Three-phase transformer

In order to transform the voltages of a three-phase system, it is theoretically necessary to use 3 transformers.
single-phase, whose phases will be coupled, depending on the constraints, in star or delta.
In reality, we use a three-phase transformer composed of three primary windings and three windings.
wound secondary on a single magnetic circuit (less expensive transformer).
Constitution of a three-phase transformer
The role of the magnetic circuit is to channel the magnetic flux and to present the minimum losses by
Hysteresis and eddy current:
To minimize losses (electrical) due to eddy currents, magnetic circuits are designed.
puff pastries made from thin sheets (about 0.4 mm thick), insulated from each other by varnish.
To reduce hysteresis losses, the sheets are added with silicon (with grains).
(oriented)…

The magnetic circuit is formed by three cores (3 columns) enclosed by 2 end caps. It is made of sheets.
layered magnetic. Each column or core has two windings. The terminals 1 of the primary (high
tensions) are identified by uppercase letters (A, B, C) and the secondary 2 boundaries (low voltages) are
identified by (a, b, c).
It is mandatory1+ φ2+ φ3If it equals 0: it is said to be a transformer with forced (linked) flux.
Homologous tensions are defined as the tensions (same column) that represent the same
greatness but one in primary school, the other in secondary school.
The primary and secondary windings per column are traversed by the same flow, if these windings are
Wound in the same direction, the corresponding tensions are in phase and conversely.
The choice of homologous tensions influences their phase shift.
For example for the first column: UAcreate IA→ NAIA= Rϕ1= NaIaIacreate Ua
UA/Ua=NA/NaIa/IA= N1/N2I2/I1
Coupling modes
In primary, the windings can be connected (coupled) either in star (Y) or in delta (Δ).
In secondary, the windings can be coupled in 3 different ways: star (Y), delta (Δ) and
zigzag (Z)

The zigzag coupling is: The secondary windings are divided into 2 half-windings. Each phase of the
secondary is obtained by connecting two of these coils in series, taken in opposite directions, located on two
different columns.
Coupling is always indicated by a symbol:
You y: primary or secondary star coupling
Δ or d: primary or secondary triangle coupling
Z or z: Zig-Zag coupling used on the secondary side

1
Choice of coupling
The couplings of the primary and secondary are not necessarily identical.
The choice of coupling depends on the importance of the imbalances in the currents and the necessity or not of a
neutral.
The star coupling is used in high voltage (to reduce the winding voltage).
The delta connection is used to reduce the current value in the windings.
The zigzag coupling is used in the secondary when the load requires the existence of the neutral (transformer.
of low voltage network distribution). It operates satisfactorily under unbalanced load conditions.
(distribution of the overload over 2 phases in case of an imbalance → compensate the imbalance).

Transformation report (by phase)

As in single-phase, the transformation ratio is the ratio of the (composite) voltages to the secondary circuit.
open20(It is obtained during the open circuit test).

Transformation report by column mc :

It is defined as the ratio of the number of secondary turns to primary = N2/N1= mc

Examples
YY coupling
m = U20/U1= Ua/UA= Va/VA= Na/NA= N2N1= mc
Dy Coupling

The windings that belong to the same column are represented on the same axis: one can consider
each column like a single-phase transformer.
The points mark the homologous coils: they belong to the same column and are wound with
in the same way.
Yd coupling
m = U20/U1= Ua/UA= √3Va/UA= √3 N2/N1= mc/√3

2
Hourly index
The differences in coupling between the primary and secondary lead to phase shifts between the voltages.
primary and secondary. These phase shifts are of no importance for a transformer operating in isolation.
The parallel startup of transformers may be necessary to respond to the increase
of the demand for power to be supplied. The phase shifts must then be taken into account during the
parallel connection of 2 transformers.
The phase shift θ existing between the homologous primary and secondary voltages is always a multiple of
π /6rd or 30°. The hourly index Ihis expressed in hours, hence the correspondence 2π = 12h
The hourly index 1h corresponds to 30° (π/6)
Ihis therefore an integer between 0 and 11 that indicates on a clock dial the phase shift between the
secondary voltage and primary voltage between corresponding terminals.

Reminder: The relationships between composite tensions and simple tensions are:
Uab= Va– Vb Ubc= Vb– Vc Uca= Vc– Va

Representation
The transformer used as an example corresponds to:

Examples:

In the same way, we can find all the Yy, Yd, Yz, Dy, Dd, Dz, with the different time indices.
we will retain the most common cases explained in the table:

3
Electrical study of three-phase transformers
In balanced operation, all the theory of the single-phase transformer is applicable provided that we reason "
"phase by phase", that is to say "a phase of primary corresponds to a phase of secondary".
Diagram brought down to secondary:

4
Voltage drop: we show, by making the approximations φ ~ φ1~ φ2, (θ ~ 0, V2vcosθ ~ V2v)
the approximate (simplified) formula:

V2v= mV1 ΔV = RsI2cosφ + XsI2sinφ = V2v– V2, ΔU = √3ΔV

Determination of the elements of the equivalent circuit

Two wattmeter method: it allows the measurement of the three-phase power of a circuit.
any with or without neutral.

They are determined from 2 reduced power tests.

No-load test (open secondary circuit) at nominal primary voltage V 10= V1n

m = U20/U1
P10 = √3 U10I10cosφ10= Pfer= 3V1n/Rf 2→ Rf= 3V1/P10 2
→ cosφ10

2
Or well: S10= P10+ 2Q10= (3V
2
1I10)
2 2
Q10= 3V1/X f
2
→ Lfω = Xf = 3V1/Q 10

Secondary short circuit test and nominal secondary current I2ccI2nwith primary voltage V1cc
reduced!

P1cc= Pj= 3RsI2cc→2 Rs= P1cc/3I2cc 2

Zs2= Rs2 + Xs2and ZsI2cc= m V1cc→ Xs

5
Yield
Regardless of the coupling, the efficiency of the three-phase transformer is:

With: P2= √3U2I2cosφ2

Losses = Iron losses + Joule losses (Iron losses = no-load test; Joule losses = short-circuit test)

Maximum yield
As in single-phase, the curve of yield variations reaches a maximum for the current.
optimal secondary.

Run in parallel with several transformers

It is said that two transformers are in parallel if their primaries and secondaries are in parallel.

For coupling to be feasible, it is imperative that the transformers have:

Same transformation reports;
Same time zones.