (Toronto) as
19 Sydney 7 1212.86 Barrie 56 696.79
Dancethruthedawn captured the 142nd edition of the
20 St. John's 8 1190.96 Riviere-du-Loup 57 685.50
0 Vancouver 9 1154.66 Toronto 58 684.62 Queen's Plate Stakes. The royalty bred daughter of
2 Saint John 10 1147.94 Baie-Comeau 59 684.09 1991 champion Dance Smartly emulated her dam's
Courtenay 11 1100.26 Peterborough 60 682.03
feat by winning both the Woodbine Oaks and the
be Nanaimo 12 1077.93 Chicoutimi- 61 661.38
Duncan 13 993.08 Jonquiere Queen's Plate. The following data set shows winning
ailar Truro 14 991.38 Sudbury 62 656.46 times (in seconds) for the Queen's plate finish races
m in Kentville 15 948.01 Rimouski 63 642.00
Quebec 16 923.80 Val-d'Or 64 635.15
from 1957 to 2006) 4
Saint-Jean-sur- 17 892.37 Sault Ste. 65 634.28 Time Time Time
ty Richelieu Marie Year (seconds) Year (seconds) Year (seconds)
Fredericton 18 885.51 Pembroke 66 615.92
Charlottetown 19 880.38 Alma 67 591.20 1957 122.6 1974 129.2 1991 123.4
Drummondville 20 875.71 Rouyn-Noranda 68 574.92 1958 124.2 1975 122.6 1992 124.6
Sherbrooke 21 873.93 Thunder Bay 69 559.02 1959 124.8 1976 125.0 1993 124.2
Moncton 22 865.38 Timmins 70 558.09
1960 122.0 1977 126.6 1994 123.4
Trois-Rivieres 23 858.54 Kenora 71 514.36
Dry 1961 125.0 1978 122.0 1995 123.8
Saint-Hyacinthe 24 855.97 Prince George 72 418.89
)e the Corner Brook 25 848.90 Winnipeg 73 415.59 1962 124.6 1979 126.6 1996 123.8
Victoria 26 841.36 Portage la 74 397.41 1963 124.0 1980 124.2 1997 124.2
;um- Woodstock 27 836.58 Prairie 1964 122.2 1981 124.8 1998 122.2
Edmundston 28 834.31 Red Deer 75 381.37 1965 123.8 1982 124.6 1999 123.13
Stratford 29 820.29 Brandon 76 373.13 1966 123.6 1983 124.2 2000 125.53
Shawinigan 30 819.43 Edmonton 77 365.65 1967 123.0 1984 123.8 2001 123.78
is London 31 817.87 Vernon 78 356.49
1968 125.4 1985 124.6 2002 126.88
Summerside 32 805.99 Thompson 79 348.17
346.41
1969 124.2 1986 127.2 2003 122.48
Windsor 33 805.19 Yorkton 80
Cornwall 34 794.79 Fort McMurray 81 342.18 1970 124.8 1987 123.6 2004 124.72
Kingston 35 794.60 Estevan 82 333.06 1971 123.0 1988 126.2 2005 127.37
3 Brockville 36 784.51 Prince Albert 83 323.67 1972 123.2 1989 123.0 2006 125.30
3 Joliette 37 762.25 Cold Lake 84 322.43 1973 128.0 1990 121.8
3
NEL
NEL
48 0 CHAPTER 1 DESCRIBING DATA WITH GRAPHS

a. Do you think there will be a trend in the winning b. Draw a relative frequency histogram to describe Data
,e
times over the years? Draw a line chart to verify the distribution of seats for Conservatives in all
EX015!
your answer. provinces/territories.
26 SE
b. Describe the distribution of winning times using c. Did the histogram in part b confirm your guess in diffe
an appropriate graph. Comment on the shape of the part a? Are there any outliers? How can you explain samf
distribution and look for any unusual observations. them? comi
Data 1.50 Internet Access from Home As 1.52 Election Results, continued Refer to each
EX0150 Canadians become more knowledgeable about EX0152 Exercise 1.51. Repeat a—c for the seat distribu-
Llane
computer hardware and software, and as prices drop tion in the House of Commons for the Liberal Party
14.4
and installation becomes easier, home networking of of Canada. 13.8
PCs is rising. The table gives the number of users per 1.53 Election Results, continued Refer to 14.6
100 members of the population.' 5 Exercises 1.51 and 1.52. Construct side-by-side stem 11.5
Year DSL Cable Modem and leaf plots for the number of seats ih the House of 13.8
10.9
2006 10.8 11.5 Commons for the Conservatives and the Liberals.
10.1
2005 9.4 9.7 a. Describe the shapes of the two distributions. Are
2004 7.9 8.7 Source.
2003 . 6.3 8.0
there any outliers? by Ator
2002 4.7 6.6 b. Do the stem and leaf plots resemble the relative
2001 3.0 5.2 frequency histograms constructed in Exercises 1.51 a. C
2000 1.3 3.1 and 1.52? tr.
a. What graphical methods could you use to describe
c. Explain why the distribution of the seats in the
the data? b. V
House of Commons is skewed for both parties.
b. What trends do you expect to see in the future? Y'
1.54 Diamonds Are Forever! Much of the world's
1.51 Election Results The 2006 election was diamond industry is located in Africa, with Russia c. E
EX0151 somewhat an interesting race, in which the and Canada also showing large revenues from their
Conservative Party of Canada secured the largest diamond mining industries. A visual representation of St
number of House of Commons seats with respect to the various shares of the world's diamond revenues,
others. The table below lists the distribution of House adapted from Time Magazine," is shown below: .t.

of Commons seats following the 39th general election EX015

in Canada 2006. 16 Ass(
Conservative Liberal New 200(
All Party of Party of Bloc Democratic Inde-
Seats Canada Canada Quebecois Party pendent
Can
51 29 1
SUF
Canada 308 124 103
Newfoundland & 7 3 4 0 0 0 rebu
Labrador troo
PEI 4 0 4 0 0 0
Nova Scotia 11 3 6 0 2 0
you
New Brunswick 10 3 6 0 1 0 som
Quebec 75 10 13 51 0 1 cont
Ontario 106 40 54 0 12 0
Manitoba 14 8 3 0 3 0 a.
Saskatchewan 14 12 2 0 0 0 a
Alberta 28 28 0 0 0 0
British Columbia 36 17 9 0 10 0
Source: Kimberley Process b. S
Yukon 1 0 1 0 0 0 a. Draw a pie chart to describe the various shares of p
Northwest 1 0 0 0 1
Territories
the world's diamond revenues. c.
Nunavut 1 0 1 0 0 0 b. Draw a bar chart to describe the various shares of t]
Source: Electoral Results by Party [Link] the world's diamond revenues. V
ElectionsAndRidings/[Link] of Parliament / Bibliotheque du
Parlement. Parliament of Canada. Reproduced with the permission of the Minister of c. Draw a Pareto chart to describe the various shares d. 1
Public Works and Government Services, 2012
of the world's diamond revenues.
a. By just looking at the table for Conservatives, what d. Which of the charts is the most effective in describ- tl
shape do you think the data distribution for seats by ing the data? 1
province/territory will have?
NEL NEL
 SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISES 0 49

1.55 An Archeological Find An article in

EX0155 Archaeometry involved an analysis of 100

90
26 samples of Romano-British pottery, found at four so
in different kiln sites in the United Kingdom.' 8 The 70
plain samples were analyzed to determine their chemical 60

composition, and the percentage of aluminum oxide in 50

er to each of the 26 samples is shown in the following table. ao

30
ribu- Llanederyn Caldicot Island Thorns Ashley Rails 20

-rtY 14.4 11.6 11.8 18.3 17.7

10

13.8 11.1 11.6 15.8 18.3 0-05 0-05 19-05 0.05 1-06 F-06 M-06 A-06 M-06 1-06 0-06 A-06 S-06 0-06

14.6 13.4 18.0 16.7 --GP.. Support -0- Oppose

,tern 11.5 12.4 18.0 14.8

13.8 13.1 20.8 19.1 Oppose (%) Support (%)
;e of Date
10.9 12.7
September, 2005 22 76
10.1 12.5
February, 2006 28 70
.re
Source: A. Tubb, A. J. Parker, and G. Nickless, "The Analysis of Romano-British Pottery April, 2006 37 62
by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry," Archaeometry 22119801:153 January, 2006 33 65
e April, 2006 40 57
1.51 a. Construct a relative frequency histogram to describe October, 2006 39 58
the aluminum oxide content in the 26 pottery
1.57 Pulse Rates A group of 50 biomedical
samples.
EX0157students recorded their pulse rates by counting
b. What unusual feature do you see in this graph? Can the number of beats for 30 seconds and multiplying
you think of an explanation for this feature? by 2.
Drld' s
a c. Draw a dotplot for the data, using a letter (L, C,
80 70 88 70 84 66 84 82 66 42
sir I, or A) to locate the data point on the horizontal
52 72 90 70 96 84 96 86 62 78
Dn of scale. Does this help explain the unusual feature in 60 82 88 54 66 66 80 88 56 104
;es, part b? 84 84 60 84 88 58 72 84 68 74
Data 1.56 Afghanistan Support Stabilizes The 84 72 62 90 72 84 72 110 100 58
set

EX0156 following table is based on the EKOS Research

a. Why are all of the measurements even numbers?
Associates survey from September 2005 to October
2006, which asked the question: "Right now, the b. Draw a stem and leaf plot to describe the
Canadian Forces are involved in a broader peace- data,splitting each stem into two lines.
SUPPORT operation in Afghanistan, helping to c. Construct a relative frequency histogram for the
rebuild the country and maintain security with our data.
troops fighting on the frontline if necessary. Would d. Write a short paragraph describing the distribution
you say you strongly support, somewhat support, of the student pulse rates.
somewhat oppose or strongly oppose these Data 1.58 Getting Up to Speed Small businesses
set
contributions?" EX0158 continue to rely on the telephone as their pri-
a. Draw a line chart to describe the percentages that mary communication tool, using the Internet primarily
are opposed. Use time as the horizontal axis. as an information source. A research survey conducted
b. Superimpose another line chart on the one drawn in by CovadISprintlEquation Research indicates that
of part a to describe the percentage that is in support. most small businesses are only beginning to adopt
c. Use your line chart to summarize the changes during broadband Internet access. 2°
of the given period. Is the support stabilizing? Why or Small Business Internet Access Methods
why not?
Dial-up/modem 31.7%
ires d. The following line chart was presented on the DSL/ADSL broadband 30.3%
website of EKOS. How does it differ from the graph Cable broadband 26.1%
;crib- that you drew? What characteristics of the EKOS T1 or higher 9.8%
line chart might cause distortion when the graph is Other 2.1%
interpreted, if any? Source: [Link]

NEL NEL
50 D CHAPTER 1 DESCRIBING DATA WITH GRAPHS

a. Do the percentages add up to 100%? a. Comment on the accuracy of the graph shown
b. Use a pie chart to describe the Internet access above. Do the sizes, scale starts, and heights of the EX0162
methods used by small businesses. four bars accurately represent the price of a 6-pack Faithf
of energy water? one 0:
Data
et 1.59 Cost of Living in Canada — descri
b. Draw the bar graph to describe the price.
EX0159 International Comparison On the Mercer
any u:
Cost of Living Survey for 2004, which surveys Data
se 1.61 Sky Scan Between January and June think
144 cities based on over 200 items in each location, EXO161 2001, Sky Scan, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Canadian cities were close to the bottom of the list. conducted a number of test observations to try out our 56
With New York being the benchmark, with an index meteor observing techniques. The following table 69
score of 100 Toronto was 71.8, Vancouver 69.6, and shows the count of meteors detected between the hours 55
Ottawa 62.6. Of the 144 cities Toronto was 89th on the 59
of midnight and 6 a.m. each day during this period. 23
76
list, Vancouver was 96th, and Ottawa was 124th. 21 For On two of the sample days the computer crashed and 79
further information on the Mercer Cost of Living no data was recorded. 75
Survey, visit: [Link] . 65
12 to 1:30 to 3:00 to 4:30 to
68
Rank Cities Index Rank Cities Index 1:30 3:00 4:30 6:00 Total
93
1 Tokyo, Japan 130.7 28 Berlin, Germany 85.7 May 27, 2001 7 5 7 8 27
2 London, United Kingdom 119.0 39 Luxembourg 84.3 May 28, 2001 6 8 7 9 30
3 Moscow, Russia 117.4 43 Munich, Germany 84.0 May 29, 2001 5 5 5 7 22
4 Osaka, Japan 116.1 49 Prague, Czech Republic 83.3 May 30, 2001 8 18 8 7 41 EX0163
5 Hong Kong 109.5 80 Auckland, New Zealand 74.2 May 31, 2001 9 11 5 12 37 cents
9 Zurich, Switzerland 101.6 84 Mexico, Mexico 73.3
11 Beijing, PRC 101.1 89 Toronto, Canada 71.8
June 1, 2001 8 8 6 12 34 montl
June 2, 2001 7 7 5 8 27
New York 100.0 96 Vancouver, Canada 69.6 City
94.8 66.4
June 3, 2001 10 7 2 5 24
17 Paris, France 113 Montreal, Canada
20 Sydney, Australia 91.8 116 New Delhi, India 64.7 June 4, 2001 6 7 6 8 27 St. Johi
21 Rome, Italy 90.5 124 Ottawa 62.6 June 5, 2001 7 4 1 9 21 Chariot
26 Amsterdam, Holland 88.1 138 Manila, Philippines 48.8 June 6, 2001 6 5 4 10 25 Halifax
27 Los Angeles, U.S. 86.6 144 Asuncion, Paraguay 42.7 June 7, 2001 3 5 9 6 23 Frederic
June 8, 2001 0 0 0 0 0
Quebec
a. Construct a relative frequency histogram to describe June 9, 2001 10 6 6 8 30
Montre
the index for the cities shown in the table. Do you June 10, 2001 2 10 10 8 30
June 11,2001 16 13 9 10 48 Torontc
see any unusual features in the histogram?
June 12, 2001 9 6 7 12 34 Winnip,
b. Construct a stem and leaf plot for the data. June 13, 2001 0 0 0 0 0 Regina
c. How do you think the cities were selected for inclu- June 14, 2001 8 9 8 13 38 Calgary
sion in this table? Kelown
The histograms below show the distribution of meteors Vancou
1.60 Picture Never Lies? Want to buy a 6-pack of detected per time period. Victoria
energy water in Alberta? Watch the price. Below you will Whiteh
see a visual representation of a 6-pack of energy water in YeHowl
Alberta and British Columbia.22 2 4 6 10 .12 14 16
Time period (12-130) Time period (4.30-6) a. Co
b. He
6
$11.00
dis
t.■ 5
$10.50 :
E. 4 c. Ar
tax
$10.00
2

$9.50
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
EX0164
$9.00 mega'
larges
$8.50 © [Link]. Used with permission
BC Price Alberta Alberta Alberta
Lowest
18,200
Median Highest
Write a summary paragraph describing and comparing 12,600
the distribution of meteors detected for the time periods. 10,000

NEL NEL
 SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISES 0 51

fled 1.62 Old Faithful The following data are the 8,370 3,840 2,700
he 6,400 3,444 2,541
EX0162 waiting times between eruptions of the Old
6,300 3,300 2,512
ck Faithful geyser in Yellowstone National Park." Use 6,000 3,100
one of the graphical methods from this chapter to
Source: The World Almanac and Book of Facts, 2011
describe the distribution of waiting times. If there are
any unusual features in your graph, see if you can a. Construct a stem and leaf plot for the data.
think of any practical explanation for them. b. How would you describe the shape of this
distribution?
our 56 89 51 79 58 82 52 88 52 78
69 75 77 53 80 54 79 74 65 78
1.65 Car Colours The most popular colours
Ours 55 87 53 85 61 93 54 76 80 81
for compact and sports cars in a recent year are
EX0165
23 59 86 78 71 77 89 45 93 72 71
76 94 75 50 83 82 72 77 75 65 given in the table.27
id 79 72 78 77 79 72 82 74 80 49
Colour Percentage Colour Percentage
75 78 64 80 49 49 88 51 78 85
Silver 24.6 Medium Red 5.5
65 75 77 69 92 91 53 86 49 79
Black 14.3 Light Brown 4.3
to I 68 87 61 81 55 93 53 84 70 73
12.9 Gold 4.1
Medium/Dark Blue
93 50 87 77 74 89 87 76 59 80
White 8.8 Dark Red 2.6
Bright Red 6.9 Other 9.3
Data
et 1.63 Gasoline Tax The table below provides Medium/Dark Gray 6.7
EX0163 a breakdown of tax components of gasoline in Source:The World Almanac and Book of Facts, 2004
cents for different cities across Canada for the first six
months of 2006. 25 Use an appropriate graphical display to describe these
data.
City Province/Territory Total Tax Component
St. John's N 39.9 Data
set 1.66 Tim Hortons The number of Tim
Charlottetown PEI 36.8 EX0166 Hortons shops within 5 kilometres of city centre
Halifax NS 38.4 (downtown) in cities of southwestern Ontario is shown
Fredericton NB 37.4 in the following table. 28
Quebec QC 38.0
City Number City Number
Montreal QC 39.3
Toronto ON 30.1 Brampton 22 Mississauga 21
Winnipeg MB 26.9 Burlington 16 Niagara Falls 10
Regina SK 30.7 Cambridge 12 Oakville 20
AB 24.2 Guelph 19 St. Catherines 19
Calgary
Hamilton 40 Stratford 4
Kelowna BC 30.4
Kitchener 40 Toronto 65
aors Vancouver BC 36.3
London 39 Waterloo 34
Victoria BC 33.0 Windsor 23
Markham 20
Whitehorse YK 22.4 Milton 6 Woodstock 7
Yellowknife NWT 26.8
a. Draw a dotplot to describe the data.
a. Construct a stem and leaf display for the data. b. Describe the shape of the distribution.
b. How would you describe the shape of this c. Is there another variable that you could measure
distribution? that might help to explain why some cities have
c. Are there cities with unusually high or low gasoline more Tim Hortons than others? Explain.
taxes? If so, which cities are they?
1.67 What's Normal? The 37° Celsius stan-
1.64 Hydroelectric Plants The following EX0167 dard for human body temperature was derived
Exo164 data represent the planned rated capacities in by a German doctor in 1868. In an attempt to verify
megawatts (millions of watts) for the world's 20 his claim, Mackowiak, Wasserman, and Levine' took
largest hydroelectric plants. 26 temperatures from 148 healthy people over a three-day
18,200 4,500 3,000
period. A data set closely matching the one in
lg 12,600 4,200 2,940 Mackowiak's article was derived by Allen Shoemaker,
Dds. 10,000 4,200 2,715 and appears in the Journal of Statistics Education."
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52 CHAPTER 1 DESCRIBING DATA WITH GRAPHS

The body temperatures for these 130 individuals are PRO

shown below:
a. Describe the shape of the distribution of
temperatures.
b. Are there any unusual observations? Can you think
of any explanation for these?
c. Locate the 37°C standard on the horizontal axis of
the graph. Does it appear to be near the centre of the
distribution?

CASE STUDY 0 How Is Your Blood Pressure?

Blood pressure is the pressure that the blood exerts against the walls of the arteries.
Data Blood When physicians or nurses measure your blood pressure, they take two readings. The
set Pressure systolic blood pressure is the pressure when the heart is contracting and therefore
pumping. The diastolic blood pressure is the pressure in the arteries when the heart is
relaxing. The diastolic blood pressure is always the lower of the two readings. Blood
pressure varies from one person to another. It will also vary for a single individual
from day to day and even within a given day.
If your blood pressure is too high, it can lead to a stroke or a heart attack. If it is too
low, blood will not get to your extremities and you may feel dizzy. Low blood pressure
is usually not serious.
So, what should your blood pressure be? A systolic blood pressure of 120 would
be considered normal. One of 150 would be high. But since blood pressure varies with
gender and increases with age, a better gauge of the relative standing of your blood
pressure would be obtained by comparing it with the population of blood pressures of
all persons of your gender and age in Canada. Of course, we cannot supply you with
that data set, but we can show you a very large sample selected from it. The text web-
site provides blood pressure data on 500 persons, 236 men and 264 women. This data
was used as a case study in Data Analysis at the 2003 Annual Meeting of Statistical
Society of Canada in Halifax. Entries for each person include that person's age and
systolic blood pressure and several other variables of interest.
1. Describe the variables that have been measured in this survey. Are the variables
quantitative or qualitative? Discrete or continuous? Are the data univariate, bivari-
ate, or multivariate?
2. What types of graphical methods are available for describing this data set? What
types of questions could be answered using various types of graphical techniques?
3. Using the systolic blood pressure data set, construct a relative frequency histogram
for the 236 men and another for the 264 women. Use a statistical software package
if you have access to one. Compare the two histograms.
4. Consider the 236 men and 264 women as the entire population of interest. Choose
a sample of n = 50 men and n = 50 women, recording their systolic blood pressures
and their ages. Draw two relative frequency histograms to graphically display the
systolic blood pressures for your two samples. Do the shapes of the histograms
resemble the population histograms from part 3?
5. How does your blood pressure compare with that of others of your same gender? Check
your systolic blood pressure against the appropriate histogram in part 3 or 4 to 'deter-
mine whether your blood pressure is "normal" or whether it is unusually high or low.
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