THE GASES

The Properties of Gases

The atmosphere is a thin layer of gas attached to the surface of the Earth.
due to gravity. Its thickness is approximately 300 km in relation to
the size of the earth is very thin, despite this, this layer of gas is
essential for life: it protects us from harmful radiation and provides
substances for life such as oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and
water
All gases are molecular, except for six.
noble gases, which are monatomic. Many
low molecular weight organic compounds are gases
the ambient temperature includes methane, CH4
from natural gas. Almost all gases have low masses
molars, because only small molecules
they can easily escape from each other due to their weak forces
intermolecular.
The atmosphere is difficult to study primarily because it lacks
composition, temperature, and uniform density. The density of air varies with
the altitude, due to the variation in temperature, but also due to the
compressibility of air, that is, its ability to be confined to a
smaller volume.
The weight of the air above compresses the air at sea level, making it more
I think that the air at higher altitudes has half of the atmospheric mass.
finds in the first 5.5 km, and a plane on a typical flight that travels to
10 km above the surface flies over 70% of the atmospheric mass.

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 The study of gases requires a molecular model, with this purpose...
they will see the necessary properties to define the conditions to which it
find a gas.

The pressure
Everyone who has inflated a bicycle or popped an inflated balloon
they have experienced an opposing force coming from the confined air, this is
the gas pressure.
Pressure is the force exerted by the gas divided by the area over which it is applied.

the force is exerted.

Strength
Pressure=
Area
The pressure that a gas exerts
about the walls of the container that
it contains results from the collisions
of the molecules with the surface
from the container.

The pressure exerted by the

atmosphere is measured with a barometer, the barometer was invented by
Torricelli. He used a long glass tube (sealed on one side) of
approximately 1m and I filled it with mercury (Hg). Then covering the
open end inverted the tube placing said end over a container
also with mercury. The mercury in the tube descends, leaving a vacuum in
the sealed end.
The level of mercury can rise or fall depending on the pressure exerted.
atmosphere, thus at sea level, the mercury column has a height of
760 mm. At sea level, the atmospheric pressure corresponds to 760 mmHg, which
which is equivalent to one atmosphere.

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 Units of pressure
Unidad Símbolo Definition or Relationship
Pascal Pa 1 Kg.m-1.s-2
Bar Bar 1.105Pa
Atmosphere atm. 101,325 Pa
Torr 1/760 atm.
760 mmHg 1 atm.

When measuring the pressure in a tire using a gauge

pressure, the pressure of the gauge is measured this is the difference in pressure
inside the tire minus the atmospheric pressure. A deflated tire registers
a pressure of '0' on the gauge because the pressure inside the tire and outside
she is the same. We can refer to the meter as a manometer.

Pgas= Ph1 Pgas + P=P

h2 atm Pgas= PATM+ Ph 3
Patm> Pgas Patm< Pgas
The precise relationship between pressure and mercury height is:
P = dgh
Where: P is the pressure, d is the density of the liquid (density of Hg: 13.595
[Link]-31.3595 x 104kg.m-3the acceleration of gravity (9.81 m/s)-2) y
it is the height of the mercury column.

The temperature
Temperature is a measure of the average speed of the
molecules of a gas or any substance. In a cold gas, the molecules
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move on average at a lower speed
a hot one, if a gas could be cooled to the
absolute temperature of 0 the movements
they are completely ceased.

There are different measurement scales of

temperatures, which are established by taking as
reference the changes in water ace.

The Absolute Temperature Scale

All real gases condense
and solidify before reaching 0
absolute. That is to say, no substance
(gas, liquid, or solid), it can be
cooled below -273 ºC. Of everything
it is logical to think on a scale
taking this point as reference. The
absolute temperature scale
with reference to -273 ºC as the absolute zero of temperature. Then we can
write
T(K)=T(ºC)+273

Laws of gases

Boyle's Law
One property of gases is their
compressibility, that is to say its capacity of
reduce its volume due to pressure

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external. In contrast, solids and liquids are practically
incomprehensible.
The volume of a fixed sample of gas, at a constant temperature,
varies inversely with the applied pressure.
This is:
1
V∝
P

Where V indicates the volume, P pressure and∝ it is proportional to

Boyle's law can also be expressed as follows:

V
P.=conast
P1V1=P2V2
Charles's Law
Aerosol cans usually have the indication to keep them away
of high temperatures and fire. What is the reason? The immediate answer is
what! explodes!
Logically, this is due to the increase in the volume of gases, which when
They overcome the resistance of the can that contains them.
There is then a relationship between volume and temperature, it is intuited that if
if we increase the temperature, the volume of a gas will increase, and if we lower the
the temperature will decrease the volume of a gas.
V = kT or V/T = k.
If we take into account the initial and final conditions of the gas, the law of
Charles can be expressed as follows:
V1 V2
=
T1 T2

It is easy to deduce that the same behavior must be exhibited by pressure.

in response to a temperature change
P1 P2
=
T1 T2

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Avogadro's Law
Amadeo Avogadro interpreting the experiments of Gay – Lussac,
I stated what is now known as Avogadro's hypothesis: equal volumes
two gases at the same temperature and pressure contain the same number of
molecules.
Avogadro's law is a consequence of Avogadro's hypothesis: the
the volume of a gas kept at constant temperature and pressure is directly
proportional to the number of moles of gas, that is:
V = constant x n
Where V is the volume of a gas at a fixed temperature and pressure and n is the number
of the gas moles.
We can also write:
V1V2
=
n 1n 2

Ideal Gas Law

The laws previously described are fulfilled at low pressures and temperatures.
moderate. Likewise, these laws can be combined in an equation, which can
this is called the ideal gas equation:
PV = nRT
The constant R is a universal constant, which is the same for all
gaseous substances. The numerical values of R depend on the units.
to what we are working with (P, V, T, and n), therefore it should be taken into account a lot

be careful when solving problems.

Ideal gas constant
0.082 L . atm / (mol.K)
8.314 Kg m2/ (s2. mol. K)
62,364 Torr . L / (mol K)

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 An ideal gas is a hypothetical gas whose pressure behavior,
volume and temperature are fully described by the gas equation
ideals. When this equation is applied, it is being considered as
molecular interactions are negligible.
From the ideal gas equation, we have:
n P
=
In RT
m
We also know that n= where m and M are the mass and the molar mass
M
of gas respectively.
Replacing and fixing:
m PM m PM
= density is defined as d= finally→ d=
In RT V RT
From this same equation, the molar mass M can be calculated knowing its
density under given conditions of pressure and temperature:
dRT
M=
P

Mixture of Gases: Law of Partial Pressures or Dalton's Law

So far our studies of the

gases has focused on pure gases, those that
consist of a single substance in the state
gaseous and non-reactive with each other. What happens

Is there a mixture of gases under pressure?

Let's think about the following situation: we have two containers of equal volume.
and at the same temperature. The pressure of the container holding gas A is
240 mmHg and the pressure of the container containing gas B is 120 mmHg.

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If we combine the two gases in a single container of the same volume and
keeping the temperature constant what will the new pressure be?

In container A, we have nA(moles of A), T and V constant values. One

fulfills that:

PA= n A ⎛⎜
RT ⎞
⎟
⎝ V⎠

In container B, we have nB(moles of B), T and V constant values. It

it fulfills that:

PB= n B ⎛⎜
RT ⎞
⎟
⎝ V⎠

In container C, we have ntotal= nA +nB(total moles), T and V values

constants. It holds that:

= n A ⎛⎜
RT ⎞ ⎛ RT ⎞
Ptotal= n total ⎛⎜
RT ⎞
⎟ = (n+An B )⎛⎜ RT ⎞⎟ ⎟ + nB⎜ ⎟
⎝ V⎠ ⎝ V⎠ ⎝ V⎠ ⎝ V⎠

so that : Ptotal=PA+ PB

Replacing: ptotal= pA +pB240 mmHg + 120 mmHg

ptotal= 360 mmHg
We can conclude in this case that the total pressure in a mixture of gases is
the sum of the pressures of each gas, under the same conditions of T and V.

The pressure of each gas in a mixture is called partial pressure.

Dalton's Law. In 1802, just before proposing his atomic theory, John
Dalton deduced that the total pressure of a mixture of gases (that do not react)
is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases
who participate:
Ptotal= Pgas–A + Pgas–B
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Knowing the total pressure and the fraction of molecules of a particular gas
In a mixture of gases, the partial pressure of the gas can also be calculated.
in question. This fraction of molecules is known as molar fraction.
define by:
nA
χ A=
n total

Where ntotalit is the sum of all the gas molecules in the mixture (ntotal=
nA +nB + ...Then the partial pressure will be given by:
PA=χ[Link]

Molar Volume

The ideal gas law can also be used to predict the volume of
one mole of an ideal gas under any conditions of pressure and temperature. For
to do it, you can write:

V nRT / P RT
Vm= = =
n n P

For a pressure of 1,000 atm and a commonly used temperature of

25.00 ºC (298.15 K), the molar volume is:
8.2058x10−[Link] / [Link] x 298.15 K
Vm= = 24.47 L / mol
1,000 atm

The expression 'standard temperature and pressure conditions' means that the
The conditions of the gas are at 1 atm of pressure. Under TPE conditions, the
The molar volume of an ideal gas is 22.41 L/mol.
To obtain the volume of a known amount of gas at a temperature and
specific pressures, we simply multiply the molar volume by this
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temperature and pressure by the number of moles. When we need to know the
volume occupied by a mass of gas, we first convert the mass to moles
using the molar mass.

Stoichiometry of Gaseous Reactions

Molar volume is used to convert the amount of reactant to a
volume corresponding to the amount of product.

Molar mass of A Molarvolume

stoichiometry

Mass of A Moles of A Moles of B Volume

of B

There are no new principles within stoichiometric calculations that

involves gas only one additional step, the conversion of moles of
gas molecules to liters of gas.

Bibliography

1. P. Atkins, L. Jones, "CHEMICAL PRINCIPLES the Quest for insight"

Fourth Edition, Freeman, New York 2008.
2. R. Chamg, “QUIMICA”, novena edicion, Mc Graw Hill, 2008
3. M. Kong, V. Landa, et al, "CHEMISTRY 1 Class Help" PUCP Lima
2003.
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