Basic Optics Guide for Beginners
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ScribdTranslationsBasic Optics Guide for Beginners
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ScribdTranslationsPractical Guide
Basic optics
Optics
uncomplicated
This guide is for
Instructions intended
use to you
assist in a simple and quick way,
with a basic content of optics, it is
ideal for those who are starting,
but also serves to refresh the
memory of those who have already worked in the field or
I have some doubts.
This material was created with a lot
affection, to share the
knowledge that I have in the field.
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1. AMETROPIAS
. Myopia
. Hyperopia
. Astigmatism
. Presbyopia
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MYOPIA
To better understand, ametropias are
refractive errors, that is, the image becomes
blurred upon arriving at our retina,
needing lenses to compensate for this
difficulty.
In myopia, the focus is in front of the retina,
making it difficult to see far.
compensation is made by lenses
divergent, that is, negative lenses, which
it has characteristics of being thick on the edge
It's fine in the center.
The person with myopia starts to perceive
when approaching something, or also
I have difficulty reading signs.
signaling, among other difficulties.
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MYOPIA
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HYPERMETROPIA
Having difficulty seeing from
close, in hyperopia the image is
shape after the retina, that is, it is the opposite
from myopia.
As our eye has 65 diopters
positive, in this ametropia the eye becomes
flattened, causing us to be with
less diopters, and with that you need to use
converging lenses, which are lenses
positive, and that will add diopters to
vision of a hyperopic person at 65
necessary dioptres.
Lenses positive them how
thin edges and the center
big.
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HYPERMETROPIA
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“
ASTIGMATISM
We have already seen on the previous pages about the
What is myopia and hyperopia, what are they
when a beam of light does not reach
correctly on our retina, or is it before
or later. Astigmatism can come
accompanied by myopia or
hyperopia.
In astigmatism, multiple occur
focal points, but only two focuses are
the main ones, but this happens in various ways
simultaneous, that is, they cause 5 types of
astigmatism, which is what we will see next
the demonstration in image about how it is
this ametropia.
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ASTIGMATISM
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THE 5 TYPES OF ASTIGMATISM
1. Simple Myopic Astigmatism: is when a
the focus is on the retina and the other before.
2. Compound Myopic Astigmatism: occurs
when the two points are before the retina.
3. Simple Hyperopic Astigmatism:
it happens that one focus is on the retina and the other
after.
4. Composed Hyperopic Astigmatism: it is
when the two points are after the retina.
5. Mixed Astigmatism: occurs when a focus
one is before the retina, and the other is after it.
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“
Presbyopia
It is the difficulty that people over 40
years have to see up close, more
known as short arm, the presbyters
they need to stretch their arms to reach the
focus.
Presbyopia occurs in a process
natural aging of our
corpus. The crystalline lens that is the lens of our
eyes, change shape to focus on the
images, and it is powered by muscles
ciliares, which over time, come to
lose its strength and the lens does not
can work in the best way to
focus the images. And with that, the vision of
nearby ends up being harmed.
Lenses are used for compensation.
bifocals or multifocals.
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2. READING OF RECIPE
. Prescription
. Spherical
. Cylindrical and axis
. Addition
PRESCRIPTION
The recipe is the beginning of a consulting.
optics, and to better serve the customer,
we must to know interpret it
correctly, in order to indicate the
suitable products.
The prescriptions may vary from doctor to doctor.
doctor, but all contain the information
necessary for us consultants to know
What is the client's difficulty?
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SPHERICAL
In the spherical field, it will indicate what the diopter is of the
client for far or near, that is,
indicating whether he has myopia or hyperopia.
When presenting a negative sphere (-), the
The client has difficulty seeing far because of nearsightedness.
When it is positive (+), he has difficulty in
near, which is about hyperopia.
Our eyes work independently of each other.
so there may be cases of an eye
to present myopia and the other hyperopia, which is
called anisometropia.
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“
CYLINDRICAL AND AXIS
In the cylindrical field, it is indicated to
diopter for astigmatism, and can
to be presented with a negative sign (-)
or positive (+). Most of the recipes
in our country are prescribed with a signal
negative, but there may be some cases
to see as positive, needing
calculation of transposition.
Every recipe with cylindrical comes
accompanied by the degree of the axis (º), which
it will be the position that the diopter should be in,
to correct the distortion caused
for astigmatism.
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ADDITION
The addition will be prescribed on the prescription.
when a person has presbyopia, and
this can be done in two ways
ways.
In some recipes, the addition has
a specific field or the doctor
write it somewhere else,
needing that the sum be done
with the spherical diopter of the field
from afar. And in other cases she already
who added with the diopter in the
field to close.
The addition sign is the (+), for it
to deal with an additional diopter
close to.
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3. MEASURES
. DNP and DP
. DNP nearby
. Height
DNP and DP
A DNP, or rather, nasopharyngeal distance
Pupil size needs to be measured from the client, as it varies.
from person to person, so you can forget it
that 'fakeNews' of DNP standard.
Para explicar melhor, a DNP é a distância da
pupil to the center of the nose, which is nothing more than where
light passes and goes to our retina. This measure is
of extreme importance.
Now the PD, pupillary distance, is the distance from one
pupil to the other.
To measure the DNP, a pupillometer is required.
which is nothing more than the measurer
I need the market. For that, the customer visualizes
the target that is usually green and white, in
straight sense, and you consultant with the buttons
sliding overlay the guides in the center of the
cornea (corneal reflex).
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DNP FOR NEAR
The DNP undergoes changes when it ...
near vision problem. What
that's why when we look
to close, we converge our
eye, and with that this measure
decrease.
Many laboratories use a
2.5mm standard, in other words, they
decrease this value by the DNP of
long sent by the optics.
The ideal would be to take this measure on
moment of taking measurements,
because it varies from person to person, and
with the pupilometer itself we have
this availability, putting the
key that is in infinity (for
long), and place between 30cm and
40cm.
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HEIGHT
Height, just like DNP, is a measurement.
essential for both multifocal and
single vision lenses, as it centers the lens vertically,
and measuring the two measurements correctly,
we will have a lens completely at the optical center
of the eyes.
To take this measurement is very simple, just
mark with a contrasting color pen
with the color of the iris in the center of the pupil, and being in the
same height as the client. And after taking the measurement
check by stepping back about 2 meters from the
client.
Soon after, a measure was taken, then with a ruler.
millimeter, measure the distance from the bottom edge
up to the marked point.
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