DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY AND MECHANICS

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEGREE

MECHATRONICS ENGINEERING DEGREE

MANUFACTURING PROCESSES LABORATORY

NRC LABORATORY: 1901

LABORATORY REPORT No 3
LABORATORY TOPIC: Turning

Laboratory Professor: Ing Patricio Quezada

Theory Professor: Eng. Byron Cortez

GROUP MEMBERS:
Iñaguazo Steven NRC theory: 1523
Pazmiño Nayro
Simba Gabriel

FECHA: 10 de Agosto del 2017

 Turning
1. Objectives.

1.1. Objetivo General

Generate in students the ability to plan suitable work sequences

for manufacturing processes that involve a machine tool.

1.2. Specific Objectives.

Operationalize a type piece using various basic turning operations.

Show the operation of the Harrison parallel lathes and operate.

2. Theoretical Framework

GENERALITIES

THE LATHE

The lathe is the machine-tool that allows the transformation of an indefinite solid,
rotating it around its axis and removing peripheral material in order to
obtain a defined geometry (solid of revolution).
With turning, cylindrical, flat, conical, and spherical surfaces can be obtained.
profiled, threaded.

There is a wide variety of lathes:

• Parallels
• Universals
• Verticals
• To Copy
• Automatics
• From Computer Numerical Control (CNC)

MAIN PARTS OF THE LATHE

THE STRUT.-It is a compact piece made of cast iron, very rigid and robust
with internal ribs. At its top, it has the guides for the carts. At its
on the left is the main head and on the right is generally the counterpoint
mobile.
THE HEADSTOCK.- It is mainly a gearbox and also includes the
main shaft or spindle which holds the plate that supports the workpiece,
printing it with a continuous rotation movement.
Given the diversity of materials and sizes of the pieces to be worked on, the head should
allow the spindle to rotate at different speeds through driven shifts
by external levers.

THE LONGITUDINAL CAR.- It includes the composite car, the holder

tools and the apron. Since the cart supports and guides the cutting tool,
It must be rigid and constructed with precision. The composite cart is actually 3
cars
The longitudinal one moves along the guides of the bench printing the
advance movement to the tool.

The cross carriage provides a movement perpendicular to the previous one and the
the tool can in that case have an oblique movement as a result of the
composition of the longitudinal and transversal.

A third smaller car goes over the transversal and can be tilted by a
conveyor that places it in different angular positions. On top of this cart
The tool holder is located that serves to hold the tools in the correct position.
blades or chisels

THE HUSILLO PATTERN OR THREADING BAR.-It is a long bar

carefully threaded, located below the bench guides extending
from the headstock to the counterpoint. It is geared to the headstock in such a way that
its rotation can be reversed and it fits the longitudinal carriage by engaging and
disengaging for threading operations

THE MOBILE HEAD.-It is mounted on the guides of the bench and can be
sliding over them, approaching or moving away from the main head. Its function is
holding the rotating pieces when they are very long.

THE COUNTERPOINT.- It is used to support the other end of the workpiece.

during machining, or to hold various cutting tools, such as drills,
scrapers and plugs. The counterpoint is located in the movable head on the right.
of the lathe, which slides over the prismatic guides and can be fixed at any
position along the bench. It has a sliding spindle that moves by means of
a crank that is fixed in position with a lever.

CUTTING TOOLS FOR LATHE.-The tool specific to the lathe is

formed by a handle or body through which it is fixed to the tool holder and by
a head, which is the active part of the tool on which the cutting edge is arranged
cut.
The basic geometry of any cutting tool used for work
manufacturing processes consist of three main angles, which are:
 Angle of incidence, alpha ( )
Edge angle, beta ( )
Angle of detachment, attack, range. )

VALUES OF THE ANGLES , , FOR A STEEL TOOL

FAST ACCORDING TO THE MATERIAL TO BE PROCESSED

Material to Work With

8 68 14 To. without leaving up to 70 Kg/mm2
8 72 10 Molded up to 50 Kg/mm2
8 68 14 Alloyed up to 85 Kg/mm2
8 72 10 To Alloy 100 Kg/mm2
8 72 10 Malleable cast iron
8 82 0 Gray cast iron
8 64 13 Copper
8 82 0 Ordinary brass
12 48 30 Pure aluminum
12 64 14 Aluminum Alloys
8 76 6 Magnesium Alloys
12 64 14 Pressed materials
12 68 10 hard gem

POSITION ANGLE.- It is the angle formed by the main cutting edge with the axis.
geometric shape of the piece being turned, this depends on the piece being worked on and the
type of machine.
 POSITION ANGLE ) CONDITIONS
35-45° In roughing work, with parts
very rigid in powerful machines
65-70° General jobs
90° In slightly rigid pieces

Tool sharpening according to operations to be performed

GEOMETRY OF DRILLS

The point angle of standard drill bits is 118°, figure 2. In general, it should be both
the harder and tougher the material to be drilled.

a = main cutting wire

b = thickness of the core
c = transversal thread
d = diameter of the drill
e = width of the bevel
f = secondary thread
g = incidence surface
tip angle
transversal cutting angle
(55°)
1.1 LATHE OPERATIONS
Among the main operations to be performed on a lathe are the following:

MACHINING PROCEDURES ON THE LATHE

Most of the work on the parts in a machining workshop involves round parts.
using a lathe. In the industry, a large number of round pieces are held in a
mandrill. In the schools' workshops, a higher percentage of the work is machined among
centers, due to the need to start over more frequently. In any
In this case, it is important to follow the correct sequence of machining operations to avoid
to ruin the work, which often happens when incorrect procedures are followed.

GENERAL RULES FOR WORK

Rough all diameters to 0.30 inches (in) [0.79 millimeters (mm)]

of the required size.
Machine the larger diameter first and then move to the smaller diameter.
If the smaller diameters are ground first, it is very likely that the piece
bend when machining larger diameters.
 2. Grind all steps and shoulders to 0.030 inches (0.79 mm) in length.
required.
Make sure to measure all lengths from the same end of the
piece
If all the measurements are not taken from the same end of the piece, the
the length of each step would be 0.030 in (0.79mm) less than what is
requires. If four steps are needed, the length of the fourth would be
0.125 pul (3.17mm) shorter than required, and it would be left too much.
material for the operation.

3. If any special operation is required, such as knurling or grooving,

they must be carried out next.

4. Cool the part before starting the finishing operations.

The material expands due to the friction caused by the process of
machining, and all measurements taken while it is hot
work will be incorrect.
When the piece is very cold, the diameters of the round work will be
minors that are required.

CUTTING PARAMETERS FOR A TURNING OPERATION

Cutting speed (m/min)

INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM
π×D×N
Vc =
1000
Where:
Vc = Velocidad of cutting
D = Diámetro in mm
N = Speedrotation (rpm)

ENGLISH SYSTEM
π×D×N
Vc =
12
b) Advance (mm)
c)
a = avance
d) Feed Rate ( mm/min)

Vf = N × a

e) Tiempo de Corte (min)

lm
t C=
lC
Where:
t CCut-off time
lm length of the piece mm
l = lengthcutting speed per minute (mm/min)

Cutting area
A c= p × a
Where:
p = Profcutting unit in mm
a = advancein mm
2)
Ac = Area of cut mm(

Shear force
Fc= Ac × ks
Where:
FcShear forceN ( )
kgf
ks = Forcespecificfcutting edge ( )
mm2
( 2)
Ac = Area of the court mm

h) Specific shear strength

88
ks = forfgray smelting
a0.25× p0.07
 200
ks = for semihard steel
a0.97

Note: The specific cutting force depends on the material and can vary.
considerably from one to another, being affected by changes in the cutting section,
angles and speed. The influence of these factors is evident in the attached graphs.

Cutting power
P = Vc × Fc
Introduction

One of the most important manufacturing processes in the metallurgical industry

It is the lathe. A lathe is a device in which work is rotated against a
cutting tool. The shape of the workpiece is generated as the
the cutting tool moves longitudinally and transversely to the axis of the workpiece
work.

Machine Safety for Rotation

The lathe can be a safe machine only if the machinist is aware of the
risks involved in its operation. In the machine-tools workshop, such as
anywhere, you must always keep your mind on your work, to avoid
accidents.

Develop safe work habits in the use of settings, chip breakers,

guards and other protective devices. Safety standards have been
established as guidelines to help eliminate practices and procedures
insecure in lathes.

Dangers in Turning Operations

a. Some warnings due to the movement of the lathe.

A finger trapped in the gears or between the compound rest and a jaw
Mandrill is an example. The rule is to keep your hands away from such positions.
dangerous when the lathe is in operation

b. The dangers associated with broken components or falls.

Mandrels or heavy pieces can be dangerous in case of a fall. One should
be careful when handling them. If a threaded spindle suddenly reverses, the
The mandrel can detach and fly out of the lathe. A key thrown at the
the left on the mandrel can turn into a missile when the machine is
on. Always remove the key for it immediately after
use it.

c. Risks arising from contact with high-temperature components.

Burns are generally the result of handling shavings.
hot (up to or even more) or a hot work piece. The gloves
they can be used when handling hot chips or parts. The gloves
should never be used when operating the machine.

d. Risks arising from contact with sharp edges, corners, and protrusions.
These are perhaps the most common cause of hand injuries during the
I work on the lathe. Sharp edges are dangerous and can be found in
many places: in a long fibrous chip, at a working tip, or in a
protruding edge of a turned or threaded piece. The shields must be
 used for protection against chips and coolant. These shields
They are generally made of transparent plastic and are articulated on the mandrel.
It is advisable to use safety glasses during machining, furthermore not
remove the fibrous chips with bare hands; use heavy gloves and use
the hook or clamp tools.
Always turn off the machine before trying to remove the chips. Edges with
The burrs must be removed before removing the piece from the lathe. Always remove the
tool chuck when setting up or removing parts of the lathe.

e. Work risks - exploitation or drive devices.

When the workpieces are clamped, their components often are
extend beyond the outer diameter of the fastening device. The
guards, barriers and warnings, such as signs or verbal instructions are
they use it to make him/her aware of the dangers.
Make sure that sufficient gripping force is exerted by the jaws.
to hold the work safely. Never operate a chuck of
gear displacement without having anything trapped in the jaws.

f. Axis braking.
The spindle or workpiece should not be braked or stopped by gripping with the
by hand or using a lever. Always use machine controls
to stop or reduce speed.

g. The dangers associated with workpieces that extend outward

of the lathe.
Workpieces must be supported by a stock tube. If allowed a
thin piece extending beyond the spindle head or less than a foot without
support, can fly out of the centrifugal force. The piece not only
It tilted, there will be a great danger for a person standing nearby.

3. Material

HSS blade of ¼’’. (see the cobalt 14 pilas robert well)

Blade (Castillo brothers Robert PILAS)
An industrial aluminum shaft, diameter 3'' and length 120 mm (the material piles)
Broca HSS 8mm.

4. Equipment

Personal security
Grinding wheel
Bench drill
Parallel lathe and its operation and work accessories
 Watch comparator.
Magnetic base for comparator
Level of precision
Harrison Lathe Calibration Chart
Verification patterns
Control diagram.

5. Control tools and instruments

Sleeves for attaching drills

King's foot (detail characteristics)
Pressure plate (Machine clamp)

6. Procedure

6.1 Sharpening of single and double-edged cutting tools

a) Inspect the equipment, materials, and instruments, and make your observations in the
results analysis.
b) File the chalk as instructed and show it to the instructor.
c) File the iron rod, write your name on it and hand it to the teacher.
d) Measure 5 times the diameter of the drill, note in results.
e) With the grinder off, simulate sharpening the drill bit.
f) Sharpen the drill.
g) Check the tilt of the cross edge, required tip angle, length of
the main edges and angle of incidence, note your results in the analysis of
the same
h) Mount the sharp drill bit on the bench drill, securely holding the workpiece.
drill and make a through hole.
Measure 5 times the diameter of the drilled hole with the same instrument used.
in literal b)
Clean the work areas well.

6.2 Pre-operation induction for handling a Machine Tool.

a)
Pay attention to the instructor's explanation about the different parts,
components, systems, and commands that are part of the parallel lathe
Harrison M300. (Refer to Annex I)
b) Observe the functioning of the systems and assembly of the accessories
available in the laboratory for proper operation on the lathe
parallel.
6.3 Basic Turning Operations

a. Extend the explanation about the different basic operations that can be performed
on the parallel lathe, based on the plane of the part type to be made.
b. Study and analyze the plan of the practice axis to machine, identify the elements
important geometric shapes.
[Link] a plan to build the axis (List of tools, accessories, sheet of
process, etc.). It is suggested to carry a tentative process sheet.
d. File or select the cutting tools according to the requirements for the
machining of the piece.
e. Check that the lathe to be used has the necessary conditions to carry out the
work according to the requested specifications, and prepare it for the different
operations to be carried out.
f. Identify the tools, accessories, and other elements necessary for the
machining.
Mount the piece, tools, and necessary accessories, ensuring that they are in good condition.
state and adjusting them accordingly.
Establish a cutting regime, RPM, feeds, etc., for each of the
necessary operations to manufacture the part according to the proposed process sheet.

7. Task to be submitted in the report:

A technical report that includes:

a. Review the theory and recommendations for cylindrical turning (roughing and finishing), turning
conical, grooving, drilling, boring, chamfering, profiling, shaping, external threading and
internal, provide a summary of the important aspects (including the regimes of
cut) to correctly carry out the mentioned operations.
b. Develop all the questions from the questionnaires of the book 'Technology of the
manufacturing processes” 5th edition of Krar / Check, Section 11, units from
from 45 to 58 all the questions (keep in mind that it is a different book from the one)
the previous guide.)

REVIEW QUESTIONS

Page 343

1. List the operations that can be carried out with a lathe

1.1 Displacement
1.2 Machining
1.3 Referencing
1.4 Threaded
1.5 Grooving
1.6 Drilling
1.7 Grooved
1.8 Tapered turning
 1.9 Slicing or cutting of the piece

2. How is the size of a lathe determined?

The size of a lathe is based on the maximum diameter of the parts that
it can cultivate, this dimension, known as the turn of the lathe, is determined
as the maximum distance between the centers.

Parts of the gear lathe

3. Mention the four main units of the lathe

I flipped
Distance between centers
Length of the bench
Radio (mid of the bench)

4. Mention the purpose of the following:

a. Headstock spindle

Provides power through the gears from the engine to the

workpiece clamping devices.

b. Guide screw and advancing rod

The lead screw advances the longitudinal carriage in cutting operations.

screws when the broken nut lever is coupled.

The feed rod advances to the longitudinal carriage for operations of

turned when the automatic advance lever is engaged.

c. Gear shifters

They give the advance rod and the guide screw various speeds for the
turning operations and threading cuts.

d. Broken nut lever

Allows for the threading of screws.

e. Gear shift lever

Regulates the longitudinal and transverse advance.

f. Cross advance
 Allows the movement of the cart along the cross-section.

g. Auxiliary Car

Supports the cutting tool.

Speed and feed adjustment

5. List three types of lathe propulsions

Belt propulsion.
Variable speed propulsion.
Gear propulsion.

6. Explain how the speeds are changed in a gear head lathe.

They are changed using stepped pulleys or gear levers.

7. List the steps to adjust an advance of 0.01 inches or 0.25mm

7.1 Select the progress on the graph.

7.2 Move the relevant lever to the position directly below the
desired progress.

8. Explain the purpose of:

a breakable pin

b. The slipping clutch

When the feed mechanism is overloaded, the breakable pin is

break or the slipping clutch will slide causing the advance
automatic stops. This prevents damage to the gears or shafts of the
advancing mechanism.

Page 355

Workholding devices

1. Mention three types of lathe points and explain the purpose of each one.

1.1 Rotating counterpoint: It is used to support pieces held over a

benchmark or when parts are being machined between points.
 1.2 Adjustable Microset Point: It adjusts to the axis of the counterpoint and provides
the means to align the points or centers of the lathe, or to produce cones
lightweight in machined parts between centers.

1.3 Self-Propulsion Point: It is used when machining at full speed.

length of the piece and it is not possible to use a chuck or lathe dog to
to drive the piece.

2. What precautions should be taken when turning pieces supported between

solid points?

Adjust it and lubricate them occasionally as the workpiece

heats up and expands. If this precaution is not taken, it can damage both the
point like the piece.

3. Describe and explain the purpose of the following:

a. Universal three-jaw chuck

Hold round and hexagonal pieces. Hold pieces very quickly with a
precision of thousandths of an inch or hundredths of a millimeter.

b. Four independent jaw chuck.

Holding round, square, hexagonal, and shaped workpieces

irregular.

c. Nozzle

It is used in high precision work to hold round pieces.

square and hexagonal.

d. Magnetic mandrel.

Subject pieces of iron or steel that are too thin or that can
they can get damaged if held with a traditional chuck.

What advantage does a Jacobs chuck have over a spring chuck?

It has a wider range than the spring nozzle.

5. Explain the purpose of

a. Fixed sight
 Supports long pieces held in a chuck or between centers of the lathe. Supports the
center of the long pieces to avoid them bending when machining the
piece between points.

b. Mobile lens.
Travel along the longitudinal cart to prevent the piece from jumping up and
outside the reach of the cutting tool.

6. Mention three types of turn dogs

Bent tail standard

Straight tail
Clamp type bench dog

7. What is the disadvantage of the square head screw adjustment in the vise?

It may damage the finish.

8. What is the advantage of the straight-tailed sheepdog?

It is a more balanced dog and does not create impressions in the piece.

Cutting tool holding devices

9. Describe three classes of standard tool holders and mention their purpose.
each one.

9.1 Left angled (L): Shifted to the right is designed for

machining parts near the spindle or clamping plate and for cutting from
right to left.

9.2 Right-angled (R): Shifted to the left designed for

machining parts near the counterpoint, to cut from left to right and
for refinancing operations.

9.3Recto(S): Makes cuts in any direction and for operations of

general machining.

10. How does a carbide tool holder differ from a standard tool holder?

It has a square hole parallel to the base of the tool holder for
give way to carbide cutting tools.

11. Mention two methods by which carbide inserts are held.

interchangeable in a tool holder.
 By means of levers
Through clamps

12. What procedure should be followed when using a bar set?

internal threading for heavy duty?

A procedure must be carried out where tool holders are used.

carbide.

13. Name and mention the purpose of four types of tool posts

Super fast exchange: Provides a quick, precise method and

reliable for changing and adjusting various tool holders for different
operations.
Interchangeable square post: Allows the mounting of four tools at the same time.
time in the turret.
Interchangeable super six turret: Supports up to 6 tools for
machining operations for interiors and exteriors.
Vertical interchangeable turret: Provides greater precision, tool change
fast, and greater rigidity for any available tool systems
for mechanical lathes.

Page 360

Cutting speeds and advances

1. Define CS and explain how it is expressed.

Cutting speed: It is the speed at which a point on the circumference

the workpiece passes in front of the cutting tool. The cutting speed
it is always expressed in (ft/min) or (m/min).

2. Why is proper CS important?

To save time in the material removal process.

3. How many revolutions per minute should the lathe turn to perform coarse turning?
cast iron piece with a diameter of 101mm when using a steel blade
high speed?

Data
CS= 18 m/min
Diámetro= 101mm
4. Calculate the rpm for turning a steel part for machinery of 3 ¾ inches
diameter using a high-speed steel tool.

Data
CS= 90pi/min
Diámetro= 3 ¾ pulg

5. Define the advancement of the lathe

It is the distance that the cutting tool advances along the workpiece by
each revolution of the spindle.

Cutting depth

6. Define cutting depth

It is the depth of the chip that the cutting tool takes out and it is half.
from the total amount removed from the workpiece in a cut.

7. How deep should a roughing cut be?

It must be as deep as possible to reduce the diameter.

8. What factors determine the depth of a roughing cut?

The state of the machine

The type and shape of the cutting tool used
The rigidity of the workpiece, machine, and cutting tool.
Advance speed.

9. A workpiece with a diameter of 2 ½ inches must be machined to 2.375 inches.

final diameter. What will be the depth of the roughing cut and the finishing cut?

Depth of roughing: 0.05 inch

Finishing cut depth: 0.005 in

Graduated micrometric rings

10. Name and explain the differences between two classes of machines equipped with
graduated rings.
 - Machines in which the workpiece rotates: The cutting tool only
move half of the amount that is going to be removed according to the ring.
- Machines in which the workpiece does not rotate: The removed material is equal to
the adjusted amount in the graduated ring.

11. What precautions should be taken when adjusting the cutting depth?

If the graduated ring has a set screw, ensure that the ring is
Fixed.
All cutting depths must be made by advancing the tool.
cut towards the workpiece.
Never hold the graduated ring when adjusting a cutting depth.

12. What is the value of one graduation on a metric graduated ring?

0.02mm

What size will a workpiece with a diameter of 75 mm have after making

a cut of 6.25mm deep in the piece?
6
2.5 mm in diameter.

Machining time

14. Calculate the time required to machine a tool steel piece of 3

1/8 inch in diameter, 14 inches long, to a diameter of 3.000 inches.
Page 363

1. Mencione tres posibles resultados de no observar las reglas de seguridad del taller.

Serious injuries can occur, resulting in loss of time and

productivity for the company.

What is generally the most important cause of an accident?

Operator neglect.

3. Why are the following precautions important when operating the lathe?

a. Use of safety glasses

Because the shavings fly and it is necessary to protect the eyes.

b. Do not wear loose clothing

Because loose clothing can get caught by the dogs of the lathe, baboons and
rotating parts.

c. Do not wear watches and rings

These can get trapped in the rotating part or in the parts of the lathe and
to cause serious injuries.

d. Remove the key from the chuck

If it is not removed, it can fly away and hurt someone or get stuck on the bench.
of the lathe.

e. Keep the machine and the area around it clean

To avoid falls and trips.

f. Stop the lathe to measure the piece or to clean the machine

If not done, broken tools or personal injuries can occur.

4. Why shouldn't the shavings from the lathe be cleaned with a cloth?

Because the cloth can get stuck and be pulled inside along with the
operator's hand.

Page 367
1. Briefly describe the correct procedure for mounting a point on the lathe.

a. Remove any burr from the spindle, points or nozzle of the lathe spindle.
b. Thoroughly clean the cones of the turning points in the headstock spindles
and in the counterpoint.
c. Partially insert the already clean point into the lathe spindle
With a quick movement, force the point inside the spindle.

2. How can the accuracy of the live point be verified after it has been mounted?
about the spindle?

Advance: 0.01
Machining time = (7.777 + 11.666) min = 19.4 min
It can be verified with the dial indicator.

3. What precautions should be taken when removing the live stitch?

A cloth should be placed over the spot and held with the hand to prevent a
accident or damage to the point.

4. Briefly describe how to align the points of the lathe using the cutting method.
test

A small cut is made at each end of the workpiece and the measurements are taken.
diameters with a micrometer.

5. Why should the test bar be tight between the points when aligning?
points with a dial indicator?

To obtain correct readings on the indicators.

Page 370

1. What are the two requirements that must be met to allow for a
turning cutting tool?

They must have certain angles and clearings regardless of their shape.

2. Why should the top of the cutting edge not be sharpened below the part
What is the superior part of the tool when the side attack angle is sharpened?

Because a trap for the shavings will be formed, which greatly reduces the
efficiency of the cutting tool.

3. How should the tip of the tool be conditioned?

 A light radius must be ground at the tip of the cutting tool.
ensuring to maintain the same front angles and lateral clearance.

4. Briefly explain the procedure for sharpening a purpose tool.

general

a. Rectify the face of the grinding wheel.

b. Firmly hold the tool
c. Generate the appropriate cutting angle.

Page 375

How to mount a workpiece between centers

1. Explain the procedure to adjust the cutting tool for turning.

a. Move the tool holder post to the left side of the T-slot of the
auxiliary car.
b. Mount a tool holder on the post so that the adjustment screw of it
approach about 25mm beyond the post.
c. Insert the appropriate cutting tool.
d. Tighten the clamp screw of the tool holder.

2. List the main steps to mount parts between centers.

a. Check the live point.

b. Clean the lead screws of the head
c. Adjust the spindle with the tailstock
d. Mount the workpiece between centers
f. Verify the fastening

Careado between centers

3. Mencione tres propósitos para carear una superficie de trabajo.

3.1 Provide a straight and flat surface, square with respect to the axis of the
piece.
3.2 Provide an accurate surface from which measurements are taken.
3.3 Cut the workpiece to the required length.

4. Explain how to adjust a honing tool.

The pieces are often held with a mandrel, the tool of

the bracket adjusts on the right side in the tool holder at the height of the point
center of the lathe.

Page 383
Adjustment of cutting tools
1. How should the tool holder and cutting tool be adjusted for the
machining between centers?
The tool holder must be mounted on the post so that the screw of
the tool holder adjustment should extend approximately 25mm beyond
from the post
The appropriate cutting tool must be inserted into the tool holder.
so that the tool protrudes 13mm from the tool holder and
never more than double its thickness
2. What could happen if the tool holder is adjusted to the left and moved?
under cutting pressure?
The tool tends to bury itself in the workpiece, causing the
cut diameter is smaller than necessary

Parallel turning

3. What precautions should be taken before starting a turning operation?

parallel?
The cutting tool must be adjusted precisely for the depth of
desired cut
The workpiece must be cut to size and have the same diameter.
length of the entire piece.
4. Explain the procedure for adjusting a precise cutting depth.
To set a precise cutting depth, it can be adjusted by a
test cut
Adjust the piece, the tool, the correct speeds and feeds for the
material to be cut
Start the lathe and place the tool 3 mm from the workpiece.
Advance the tool towards the workpiece by turning the crank in
clockwise until a small ring appears
deep throughout the circumference of the piece
Turn the longitudinal crank of the car to the right so that
I remained free from the end of the piece, turn on the automatic feed until
make a test cut of 6mm along the piece, uncouple the
automatically and release the tool beyond the edge of the piece
using the longitudinal car crank
Stop the lathe and measure the diameter of the test cut, calculate how much
material still needs to be removed
Turn the cross car crank clockwise.
for an amount equal to half of the quantity of material that is going to
 remove; the full amount, if the micrometer ring indicates the material
removed the diameter of the piece.
I turn on the lathe and make another test cut of 6mm long and stop.
turn it and repeat the previous two steps
5. Mention the purpose of rough turning and finishing.
The purpose of rough turning is to remove as much material as possible.
possible in the shortest cutoff period; the accuracy and the finish
superficial are not important in this operation
The purpose of finishing turning is to produce a smooth and short surface.
in the precisely sized piece.
6. How many cuts should be made to turn a diameter to size?
For roughing, the final diameter must be 0.8mm above the diameter of
finished; then the difference between the initial and final diameters is divided,
for the depth that the material wants to be cut.
For the finishing, a single cut with a slow advance, and if it is going to finish the
diameter with filing or polishing, never leave more than 0.05mm to 0.07mm for
this operation
7. What is the purpose of a light test cut at the far right of the
piece?
Only after making the test cut is it possible to adjust a depth.
of precise cut. It can also be said to be filed and polished

Limed and Polished

8. How much material should be left on the diameter to file to size?

The workpiece must be turned within 0.05 to 0.07 of the size if it
smooth the surface
9. How should the file be held to file in a lathe?
With the left hand in such a way that arms and hands remain outside of the
mandrel or rotary lathe plate
10. List two of the most important things to remember when grinding on a lathe?
Never use a file without a properly fitted handle.
Never apply too much pressure to the file. Excessive pressure causes it to
loses the roundness and causes the teeth of the file to get stuck and damage the
workpiece surface.
11. List the main steps to polish a diameter on the lathe
Select the correct type and grade of abrasive cloth for the finish
Desired, for ferrous metals, use aluminum oxide abrasive cloths,
For non-ferrous metals, silicon carbide abrasive cloth should be used.
 Adjust the lathe to high speed, disengage the feed, remove the
tool holder, use a moving point to roll the sleeves up
the elbows and hold any loose clothing
Start the lathe and hold the abrasive cloth over the piece with your hand.
right, press firmly the fabric onto the workpiece while
holds the other end tightly with the left hand
Move the fabric slowly back and forth along the piece of
work

Shoulder rolling

12. What type of cutting tool should be used to machine a shoulder?

square?
A left chamfering tool
13. How close to the finished length should a shoulder diameter be cut?
sagging?
The final length minus the radius that is going to be cut, for example a length
of 75mm with a radius of 3mm must be turned to a length of 72mm
14. Mention two methods to cut angled shoulders on a lathe.
Using the side of a cutting tool (shoulder size
small bevel
Using the auxiliary cart at an angle (beveled shoulder size
big)

Page 390

Moleteado

1. Define the process of knurling

It is a process of printing a pattern in the shape of a diamond or straight lines in

the surface to provide a better grip surface.

2. Explain how to set up the knurling tool.

The piece must be mounted between centers and the desired length to be machined must be marked.
Adjust the lathe to operate at a quarter of the required speed for it
torn
Adjust the longitudinal carriage advance.
Place the floating head center of the tool at the same level as the
deadlock.
Adjust the milling tool at a right angle to the workpiece and
tighten it firmly in this position.
 Start the machine and touch the workpiece with the rollers to ensure
that are correctly oriented.

3. Why is it important not to decouple the advancement during the knurling operation?

Because at the moment we uncouple the advance we can lock the machine and
thus causing internal damage to the lathe's motor.

Grooving

4. What purpose are the slots used for?

The grooves have purposes of notching.

5. How can the depth of the cut be measured during grooving?

With the help of a micrometer screw.

What should be done to prevent the cutting tool from getting stuck in a groove?
deep?

Adjust the lathe speed to half concerning the speed of the

cylinder capacity.

Shaping forms

7. Mention four methods by which turning can be done

shapes on a lathe

Hands-free
With a shaping tool
With a spherical tool
With a hydraulic copier or pantograph attachment

8. Briefly describe the procedure for turning a radius of ½ inch (13mm) in the
end of a piece

Mount the workpiece in the chuck and face the end.

With the workpiece rotating, a ½ inch (13mm) line is marked from
from the end using a pencil.
Mount a round nose tool for turning at the center.
Turn on the lathe and adjust the tool to the approximate diameter.

9. What is a template?

It is a mold of a piece or part of it to be turned.

10. What types of templates can be used with a copying lathe?

Flat template

11. Liste tres ventajas de un torno copiador o de un aditamento copiador

Intricate shapes are produced easily.

Several shapes, cones, and shoulders are produced in a single cut.
Precision and finish are independent of the operator's skill.

12. Liste seis puntos a observar cuando se utiliza un torno copiador

The tip of the tool must have the same shape as the radius.
Radius of the smallest tool on the template.
Central line parallel to the lathe guide.
Smooth template shape.
Duplicated parts hold beyond the jaws of the chuck.
Smaller tip angle than template angle.

Page 401

Cones

1. Define a cone

It is the uniform change in the diameter of a workpiece measured along.

of its longitudinal axis.

2. Explain the difference between self-locking cones and steep cones.

The self-locking cones, when properly seated, remain in their

position due to the action of a small wedge. The steep cones
they are not stable without the help of a driving wedge.

3. Mention the tpf of the following cones:

a. Morse: 5/8 inch.

b. Brown and Sharpe: 0.502 in.
c. Jarno: 0.600 in.
d. Standard cone pin: ¼ inch.

4. Describe the D-1 and L type bone nose, and mention where each is applied.
one.
 D-1: it has a short conical section (3 inch tpf) and is used in small bones
lead insurance.
L: it has a cone of 3½ inches/foot and a considerably longer cone than the type
D-1.

Cone calculations

5. Calculate the tpf and the displacement of the counterpoint of the following pieces:

a. D = 1.625 pulg, d = 17/32 pulg, TL = 6 pulg, OL = 18 pulg

tpf: 35/16 inch

counterpoint displacement: 1.6406 inches

b. D = 7/8 pulg, d = 7/16 pulg, TL = 3½ pulg, OL = 10½ pulg

tpf: 3/2 inches.

counterpoint displacement: 21/32 inch.

6. Calculate the displacement of the counterpoint of the following pieces using the formula
of the simplified counterpoint displacement:

a. D = 3/4 pulg, d = 17/32 pulg, TL = 6 pulg, OL = 18 pulg

counterpoint displacement: 21/64 inch.

b. D = 7/8 pulg, d = 25/32 pulg, TL = 3½ pulg, OL = 10½ pulg

counterpoint displacement: 9/64 inch.

7. Explain what a cone in metric system of 1:50 means.

Conical bolts and pipe threads.

REVIEW QUESTIONS PAGE 401

CALCULATIONS OF CONES

1. (8) Calculate the larger diameter of a cone of 1:50 that has a smaller diameter of
15 mm and a length of 75 cm.
= +
 750
D = 15+
50

= 30 mm

2. Calculate the required counterpoint displacement to turn a cone of 1:40 X

100mm in length on a workpiece of 450mm in length. The diameter
is less than 25mm.

= +

100
= 25+
40

= 27.5mm

−
∗ =
2*l

27.5- 25
∗ 450
=
2 * 100

= 5.625

TURNING OF CONES

3. Mention three methods to shift the counterpoint for conical turning.

Using the graduations at the end of the counterpoint (visual method).

By means of the graduated ring and a leaf gauge.
Through a dial indicator.

4. List the advantages of the attachment for cones.

The lathe points remain aligned, preventing distortion of the

points on the workpiece.
The setup is simple and allows the conversion from cone turning to
parallel without wasting time aligning centers.
The length of the workpiece does not matter, and cones can be turned.
duplicates in pieces of any length.
The cones can be produced in pieces held between centers, in a
mandrill, or in a nozzle.
Internal cones can be produced by this method.
The cone attachments in the metric system are graduated in millimeters.
and degrees, while the attachments in inches are graduated in
 degrees and inches of tpf. This eliminates the need for calculations and adjustments
complicated.
A greater interval of cones can be produced.

5. List the main steps necessary to cut an external cone using the
attachment for cones.

Clean and oil the guide bar B.

Loosen the fixing screws D1 and D2 and move the end of the bar.
Guide the necessary amount or, in inch attachments, adjust the bar to the
necessary conicity in degrees or adjustment in the bar to the necessary conicity in
degrees or in tpf.
Tighten the fastening screws.
With the auxiliary carriage adjusted to 90°, adjust in the cutting tool to
center.
Tighten the connection screw G on the sliding block E.
Move the cart longitudinally until the center of the attachment is
opposite to the length in which the conicity is going to be formed.
Fix the anchor bracket A to the lathe bench.
Make a cut of 1/16 inch in length, stop the lathe and check the
size of the tip of the cone.
Adjustment in the roughing cut depth from 0.050 to 0.060 inches
larger than necessary and I machined the cone.
Readjust the attachment if necessary, make a light cut.
and I verify the cone adjustment again.
Finish turning and adjust the cone with a caliper.

6. Describe a cone micrometer and mention its advantages.

The cone micrometer measures the cones quickly and accurately while the
workpiece is still in the machine. This instrument includes a
adjustable yoke and a one-inch breast bar mounted on the frame
the reading of the micrometer is adjusted using a micrometer ring
indicate the tpi, they can easily be converted to tpf or angles. The anvil
It can be adjusted to accommodate a wide range of part sizes.
Cone micrometers are available in various models for measuring.
with the internals and stems and in the bank models with two indicators
to quickly verify the accuracy of the conical parts.

The advantages of cone micrometers are:

The accuracy of when it can be verified while the workpiece is still

it's in the machine.
They provide a fast and accurate method for checking cones.
They are easy to use.
The need for expensive calibration equipment is eliminated.
 They can be used to measure with internal and external assemblies.
female machine

["1. Identificar el cono externo que necesita ser ajustado.","2. Verificar que estén disponibles las herramientas necesarias para el ajuste.","3. Aflojar los tornillos o piezas de sujeción del cono externo.","4. Ajustar el cono externo en la posición deseada.","5. Asegurarse de que el cono esté alineado correctamente.","6. Apriete nuevamente los tornillos o piezas de sujeción.","7. Realizar pruebas para confirmar que el ajuste es correcto."]

There should be three equally spaced lines with chalk or blue for delayed to the
length of the cone.
Insert the cone into the ring gauge and turn it half a turn counterclockwise.
clock hands.
Remove the workpiece and examine the chalk marks, if the chalk has
extended along the entire length and when this is correct. If the
Chalk lines extended only at one end must be adjusted.
cone configuration.
Make a slight adjustment to the cone attachment and perform test cuts.
machine the cone until the fit is correct.

8. Calculate the displacement amount in a guide bar 480mm long for

turning a cone of 1:40 x 320mm in length in a workpiece.
The smaller diameter of the cone is 37.5 mm.

= +

320
= 37.5+
40

= 45.4 mm

−
∗ =
2*l
45.5- 37.5
∗= 480
2 * 320

Thickness of the countertop = 6 mm

9. At what angle should the auxiliary cart be adjusted to machine a workpiece?

with a diameter greater than 1 ¼ inch, a diameter less than ¾ inch and cone length
of 1 inch?

tan( )=
2 24

−
= ∗ 12
 1 1/4 − 3/4
= ∗ 12
1

tpf = 6

θ = 2 * tan-1( )
24
6
θ = 2 * tan-1( )
24

= 28.0725

REVIEW QUESTIONS PAGE 421

COILS

1. Define screw.

A screw can be defined as a helical ridge of uniform section.

that forms inside or outside of a cylinder or cone.

2. List four purposes of the screws.

To secure devices such as screws, bolts, studs, and threads.

To provide an accurate measurement like in a micrometer.
To transmit movement. The main screw threaded in the lathe makes
that the longitudinal carriage is new when it is cutting threads.
To increase strength. Heavy pieces can be lifted with a jack
screw

Terminology of Threads

3. Defina diámetro de paso, paso, raíz y cresta.

Pitch diameter: It is the diameter of an imaginary cylinder that passes through.

at the point where the width of the groove and the thread are equal.
The pitch diameter is equal to the major diameter minus a depth.
simple thread. The tolerances of some of the threads are on the line
of the pass diameter.
Pitch: It is the distance from a point on a thread to this point.
corresponding in the following measure parallel to the axis is expressed in
millimeters in metric system threads.
 Root: That surface of the bottom that one of the sides of two fillets.
adjacent. The root of an external thread is at the minor diameter. The root
of an internal thread is at the major diameter.
Crest: this upper surface that connects the two flanks of a thread.
the crest of an external thread is at the major diameter while the crest
of an internal thread it is in the smaller diameter.

4. Mention how the pitch is indicated for: UNC threads

teeth by length

They are defined by a series of tables that contain the step data.
for the different types of threads (metric, whitworth, gas,
unified), both for normal steps and for fine steps, along
with the corresponding drill diameters that need to be applied to do
the holes for said threads.

5. Why is the diameter of the starting material in a rolled thread equal to the
pitch diameter?

The starting material diameter is equal to the passage diameter as the

The depth of the thread does not affect the entire surface.

6. How can a right-hand thread be distinguished from a left-hand thread?

Left-handed screw: it is the helical crest of uniform cross-section in the
A nut is turned in the opposite direction to the hands of a clock.
Right screw: it is the helical crest of uniform transverse disappointment.
which closed because it was turning in the direction of the clock hands.

ADJUSTMENTS AND THREAD CLASSIFICATIONS

7. Defina ajuste, holgura, tolerancia y límites.

Adjustment: it is the relationship between two parts that fit together. It is determined.
Due to the amount of clearance today, interference occurs during assembly.
Clearance: it is the allowable difference between the largest external thread and the smallest.
internal thread.
Tolerance: it is the allowed difference in the size of the piece, the tolerance
it can be expressed as plus or minus on both sides.
Limits: they are the maximum and minimum dimensions of a piece.

8. How are external UNC threads classified?

According to the step, according to its shape according to its geometry and according to its angles.

9. Mention three classifications of UNC adjustment.

 Tighten, game, indeterminate.

10. How are thread adjustments indicated in ISO threads?

The letter e indicates a large clearance, while the letter g indicates a small clearance.
The letter h indicates that there are no external words for the ring.
On the internet, the letter G to the letter H indicates that there is no slack.

11. Why was the ISO metric thread system adopted?

In the case of manufacturing, being able to homogenize all the elements in case
that there is a need to place a refraction or at the time of performing maintenance
It is very easy to have the same tools for all machines.

12. Describe a screw with designation M 56X5.5

It is a screw with a diameter of 56 and a pitch of 5.5.

13. Mention five types of thread used in North America and state the angle.
included from each one.

Square screw with a 90° angle.

Whitworth thread with a 55° angle.
Metric screw with a 60° angle.
Brown and Sharpe worm screw with a 29° angle.
American National Acme 29° Thread.

14. What are the main differences between American and Unified threads?

In the American thread, the valleys are flat, while in the Unified thread, the crests are.
They can be flat or round.

SCREW CALCULATIONS

15. Para una rosca M 20X2.5, calcule: paso, profundidad, diámetro menor, ancho de la
crest, root width.

Major diameter equal to 20.

Smaller diameter equal to 20–2.5 equal to 17.5.
Step 2.5.

16. Make a diagram of a UNC screw and show the dimensions of the parts.
17. How does a Brown and Sharpe screw differ from an Acme screw?

The BROWN AND SHARPE worm screw has an included angle of

29° just like the ACME thread, however, the depth is greater and the
the width of the crest and the root are different.

18. For a 1 inch-UNC 8 thread, calculate: minor diameter, tip width of the
tool, amount that the auxiliary cart moves forward.

It is a one-inch thread with eight threads in the smaller diameter.

inch -1/8 inch and the amount that the auxiliary cart advances would be the
total distance divided by the number of threads in this case eight.

19. What is the purpose of the quick-change gearbox?

The quick-change gearbox provides the means to configure

quickly the lathe for the desired pitch of thread in number of threads per
inch, in inch system lathes and in millimeters in metric lathes.

20. Describe a thread progress indicator and mention its purpose.

To cut a thread on the lathe, the screw and the main screw must be in the same position.
relative position in each successive cut. Most lathes have a
screw advancement indicator, either integrated or mounted on the longitudinal carriage for
this purpose. The progress indicator shows how much the nut should be tightened
divided with the main screw, so that the cutting tool follows the groove
that was cut off earlier.

21. The main screw of a lathe has 6 tpi; what point or points on the indicator of
advance of the thread can connect the lever of the split nut to cut the
next rings: 8, 9, 11 ½, 12?

∗ + =

6 1
+8=8 =
12 2
THREAD CUTTING

22. List the main steps required to adjust the lathe to cut a thread.
60°.

Adjust the lathe speed to approximately ¼ of the university.

Adjustment in the quick shift gearbox for the proper step in
threads per inch or in millimeters.
Coupling of the main screw.
Fix a 60° threading tool and check the angle using a
caliper for centering threads.
Adjust the auxiliary cart to 29° to the right; adjust it to the left to screw.
left rings.

23. List the main steps required to cut a 60° thread.

Check the size of the major diameter of the piece. It is good practice to do
the diameter of 0.002 inches below the size.
Start the lathe and create a chamfer at the end of the workpiece with a
side of the threading tool just below the minor diameter of the
ring.
Mark the length to be scratched by cutting a light slot at this point.
with the cutting tool, while the lathe continues to spin.
Move the carriage longitudinally to where the threading tool is.
near the right edge of the piece.
Turn the crank of the cross carriage until the threading tool is
near the diameter, but hold on when the crank is in the position of the
three o'clock.
Hold the cross car crank in this position and adjust the collar
graduated to zero.
They want the handle of the auxiliary car until the threading tool.
slightly mark the piece.
Move the car longitudinally to the right until the tool comes out.
end of the piece.
Advance the auxiliary car in the direction of the clock hands.
approximately 0.003 inches.
Acopio en la palanca de tuerca dividida en la línea correcta del indicador de
advance the thread and make a test cut at the length to be threaded.
At the end of the cut of the crossbar crank against the clock hands
of the clock to move the tool away from the piece and then uncouple the lever from
the split nut.

24. Thus, you need to remove a partially threaded workpiece from the lathe to
finish later. Describe how to readjust the cutting tool for
continue with the ring.
 The procedure is being repeated from the beginning, only this time there will be no
material discount and it will continue automatically until the end.

METRIC SCREWS

25. What are the two change gears needed to cut a metric thread?
a standard lathe?

Where are these two axes mounted?

In the main screw:
A gear with 127 teeth is mounted.
In the spindle:
A gear with 50 teeth is mounted.

26. Describe how the lathe with a quick change gearbox is set up for cutting.
a 2.5 mm thread.

Install the 127-tooth gear on the main screw.

Mount the 50-tooth gear on the spindle.
Convert the step of 2.5 mm to threads per centimeter.
10mm = 1cm
10 ℎ
= 4
2.5
Adjustment in the quick change gearbox at five tpi. By means of
the gears of 57 27 teeth, the lathe will now cut 5 threads/cm, or with a
2.5mm step.
Adjust the shift for thread cutting.
Make a light test cut. At the end of the cut, make it retract.
cutting tool, but do not uncouple the split nut.
Reverse the spindle rotation until the cutting tool is just free.
the beginning of the threaded section.
Check the thread with a metric screw pitch gauge.
Cut the thread to the required depth.

27. What precautions should be taken when cutting a metric thread?

Never get the tool stuck in the thread centering caliper. This may
avoid aligning only the cutting edge of the tool with the gauge.
A piece of paper on the cross car under the gauge and the
The tool facilitates the verification of tool alignment.
Adjust the tool at a right angle to the piece, using a
caliper for centering threads.
The cutting tool must be adjusted whenever it is necessary to remove.
specially threaded pieces of the lathe and finish them later, if the
 the cutting tool is removed to be sharpened, or if the piece slips in
the lathe bolt rethreads.

MEASUREMENT OF THREADS

28. Make a diagram to show how a thread is measured using the three-wire method.
wires.

It is recognized as one of the best methods for verifying the diameter of

step, because the results are less affected by the error that can
presenting at the included thread angle. You screw that requires precision
from 0.001 inch or 0.02 mm, a micrometer can be used to measure the distance
about the wires. In threads that require greater precision, it should be used
an electronic comparator to measure that distance.

29. Calculate the best wire size and the measurement on the wires in the
next rings:
¼ inch - 20 NC
0.57735
=

0.505
=
20

G = 0.02525

5/8 inch –11 NC

0.57735
=

0.57735
=
11
 G = 0.052486

1 ¼ inch–7 NC

1.010
=

1.010
=
7

= 0.144286

MULTIPLE SCREWS

30. What is the purpose of the multiple thread?

Multiple threads are used when it is necessary to have an increase in the

advance and it cannot cut a deep and thick thread.
Multiple threads can be double, triple, or quadruple, depending on the
number of starts on the perimeter of the workpiece.
The pitch of the thread is always the distance from one point on a thread to the
corresponding point in the following thread.

31. If the pitch of a multiple thread is 1/8 inch, what will be the advance for a
double start donut, which one for a triple start?

1/8 inch has 16 tpi.

The advance will be 1/16 of an inch and 1/8 of an inch.

32. List three methods by which multiple threads can be cut.

Multiple threads can be cut on a lathe by:

The use of a lathe plate with precise grooves.
Decouple the intermediate gear from the final gear train and rotate the spindle.
the desired amount.
Use the thread advancement indicator (only on double-start threads, with
advance of the odd number.

SQUARE WASHERS

33. Mention two factors that affect the helix angle of a thread.
 The helix angle changes with each different advance and each diameter.
different from thread in a particular advance.

34. Calculate the entering and exit angles of a tool for square threading
necessary to cut a square thread of 1 ½ inches.

= 0.2 50 pulg

0.500
= 0.125
=
4

= 2 ∗ 0.12 5

= 0.2 50 pull

= 0.2 50 pull

á = 1.2 50 - 0.250

Diameter menor = 1.000 pulse

tan(advance angle) =
. .

tan(advance angle) = 0.0795

Roscato's angle = 4′33′′

35. List the main steps required to cut a square thread

File a threading tool to the appropriate entry and exit angles.

Align the lathe centers and mount the workpiece.
Adjust the quick shift gearbox to the required amount of rpi
Adjust the auxiliary cart to 30° to the right
Cut the right end of the piece to the smaller diameter by approximately
1/16 inch in length.
Adjust the graduated ring of the cross slide to zero
Set a cutting depth of 0.003 inches.
Check the thread with a thread pitch gauge.

ROSCA ACME

36. If the width of the root of an Acme thread is 0.3707P at the minimum depth,
Why is the Acme thread cutting tool sharpened to 0.3707P–0.0052?
 Because this is how the width of the tip is calculated.

37. Describe how an Acme thread can be measured.

The wire method is used to measure Acme threads

INTERNAL THREADS

38. List the necessary steps to cut a 1 ¼ inch–7 UNC thread of 2 inches.
depth in a steel block of 3x3x3 inches. Show all calculations
necessary.

File a threading tool to the entry and exit angles.

adequate.

Page 421

MOBILE AND FIXED SPECTACLES

State the purpose of a mobile eyepiece.

It helps prevent the piece from flexing away from the tool.
of the cut

2. Explain how to adjust a fixed center to turn a long shaft held between centers.
The fixed tailstock is placed on the lathe bed in the desired position.

Just properly reinforce the ends.

Cylindering it throughout
Confront an end and only cylindrical in it a short section.
- etc.

And from its initial state:

It is raw material: very aggressive surface for the supports on the rear window.
It is calibrated material: a surface smooth enough to support on the
telescope

3. Describe a support cuff and say when it is used.

When it is impossible to turn a final diameter due to the shape of the

shape of the piece.

4. Explain how a damaged central perforation can be corrected.

Mounting it on the lathe and with a cutting tool sharpened to 60°

TREES

5. State the purpose of a tree

Provide centers for a machining operation.

6. Draw a standard tree of 1 inch (25 mm) and include all specifications.

7. Nombre y describa cuatro tipos de árboles y enuncie sus usos

Árbol sólido: se puede utilizar en una diversidad de piezas

Expansion tree: various sizes of bushings can be used, increasing
thus its scope of use
Multiple tree: it is used to hold several identical pieces for an operation
of machining.
Screw tree: it is used to hold workpieces with a hole.
twisted.

8. List the precautions that should be taken when using a tree (including assembly and
torn

Remove burrs from the edge of the drilling

Carefully clean the tree
Apply a thin layer of oil around its circumference.

ECCENTRICS

9. Define an eccentric and state its purpose.

It is an axis that can have two or more parallel turned diameters between
yes but not concentric with the normal axis of the part and serve to
convert a rotary motion into a reciprocating motion or
vice versa

10. Explain the difference between stroke and total travel of an eccentric

The shot is the distance that a central drilling game has been
displaced from the normal axis of the part
11. A crankshaft of 6 inches (150 mm) in length with surfaces of
bearings of equal length to produce a travel of 1 ½ inches (38 mm) in
a piston. The size of the rolling surface (finished shaft) is 1 inch.
(25 mm)

a. Describe how to trace this eccentric

b. What size of material will be required if 1/8 inch (3 mm) must be provided for
"Cleaning"? This calculation is easy by using a diagram.

Place the piece in the normal centers and turn both ends to their
size
Get a support block game. The hole in the block of
the support must fit precisely to the turned ends of the piece.
each block uses a set screw to hold the
support blocks in the piece. The number of centers required must be
trace and drill in the support blocks

12. What precautions should be taken when turning an eccentric with a large pull?

Place the piece in the normal centers and turn both ends to size.
Get or make a support block game. The hole in the block
The support must fit precisely to the turned ends of the piece.
Align both support blocks parallel to the part and secure them in position.
Put counterweights on the lathe to avoid undue vibration.
Turn various diameters as required.

Page 439

ASSEMBLY AND DISASSEMBLY OF CHUCKS

1. What safety precautions should be observed before attempting to mount or

disassemble mandrels?

The most important thing is that the lathe is at the lowest speed and is
You must disconnect the electrical switch.

2. Why is it necessary for the taper at the end of the spindle of the lathe and the
Should the corresponding parts in the mandrel be completely cleaned before mounting?

Since the steel shavings or dirt will destroy the precision of the
end of the spindle and the corresponding taper of the chuck.

3. Explain the procedure for mounting a chuck on the end of a tapered spindle.
 First, a support block is placed on the workbench in front of the lathe.
the spindle and the mandrel is placed on the block; finally it slides the
block near the end of the lathe spindle and the chuck is mounted

4. Explain the procedure for disassembling a chuck from the spindle end with
lead insurance

With the chuck key, each of the cam locks is turned in

counterclockwise until its mark of
registration matches the corresponding ones on the lathe spindle

HOW TO MOUNT THE PIECE ON A CHUCK

5. How much of the piece can extend beyond the jaws of a chuck before
what should it be supported by?

The piece must not extend more than three times the diameter beyond
the gags

6. Briefly list the procedure for assembling the jaws of a chuck.

universal three-jaw chuck

With the chuck key, it is turned clockwise.

to open and insert the jaw 1 into the slot 1 and press with the
hand while turning the chuck key clockwise
clock hands until the start of the snail is close to the edge
back of slot 2.

7. Why are four-jaw chucks used? Explain.

Because each gag adjusts independently, allowing for

hold firmly round, square or irregular shaped pieces.

8. Explain how to set up concentrically in a four-jaw chuck with a

precision of less than 0.001 inch (0.2 mm)

The piece is mounted and approximately centered, then a is mounted on it.

indicator with a range of at least 100 inches on the pole
toolholder of the lathe, the indicator stem is placed in a
horizontal position with the contact point adjusted to the reading
central.

CARED IN A MANDRILL

9. How should the cutting tool be adjusted for chamfering?

 The cutting tool is adjusted to the height of the dead center and is aimed.
slightly to the left.

10. When should the auxiliary cart's graduated ring be turned for leveling?

a) 0.50 in. with the auxiliary carriage placed at 90° in relation to the carriage
transversal.
When will the same thing be eliminated?

0.25 inch. when the auxiliary car is set to 30°.

When twice the amount that is to be eliminated

ROUGHING AND FINISH TURNING

11. How should the tool holder and the cutting tool be adjusted for
machining parts in a chuck?

The tool holder post is moved to the left of the auxiliary cart and is
hold the tool holder tightly; fix the tool in the holder
tool and the point is adjusted to the center; finally it is tightened firmly
the screw of the tool holder post.

12. What is the purpose of a light test cut at the end of the piece?

To check if the diameter is correct

COURT

13. How far should the blade extend beyond its support to cut?

Half the diameter of the piece to be cut plus 1/8 inch of clearance.

14. What procedure should be used to cut slots deeper than ¼ inch?
(6mm)

The tool is much better on the side.

Page 445

DRILLED

1. Why is it important to mark before drilling a hole?

Because through marking we ensure that a drill will start at the

center of the piece.
2. Name three methods of holding various sizes of drill bits in a tailstock.

Mounting the drill bit on the tailstock spindle.

In a mandrill.
In drill holder.

3. How can the depth of a drilling be measured?

The graduations on the counterpoint screw are used or measured with a

steel rule.

INNER TURNING

4. Define the process of internal turning.

It is the operation of enlarging and rectifying a drilled or cast hole.

using a single-point cutting tool

5. Why should a hole be turned before reaming?

For the rimmed drilling to be straight and correct

6. How should the bar and the internal turning tool be adjusted for turning?
cavities?

The interior bar is mounted on the tool holder post on the side.
left of the auxiliary car and the turning tool is adjusted to the center.

7. Briefly explain how to turn a hole to 1.750 in. (44 mm).

First, a hole is drilled approximately 1/16 inch smaller than

diameter.
Make a light test cut of approximately 0.005 inch up to
produce a diameter of 1.750 in.

RIMED

8. What is the purpose of rhyming in a turn?

To quickly obtain a hole of a precise size and to

to produce a good surface finish

9. How much material should be left in a drilling to rim a drilling of:

7/16 inch
 For the case of 7/16 inch, a smaller hole should be drilled with
1/64 inch.

b. b. 1 inch.
For the case of 1 inch, a smaller hole must be made with ½.
bug.

10. Why should a rhyme never be turned backward?

Because rotating it backwards will damage the rhyme.

MACHUELADO

11. How is the chamfer initiated and guided so that the thread is concentric with the
turned drilling?

The knurling is a method on the lathe to produce an internal thread. The

Machining is aligned by placing the lathe's dead center at the end of the
stem of the reamer to guide it while it is being rotated using a
handle of a wrench.

c. 2D plans of the part according to INEN standards (correct errors in plans)

attached to this guide.
[Link] Diagram
e. Process Sheet with the cutting parameters used.

f. Questions

1. Describe the steps for threading and rolling.

Roscar:
Check the diameter size of the piece.
Start the lathe and chamfer the end of the workpiece with a
cast of the threading tool.
Mark the length to be threaded by cutting a slight groove.
Mover el carro longitudinalmente hasta que esté cerca del extremo derecho
of the piece.
Turn the crank of the cross car until the tool is close.
of the diameter.
Hold the crank and adjust the graduated collar to zero.
Move the cart longitudinally until the cart goes off the end of the
piece.
Advance the auxiliary car clockwise.
At the end of the cut, turn the car counterclockwise and uncouple the lever.
 Cylindrical:
Center the trimming blade.
Assemble the part that is going to be worked on for the necessary axis.
Cylinder the necessary diameter distance in each of the
surface exposed to rolling.
Move the car longitudinally to roll in a clockwise direction and for
remove the car in a counterclockwise manner.

2. What constructive elements is the longitudinal car made of?

It can be made of stainless steel, or cast pieces in the shape of H.

3. What are the transmission components of a lathe?

They are those mounted on the main parts of the lathe and are
in charge of transmitting the engine movement to the axle.

4. Mention the most important points that must be taken into account in the
transport, assembly, leveling, commissioning, and maintenance of a lathe
parallel.

When setting up a lathe, you must be very careful to leave it

levelled, all parts clean and lubricated, check that the cables
are in good condition and above all ensure that the brake of
emergency works correctly.
For startup, we must have the lathe clean, lubricated, and with
the appropriate speeds for the work we wish to perform.
Maintenance of a lathe is recommended to be done periodically, in
we must clean, lubricate, and adjust all parts during these maintenance tasks
of the same.
While it is necessary to perform periodic maintenance on this equipment,
the best maintenance is taking care of them, this is always done by cleaning the
shavings to prevent damage to other items, handle the
speed selectors, do not use the emergency brake to stop the
I turn back unless it is necessary.

5. Mention some types of lathe blades.

Straight to cylinder.
Elbow for rolling.
From the top.
To refer (for faces)
To chop.
To channel.
To profile.
 Of the gasket.
Mandrills have through holes.
From the top to construct a mandrel
Etc.

6. What advantage do reversible cutting plates have?

Reduction of workpiece costs by up to 40%.

For maximum exchange accuracy, a separate adjustment is not necessary.
by changing the tool.
Increase in productivity by up to 80%.
Notable time savings when changing the plates.

7. Mention different cutting materials.

Carbon steel: of little application today, the tools

made of carbon steel or non-alloy steel have a strength
red thermal at 250-300 ºC and, therefore, are only used for
low cutting speeds or in the turning of wood and plastics. They are
low-cost tools and easy thermal treatment, but above
at 300°C they lose their sharpness and hardness. They are made with carbon steel.
chisels, reamers, hand files, and other similar tools.
High-speed steel: they are tools made of alloyed steel with iron elements
such as tungsten, chromium, vanadium, molybdenum, and others. These steels
they acquire high hardness, high wear resistance and a resistance
red thermal up to temperatures of 650 ºC. Although on an industrial scale
and in high-speed machining its application has decreased
notably in recent years, high-speed steel tools still
they are preferred for work in soft metals or low production,
because they are relatively inexpensive and they are the only ones that can be
sharpen again andin grindersor grindersprovided with a molar
aluminum oxide abrasive, commonly used in most of the
workshops.
The following materials are those with which the today is built
so widespreadinserts or plates.
Carbide or hard metal: these tools are made from
of carbide powder, which together with a portion of cobalt, used as
binder, they provide a resistance of up to 815°C. The carbides
the most common are: tungsten carbide (WC or widia), titanium carbide
(TiC), tantalum carbide (TaC) and niobium carbide (NbC). Due to their
hardness and good wear resistance are the best tools
suitable for machining cast iron, non-ferrous metals, and some
non-metallic abrasive materials. Another category of hard metals
alloys include coated cemented carbide, where the base of
cemented carbide is coated with titanium carbide, titanium nitride
(TiN), aluminum oxide, titanium nitride and carbon (TiCN) and nitride
 of titanium and aluminum (TiAlN).
Cermet (combination of ceramic material and metal): although the name
it is applicable even to cemented carbide tools, in this
if the base particles are TiC, TiCN, and TiN instead of carbide of
tungsten. The binder is nickel-cobalt. These tools
they present good wear resistance, high chemical stability, and hardness
hot. Its most suitable application is in the materials that
they produce a ductile chip, steels, and ductile castings.
Ceramics: there are two basic types of ceramics, those based on oxide of
aluminum and silicon nitride ones. They are hard, with high hot hardness.
and do not chemically react with the materials of the piece, but are
very fragile. They are used in mass production, such as the sector
automotive and auto parts, where due to their good performance, have
managed to significantly increase the number of pieces manufactured.
Cubic boron nitride (CBN): it is the hardest material after the
diamond. It exhibits extreme hardness when hot, excellent resistance to
wear and generally good chemical stability during machining.
It is fragile, but more resilient than ceramic.
Polycrystalline diamond (PCD): it is synthetic and almost as hard as the
natural diamond. It presents an incredible resistance to wear and a
low thermal conductivity, so the tool's lifespan is
up to a hundred times greater than that of cemented carbide. However,
it is also very fragile, the cutting temperatures must not exceed
600 ºC cannot be used to cut ferrous materials because there exists
affinity and is not useful for cutting tough materials.

8. Explain the characteristics of hard metals, indicated by the letters P, M, K and

the distinctive colors.
Carbon steel:
Blue color Letter P

Foundry:
Red color Letter K

Tempered steel:
Gray color Letter H

Stainless steel:
Yellow color Letter M

Super alloy:
Red color Letter S

Non-ferrous metals:
Green color Letter N
9. Three forces act on a turning tool, what are they called and in what
directions act.

10. What does a long-mounted tool produce?

It can cause head shaking in the tool or unwanted efforts.

11. What advantage do quick-change tool holders have?

With these tool holders, a lot of time is saved because if we want

to carry out another process we should not repeat the entire process of
assembly and check the counterpoint with the tip of the blade. Otherwise
we only need to change the position of the tool holder.

12. Technologically and economically speaking, what importance does it have to seek a
Good cutting sharpen?

Depending on the type of machining, the material that will be used, the speed that is
it will be used for work, the material of the burin and its shape will be chosen
will have.
The accuracy, dexterity, and grinding in the sharpening of burins guarantees
fine surface quality work on each of the pieces
machined on the parallel lathe, as well as extend the useful life of the
burden, reduce economic, energy and time costs
machining to achieve a good job when turning.

13. What type of wheels should be used to sharpen carbide tools?

 tungsten and why?

When sharpening H.S.S. tools, use the grinding stone or wheel.

suitable (gray coarse grain, fine or superfine).
For tungsten (wolfram) insert bits, use the stone of
green color.
Always under the guidance and supervision of the lead teacher and rules of
industrial safety and occupational health sharpened the burins and the
cutting tools (glasses, monocular glasses, coveralls, ear plugs, coolant)
drill

14. What types of precision are used in manufacturing processes? Which one?
it is the influence of machine accuracy on the cost of the jobs that in
are they carried out?

It must be taken into account that the better the finish

The more superficial and greater precision we require, the higher the cost will be.
The quality that the tool can provide should also be analyzed.
but, in the case of turning, qualities from N9 can be obtained,
N8, N7 UP TO N6. Although a quality N6 can be obtained.
this occurs only under perfect conditions such as the lathe
this is in excellent condition (constant maintenance), if the lathe is
new or used, lathe operation, sharpening of the blade, type of
buril, etc..

15. What happens to the workpiece when the centers are offline?

When the piece is not aligned with the tip, what usually happens is the
Cutting tool is flank wear, it reduces robustness.

16. What happens to the workpiece when the movable head moves towards
the operator?

A finish with shallow cutting depth, the machine has low stiffness.
Parts hardened by high temperatures have a machined cut by their diameter.

17. What would be the best method to make a 6-inch internal thread?
diameter using a lathe? Explain.

With increased or alternative penetration as this provides greater

life of the tool because it uses both sides of the insert the flow of
shaving affects the finish and life of the tool.

8. The block finished within the specifications given in Fig. No. 1.

Put names of members.
9. Conclusions and Recommendations.

Through this laboratory practice, we have observed and understood the

basic principles of turning.
We have learned to operate the lathe, as well as its main components.
Also to adjust the feed and cutting speeds based on the
operation that needs to be carried out.
Through this practice, we have understood the importance of an adequate
planning with the required times according to the operation that is
desire to perform.
It is advisable to use appropriate cutting speeds, as failing to do so
it could cause greater wear on the tool or damage to the workpiece.
Proper cooling must be taken into account when turning, thus
excessive heating of the part will be avoided and wear will be prevented in the
blade.
It is important to securely hold the workpiece in the chuck and at the point.
rotating, since if it comes loose, it causes deformations and severe damage
in the piece.
We must take into account the depth at which we are going to cut the piece, since
that if it is very deep we could break the tool, and if the depth is
Below the recommended level, we will require more working time.
It is important to wear protective glasses while working, as the
The shavings resulting from the material startup process could cause severe
damage to the eyes if they are unprotected.
Great attention must be paid during the machining process, as
any minimal distraction or negligence on the part of the driver
The lathe could result in errors and defects in the piece or even in injuries.
towards him or the rest of his coworkers.

10. Bibliography

o TECHNOLOGY OF MACHINE TOOLS by Krar/Check.

o URL: [Link]/mecanizado/[Link]
o URL: [Link]/doc/25135414/Torno-Paralelo
o URL: [Link]/udb/archivo/guia/mecanica/procesos-de-fabricacion-i/2012/i/[Link]