European Journal of Preventive Cardiology (2022) 29, 1248–1263 CONSENSUS DOCUMENT

doi:10.1093/eurjpc/zwab088 Aortic & Peripheral Vascular Disease

Second consensus document on diagnosis and

management of acute deep vein thrombosis:
updated document elaborated by the ESC
Working Group on aorta and peripheral

Downloaded from [Link] by guest on 23 June 2025

vascular diseases and the ESC Working Group
on pulmonary circulation and right ventricular
function
Lucia Mazzolai 1*, Walter Ageno2, Adriano Alatri1, Rupert Bauersachs3,4,
Cecilia Becattini5, Marianne Brodmann6, Joseph Emmerich7,
Stavros Konstantinides4,8, Guy Meyer†, Saskia Middeldorp9, Manuel Monreal10,
Marc Righini11, and Victor Aboyans12
1
Division of Angiology, Heart and Vessel Department, Lausanne University Hospital, Chemin de Mont-Paisible 18, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; 2Department of Medicine and
Surgery, University of Insubria, Via Ravasi 2, 21100 Varese, Italy; 3Department of Vascular Medicine, Klinikum Darmstadt GmbH, Grafenstraße 9, 64283 Darmstadt, Germany;
4
Departement of Vascular Medicine, Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; 5Departement of
Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine—Stroke Unit, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy; 6Département of Internal Medicine, Division of Angiology, Medical University Graz, Graz,
Austria; 7Department of Vascular Medicine, Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint-Joseph and University of Paris, Paris, France; 8Department of Cardiology, Democritus University of
Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece; 9Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The
Netherlands; 10Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain; 11Division of Angiology and
Hemostasis, Department of Internal Medicine, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland; and 12Department of Cardiology, Dupuytren University Hospital and Inserm
1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, School of Medicine, 2 avenue martin Luther-King 87042 Limoges, France

Received 19 October 2020; revised 25 February 2021; editorial decision 5 May 2021; accepted 7 May 2021; online publish-ahead-of-print 13 July 2021

This consensus document is proposed to clinicians to provide the whole spectrum of deep vein thrombosis management as an update to
the 2017 consensus document. New data guiding clinicians in indicating extended anticoagulation, management of patients with cancer,
and prevention and management of post-thrombotic syndrome are presented. More data on benefit and safety of non-vitamin K antago-
nists oral anticoagulants are highlighted, along with the arrival of new antidotes for severe bleeding management.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................
Keywords Consensus • Deep vein thrombosis • Ultrasound • Anticoagulation • Diagnosis • Pulmonary embolism
• Cancer • Post-thrombotic syndrome • Catheter-directed thrombolysis • Pregnancy • Risk • Compression

* Corresponding author. Tel: þ41 21 3140768; þ41 795565661, Email: [Link]@[Link]

†
Deceased.
VC The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ([Link]
which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact
[Link]@[Link]
Diagnosis and management of acute deep vein thrombosis 1249

Summary of consensus statements

DVT diagnosis
.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Revised. Clinical prediction rule (two-level modified Wells score, Supplementary material online, Table S1) should be used to stratify patients with suspected
DVT
Revised. ELISA D-dimer or highly sensitive immunoturbidimetric tests should be measured in ‘unlikely’ clinical probability patients to exclude DVT diagnosis
Venous US is recommended as first-line imaging method for DVT diagnosis
Venous CT scan should be reserved to selected patients only
Venous US may be proposed also in case of confirmed PE, for initial reference venous imaging, useful in case of DVT recurrence suspicion or further stratifi-
cation in selected patients
Venous US may be considered for further severity stratification in selected patients with concomitant suspected PE

Downloaded from [Link] by guest on 23 June 2025

Initial and long-term DVT management
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Patients with proximal DVT should be anticoagulated for at least 3 months
Patients with isolated distal DVT at high risk of recurrence should be anticoagulated, as for proximal DVT; for those at low risk of recurrence shorter
LMWH treatment (4–6 weeks), even at lower anticoagulant doses, or ultrasound surveillance may be considered
In non-cancer patients
• NOACs should be preferred as first-line anticoagulant therapy in absence of contraindications
• New. If a parenteral agent is used, LMWH should be preferred over UFH for the initial treatment

New. In cancer patients:

•LMWH should be preferred over UFH for initial treatment
• LMWH is recommended over VKA for long-term treatment
• Edoxaban and rivaroxaban should be considered as an alternative to LMWH for initial and long-term treatment in patients without gastrointestinal or uro-
thelial cancer. Caution should be made for any potential drug interaction with anti-cancer therapy
• Apixaban should be considered as an alternative to LMWH for initial and long-term treatment in patients without primary or metastatic brain cancer or
acute leukaemia. Caution should be made for any potential drug interaction with anti-cancer therapy
• LMWH is preferred over NOACs for initial and long-term treatment in cancer patients, with unstable clinical situations, such as low platelet count, nausea,
and vomiting, and a risk of expected drug interactions with the anti-cancer therapy as well as those undergone surgery involving the upper gastrointestinal
tract

New. Anticoagulant choice should include patient’s preference, and may include cost, mode of administration, and monitoring options
Revised. Adjuvant catheter-directed thrombolysis should not be routinely performed and be reserved for individual and very severe cases and performed in
experienced centres
Primary acute DVT stenting or mechanical thrombus removal alone are not recommended
Revised. Vena cava filters should be considered if anticoagulation is absolutely contraindicated or in case of recurrent VTE event under adequate therapeutic
anticoagulation
Revised. In patients with proximal DVT, immediate (<24 h from diagnosis) compression therapy associated with early mobilization and walking exercise may
be proposed to relieve acute venous symptoms
1250 L. Mazzolai et al.

Extended management (>first 3 months) of DVT (without PE)

.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Revised. When deciding for extended anticoagulation, individual risk assessment should be proposed for all DVT patients, also taking into account patients’
preferences, compliance, and impact of long-term DVT complications. For this purpose scores may be helpful in risk stratification
New. In patients at low risk of recurrence (Table 5), anticoagulation discontinuation should be proposed
New. In patients at intermediate risk of recurrence (Table 5), anticoagulation extension should be considered, provided bleeding risk is low
New. Currently, reduced-dose apixaban and rivaroxaban have shown their benefit in patients at intermediate risk of recurrence
New. In patients at high risk or variable higher risk of recurrence (Table 5), anticoagulation should be continued, provided bleeding risk is low
In absence of contraindications, NOACs should be preferred as first-line extended anticoagulant therapy in non-cancer patients, except in patients with anti-
phospholipid syndrome
New. In patients with antiphospholipid syndrome, anticoagulation extension with VKA is recommended
New. In absence of contraindications, full-dose oral anticoagulants may be proposed in active cancer patients after 6 months treatment
When VKAs are proposed, they should be administered at conventional intensity regimen (INR 2–3)

Downloaded from [Link] by guest on 23 June 2025

New. Patients on extended anticoagulation, should be assessed regularly (at least yearly) for patient preference, benefit/risk balance, and PTS development
monitoring
At anticoagulation discontinuation, venous US should be performed to establish a baseline comparative exam in case of recurrence
New. Use of elastic compression stocking should be individualized
New. Endovascular recanalization may be considered on an individual base in patients with chronic venous occlusion provided dedicated venous material is
used in expert centres

DVT management in special situations

.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Revised. In case of upper extremity deep vein thrombosis (UEDVT) suspicion, venous US is the first choice imaging test; if negative, CT venography should
be performed
Treatment of UEDVT is similar to that of lower limb DVT with regard to anticoagulation
New. In case of catheter-related thrombosis, the catheter may be kept in place if it is functional, well positioned, and non-infected
Revised. For acute (up to 15 days) treatment of cerebral vein thrombosis LMWH should be proposed
Revised. For long-term treatment of cerebral vein thrombosis dabigatran or VKA should be suggested
LMWH are recommended for acute treatment of splanchnic vein thrombosis
New. VKA should be proposed for long-term treatment of splanchnic vein thrombosis
New. LMWH may be proposed for long-term treatment of splanchnic vein thrombosis in selected cases (cirrhosis, solid cancer, or high risk of bleeding)

DVT in pregnancy, oral contraception, and thrombophilia

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Revised. Venous US including visualization of iliac veins is recommended as first-line DVT imaging test
During pregnancy, LMWH should be proposed for initial and long-term treatment
Revised. Anticoagulant treatment should be continued until 6 weeks after delivery and at least for 3 months
New Non-hormonal contraception, a levonorgestrel intrauterine device, the progestogen-only pill, or a subcutaneous progestogen implant are safe with re-
gard to DVT risk
New Routine anti-Xa monitoring and dose adaptation is not recommended in pregnant patients
New Testing for thrombophilia should be reserved for situations where results would change management

..
Introduction .. present particularities which have recently been subject to a high flow of
.. new evidence, justifying the need for an update of the previous docu-
This consensus on diagnosis and management of deep vein thrombosis .. ment,1 with a timely publication along with the new ESC PE guidelines.2
..
(DVT)1 is proposed to clinicians as an update to the 2017 consensus .. Of importance, this document integrates new data guiding clinicians
document and a companion paper to the 2019 ESC guidelines on diag- .. deciding for extended anticoagulation, management of patients with can-
..
nosis and management of pulmonary embolism (PE)2 in order to pro- .. cer, prevention and management of post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS),
vide the whole spectrum of management of patients with venous .. management of bleeding during anticoagulation, and management of
..
thromboembolic disease (VTE). Management of DVT has similarities .. DVT in pregnancy (including hormone-related DVT and thrombophilia).
with that of PE, however, many diagnostic and therapeutic features
..
. More data on benefit and security of non-vitamin K antagonists oral
Diagnosis and management of acute deep vein thrombosis 1251

anticoagulants (NOACs) are highlighted, along with the arrival of new

.. admitted to the ward and 27.9% in patients admitted to the intensive care
..
antidotes for the management of severe bleeding. On behalf of the two .. unit.6 Therefore, hospitalized patients with COVID-19 infection should
ESC working groups, authors emphasize the multidisciplinary approach
.. be considered at intermediate-high risk for VTE.
..
for comprehensive management of both aspects of VTE, which may ..
..
occur in a same patient, simultaneously, or over time. In line with ESC
... Deep vein thrombosis diagnosis
documents, the term NOAC is used instead of direct oral anticoagulant. ..
..
.. There have been no major changes in this section from the 2017 ver-
.. sion.1 Figure 1 summarizes diagnostic strategies in case of DVT suspi-
..
Deep vein thrombosis risk factors .. cion. In case of concomitant signs suspect for PE, diagnostic strategies
.. should follow the 2019 ESC guidelines on PE diagnosis and
Cohort studies indicate that in as much as 50% of DVT no identifiable risk ..
.. management.2
factors are found.3 Risk factors (Table 1) can be distinguished as major ..
(strong association with index DVT; likely responsible of index event), ..
..

Downloaded from [Link] by guest on 23 June 2025

intermediate (moderate association with index DVT, probably respon- ..
sible of index event), or minor (weak association with index VTE; might ..
partly explain index event).4 Categorization of index event is important
..
..
Initial (first days) and long-term
for determining recurrence risk and patient management. An emerging .. (first 3 months) deep vein
..
thrombotic risk factor is represented by the coronavirus disease 2019 .. thrombosis management
(COVID-19). COVID-19 infection often results in a hypercoagulable state ..
..
with high incidence of venous and arterial thromboembolic events, fre- .. Three phases characterize DVT management (Figure 2): initial (first
quently despite antithrombotic prophylaxis.5 A recent meta-analysis eval- .. days), long-term (first 3 months), and extended (following the initial
..
uated 48 observational studies reporting VTE incidence among .. 3-month treatment period).1 Current anticoagulation strategies differ
hospitalized patients for COVID-19.6 Based on a pooled sample of
.. when DVT is diagnosed in cancer patients as compared to those
..
18 093 patients, overall VTE incidence was 17.0%, with 7.1% in patients . without active cancer.

Table 1 Deep vein thrombosis risk factors

Risk factors
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Strong risk factors (OR >_ 10) • Major surgery (orthopaedic and neurological)/major trauma
• Recent (<3 months) hospitalization for acute heart disease
• Prior venous thromboembolism
• Antiphospholipid syndrome
• Active cancer (depends on type and stage)/chemotherapy

Moderate risk factors (OR 2–9) • Arthroscopic knee surgery

• Venous catheters
• Oral contraception/hormone replacement therapy/in vitro fertilization (depends on dose and type of hormone)
• Pregnancy or postpartum period
• Inflammatory and autoimmune diseases
• Infections
• Active cancer (depends on type and stage)/chemotherapy
• Congestive heart or respiratory failure
• Genetic thrombophilia
• Superficial vein thrombosis (>3 cm from SFJ or PJ and >5 cm length)
• Stroke with residual hemiparesis/hemiplegia

Weak risk factors (OR < 2) • Bed rest (>3 days)/immobility (prolonged sitting position, i.e. travel)
• Age
• Obesity
• Superficial vein thrombosis
• Varicose veins/chronic vein insufficiency
• Laparoscopic surgery

OR, odds ratio.

1252 L. Mazzolai et al.

Lower limb DVT suspicion

Clinical probability assessement

(two-level modified Wells score)

DVT unlikely DVT likely

D-Dimers

Negave Posive Venous US

Downloaded from [Link] by guest on 23 June 2025

No DVT

Proximal DVT IDDVT

No AC

ƒ At least 3-months AC (NOACs in non-cancer High risk paent Low risk paent
paents)
ƒ Immediate (<24hrs) compression
ƒ Assess indicaon to reperfusion

3-months AC ƒ Short term LMWH (full or lower

dose)
ƒ Or venous US surveillance

3-months assessement
ƒ Venous US, risk/benefit, compliance
and paent’s preference, PTS

ƒ Extend AC
ƒ Stop AC
ƒ Yearly evaluaon
ƒ Connue or not compression
ƒ Connue or not compression

Figure 1 Proposed algorithm for deep vein thrombosis assessment and management. AC, anticoagulation; DVT, deep vein thrombosis; IDDVT, iso-
lated distal DVT; LMWH, low-molecular-weight heparin; NOAC, non-vitamin K antagonists oral anticoagulant; PTS, post-thrombotic syndrome; US,
ultrasound.

..
Anticoagulation in non-cancer patients .. VKA in reducing risk of recurrent VTE in cancer patients [risk ratio
.. (RR) 0.51, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.33–0.79] without significant
For anticoagulation in non-cancer patients, as already reported in the ..
2017 edition, NOACs should be preferred as first-line anticoagulant .. differences in major bleeding risk.9 Several meta-analyses confirmed
therapy in the absence of contraindication.1 However, for patients ... the superiority of LMWH with respect to VKA.10–12 Concerning
.. NOACs, a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials comparing effi-
with COVID-19 infection, particularly in hospitalized patients ..
NOACs should be avoided and parenteral anticoagulation, with .. cacy and safety of long-term NOACs with conventional VKA anticoa-
.. gulation was performed in a subgroup of patients with cancer.13
Unfractionated Heparin (UFH) or low-molecular-weight heparin ..
(LMWH), is preferred because of potential high risk of rapid clinical .. Overall, no reduction of VTE recurrence [odds ratio (OR) 0.63, 95%
.. CI 0.37–1.10] and major bleeding (OR 0.77, 95% CI 0.41–1.44) were
deterioration with multi-organ failure. In addition, concomitant ther- ..
apy with antiviral agents, immunomodulatory agents, or other investi- .. observed in patients receiving NOACs.13 Conversely, a second
.. meta-analysis showed statistically significant reduction for VTE recur-
gational treatment have potential drug–drug interactions with ..
NOACs via CYP3A4 and P-gp pathways. Conversely, following the
.. rence VKA (RR 0.65, 95% CI 0.45–0.95) and major bleeding (RR 0.58,
.. 95% CI 0.45–0.95) with NOACs against VKA.11 However, baseline
acute phase or in the post-hospital discharge setting, NOACs remain ..
the first choice, in the absence of drug–drug interaction.
.. characteristics of cancer patients in these trials were not comparable
.. to those in specific cancer studies. Also, the comparator, VKA, was
..
.. not considered adequate, as LMWH was the recommended long-
..
Anticoagulation in cancer patients .. term treatment for cancer patients.
LMWH appears possibly superior to UFH in the initial phase (first 5– .. Four recent randomized clinical trials compared efficacy and safety
..
10 days) of VTE treatment in patients with cancer.7,8 .. of NOACs vs. LMWH in cancer patients14–17 Hokusai cancer study14
For the long-term treatment, the CLOT trial represents a corner-
.. compared edoxaban to dalteparin for the long-term treatment
..
stone, showing for the first time that LMWH is more effective than . (12 months) in cancer patients (98% with active cancer) with acute
Diagnosis and management of acute deep vein thrombosis 1253

Inial phase Long-term phase Extended phase

(first 5-21 days) (first 3 months) (> inial 3 months)

Apixaban (10 mg bid) Apixaban (5 mg bid or 2.5 mg

Apixaban (5 mg bid)
Æ 7 days bid beyond 6 months)

Dabigtran (150 mg bid or 110 mg bid if ClCreat 30-50 ml/min or paent aged ≥80 years) preceded by LMWH for 5-10 days

Edoxaban (60 mg od or 30 mg od if ClCreat 30-50 ml/min or concomitant potent P-gp inhibitors or weight<60 kg) preceded by
LMWH for 5-10 days

Downloaded from [Link] by guest on 23 June 2025

Rivaroxaban (15 mg bid) Rivaroxaban (20 mg od or 10
Rivaroxaban (20 mg od)
Æ 21 days mg od beyond 6 months)

VKA (achieve INR 2-3) preceded by LMWH for 5-10 days

Figure 2 Deep vein thrombosis treatment phases. ClCreat, creatinine clearance; LMWH, low-molecular-weight heparin; P-gp inhibitors, glycopro-
tein-P inhibitors; VKA, vitamin K antagonist.

..
VTE; >50% of patients had metastatic disease, and >70% received .. should be preferred in patients in whom drug–drug interaction is a
anti-cancer treatment within previous 4 weeks before inclusion. .. concern and in those who have undergone surgery involving the
..
SELECT-D15 was a pilot open-label trial in patients with DVT, compar- .. upper gastrointestinal tract because absorption of all NOACs occurs
ing rivaroxaban with dalteparin for a total of 6 months (Table 2). In .. in the stomach or proximal small bowel.19 LMWH should also be
..
both studies, NOACs were at least not inferior to LMWH for VTE .. preferred in patients with severe thrombocytopenia as well as nausea
recurrence (rivaroxaban showed superiority) but showed significant- .. and vomiting. To summarize, anticoagulation should be individualized
..
ly increased bleeding events although primarily confined to patients .. based on patient’s characteristics and preferences as well as cancer’s
with gastrointestinal cancer.14,15 .. characteristics and treatment.
..
Two clinical trials compared apixaban vs. dalteparin.16,17 In the ..
largest one, the Caravaggio study, 97% of patients had active cancer; ..
.. Anticoagulation in isolated distal deep
>65% had metastatic disease; and >60% received anti-cancer treat- ..
ment at time of enrolment (85% within previous 6 months before in- .. vein thrombosis
.. Whether all isolated distal DVT (IDDVT) should be treated with
clusion). Apixaban showed non-inferiority compared to dalteparin ..
for VTE recurrence at 6 months [5.6% vs. 7.9%, hazard ratio (HR) .. anticoagulation remains debated. Compared to proximal DVT,
.. risk of VTE recurrence for IDDVT is lower in low-risk patients
0.63 (95% CI 0.37–1.07); P < 0.001 for non-inferiority]. Interestingly, ..
and contrary to previous studies, incidence of major bleeding and
.. and similar in high-risk patients.20,21 The CACTUS trial showed
.. that in low-risk patients with IDDVT, rate of symptomatic VTE at
clinically relevant non-major bleeding events were similar in both ..
groups (HR 0.82; 95% CI 0.40–1.69 and HR 1.42; 95% CI 0.88–2.30,
.. 42 days was not different between LMWH and placebo (3.3% vs.
.. 5.4%, P = 0.54); bleeding occurred more frequently in the LMWH
respectively) (Table 2). Notably, a bleeding analysis of Caravaggio ..
showed that the gastrointestinal bleeding risk is increased (even with
.. group (4% vs. 0%, P = 0.03).22 Management of IDDVT should be
.. therefore individualized (Figures 2 and 3). Patients at high risk
LMWH) if the gastrointestinal cancer is not resected.18 In addition, ..
patients with primary brain tumours, intracerebral metastases, or
.. (Table 4) of VTE may be treated with full-dose anticoagulants for
.. at least 3 months, similar to proximal DVTs.20,23,24 Shorter
acute leukaemia were excluded from study (but not in Hokusai and ..
.. LMWH treatment (4–6 weeks), even at lower doses, or ultra-
Select-D).17 .. sound (US) surveillance may be effective and safe in low-risk
Patients with cancer experience a high rate of VTE recurrence in ..
.. patients (Table 3).23,25,26 In the absence of clinical trials, recent
spite of anticoagulation. One-year recurrence rate of 20% observed ..
with VKA could almost be reduced by half with long-term administra- .. results from two prospective registries suggested efficacy and
.. safety of NOACs in patients with IDDVT.27,28
tion of LMWH. Based on available evidence for edoxaban or rivarox- ..
aban, the use of NOACs may lead to further VTE recurrences ..
..
reduction, but at higher risk of major bleeding, particularly in patients .. Additional therapeutic options
with gastrointestinal cancers. Apixaban was at least as safe and as ef- .. Thrombolysis/thrombectomy
..
fective as LMWH. However, its use cannot be recommended in .. The CAVENT randomized controlled study found modest advantage
patients with primary or metastatic brain cancer or acute leukaemia .. of catheter-directed in situ thrombolysis (CDT) plus anticoagulation
..
as these patients were not included in the Caravaggio study. LMWH . over anticoagulation alone with regard to occurrence of PTS up to
1254 L. Mazzolai et al.

Table 2 Randomized clinical trials comparing non-vitamin K antagonists oral anticoagulants vs. low-molecular-weight
heparin in cancer patients

Study Number of patients Duration therapy Primary endpoint Secondary endpoint

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Hokusai cancer14 Overall: 1046 Edoxaban: 211 days (IQR 76–357) Recurrent VTE or MB at 12 months VTE recurrence
Edoxaban: 522 Dalteparin: 184 days (IQR 85–341) (edoxaban vs. dalteparin) (edoxaban vs. dalteparin)
Dalteparin: 524 P < 0.01 12.8% vs. 13.5% 7.9% vs. 11.3%
HR 0.97 (0.70–1.36) HR 0.71 (0.48–1.06) P = 0.09
(P = 0.006 for non-inferiority) MB
6.9% vs. 4.0%
HR 1.77 (1.03–3.04) P = 0.04
Clinically relevant non-MB

Downloaded from [Link] by guest on 23 June 2025

14.6% vs. 11.1%
HR 1.38 (0.98–1.94)
Select-D15 Overall: 406 VTE recurrence at 6 months MB
Rivaroxaban: 203 (rivaroxaban vs. dalteparin) (rivaroxaban vs. dalteparin)
Dalteparin: 203 4% vs. 11% 6% vs. 4%
HR 0.43 (0.19–0.99) HR 1.83 (0.68–4.96)
Clinically relevant non-MB
13% vs. 4%
HR 3.76 (1.63–8.69)
Caravaggio17 Overall: 1155 Apixaban: 178 days (IQR 106–183) VTE recurrence at 6 months MB
Apixaban: 576 Dalteparin: 175 days (IQR 79–183) (apixaban vs. dalteparin) (apixaban vs. dalteparin)
Dalteparin: 579 P = 0.15 5.6% vs. 7.9% 3.8% vs. 4.0%
HR 0.63 (0.37–1.07) HR 0.82 (0.40–1.69) P = 0.60
P < 0.001 for non-inferiority Clinically relevant non-MB
9.0% vs. 6.0%
HR 1.42 (0.88–2.30)

HR, hazard ratio; IQR, interquartile range; MB, major bleeding; VTE: venous thromboembolism.

Figure 3 Shift of deep vein thrombosis management: from ‘one fits all’ to an ‘individual patient’ approach. DVT, deep vein thrombosis; NOAC, non-
vitamin K antagonists oral anticoagulant; PTS, post-thrombotic syndrome; VKA, vitamin K antagonist; VTE, venous thromboembolism.

..
2 years (37% vs. 55%, P = 0.047); no difference in quality of life was .. P = 0.56). CDT led to more major bleeding within 10 days (1.7% vs.
observed.29 However, the large randomized ATTRACT trial30 .. 0.3% of patients, P = 0.049); a non-statistically significant difference in
..
showed no significant difference in PTS occurrence rates in patients .. recurrent VTE was seen over 24-month follow-up (12% vs. 8%,
treated with adjuvant CDT (47% vs. 48% in the control group; .. P = 0.09). Patients treated with CDT had lower rates of moderate-
Diagnosis and management of acute deep vein thrombosis 1255

Table 3 Risk factors for venous thromboembolic disease recurrence in patients with isolated distal deep vein
thrombosis

IDDVT Risk factors

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Low • Plaster, immobilization, trauma, long trip, etc., provided complete mobilization is achieved
• During contraceptive or replacement hormonal therapy (provided therapy has been interrupted)

High • Previous VTE, male, age >50 years, active cancer, unprovoked IDDVT, persistent hampered mobilization, IDDVT involving:
popliteal trifurcation and/or >1 calf vein, bilateral, presence of predisposing disease (i.e. inflammatory bowel diseases),
known genetic thrombophilia, axial vs. muscular IDDVT

IDDVT, isolated distal deep vein thrombosis; VTE, venous thromboembolic disease

Downloaded from [Link] by guest on 23 June 2025

..
to-severe PTS (18% vs. 24%, P = 0.04) during the follow-up. PTS se- .. reduced PTS development.37 Multilayer bandaging seems more effi-
verity scores were lower in the CDT group at 6, 12, 18, and .. cient.36–38
..
24 months (P < 0.01 for the comparison of the Villalta scores at each .. Caution is warranted in patients with severe peripheral artery dis-
time point). However, improvement in quality of life did not differ sig- .. ease (i.e. with ankle-brachial index <0.5 or ankle pressure
..
nificantly between groups.30 A subgroup analysis of acute iliofemoral .. <60 mmHg).39
thrombosis showed similar results, except for greater improvement ..
..
in venous disease-specific quality of life at 24 months.31 A third study, ..
the CAVA trial, showed that additional US-accelerated catheter- ..
..
directed thrombolysis does not change PTS risk 1 year after acute .. Extended phase management
iliofemoral DVT compared with standard therapy alone.32 Incidence ..
..
of PTS was 29% vs. 35% for additional thrombolysis and standard .. (beyond first 3 months)
treatment, respectively (OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.38–1.50; P = 0.42).32
..
.. Anticoagulation beyond initial 3-month phase should be decided after
Major bleeding occurred solely in the CDT group (5% vs. 0%) most ..
within 10 days. A post hoc analysis showed significant reduction in
.. careful assessment of individual recurrence risk, bleeding, patient
.. compliance and preference, and impact of long-term DVT complica-
symptom severity and improvement of generic quality of life accord- ..
ing to the EQ-5D.33 To note, several baseline characteristics in the
.. tions (Figure 3 and Table 4).
.. Recurrence is higher in the first year after treatment discontinu-
CDT group of the three studies were different. Patients in CAVA trial ..
were younger (median age 49 years) than in ATTRACT and
.. ation, it reduces over time but never falls to zero.40 Recurrent VTE is
.. a DVT in 60% and 40% of patients after index DVT or PE, respect-
CAVENT (52 and 53, respectively). In addition, CAVA trial included ..
.. ively.41 Once anticoagulation is stopped, VTE recurrence risk differs
>90% of iliofemoral thrombosis (vs. 58% and 42%) and 70% of DVTs ..
.. based on features of index event, it is more than doubled (annual
were located in the left side (vs. 62% and 60%). Finally, in CAVA trial
.. rate >_ 8%, Table 4) in patients without identifiable risk factors vs.
patients received urokinase (rt-PA, Alteplase in the other two stud- .. those in whom a risk (‘provoking’) factor is identified.42–44
ies). In light of these results, there is no clear benefit of systematic ..
.. Traditionally, discontinuation of anticoagulation was considered ap-
acute proximal DVT reperfusion. Hence, CDT should not be per- .. propriate if risk of recurrence is <5% at 1 year, and <15% at 5 years.45
formed routinely. It can be reserved for very severe cases, such as ..
.. Prolonging anticoagulation reduces recurrence by 80–90%, but
phlegmasia cerulea dolens (Figure 3). ..
.. exposes to risk of unpredictable bleeding complications. Risk of
.. major bleeding associated with extended NOACs treatment, espe-
Vena cava filter ..
.. cially when used in patients at low risk of bleeding and at reduced
There have been no major changes in this section from the 2017 ver- .. doses, is lower than that reported with VKA.46 This could decrease
sion.1 Vena cava filter should be considered when anticoagulation is ..
.. the recurrence threshold deemed necessary to continue
absolutely contraindicated in patients with newly diagnosed proximal .. anticoagulation.
DVT or in case of recurrent VTE event under adequate therapeutic ..
.. Three clinical prediction rules have been proposed to detect low
anticoagulation. Anticoagulation should be started as soon as contra- .. recurrence risk patients;47 however, their role is debated in the era
indications resolve and retrievable filter rapidly removed.1 ..
.. of NOACs with low bleeding risk (Table 5). Annualized major bleed-
.. ing rates in patients continuing anticoagulation can be as high as 3–
..
Venous compression .. 4%.57 No bleeding risk score showed sufficient predictive accuracy
Use of immediate (<24 h from diagnosis) compression (elastic com- .. or had sufficient validation to be recommended in routine clinical
..
pression stockings or multilayer bandaging), associated with early .. practice.58–60 They can serve to identify treatable/reversible bleeding
walking exercise, has been shown beneficial in controlling symptoms .. risk factors, and determine frequency of follow-up. New scores for
..
of acute proximal DVT (swelling, pain, hyperpigmentation, indur- .. patients on NOACs have recently been proposed61 (Supplementary
ation, venous enlargement).34–36 Moreover, immediate compression
.. material online, Table S2). Factors associated with high bleeding risk
..
was associated with less residual vein occlusion and consequently . are, among others, advanced age, cancer, renal or liver insufficiency,
1256 L. Mazzolai et al.

Table 4 Estimated risk of venous thromboembolic disease recurrence after anticoagulants discontinuation in prox-
imal deep vein thrombosis

Estimated risk Risk factor Examples

of recurrence category for index DVT
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Low (<3%/year) Major transient/ • Surgery with general anaesthesia for longer than 30 min
reversible risk factors • Confined to bed in hospital (only ‘bathroom privileges’)
for at least 3 days due to an acute illness, or acute
exacerbation of a chronic illness
• Trauma with fractures

Intermediate (3–8%/year) Minor transient/ • Minor surgery (general anaesthesia for <30 min)
reversible risk factors • Admission to hospital for <3 days with an acute illness

Downloaded from [Link] by guest on 23 June 2025

• Obesity (high body mass index)
• Ongoing oestrogen therapy
• Pregnancy or puerperium
• Confined to bed out of hospital for at least 3 days with an acute illness
• Leg injury (without fracture) associated with reduced mobility for at least 3 days
• Long-haul flight

Non-malignant • Inflammatory bowel and active autoimmune diseases

persistent risk factors (risk may change depending on activity and treatment)a

High (>8%/year) Major persistent risk factors • One or more previous episodes of VTE in absence of a
major transient or reversible factor
• Active cancer
• Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome
• Major hereditary thrombophiliab
• Strong family historyc

Variable First episode with no Higher recurrency risk: men, proximal DVT, concomitant PE,
identifiable risk factors high D-dimers at anticoagulation discontinuation, age

DVT, deep vein thrombosis; PE, pulmonary embolism; VTE, venous thromboembolic disease.
a
Also at increased bleeding risk.
b
Confirmed antithrombin, protein C or protein S deficiency, homozygous factor V Leiden, homozygous prothrombin G20210A mutation, double heterozygous.
c
First-degree relative with personal history of proximal DVT or PE.

..
concomitant antithrombotic drugs, and history of previous major .. episodes in absence of a major transient or reversible factor, VTE fa-
bleeding.57 .. milial history, those with major thrombophilia; Table 4).2,25 Patients
..
A summary of data on anticoagulant therapies used for extended .. with DVT without identified risk factors and low bleeding risk are
management is presented in Supplementary material online. Two ... candidates for extended anticoagulation beyond the initial
studies investigated aspirin 100 mg vs. placebo in patients with VTE
.. 3 months.2,25 Dichotomizing VTE into provoked and unprovoked
..
without identifiable risk factors who completed initial anticoagulation .. categories to guide treatment appears simple, but studies showed
treatment.62,63 Pooled HR for VTE recurrence was 0.68 (95% CI
.. that patients with provoked VTE are at higher recurrence risk com-
..
0.51–0.90) and 1.24 (95% CI 0.46–3.33) for major bleeding.64 Thus, .. pared to those without VTE history.66 Also, recent trials have not
aspirin reduces rate of recurrences to a lesser extent than oral anti-
.. shown a clear difference regarding benefit of extended anticoagula-
..
coagulants and is associated with similar bleeding rate as rivaroxaban .. tion according to the provoked/unprovoked status.67 Therefore, op-
10 mg o.d.63,65 Therefore, use of aspirin is not indicated in the era of
.. timal DVT management requires a more nuanced approach (Figure
..
NOACs. .. 3). In absence of contraindications, NOACs should be preferred as
..
.. first-line extended anticoagulant therapy in non-cancer patients, ex-
.. cept in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome where only VKA is
Duration of anticoagulation in non- ..
.. recommended.68 In patients at intermediate risk of recurrence, two
cancer and cancer patients .. RCTs comparing full and reduced dose of apixaban with placebo69 or
..
For proximal DVT (with or without concomitant PE), 3-month anti- .. full and reduced dose of rivaroxaban with aspirin65 have shown that
coagulation is the best option if risk of recurrence is low (i.e. major .. reduced doses were as effective as full dose with comparable bleed-
..
transient/reversible risk factors; Table 4).2,25 .. ing risk as placebo or aspirine.70
Provided bleeding risk is low, indefinite anticoagulation is the best
.. Due to high recurrence risk, patients with cancer should be indi-
..
option for patients with high risk of recurrence (i.e. multiple VTE . vidually evaluated with regard to anticoagulation duration depending
 Diagnosis and management of acute deep vein thrombosis
Downloaded from [Link] by guest on 23 June 2025
Table 5 Clinical prediction models for venous thromboembolism recurrence after first episode of venous thromboembolic disease

Prediction model Parameters Points Risk categories Population studied Low-risk recurrent
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
VIENNA48–50 • D-dimer (after stopping AC) NA Nomogram Unprovoked VTE 4.4% (95% CI 2.7–6.2)
• Male sex
• VTE location (distal DVT, proximal DVT, PE)

HERDOO-251,52 • Abnormal D-dimer (before stopping AC) 1 • Low risk: 0–1 points Unprovoked VTE or with minor risk factors 1.6% (95% CI 0.3–4.6)
• Age >_65 years 1 • High risk: >_2 points Only applicable in women
• BMI >_30 1
• Hyperpigmentation, oedema and redness 1

DASH53,54 • Abnormal D-dimer (after stopping AC) 1 • Low risk: <_1 points Unprovoked VTE or with minor risk factors 3.1% (95% CI 2.3–3.9)
• Age < 50 years 1 • High risk: >_2 points
• Men 1
• Hormonal therapy 2
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.
DAMOVES 55,56 • Abnormal D-dimer NA Nomogram Unprovoked VTE 2.9% (95% CI 2.13–4.35)
• Age
• Sex
• Obesity
• Factor VIII
• Genetic thrombophilia
• Varicose veins

AC, anticoagulation; BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; DVT, deep vein thrombosis; PE, pulmonary embolism; VTE, venous thromboembolic disease.

1257
1258 L. Mazzolai et al.

..
on cancer type, staging, activity, chemotherapy, life expectancy, etc. .. Treatment compliance as well as benefit/risk balance should be
as well based on presence of active cancer or remission state (Figure .. assessed. Development of PTS should be evaluated. Venous US as-
..
3).25 Risk benefit ratio of continuing anticoagulation needs to be peri- .. sessment, prior to anticoagulation discontinuation, is useful in deter-
odically re-assessed, as risk for recurrence and bleeding may vary .. mining baseline residual vein thrombosis not to drive anticoagulant
..
over time.71–73 Prolonged anticoagulation may consist of oral antico- .. treatment duration, but to differentiate between old and new throm-
agulants. VTE recurrence in cancer patients on VKA (with adequate .. bosis in case of new symptoms. Following anticoagulation discontinu-
..
INR) requires changing to LMWH. Recurrence on LMWH may be .. ation, information should be given regarding future high thrombotic
managed by increasing dosing or opting for vena cava filter placement .. risk situations.90
..
in selected patients.25 Notably, data about prolonged treatment with ..
NOAC in DVT cancer patients are very limited. The only Hokusai
..
..
study evaluated anticoagulation with NOAC up to 12 months.74 ..
.. Special situations
..
Prevention and management of post- ..
.. Deep vein thrombosis in pregnancy, oral

Downloaded from [Link] by guest on 23 June 2025

thrombotic syndrome ..
.. contraception, and thrombophilia
PTS is the most frequent chronic DVT complication, occurring in 30– .. Pregnancy increases VTE risk by four- to five-fold.91 VTE risk factors
50% of patients within 2 years after proximal DVT.75 In 5–10% of
..
.. are listed in Table 6. Femoral and/or (isolated) iliac vein thrombosis
cases, PTS is severe.75 ..
Pathophysiology of PTS is yet not completely elucidated. Previous
.. occurs more often in pregnant than in non-pregnant patients, mainly
.. on the left side due to anatomical reasons. Women have a 42% risk
ipsilateral DVT, iliofemoral location, and residual veins obstruction ..
are most significant PTS risk factors.76 Three different clinical predic-
.. of PTS and 7% of severe PTS after pregnancy-related DVT.92 Validity
.. of DVT clinical prediction rules in pregnancy has not yet been tested
tion models were recently proposed.77–79 Similarly, there is no gold ..
standard for PTS diagnosis. The Villalta score is the most used tool
.. prospectively.93 The LEFt clinical score was proposed;94 however, it
.. remains to be prospectively validated, and integrated into a standar-
for diagnosis and treatment evaluation (Supplementary material on- ..
.. dized diagnostic strategy.95 Although D-dimers increase during
line, Table S3).80 Standard and effective management for PTS preven- .. pregnancy, normal values exclude VTE with likelihood similar to non-
tion and treatment is lacking, a shift from a ‘one fit for all’ model to a ..
.. pregnant women.2 Venous US is the primary imaging test and should
personalized one is warranted (Figure 3). For decades, elastic com- .. specifically include imaging of iliac veins.93 If venous US is negative but
pression stocking has been the mainstay for PTS management, based ..
.. clinical suspicion high, testing should be repeated at 7–10 days.96,97
on two open-label randomized controlled trials both showing a 50% .. Rarely, computed tomography (CT) (or magnetic resonance imaging)
relative risk reduction in PTS development.81,82 In the randomized ..
.. venography may be considered.97 Treatment consists of therapeutic
SOX trial compression stockings were compared to placebo stock- .. dose heparin (no placenta crossing and not significantly found in
ings and no difference in PTS was observed. Discrepancy may be ..
.. breast milk) with a preference of LMWH over UFH.97 Anti-Xa moni-
explained by the compliance definition (only 56% of patients wearing .. toring and dose adaptation is not recommended routinely, but may
stockings >_3 days/week), lack of patient education, and low rate of ..
.. be considered in women of extreme body weight or renal insuffi-
immediate (<24 h post-DVT diagnosis) compression.83 A recent .. ciency.97 Whether initial full-dose anticoagulation can be reduced for
Bayesian meta-analysis showed that it is probable to observe a pro- ..
.. secondary prevention during ongoing pregnancy has never been
tective effect of compression stockings when applied in the acute set- .. investigated.98 CDT therapy has not been investigated in pregnant
ting of a DVT.84 Two recent clinical trials showed that good
..
.. women and should not be added to anticoagulation.97 Evidence is in-
compliance (wearing ECS for at least 6 days/week) and high adher- .. sufficient to recommend o.d. over b.i.d. LMWH, but o.d. is more pa-
ence rate (>80%) is associated with significantly lower PTS inci-
..
.. tient friendly. Peripartum management should be approached by a
dence.85,86 They also suggest that duration of elastic compression ..
stocking use could be individualized (Figure 3).
.. multidisciplinary team and there is large variation in practice with re-
.. gard to temporary interruption of LMWH, scheduled delivery, and
PTS pathophysiology relies on the principle of outflow obstruc- ..
tion, partly caused by venous hypertension, leading to valvular dam-
.. access to neuraxial anaesthesia.97,98 Anticoagulation should be con-
.. tinued for at least 6 weeks postpartum and until at least a total of
age and venous reflux or insufficiency. Recent technical ..
.. 3 months treatment.97 In breastfeeding women, LMWH can be con-
developments and new dedicated venous stent techniques allow .. tinued for the remainder of the treatment period or be switched to
recanalizing even complex chronic venous outflow obstructions. ..
.. VKA, which is safe as well.98 In this case, small vitamin K doses (1 mg/
Although first in man safety and efficacy data are promising, well-con- .. week) should be given to the breast-feeded newborn. NOACs are
ducted trials are needed.87–89 ..
.. contraindicated in pregnancy/lactation in the absence of safety data.
.. Use of combined oral contraceptives (OC) increases VTE risk,
..
Follow-up .. strongest during the first months but remaining three- to eight-fold
Patients should be followed to avoid risk of recurrence as well as .. increased as compared to non-users.99 Presence of thrombophilia
..
DVT-related and anticoagulation-related complications, to review .. further increases risk of hormone-related VTE, sometimes in a multi-
treatment, lab values, and patient information. While on anticoagula- .. plicative way.100 Risk of recurrent VTE in women with hormone-
..
tion a yearly assessment is indicated. Development of conditions .. associated VTE is lower than in those with an unprovoked event (HR
requiring anticoagulation adjustment should be monitored (e.g. renal
.. 0.5, 95% CI 0.3–0.8).101 Hence, 3 months treatment is adequate in
..
insufficiency, pregnancy, weight loss, severe hypertension). . most women. OC can be used without increasing recurrence risk if
Diagnosis and management of acute deep vein thrombosis 1259

..
Table 6 Deep vein thrombosis risk factors during
.. Thrombolysis is not routinely recommended but limited to
.. selected severe cases.
pregnancy ..
..
Pre-existing conditions .. Uncommon deep vein thrombosis
•
..
Prior venous thromboembolism .. localizations
• Severe thrombophilia ..
• Varicosis
.. Splanchnic DVT has been dealt with in the 2017 consensus with no
.. major changes.1 Concerning cerebral vein thrombosis (CVT), a
• Smoking ..
• BMI > 30 kg/m2 .. randomized clinical trial evaluated efficacy and safety of NOAC in
•
.. 120 patients with CVT.111 Patients received therapeutic dose of dabi-
Systemic lupus erythematosus ..
.. gatran (150 mg bid) or adjusted dose of VKA for 24 weeks, after an
Obstetrical .. initial period of 5–15 days with LMWH or UFH. The study found no
..
• Hyperemesis .. difference between groups with respect to recurrent VTE and bleed-
• Assisted reproductive technology
.. ing suggesting that both drugs may be safe and effective in CVT
..

Downloaded from [Link] by guest on 23 June 2025

• Pre-eclampsia .. patients.111 A second study, evaluating efficacy and safety of rivaroxa-
• Preterm delivery .. ban in patients with CVT is currently ongoing.112
..
• Caesarean section (specifically in the emergency situation) .. An international, multicentre, prospective registry evaluating the
..
Other .. use of NOACs for treating venous thrombosis in unusual sites is cur-
.. rently ongoing113 as well as a study evaluating safety and efficacy of
• Postpartum infection or haemorrhage ..
• Transfusion .. rivaroxaban in patients with acute splanchnic vein thrombosis with-
.. out liver cirrhosis.114
• Immobilization ..
..
.. Management of bleeding during
..
.. anticoagulation
BMI, body mass index. ..
.. Patients treated with VKAs presenting with severe major bleeding
.. should receive intravenous vitamin K and prothrombin complex con-
..
.. centrates (PCCs) to rapidly reverse anticoagulation. In patients
therapeutic anticoagulants are used concomitantly.102 However, .. treated with NOACs, idarucizumab is the specific reversal agent cur-
increased risk of DVT persists up to 3 months following OC discon-
..
.. rently available in Europe for direct factor IIa inhibitor dabigatran.
tinuation warranting use of low-VTE risk contraception as .. Following the results of the REVERSE-AD trial, this humanized
..
alternative.103 .. monoclonal antibody is approved for reversal of dabigatran etexilate
Whether or not to test for thrombophilia is a recurring clinical .. in patients with major, life-threatening bleeding, and in patients
..
question in patients with DVT. Testing should be reserved for situa- .. requiring urgent invasive procedures.115 Reversal agent for direct fac-
tions where results would change management (e.g. antiphospholipid .. tor Xa inhibitors is andexanet alfa, a human recombinant factor Xa
..
antibodies, homozygous mutation for factor V or II, severe composite .. variant currently approved in the USA by FDA and in Europe by
thrombophilia) based on a patient-specific assessment. .. EMA for patients with acute major bleeding. In the ANNEXA4 trial,
..
.. anti-factor Xa activity of both apixaban and rivaroxaban was reduced
.. by >90% after administering a bolus of andexanet followed by a 2-h
Upper extremities deep vein thrombosis ..
Upper extremities DVT (UEDVT) accounts for 10% of all DVTs with
.. infusion.116 In case of reversal agent unavailability, patients treated
.. with direct factor Xa inhibitors and life-threatening bleeding should
an annual incidence of 0.4–1.0/10 000 persons.104,105 Incidence rises ..
.. receive PCCs.114,117,118 No data about efficacy and safety of tranex-
because of increasing use of central venous catheters, cardiac pace- ..
makers, and defibrillators. Complications are similar, although less .. amic acid in patients treated with direct factor Xa inhibitors and life-
.. threatening bleeding are currently available.
frequent, to those of lower limb DVT.104,105 About 20–30% of ..
UEDVT are primary comprising those caused by anatomic abnormal- ..
.. Venous thromboembolism during
ities or following sustained physical efforts.106 Secondary DVT in- ..
clude venous catheter- and devices-related complications, cancer, .. electrophysiology procedures
..
pregnancy, and recent arm/shoulder surgery or trauma. Most com- .. Femoral veins are the elective route for cardiac catheterization dur-
mon clinical presentation includes pain, swelling, and skin .. ing electrophysiology procedures. However, limited data exist on the
..
discolouration. .. VTE risk after such procedures. In a recent systematic review,119 the
A clinical decision score (Constans score) has been proposed .. pooled incidence rates for DVT after non-AF and AF procedures
..
(Supplementary material online, Table S4).107 D-Dimer showed good .. were 0.24% (95% CI 0.08–0.39%) and 0% (95% CI 0–0.0003%), re-
negative predictive value in symptomatic DVT.108,109 Venous US is .. spectively. The lower rates for the latter are plausible linked to the
..
the first choice exam for diagnosis.110 A diagnostic algorithm, using .. systematic use of anticoagulation during this procedure, with in turn,
Constans score, D-dimer, and Venous US was proposed.109 .. more frequent significant haematomas in AF (1%) than non-AF
..
Contrast-, CT-, and MR-venography are not recommended for diag- .. (0.3%) ablations.119 Indeed, recent joint consensus document (includ-
nosis but limited to unresolved selected cases.105 Anticoagulation is
.. ing EHRA) supports the maintenance of oral anticoagulants (if already
..
similar to that of lower limb DVT. . under) during the intervention, the use of per-procedural heparin,
1260 L. Mazzolai et al.

and anticoagulation in the post-operative period.120 In other proce- .. 12. Li A, Garcia DA, Lyman GH, Carrier M. Direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC)
.. versus low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) for treatment of cancer associ-
dures, especially in the right-sided chambers not requiring anticoagu- ..
lation, the use of bolus of heparin during the procedure is optional
.. ated thrombosis (CAT): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Thromb Res
.. 2019;173:158–163.
and differs largely by centres.121,122 Further studies are necessary to .. 13. Vedovati MC, Germini F, Agnelli G, Becattini C. Direct oral anticoagulants in
balance the thrombotic vs. bleeding risk in this setting.
.. patients with venous thromboembolism and cancer: a systematic review and
.. meta-analysis. Chest 2015;147:475–483.
Asymptomatic DVT can be documented up to 20% of cases,119 .. 14. Raskob GE, van Es N, Verhamme P, Carrier M, Di Nisio M, Garcia D, Grosso
but its clinical significance is unclear because of the major contrast
.. MA, Kakkar AK, Kovacs MJ, Mercuri MF, Meyer G, Segers A, Shi M, Wang T-F,
..
with very low rates of clinical VTE. Yet, systematic venous US after .. Yeo E, Zhang G, Zwicker JI, Weitz JI, Büller HR; Hokusai VTE Cancer

such procedures is not recommended, unless clinical signs exist.

.. Investigators. Edoxaban for the treatment of cancer-associated venous
.. thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 2018;378:615–624.
.. 15. Young AM, Marshall A, Thirlwall J, Chapman O, Lokare A, Hill C, Hale D,
... Dunn JA, Lyman GH, Hutchinson C, MacCallum P, Kakkar A, Hobbs FDR,
.. Petrou S, Dale J, Poole CJ, Maraveyas A, Levine M. Comparison of an oral fac-
Supplementary material .. tor Xa inhibitor with low molecular weight heparin in patients with cancer
.. with venous thromboembolism: results of a randomized trial (SELECT-D). J
Supplementary material is available at European Journal of Preventive ..

Downloaded from [Link] by guest on 23 June 2025

Clin Oncol 2018;36:2017–2023.
.. 16. McBane RD 2nd, Wysokinski WE, Le-Rademacher JG, Zemla T, Ashrani A,
Cardiology online. .. Tafur A, Perepu U, Anderson D, Gundabolu K, Kuzma C, Perez Botero J,
..
Conflict of interest: none declared. .. Leon Ferre RA, Henkin S, Lenz CJ, Houghton DE, Vishnu P, Loprinzi CL.
.. Apixaban and dalteparin in active malignancy-associated venous thrombo-
.. embolism: the ADAM VTE trial. J Thromb Haemost 2020;18:411–421.
.. 17. Agnelli G, Becattini C, Meyer G, Munoz A, Huisman MV, Connors JM, Cohen
.. A, Bauersachs R, Brenner B, Torbicki A, Sueiro MR, Lambert C, Gussoni G,
References .. Campanini M, Fontanella A, Vescovo G, Verso M. Apixaban for the treatment
1. Mazzolai L, Aboyans V, Ageno W, Agnelli G, Alatri A, Bauersachs R,
.. of venous thromboembolism associated with cancer. N Engl J Med 2020;382:
..
Brekelmans MPA, Buller HR, Elias A, Farge D, Konstantinides S, Palareti G, .. 1599–1607.
Prandoni P, Righini M, Torbicki A, Vlachopoulos C, Brodmann M. Diagnosis .. 18. Ageno W, Vedovati MC, Cohen A, Huisman M, Bauersachs R, Gussoni G,
and management of acute deep vein thrombosis: a joint consensus document .. Becattini C, Agnelli G. Bleeding with apixaban and dalteparin in patients with
from the European Society of Cardiology working groups of aorta and per- .. cancer-associated venous thromboembolism: results from the Caravaggio
ipheral vascular diseases and pulmonary circulation and right ventricular func- .. study. Thromb Haemost 2021;121:616–624.
tion. Eur Heart J 2018;39:4208–4218. .. 19. Lee AYY. Anticoagulant therapy for venous thromboembolism in cancer. N
2. Konstantinides SV, Meyer G, Becattini C, Bueno H, Geersing G-J, Harjola V-
.. Engl J Med 2020;382:1650–1652.
P, Huisman MV, Humbert M, Jennings CS, Jiménez D, Kucher N, Lang IM,
.. 20. Galanaud JP, Sevestre MA, Pernod G, Genty C, Richelet S, Kahn SR, Boulon C,
..
Lankeit M, Lorusso R, Mazzolai L, Meneveau N, Nı́ Áinle F, Prandoni P, .. Terrisse H, Quere I, Bosson JL. Long-term outcomes of cancer-related iso-
Pruszczyk P, Righini M, Torbicki A, Van Belle E, Zamorano JL; ESC Scientific .. lated distal deep vein thrombosis: the OPTIMEV study. J Thromb Haemost
Document Group. 2019 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management .. 2017;15:907–916.
of acute pulmonary embolism developed in collaboration with the European .. 21. Valerio L, Ambaglio C, Barone M, Ciola M, Konstantinides SV, Mahmoudpour
Respiratory Society (ERS): the Task Force for the diagnosis and management .. SH, Picchi C, Pieresca C, Trinchero A, Barco S. Recurrence risk after first
of acute pulmonary embolism of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). .. symptomatic distal versus proximal deep vein thrombosis according to base-
Eur Heart J 2020;41:543–603.
.. line risk factors. TH Open 2019;3:e58–e63.
..
3. Heit JA. The epidemiology of venous thromboembolism in the community: impli- .. 22. Righini M, Galanaud JP, Guenneguez H, Brisot D, Diard A, Faisse P, Barrellier
cations for prevention and management. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2006;21:23–29. .. MT, Hamel-Desnos C, Jurus C, Pichot O, Martin M, Mazzolai L, Choquenet C,
4. Baglin T, Luddington R, Brown K, Baglin C. Incidence of recurrent venous .. Accassat S, Robert-Ebadi H, Carrier M, Le Gal G, Mermilllod B, Laroche JP,
thromboembolism in relation to clinical and thrombophilic risk factors: pro- .. Bounameaux H, Perrier A, Kahn SR, Quere I. Anticoagulant therapy for symp-
spective cohort study. Lancet 2003;362:523–526. .. tomatic calf deep vein thrombosis (CACTUS): a randomised, double-blind,
5. Spyropoulos AC, Weitz JI. Hospitalized COVID-19 patients and venous .. placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Haematol 2016;3:e556–e562.
thromboembolism: a perfect storm. Circulation 2020;142:129–132.
.. 23. Robert-Ebadi H, Righini M. Management of distal deep vein thrombosis.
..
6. Jiménez D, Garcı́a-Sanchez A, Rali P, Muriel A, Bikdeli B, Ruiz-Artacho P, Le .. Thromb Res 2017;149:48–55.
Mao R, Rodrı́guez C, Hunt BJ, Monreal M. Incidence of venous thrombo- .. 24. Dentali F, Pegoraro S, Barco S, di Minno MND, Mastroiacovo D, Pomero F,
embolism and bleeding among hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a sys- .. Lodigiani C, Bagna F, Sartori M, Barillari G, Mumoli N, Napolitano M,
tematic review and meta-analysis. Chest 2021;159:1182–1196. .. Passamonti SM, Benedetti R, Ageno W, Di Nisio M. Clinical course of isolated
7. Robertson L, Jones LE. Fixed dose subcutaneous low molecular weight hepa- .. distal deep vein thrombosis in patients with active cancer: a multicenter co-
rins versus adjusted dose unfractionated heparin for the initial treatment of .. hort study. J Thromb Haemost 2017;15:1757–1763.
venous thromboembolism. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017;2:CD001100.
.. 25. Kearon C, Akl EA, Ornelas J, Blaivas A, Jimenez D, Bounameaux H, Huisman
..
8. Hakoum MB, Kahale LA, Tsolakian IG, Matar CF, Yosuico VE, Terrenato I, .. M, King CS, Morris TA, Sood N, Stevens SM, Vintch JR, Wells P, Woller SC,
Sperati F, Barba M, Schunemann H, Akl EA. Anticoagulation for the initial .. Moores L. Antithrombotic therapy for VTE disease: CHEST guideline and ex-
treatment of venous thromboembolism in people with cancer. Cochrane .. pert panel report. Chest 2016;149:315–352.
Database Syst Rev 2018;1:CD006649. .. 26. Parisi R, Visona A, Camporese G, Verlato F, Lessiani G, Antignani PL, Palareti
9. Lee AY, Levine MN, Baker RI, Bowden C, Kakkar AK, Prins M, Rickles FR, .. G. Isolated distal deep vein thrombosis: efficacy and safety of a protocol of
Julian JA, Haley S, Kovacs MJ, Gent M; Randomized Comparison of Low- .. treatment. Treatment of Isolated Calf Thrombosis (TICT) Study. Int Angiol
Molecular-Weight Heparin versus Oral Anticoagulant Therapy for the
.. 2009;28:68–72.
.. 27. Ageno W, Mantovani LG, Haas S, Kreutz R, Monje D, Schneider J, Bugge JP,
Prevention of Recurrent Venous Thromboembolism in Patients with Cancer ..
(CLOT) Investigators. Low-molecular-weight heparin versus a coumarin for .. Gebel M, Turpie AGG. Patient management strategies and long-term out-
the prevention of recurrent venous thromboembolism in patients with can- .. comes in isolated distal deep-vein thrombosis versus proximal deep-vein
cer. N Engl J Med 2003;349:146–153. .. thrombosis: findings from XALIA. TH Open 2019;3:e85–e93.
10. Kahale LA, Hakoum MB, Tsolakian IG, Matar CF, Terrenato I, Sperati F, Barba .. 28. Schellong SM, Goldhaber SZ, Weitz JI, Ageno W, Bounameaux H, Turpie
M, Yosuico VE, Schünemann H, Akl EA. Anticoagulation for the long-term .. AGG, Angchaisuksiri P, Haas S, Goto S, Zaghdoun A, Farjat A, Nielsen JD,
treatment of venous thromboembolism in people with cancer. Cochrane .. Kayani G, Mantovani LG, Prandoni P, Kakkar AK. Isolated distal deep vein
Database Syst Rev 2018;6:CD006650.
.. thrombosis: perspectives from the GARFIELD-VTE registry. Thromb Haemost
..
11. Kirkilesis GI, Kakkos SK, Tsolakis IA. Editor’s Choice—a systematic review and .. 2019;119:1675–1685.
meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of anticoagulation in the treatment of .. 29. Enden T, Haig Y, Klow NE, Slagsvold CE, Sandvik L, Ghanima W, Hafsahl G,
venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg .. Holme PA, Holmen LO, Njaastad AM, Sandbaek G, Sandset PM; CaVenT
2019;57:685–701. . Study Group. Long-term outcome after additional catheter-directed
Diagnosis and management of acute deep vein thrombosis 1261

..
thrombolysis versus standard treatment for acute iliofemoral deep vein .. stopping treatment in cohort studies: recommendation for acceptable rates
thrombosis (the CaVenT study): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2012; .. and standardized reporting. J Thromb Haemost 2010;8:2313–2315.
379:31–38. .. 46. Mai V, Bertoletti L, Cucherat M, Jardel S, Grange C, Provencher S, Lega JC.
30. Vedantham S, Goldhaber SZ, Julian JA, Kahn SR, Jaff MR, Cohen DJ, Magnuson .. Extended anticoagulation for the secondary prevention of venous thrombo-
E, Razavi MK, Comerota AJ, Gornik HL, Murphy TP, Lewis L, Duncan JR, .. embolic events: An updated network meta-analysis. PLoS One 2019;14:
Nieters P, Derfler MC, Filion M, Gu CS, Kee S, Schneider J, Saad N, Blinder M, .. e0214134.
Moll S, Sacks D, Lin J, Rundback J, Garcia M, Razdan R, VanderWoude E,
.. 47. Kyrle PA, Eichinger S. Clinical scores to predict recurrence risk of venous
..
Marques V, Kearon C. Pharmacomechanical catheter-directed thrombolysis .. thromboembolism. Thromb Haemost 2012;108:1061–1064.
for deep-vein thrombosis. N Engl J Med 2017;377:2240–2252. .. 48. Eichinger S, Heinze G, Jandeck LM, Kyrle PA. Risk assessment of recurrence in
31. Comerota AJ, Kearon C, Gu CS, Julian JA, Goldhaber SZ, Kahn SR, Jaff MR, .. patients with unprovoked deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism: the
Razavi MK, Kindzelski AL, Bashir R, Patel P, Sharafuddin M, Sichlau MJ, Saad .. Vienna prediction model. Circulation 2010;121:1630–1636.
WE, Assi Z, Hofmann LV, Kennedy M, Vedantham S; for the ATTRACT Trial .. 49. Eichinger S, Heinze G, Kyrle PA. D-dimer levels over time and the risk of re-
Investigators. Endovascular thrombus removal for acute iliofemoral deep vein .. current venous thromboembolism: an update of the Vienna prediction model.
thrombosis. Circulation 2019;139:1162–1173.
.. J Am Heart Assoc 2014;3:e000467.
..
32. Notten P, Ten Cate-Hoek AJ, Arnoldussen C, Strijkers RHW, de Smet A, Tick .. 50. Marcucci M, Iorio A, Douketis JD, Eichinger S, Tosetto A, Baglin T, Cushman
LW, van de Poel MHW, Wikkeling ORM, Vleming LJ, Koster A, Jie KG, Jacobs .. M, Palareti G, Poli D, Tait RC, Kyrle PA. Risk of recurrence after a first unpro-
EMG, Ebben HP, Coppens M, Toonder I, Ten Cate H, Wittens CHA. .. voked venous thromboembolism: external validation of the Vienna Prediction
..

Downloaded from [Link] by guest on 23 June 2025

Ultrasound-accelerated catheter-directed thrombolysis versus anticoagulation Model with pooled individual patient data. J Thromb Haemost 2015;13:
for the prevention of post-thrombotic syndrome (CAVA): a single-blind, mul- .. 775–781.
ticentre, randomised trial. Lancet Haematol 2020;7:e40–e49. .. 51. Rodger MA, Kahn SR, Wells PS, Anderson DA, Chagnon I, Le Gal G,
33. Notten P, Arnoldussen C, Brans R, de Smet A, Tick LW, van de Poel MHW,
.. Solymoss S, Crowther M, Perrier A, White R, Vickars L, Ramsay T,
..
Wikkeling ORM, Vleming LJ, Koster A, Jie KG, Jacobs EMG, Ebben HP, .. Betancourt MT, Kovacs MJ. Identifying unprovoked thromboembolism patients
Planken N, Ten Cate H, Wittens CHA, Ten Cate-Hoek AJ. Association of suc- .. at low risk for recurrence who can discontinue anticoagulant therapy. CMAJ
cessful ultrasound-accelerated catheter-directed thrombolysis with post- .. 2008;179:417–426.
thrombotic syndrome: a post hoc analysis of the CAVA trial. Thromb Haemost .. 52. Rodger MA, Scarvelis D, Kahn SR, Wells PS, Anderson DA, Chagnon I, Le Gal
2020;120:1188–1199. .. G, Gandara E, Solymoss S, Sabri E, Kovacs J, Kovacs MJ. Long-term risk of ven-
34. Partsch H, Blattler W. Compression and walking versus bed rest in the treat- .. ous thrombosis after stopping anticoagulants for a first unprovoked event: a
ment of proximal deep venous thrombosis with low molecular weight heparin.
.. multi-national cohort. Thromb Res 2016;143:152–158.
J Vasc Surg 2000;32:861–869.
.. 53. Tosetto A, Iorio A, Marcucci M, Baglin T, Cushman M, Eichinger S, Palareti G,
..
35. Kahn SR, Comerota AJ, Cushman M, Evans NS, Ginsberg JS, Goldenberg NA, .. Poli D, Tait RC, Douketis J. Predicting disease recurrence in patients with pre-
Gupta DK, Prandoni P, Vedantham S, Walsh ME, Weitz JI; American Heart .. vious unprovoked venous thromboembolism: a proposed prediction score
Association Council on Peripheral Vascular Disease, Council on Clinical .. (DASH). J Thromb Haemost 2012;10:1019–1025.
Cardiology, and Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing. The post- .. 54. van Hylckama Vlieg A, Baglin CA, Luddington R, MacDonald S, Rosendaal FR,
thrombotic syndrome: evidence-based prevention, diagnosis, and treatment .. Baglin TP. The risk of a first and a recurrent venous thrombosis associated
strategies: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. .. with an elevated D-dimer level and an elevated thrombin potential: results of
Circulation 2014;130:1636–1661.
.. the THE-VTE study. J Thromb Haemost 2015;13:1642–1652.
..
36. Amin EE, Joore MA, ten Cate H, Meijer K, Tick LW, Middeldorp S, Mostard .. 55. Franco Moreno AI, Garcı́a Navarro MJ, Ortiz Sánchez J, Martı́n Dı́az RM,
GJM, ten Wolde M, van den Heiligenberg SM, van Wissen S, van de Poel .. Madro~ nal Cerezo E, de Ancos Aracil CL, Cabello Clotet N, Perales Fraile
MHW, Villalta S, Serné EH, Otten H-M, Klappe EH, Prandoni P, ten Cate- .. I, Gimeno Garcı́a S, Montero Hernández C, Zapatero Gaviria A, Ruiz
Hoek AJ. Clinical and economic impact of compression in the acute phase of .. Giardı́n JM. A risk score for prediction of recurrence in patients with un-
deep vein thrombosis. J Thromb Haemost 2018;16:1555–1563. .. provoked venous thromboembolism (DAMOVES). Eur J Intern Med 2016;
37. Amin EE, Bistervels IM, Meijer K, Tick LW, Middeldorp S, Mostard G, van de .. 29:59–64.
Poel M, Serné EH, Otten HM, Klappe EM, Joore MA, Ten Cate H, Ten Wolde
.. 56. Franco Moreno AI, Garcia Navarro MJ, Ortiz SJ, Ruiz GJ. Predicting recurrence
..
M, Ten Cate-Hoek AJ. Reduced incidence of vein occlusion and postthrom- .. after a first unprovoked venous thromboembolism: retrospective validation of
botic syndrome after immediate compression for deep vein thrombosis. Blood .. the DAMOVES score. Eur J Intern Med 2017;41:e15–e16.
2018;132:2298–2304. .. 57. Ageno W, Donadini M. Breadth of complications of long-term oral anticoagu-
38. Roumen-Klappe EM, den Heijer M, van Rossum J, Wollersheim H, van der .. lant care. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2018;2018:432–438.
Vleuten C, Thien T, Janssen MC. Multilayer compression bandaging in the .. 58. Klok FA, Niemann C, Dellas C, Hasenfuß G, Konstantinides S, Lankeit M.
acute phase of deep-vein thrombosis has no effect on the development of the .. Performance of five different bleeding-prediction scores in patients with acute
post-thrombotic syndrome. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2009;27:400–405.
.. pulmonary embolism. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2016;41:312–320.
..
39. Norgren L, Hiatt WR, Dormandy JA, Nehler MR, Harris KA, Fowkes FG; .. 59. Riva N, Bellesini M, Di Minno MN, Mumoli N, Pomero F, Franchini M, Fantoni
TASC II Working Group. Inter-society consensus for the management of per- .. C, Lupoli R, Brondi B, Borretta V, Bonfanti C, Ageno W, Dentali F. Poor pre-
ipheral arterial disease (TASC II). J Vasc Surg 2007;45(Suppl S):S5–S67. .. dictive value of contemporary bleeding risk scores during long-term treatment
40. Heit JA, Mohr DN, Silverstein MD, Petterson TM, O’Fallon WM, Melton LJ .. of venous thromboembolism. A multicentre retrospective cohort study.
3rd. Predictors of recurrence after deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary em- .. Thromb Haemost 2014;112:511–521.
bolism: a population-based cohort study. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:761–768. .. 60. Palareti G, Antonucci E, Mastroiacovo D, Ageno W, Pengo V, Poli D, Testa S,
41. Baglin T, Douketis J, Tosetto A, Marcucci M, Cushman M, Kyrle P, Palareti G,
.. Tosetto A, Prandoni P. The American College of Chest Physician score to as-
Poli D, Tait RC, Iorio A. Does the clinical presentation and extent of venous
.. sess the risk of bleeding during anticoagulation in patients with venous
..
thrombosis predict likelihood and type of recurrence? A patient-level meta- .. thromboembolism. J Thromb Haemost 2018;16:1994–2002.
analysis. J Thromb Haemost 2010;8:2436–2442. .. 61. Klok FA, Hosel V, Clemens A, Yollo WD, Tilke C, Schulman S, Lankeit M,
42. Prandoni P, Noventa F, Ghirarduzzi A, Pengo V, Bernardi E, Pesavento R, Iotti .. Konstantinides SV. Prediction of bleeding events in patients with venous
M, Tormene D, Simioni P, Pagnan A. The risk of recurrent venous thrombo- .. thromboembolism on stable anticoagulation treatment. Eur Respir J 2016;48:
embolism after discontinuing anticoagulation in patients with acute proximal .. 1369–1376.
deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. A prospective cohort study in .. 62. Becattini C, Agnelli G, Schenone A, Eichinger S, Bucherini E, Silingardi M,
1,626 patients. Haematologica 2007;92:199–205.
.. Bianchi M, Moia M, Ageno W, Vandelli MR, Grandone E, Prandoni P;
..
43. Iorio A, Kearon C, Filippucci E, Marcucci M, Macura A, Pengo V, Siragusa S, .. WARFASA Investigators. Aspirin for preventing the recurrence of venous
Palareti G. Risk of recurrence after a first episode of symptomatic venous .. thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 2012;366:1959–1967.
thromboembolism provoked by a transient risk factor: a systematic review. .. 63. Brighton TA, Eikelboom JW, Mann K, Mister R, Gallus A, Ockelford P, Gibbs
Arch Intern Med 2010;170:1710–1716. .. H, Hague W, Xavier D, Diaz R, Kirby A, Simes J; ASPIRE Investigators. Low-
44. Kearon C, Ageno W, Cannegieter SC, Cosmi B, Geersing GJ, Kyrle PA; .. dose aspirin for preventing recurrent venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med
Subcommittees on Control of Anticoagulation, and Predictive and Diagnostic .. 2012;367:1979–1987.
Variables in Thrombotic Disease. Categorization of patients as having pro-
.. 64. Simes J, Becattini C, Agnelli G, Eikelboom JW, Kirby AC, Mister R, Prandoni P,
..
voked or unprovoked venous thromboembolism: guidance from the SSC of .. Brighton TA; INSPIRE Study Investigators (International Collaboration of
ISTH. J Thromb Haemost 2016;14:1480–1483. .. Aspirin Trials for Recurrent Venous Thromboembolism). Aspirin for the pre-
45. Kearon C, Iorio A, Palareti G; Subcommittee on Control of Anticoagulation of .. vention of recurrent venous thromboembolism: the INSPIRE collaboration.
the SSC of the ISTH. Risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism after . Circulation 2014;130:1062–1071.
1262 L. Mazzolai et al.

..
65. Weitz JI, Lensing AWA, Prins MH, Bauersachs R, Beyer-Westendorf J, .. 84. Avila ML, Montoya M, Lumia C, Marson A, Brandao LR, Tomlinson G.
Bounameaux H, Brighton TA, Cohen AT, Davidson BL, Decousus H, .. Compression stockings to prevent post-thrombotic syndrome in adults, a
Freitas MCS, Holberg G, Kakkar AK, Haskell L, van Bellen B, Pap AF, .. Bayesian meta-analysis. Thromb Res 2019;182:20–26.
Berkowitz SD, Verhamme P, Wells PS, Prandoni P. Rivaroxaban or aspirin .. 85. Mol GC, van de Ree MA, Klok FA, Tegelberg MJ, Sanders FB, Koppen S, de
for extended treatment of venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 2017; .. Weerdt O, Koster T, Hovens MM, Kaasjager HA, Brouwer RE, Kragten E,
376:1211–1222. .. Schaar CG, Spiering W, Arnold WP, Biesma DH, Huisman MV. One versus
66. Heit JA, Spencer FA, White RH. The epidemiology of venous thromboembol-
.. two years of elastic compression stockings for prevention of post-thrombotic
..
ism. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2016;41:3–14. .. syndrome (OCTAVIA study): randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2016;353:
67. Prins MH, Lensing AWA, Prandoni P, Wells PS, Verhamme P, Beyer- .. i2691.
Westendorf J, Bauersachs R, Bounameaux H, Brighton TA, Cohen AT, .. 86. ten Cate-Hoek AJ, Amin EE, Bouman AC, Meijer K, Tick LW, Middeldorp S,
Davidson BL, Decousus H, Kakkar AK, van Bellen B, Pap AF, Homering M, .. Mostard GJM, ten Wolde M, van den Heiligenberg SM, van Wissen S, van de
Tamm M, Weitz JI. Risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism according to .. Poel MH, Villalta S, Serné EH, Otten H-M, Klappe EH, Bistervels IM, Lauw
baseline risk factor profiles. Blood Adv 2018;2:788–796. .. MN, Piersma-Wichers M, Prandoni P, Joore MA, Prins MH, ten Cate H, ten
68. Pengo V, Denas G, Zoppellaro G, Jose SP, Hoxha A, Ruffatti A, Andreoli L,
.. Cate-Hoek AJ, ten Cate H, Joore MA, Prins MH, Amin EE, Bouman AC, Meijer
..
Tincani A, Cenci C, Prisco D, Fierro T, Gresele P, Cafolla A, De Micheli V, .. K, Piersma-Wichers M, Tick LW, Nijziel MR, Middeldorp S, Lauw M, Cheung
Ghirarduzzi A, Tosetto A, Falanga A, Martinelli I, Testa S, Barcellona D, .. YW, Mostard GJM, ten Wolde M, Bistervels IM, van den Heiligenberg SM, van
Gerosa M, Banzato A. Rivaroxaban vs warfarin in high-risk patients with anti- .. Wissen S, van de Poel MHW, Otten H-M, Serné EH, Klappe EH, Prandoni P,
..

Downloaded from [Link] by guest on 23 June 2025

phospholipid syndrome. Blood 2018;132:1365–1371. Vedovetto V, Villalta S. Individualised versus standard duration of elastic com-
69. Agnelli G, Buller HR, Cohen A, Curto M, Gallus AS, Johnson M, Porcari A, .. pression therapy for prevention of post-thrombotic syndrome (IDEAL DVT):
Raskob GE, Weitz JI, Investigators P-E. Apixaban for extended treatment of .. a multicentre, randomised, single-blind, allocation-concealed, non-inferiority
venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 2013;368:699–708.
.. trial. Lancet Haematol 2018;5:e25–e33.
..
70. Vasanthamohan L, Boonyawat K, Chai-Adisaksopha C, Crowther M. Reduced- .. 87. Lichtenberg MKW. [Endovascular recanalization of chronic venous outflow
dose direct oral anticoagulants in the extended treatment of venous thrombo- .. obstructions]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2019;144:478–483.
embolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Thromb Haemost 2018;16: .. 88. Shamimi-Noori SM, Clark TWI. Venous stents: current status and future direc-
1288–1295. .. tions. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol 2018;21:113–116.
71. Francis CW, Kessler CM, Goldhaber SZ, Kovacs MJ, Monreal M, Huisman MV, .. 89. Lichtenberg M, de Graaf R, Erbel C. Standards for recanalisation of chronic
Bergqvist D, Turpie AG, Ortel TL, Spyropoulos AC, Pabinger I, Kakkar AK. .. venous outflow obstructions. Vasa 2018;47:259–266.
Treatment of venous thromboembolism in cancer patients with dalteparin for
.. 90. Bistervels IM, Scheres LJJ, Hamulyak EN, Middeldorp S. Sex matters: practice
up to 12 months: the DALTECAN Study. J Thromb Haemost 2015;13:
.. 5P’s when treating young women with venous thromboembolism. J Thromb
..
1028–1035. .. Haemost 2019;17:1417–1429.
72. Jara-Palomares L, Solier-Lopez A, Elias-Hernandez T, Asensio-Cruz M, Blasco- .. 91. James AH, Jamison MG, Brancazio LR, Myers ER. Venous thromboembolism
Esquivias I, Marin-Barrera L, de la Borbolla-Artacho MR, Praena-Fernandez JM, .. during pregnancy and the postpartum period: incidence, risk factors, and mor-
Montero-Romero E, Navarro-Herrero S, Serrano-Gotarredona MP, Sánchez- .. tality. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006;194:1311–1315.
Dı́az JM, Palacios C, Otero R. Tinzaparin in cancer associated thrombosis be- .. 92. Wik HS, Jacobsen AF, Sandvik L, Sandset PM. Long-term impact of preg-
yond 6months: TiCAT study. Thromb Res 2017;157:90–96. .. nancy-related venous thrombosis on quality-of-life, general health and
73. Mahe I, Chidiac J, Bertoletti L, Font C, Trujillo-Santos J, Peris M, Perez Ductor
.. functioning: results of a cross-sectional, case-control study. BMJ Open
..
C, Nieto S, Grandone E, Monreal M; RIETE Investigators. The clinical course .. 2012;2:e002048.
of venous thromboembolism may differ according to cancer site. Am J Med .. 93. Le Gal G, Kercret G, Ben Yahmed K, Bressollette L, Robert-Ebadi H, Riberdy
2017;130:337–347. .. L, Louis P, Delluc A, Labalette ML, Baba-Ahmed M, Bounameaux H, Mottier
74. Di Nisio M, van Es N, Carrier M, Wang TF, Garcia D, Segers A, Weitz J, Buller .. D, Righini M; EDVIGE Study Group. Diagnostic value of single complete com-
H, Raskob G. Extended treatment with edoxaban in cancer patients with ven- .. pression ultrasonography in pregnant and postpartum women with suspected
ous thromboembolism: a post-hoc analysis of the Hokusai-VTE cancer study. J .. deep vein thrombosis: prospective study. BMJ 2012;344:e2635.
Thromb Haemost 2019;17:1866–1874.
.. 94. Chan WS, Lee A, Spencer FA, Crowther M, Rodger M, Ramsay T, Ginsberg JS.
..
75. Prandoni P, Kahn SR. Post-thrombotic syndrome: prevalence, prognostication .. Predicting deep venous thrombosis in pregnancy: out in "LEFt" field? Ann Intern
and need for progress. Br J Haematol 2009;145:286–295. .. Med 2009;151:85–92.
76. Rabinovich A, Kahn SR. The postthrombotic syndrome: current evidence and .. 95. Le Moigne E, Genty C, Meunier J, Arnoult AC, Righini M, Bressollette L,
future challenges. J Thromb Haemost 2017;15:230–241. .. Bosson JL, Le Gal G; OPTIMEV Investigators. Validation of the LEFt score, a
77. Rabinovich A, Ducruet T, Kahn SR; SOX Trial Investigators. Development of a .. newly proposed diagnostic tool for deep vein thrombosis in pregnant women.
clinical prediction model for the postthrombotic syndrome in a prospective .. Thromb Res 2014;134:664–667.
cohort of patients with proximal deep vein thrombosis. J Thromb Haemost
.. 96. Chan WS, Spencer FA, Lee AY, Chunilal S, Douketis JD, Rodger M, Ginsberg
..
2018;16:262–270. .. JS. Safety of withholding anticoagulation in pregnant women with suspected
78. Amin EE, van Kuijk SMJ, Joore MA, Prandoni P, Ten Cate H, Ten Cate-Hoek .. deep vein thrombosis following negative serial compression ultrasound and
AJ. Development and validation of a practical two-step prediction model and .. iliac vein imaging. CMAJ 2013;185:E194–E200.
clinical risk score for post-thrombotic syndrome. Thromb Haemost 2018;118: .. 97. Bates SM, Rajasekhar A, Middeldorp S, McLintock C, Rodger MA, James AH,
1242–1249. .. Vazquez SR, Greer IA, Riva JJ, Bhatt M, Schwab N, Barrett D, LaHaye A,
79. Mean M, Limacher A, Alatri A, Aujesky D, Mazzolai L. Derivation and valid- .. Rochwerg B. American Society of Hematology 2018 guidelines for manage-
ation of a prediction model for risk stratification of post-thrombotic syndrome
.. ment of venous thromboembolism: venous thromboembolism in the context
in elderly patients with a first deep vein thrombosis. Thromb Haemost 2018;
.. of pregnancy. Blood Adv 2018;2:3317–3359.
..
118:1419–1427. .. 98. Middeldorp S. How I treat pregnancy-related venous thromboembolism. Blood
80. Wik HS, Enden TR, Ghanima W, Engeseth M, Kahn SR, Sandset PM. .. 2011;118:5394–5400.
Diagnostic scales for the post-thrombotic syndrome. Thromb Res 2018;164: .. 99. Stegeman BH, de Bastos M, Rosendaal FR, van Hylckama Vlieg A, Helmerhorst
110–115. .. FM, Stijnen T, Dekkers OM. Different combined oral contraceptives and the
81. Brandjes DP, Buller HR, Heijboer H, Huisman MV, de Rijk M, Jagt H, ten Cate .. risk of venous thrombosis: systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ
JW. Randomised trial of effect of compression stockings in patients with symp- .. 2013;347:f5298.
tomatic proximal-vein thrombosis. Lancet 1997;349:759–762.
.. 100. Bleker SM, Coppens M, Middeldorp S. Sex, thrombosis and inherited thrombo-
..
82. Prandoni P, Lensing AW, Prins MH, Frulla M, Marchiori A, Bernardi E, .. philia. Blood Rev 2014;28:123–133.
Tormene D, Mosena L, Pagnan A, Girolami A. Below-knee elastic compression .. 101. Douketis J, Tosetto A, Marcucci M, Baglin T, Cosmi B, Cushman M, Kyrle P,
stockings to prevent the post-thrombotic syndrome: a randomized, controlled .. Poli D, Tait RC, Iorio A. Risk of recurrence after venous thromboembolism in
trial. Ann Intern Med 2004;141:249–256. .. men and women: patient level meta-analysis. BMJ 2011;342:d813.
83. Kahn SR, Shapiro S, Wells PS, Rodger MA, Kovacs MJ, Anderson DR, Tagalakis .. 102. Martinelli I, Lensing AW, Middeldorp S, Levi M, Beyer-Westendorf J, van Bellen B,
V, Houweling AH, Ducruet T, Holcroft C, Johri M, Solymoss S, Miron MJ, Yeo .. Bounameaux H, Brighton TA, Cohen AT, Trajanovic M, Gebel M, Lam P, Wells PS,
E, Smith R, Schulman S, Kassis J, Kearon C, Chagnon I, Wong T, Demers C,
.. Prins MH. Recurrent venous thromboembolism and abnormal uterine bleeding with
..
Hanmiah R, Kaatz S, Selby R, Rathbun S, Desmarais S, Opatrny L, Ortel TL, .. anticoagulant and hormone therapy use. Blood 2016;127:1417–1425.
Ginsberg JS; SOX Trial Investigators. Compression stockings to prevent post- .. 103. Stam-Slob MC, Lambalk CB, van de Ree MA. Contraceptive and hormonal
thrombotic syndrome: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2014; .. treatment options for women with history of venous thromboembolism. BMJ
383:880–888. . 2015;351:h4847.
Diagnosis and management of acute deep vein thrombosis 1263

..
104. Kucher N. Clinical practice. Deep-vein thrombosis of the upper extremities. N .. JH, Royle G, Sellke FW, Stangier J, Steiner T, Verhamme P, Wang B, Young L,
Engl J Med 2011;364:861–869. .. Weitz JI. Idarucizumab for dabigatran reversal—full cohort analysis. N Engl J
105. Grant JD, Stevens SM, Woller SC, Lee EW, Kee ST, Liu DM, Lohan DG, Elliott .. Med 2017;377:431–441.
CG. Diagnosis and management of upper extremity deep-vein thrombosis in .. 116. Connolly SJ, Crowther M, Eikelboom JW, Gibson CM, Curnutte JT, Lawrence
adults. Thromb Haemost 2012;108:1097–1108. .. JH, Yue P, Bronson MD, Lu G, Conley PB, Verhamme P, Schmidt J, Middeldorp
106. Thompson JF, Winterborn RJ, Bays S, White H, Kinsella DC, Watkinson AF. Venous .. S, Cohen AT, Beyer-Westendorf J, Albaladejo P, Lopez-Sendon J, Demchuk
thoracic outlet compression and the Paget-Schroetter syndrome: a review and rec-
.. AM, Pallin DJ, Concha M, Goodman S, Leeds J, Souza S, Siegal DM, Zotova E,
..
ommendations for management. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2011;34:903–910. .. Meeks B, Ahmad S, Nakamya J, Milling TJ Jr; ANNEXA-4 Investigators. Full study
107. Constans J, Salmi L-R, Sevestre-Pietri M-A, Perusat S, Nguon M, Degeilh M, .. report of andexanet alfa for bleeding associated with factor Xa inhibitors. N
Labarere J, Gattolliat O, Boulon C, Laroche J-P, Le Roux P, Pichot O, Quéré I, .. Engl J Med 2019;380:1326–1335.
Conri C, Bosson J-L. A clinical prediction score for upper extremity deep ven- .. 117. Majeed A, Ågren A, Holmström M, Bruzelius M, Chaireti R, Odeberg J, Hempel
ous thrombosis. Thromb Haemost 2008;99:202–207. .. EL, Magnusson M, Frisk T, Schulman S. Management of rivaroxaban- or apixa-
108. Sartori M, Migliaccio L, Favaretto E, Cini M, Legnani C, Palareti G, Cosmi B. D- .. ban-associated major bleeding with prothrombin complex concentrates: a co-
dimer for the diagnosis of upper extremity deep and superficial venous throm-
.. hort study. Blood 2017;130:1706–1712.
..
bosis. Thromb Res 2015;135:673–678. .. 118. Arachchillage DRJ, Alavian S, Griffin J, Gurung K, Szydlo R, Karawitage N, Laffan
109. Kleinjan A, Di Nisio M, Beyer-Westendorf J, Camporese G, Cosmi B, .. M. Efficacy and safety of prothrombin complex concentrate in patients treated
Ghirarduzzi A, Kamphuisen PW, Otten H-M, Porreca E, Aggarwal A, Brodmann .. with rivaroxaban or apixaban compared to warfarin presenting with major
..

Downloaded from [Link] by guest on 23 June 2025

M, Guglielmi MD, Iotti M, Kaasjager K, Kamvissi V, Lerede T, Marschang P, bleeding. Br J Haematol 2019;184:808–816.
Meijer K, Palareti G, Rickles FR, Righini M, Rutjes AWS, Tonello C, Verhamme .. 119. Burstein B, Barbosa RS, Kalfon E, Joza J, Bernier M, Essebag V. Venous throm-
P, Werth S, van Wissen S, Büller HR. Safety and feasibility of a diagnostic algo- .. bosis after electrophysiology procedures: a systematic review. Chest 2017;152:
rithm combining clinical probability, d-dimer testing, and ultrasonography for
.. 574–586.
suspected upper extremity deep venous thrombosis: a prospective manage-
.. 120. Calkins H, Hindricks G, Cappato R, Kim YH, Saad EB, Aguinaga L, Akar JG,
..
ment study. Ann Intern Med 2014;160:451–457. .. Badhwar V, Brugada J, Camm J, Chen PS, Chen SA, Chung MK, Cosedis Nielsen
110. Di Nisio M, Van Sluis GL, Bossuyt PM, Buller HR, Porreca E, Rutjes AW. .. J, Curtis AB, Davies DW, Day JD, d’Avila A, Natasja de Groot NMS, Di Biase L,
Accuracy of diagnostic tests for clinically suspected upper extremity deep vein .. Duytschaever M, Edgerton JR, Ellenbogen KA, Ellinor PT, Ernst S, Fenelon G,
thrombosis: a systematic review. J Thromb Haemost 2010;8:684–692. .. Gerstenfeld EP, Haines DE, Haissaguerre M, Helm RH, Hylek E, Jackman WM,
111. Ferro JM, Coutinho JM, Dentali F, Kobayashi A, Alasheev A, Canhao P, Karpov .. Jalife J, Kalman JM, Kautzner J, Kottkamp H, Kuck KH, Kumagai K, Lee R,
D, Nagel S, Posthuma L, Roriz JM, Caria J, Frassdorf M, Huisman H, Reilly P, .. Lewalter T, Lindsay BD, Macle L, Mansour M, Marchlinski FE, Michaud GF,
Diener HC; for the RE-SPECT CVT Study Group. Safety and efficacy of dabiga-
.. Nakagawa H, Natale A, Nattel S, Okumura K, Packer D, Pokushalov E,
..
tran etexilate vs dose-adjusted warfarin in patients with cerebral venous throm- .. Reynolds MR, Sanders P, Scanavacca M, Schilling R, Tondo C, Tsao HM, Verma
bosis: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Neurol 2019;76:1457. .. A, Wilber DJ, Yamane T. 2017 HRS/EHRA/ECAS/APHRS/SOLAECE expert
112. Wells PS, Anderson DR, Rodger M, Ginsberg JS, Kearon C, Gent M, Turpie .. consensus statement on catheter and surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation.
AG, Bormanis J, Weitz J, Chamberlain M, Bowie D, Barnes D, Hirsh J. .. Europace 2018;20:e1–e160.
Derivation of a simple clinical model to categorize patients probability of pul- .. 121. Burstein B, Barbosa RS, Samuel M, Kalfon E, Philippon F, Birnie D, Mangat I,
monary embolism: increasing the models utility with the SimpliRED D-dimer. .. Redfearn D, Sandhu R, Macle L, Sapp J, Verma A, Healey JS, Becker G,
Thromb Haemost 2000;83:416–420.
.. Chauhan V, Coutu B, Roux JF, Leong-Sit P, Andrade JG, Veenhuyzen GD, Joza
..
113. DOAC in Unusual Site Venous Thrombosis (DUST study). [Link] .. J, Bernier M, Essebag V. Prevention of venous thrombosis after electrophysi-
gov/show/NCT03778502 (last accessed 2020). .. ology procedures: a survey of national practice. J Interv Card Electrophysiol
114. Schulman S, Gross PL, Ritchie B, Nahirniak S, Lin Y, Lieberman L, Carrier M, .. 2018;53:357–363.
Crowther MA, Ghosh I, Lazo-Langner A, Zondag M; Study Investigators. .. 122. Saunderson C, Hickman S, Wilkinson E, Tayebjee M. Current venous thrombo-
Prothrombin complex concentrate for major bleeding on factor Xa inhibitors: a .. embolism prevention practices following endovascular electrophysiological pro-
prospective cohort study. Thromb Haemost 2018;118:842–851. .. cedures in the UK: a retrospective study. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J 2018;18:
115. Pollack CV Jr, Reilly PA, van Ryn J, Eikelboom JW, Glund S, Bernstein RA,
.. e374–e378.
Dubiel R, Huisman MV, Hylek EM, Kam CW, Kamphuisen PW, Kreuzer J, Levy
..