National University of General Sarmiento – Institute of Industry

Electromechanical Engineering - Electric Machines

Guide to Problems No. 2: Single-Phase Transformer

Problem 1
A single-phase transformer of 15,000 kVA, 60/15 kV, has the following parameters: R 1=0.55 ohm, R2=0.025 ohm
X1=9.5 ohms, X20.5 ohm, gc1=1.5 x 10-5mho,
bm115 x 10-5me. Determine the values of:
a) The parameters referred to the primary
b) The parameters related to the secondary
c) The Current, the Voltage, and the Power Factor at the input when supplying the nominal load, Power Factor
0.85 inductive at 14.5 kV. (Use the exact equivalent circuit referred to the primary).

Problem 2
A transformer with a turns ratio of 5 is to determine the equivalent resistance of the losses in
the copper. To achieve this, the following measures are taken:
To continue:

Winding V (Volt) I (Amp.)

1 2.97 30.3
2 0.122 30.1

I I W

For alternation: W = 582 W I = 50.2 A

In both measures, the ambient temperature is 17.5ºC.
1. Determine Rccfor each winding.
2. Determine Rad(ta).
3. Determine Rcc(75ºC), Rad(75ºC) and Rcu(75ºC).
Note: no losses other than those of copper are considered.
The transformer is subjected to the following additional measurements to those already made:

Essay A Essay B

I W I W

V V

EssayA Tension 2000 V

Current 1.22A
Power 244 W
Frequency 50 Hz.

Essay B Power 582 W

Current 50.2A
Tension 116V

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 Temperature 17.5 ºC
Frequency 50 Hz.

In addition to the information provided by the core material manufacturer, it indicates that under the test conditions A,
hysteresis losses accounted for 43% of the measured power, while eddy current losses accounted for
the remaining 57%. It also indicates that in this experiment the field remains in the linear zone of the B(H) curve and that the
hysteresis losses are proportional to B2 max.
4. Determine Zo and Zcc as seen from the primary for the reference temperature (75ºC) and for f = 50 Hz, Vp = 2000V.
5. The same. Previous but for f = 60 Hz and Vp = 1500V.
6. On the primary side of the transformer, a 2000V, 50 Hz power source is connected, and on the secondary side, a ...
constant ohmic value impedance, which has been tested at 50V, 50 Hz, taking 27 A under cosϕ=0.85
inductive. Determine the voltage at the terminals of the load and the efficiency of the transformer.
7. The same. Previous but the load has cos ϕ=0.85 capacitive.

Problem 3
A single-phase transformer of 100 kVA, 200/2,000 Volt, has the following parameters: R 10.0025 ohm; R2=0.35
ohm; X10.01 ohm; X20.98 ohm; gc10.01 mho; bml0.05 mho.
If this transformer feeds a load of 75 kW, Power Factor 0.8 capacitive, at 1,900 volts, determine the voltage.
the current and Power Factor at the input. (Use the approximate equivalent circuit with the admittance of
excitation connected at the input and referred to the primary

Problem 4
Two transformers A and B are considered with a capacity of 100 kVA and a turns ratio of 4000/250. The Zcc of A on the primary side is
of 1.85+j6.15. To determine the Zcc of B, it is tested coupled as in the figure. On the high voltage side of B,
measures 288V, 25 A, 3 kW. Find Zcc of transformer B.
B A
AT

Problem 5
Se tienen 2 transformadores monofasicos A y B. El A es 6300/220V,50 kVA, Zcc=2.3% 70º y el B 6300/215V,70
kVA, Zcc=2.8%∠78º and are connected as shown in the figure to a three-phase system of direct and balanced voltages of 6100V, 50
Find the current that passes through a load that absorbs 250A at 400V with a power factor of 0.9 lagging. Find the efficiency.
and the nominal power of the set knowing that the iron losses at 6100V of transformer A are 600W and those of B
they are 800W, in both cases at 50 Hz.

A.
.
Z

B
. .
. .
Problem 6
A single-phase transformer of 1,000 kVA, 66.6/3.3 kV, has the following parameters: R 130 ohm, R20.08 ohm
X1150 ohm, X2=0.42 ohm, gc=bm=0. If this transformer feeds a load of 90 kVA, unit Power Factor
and the primary voltage remains constant at 66 kV,
A) determine the voltage and the current in the load. (Use an approximate equivalent circuit with the admittance of
excitation connected at the input and referred to the primary.
B) Now solve using the equivalent circuit referred to the secondary. Compare the results and explain.
any difference
C) Determine the active and reactive power at the transformer input. Also calculate the power factor.
in the entry and compare it with that of the load. Explain

Problem 7

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On the characteristics plate of a transformer it reads:
Nominal power 150 KVA
Nominal primary voltage 13200 V
Nominal secondary voltage 220 V
Calculate the nominal current in the primary and secondary.
A resistance of 0.4Ω is connected to the terminals of the secondary. Calculate the values.
of the current and the power dissipated in it, supplying the transformer
from the primary, with nominal tension.
Calculate the value of the previous resistance referred to the high voltage side.
I1N11.36 A I2N= 682 A I2C= 550 A P2C=121000 W RC1= 1440Ω

Problem 8

From the tests carried out on a 100 kVA, 13200/220 V - 50 Hz single-phase transformer, the results are obtained
following results:
Empty test (From low voltage)
Tensión : U20= 220 V
Current: I20= 32 A
Power: P20= 490 W
Short-circuit test (From high voltage)
Tension: U1CC= 810 V
Current: I1CC7.20 A
Power: P1CC= 1400 W
Determine the value of the parameters of the equivalent circuit, referred to the high voltage side (Assume that R1 = R21
y X1 = X21)

R1= R21= 13.5ΩX1= X21= 54.6 Ω RP= 355157ΩXm= 24828Ω

Problem 9

For the transformer of the previous exercise, calculate:

a) The losses in iron at nominal tension.
b) Losses in copper at nominal current.
c) The efficiency of the transformer for a load of 60 kW with
cosϕ = 0.85 in lag.

pIron= 490 W pWith= 1550 W = 97,94 %

Determine the value of the voltage in the primary, if in the secondary of the transformer from the previous exercise, there is a
220V tension, with nominal load and
cosϕ = 0.75 in arrears.

U1=13908∠2° V
Problem 10
Two transformers of 100 kVA, 1000/100V, 50 Hz, operate in parallel. The short-circuit tests of these
Transformers when operating at nominal current with the low voltage windings short-circuited, provide the following
resultados:

a) If it is desired to supply a load of 100 kW at 100 V with a power factor of 0.8 inductive, what will be the distribution of powers?
apparent and active in each transformer?
b) What is the maximum power with unity power factor that the two transformers in parallel can carry without overloading?
none of them?

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Problem 11
A 10 MVA transformer is required to supply power to an industrial process at a unity power factor. It will be used for
full load for 8 continuous hours a day and the rest of the day without load.
Company A offers a transformer that has a full-load efficiency of 99% and no-load losses of 0.5%.
Company B offers, at the same price, a transformer with 98.8% efficiency at full load and no-load losses.
of 0.3%.
a) Which transformer should be chosen?
b) If the energy costs 0.8 cents per kilowatt-hour. What will be the daily difference in energy cost?
between both transformers

Problem 12
Two transformers of 500 KVA and a ratio of 11/2.2 KV at 50 Hz operate in parallel; the short-circuit tests
carried out with the low voltage windings in short circuit give the following values:
Transformer A: Applied voltage: 260 V
Input power 3300W.
Transformer B: Applied voltage 945V,
Input power 3980W.
What will be the maximum load at unity power factor that the two transformers in parallel can have without
not to overload any of them, if the voltage in low voltage bars is 2200 V?
Create the phasor diagram.
Note: schedule the calculations using spreadsheets (excel).
Transformers now operate in parallel with different ratios toA= 11/2.2 KV and aB= 11/2.22 [Link] in
in this case, the maximum power that can be transmitted to the
load without overloading the transformers.

Problem 13
To power a single-phase load with a nominal voltage of 380V from a 220V, 50 Hz network, it is intended to use a
single-phase transformer connected according to figure 1.

1. For the transformer connected as proposed and considering it as ideal, determine the voltage.
primary nominal, the secondary nominal voltage and the minimum power of it to supply the load at its
nominal voltage, taking into account that it consumes 3.8 kVA at 380V.
2. With the transformer connected as shown in Figure 1, the following tests were conducted:

a) Between 3 and 4 a 24V, 50 Hz source is connected, and 1 and 2 are short-circuited. In this test, it was determined that the
the source delivered 100 W and 10 A.
b) Between 1 and 2 a 220V, 50Hz power source is connected, and it is left open between 3 and 4. In this test it was determined
that the power supply delivered 30 W and 0.5 A.
c) Determine the value of the short-circuit impedance and
of the transformer's vacuum. It must be indicated 3
clearly from which side of the transformer it is calculated
each impedance.
d) Considering the model of the real transformer
determine the voltage across the load and the efficiency 1
from the transformer. It is known that the load behaves
Figure 1
as a constant impedance that under 380V, 50 Hz,
consume 3.8 kVA under a power factor of 0.5
inductive. 2 4

Problem 14
Represent the complete vector diagram of a transformer under load from the following data:

N1 = N2 = R1 = R2 = X1 = X2 = f (Hz) =
150 1500 0.024 2.7 0.088 9.1 50

ϕ = 0.00484∠0º Wb
I0= 1.5∠1.54º A
Load:Z2= 352,667Ω, fdp = 0.8 capacitive.

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1.- Calculate the efficiency of the transformer.
2.- Determine the losses due to Joule effect.
3.- Conduct a power balance to calculate the magnetic losses. Compare the obtained result with the
calculated from U1I0cosϕ0.

Problem 15
A 100 KVA single-phase transformer, 13,200/230V, 50 Hz, was subjected to a short-circuit test.
measured 528 V and 1590 W. In open circuit testing, 4.5 A and 318 W were measured.

a) Determine the parameters of the approximate equivalent circuit and express them in ohms referred to the high side.
high voltage (HV) and low voltage (LV) next to it.

b) For a load of 80 KVA, power factor: 0.8 capacitive, supplied at nominal voltage in low voltage, determine
the currents and voltages in the branches of the equivalent circuit referred to AT and BT.

c) Determine the losses, the efficiency, and the regulation of the transformer under load. Regulation is defined
as: Reg (%) = [(Vempty - Vload) * 100] / Vempty

d) If the network is 13.2 KV and 60 Hz, does the equivalent circuit of the transformer change? What happens with the
no-load current? what are the losses under these conditions?

e) What operating conditions can affect the magnitudes of the parameters of the equivalent circuit?
(nominal) of a transformer? Refer to each parameter, indicating the form of variation.

Problem 16
A single-phase load of 45 kVA, cos θ 20.866 inductive, 240 volts, powered by the system that shows the
Figure 2.1 below. The total impedances of the lines as well as the parameters of the transformer are indicated in
Figure. With 240 volts at the load (Bar 4) and considering the excitation admittance connected at the input of
Equivalent circuit of the transformer (Bar 2) determine:
a) Voltage and current in the primary of the transformer (Bar 2)
b) Potencias activa y reactiva suministradas al transformador
c) Voltage and current in the supply (Bar 1)

Problem 17

Be the transformer of the figure whose data is specified below.

1. It is desired to use the same in a network with a frequency of 50 Hz. In order to evaluate this possibility, we
perform an experiment at f = 60 Hz which consists of leaving B2 empty and feeding B1 with different voltage values
By measuring in each case the current taken from the source, the results shown in Table 1 were obtained.
Determine what is the maximum voltage value that can be supplied to the transformer, for f = 50 Hz, if not
wants to saturate the same.
2. Two tests are conducted in direct current, each consisting of supplying a winding.
leaving the remainder blank; the results of these tests are presented in table 2.
Additionally, an alternating current test is performed which consists of short-circuiting B1 and supplying B2 with voltage.
reduced. The data from this trial are presented in Table 3.
During the test exposed in part (1), it was observed that the active power taken from the source was zero.
Determine the model for the transformer connected to a 50 Hz frequency network with the available data.
It can be assumed that the additional resistance is negligible.

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3. A pure resistive load is to be powered, with a nominal voltage of 110 V, 50 Hz, and a nominal power of 12 kVA.
from a regulated source 200 V 50 Hz. Indicate how to connect the transformer, calculate the voltage across the load and
the performance of the transformer. B1 B2
Data:
Transformer: 220/120 V, 60 Hz, 15 kVA. . .
Table 1
V 0 50 100 150 250 260
I 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1.25 5
Table 3 Table 2
B1 1.5 V 25 A
12 V 50 Hz 100 A
B2 1 V 20 A

Problem 18

1) Determine the impedance seen by the source towards the circuit in each of the positions of the switch S.

A C
A B
N N + T
1 2 V Z
B D -
S C D

Z1 Z3 Z6

2) + Z2 N1 N2 Z8
Z5
V
- Z4 Z7

a) Determine how the circuit behaves as each of the impedances Z is connected.3a Z8next to the fountain.

b) Determine how the apparent power S= P+j Q taken by each Z is affected when moving it to the source side.