FACULTY OF PHYSICAL SCIENCES AND ENGINEERING

AND FORMAL

PROFESSIONAL SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING OF

MINES
COURSE: MATERIALS RESISTANCE
TEACHER: ING. JUAN CARLOS VALDEZ LOAIZA
TEMA:EJERCICIOS CAPÍTULOS (I Y II)
ALUMNOS:
DELGADO MONTEAGUDO, SEBASTIAN JORGE
VALDERRAMA PALOMINO, COLIN FREYZER
VICENTE RAMOS, ALEXIS ABEL ANDRE
YAULI CUTI, ALEX JUNIOR
SECTION: 'A'
2021
 CHAPTER 1

An aluminum tube is rigidly held between a bronze bar and a steel one, as shown.
In figure 1-8a, the axial loads are applied at the indicated positions. Determine the stress at each.
material.

Resolution:

We determine the Axial Load in each

one of the sections, applying effort
in each part of the elements.

[ =]

20 kN 20 x 103
= =
700 mm2700 x 10-6 2

= 28.6x 106 2
= 28.6

5 kN 5 x 103 10 kN 10 x 103
= = = =
1000 mm21000 x 10-6 2 800 mm2800 x 10-6 2

= 5 x 106 2
= 5 Mpa 12.5 x 106 2
= 12.5 MPa

With these results, we assert that bronze and aluminum are compressible, while in steel
there is tension.

BRONZE ALUMINUM STEEL

102. For the armor shown in figure 1-9a, determine the stress in the members AC and BD. The area of
the cross-section of each one is 900mm².

Resolution:

We conducted an equilibrium analysis on the

figure 1-9a:

[∑ = 0]

Hx = 0

[∑ = 0]

- 30 kN− 70 kN + H₂ = 0

A₂ + H₂ = 100 kN

We perform a summation of moments in the structure to find both Ay and Hy.

[∑ = 0] A + H = 100 kN.

H = 100 kN- 60 kN
70 kN4(m + )30 kN12 m( − ) (16m) = 0
= 30 kN
280 kN+ 360 kN = A6 )

A = 40 kN.

We perform the summation of Forces, both in X and Y:

[∑ = 0] [∑ = 0]

3 4
+ =0 +A =0
5 5
5 5 4 4
=− = − 40 =( -660.7
) kN =− =- (
-66.7 )
= 53.4 kN
3 3 5 5

The negative sign indicates that the force of660.7 kNcompression forces. The strength of forces53.4 kN,
of tension.
We carry out the summation of moments in :

[∑ = 0]

− (8 ) +30 4−
( )D(4) = 0

( =) −200
4A−8A + 120 = −8 40+ 120

= -66.7 kN.

Having the strength it is 66.5 , of compression.

Efforts on the bars son

[ =] ó ó

530.4 kN 530.4 x 103 667 kN 66.7 x 103

= = = =
900 mm2900 x 10-6 2 900 mm2900 x 10-6 2

= 59.3x 106 2
= . = 74.1 x 106 2
= .

We compare with the results of MDsolids:

103. Determine el máximo pesoWque pueden soportar los cables mostrados en la figura P-l03. Los esfuerzos
in the cables AByAC should not exceed 100 MPa and 50 MPa, respectively. The cross-sectional areas of both
400 mm² for cable AB and 200 mm² for cable AC.

Resolution:

We carried out the D.C.L:

° °

° °

We perform the Summation of Forces:

[∑ = 0] [∑ F₂ = 0]

AC cos 45°− Acos30° − 30°− AC sin 45°

A cos 45° = A' cos30° (I) = 30° + AC sin 45° (II)

We observe that there is no moment in the following structure:

[∑ M = 0]

We calculate the efforts:

[ =] = 100 MPa = = 100 x 106 =

400 mm² 400 x-6 ²

σ = 40 kN

= 150 MPa = = 150 x 106 =

200 mm² 400 x-6 ²

= 30 kN

We check the values in the equations.I am, especially combating the actions that are causing damage to the value of 40 kN:

A_C cos 45° = A_D cos30° = 30° + AC sin 45°

AC cos 45° = 40 cos30° w = 40 sin30° + 49.48 sin 45°

40 cos30° w = 54.98 kN
= 49.48 kN
cos 45°
Now, we take the value of30 kN:

AC cos 45° = A' cos30° = 30° + AC sin 45°

30 cos 45° = A cos30° w = 24.49 sin30° +30 sin 45°

30 cos 45° = 33.5 kN
= 24.49 kN
cos30°
104. Calculate, for the framework of fig. P-I04, the stresses produced in the elements DF, CE, and BD. The area
The cross-section of each element is 1200mm². Indicate whether it is tension (D) or compression (C).

Resolution:

We conducted the D.C.L:

We proceed to calculate the sum of forces, both in X and in Y:

[∑ = 0] [∑ F₂ = 0]

Ax = 0 − 100 kN− 200 kN + RF = 0

+ = 300 kN

Sum of Moments at A:

[∑ = 0] + = 300 kN

−100 kN 4( m− )200 kN7 m (+ ) 10 m (= 0 ) = 300 kN− 180 kN = 120 kN

= 180

We find the effort of each bar through Nodes:

[∑ F = 0]
. 4
= () = ( )= 53°
. 5 FD sen 53° + 180 kN = 0

= −225.38 kN (C)
°

° 225.38 kN 225.38 x 103

= = =
1200 mm² 1200 x 10-6 ²

= .
 [∑ = 0]
135.63 135.63x103
− − FD cos 53° = 0 = = =
1200 mm² 1200 x 10-6 ²
− − (−225.38) cos 53° = 0
= .
EC = 135.63 ( )

[∑ F₂ = 0]

−200 + 180 + ED + FD sen 53° = 0

−200 + 180 + ED + (−225.38) sin 53° = 0

= 199.99 ( )

We find the effort of BD based on Node D:

. °
. 2
= () = ( )= 33.69°
. 3

. ° ° [∑ = 0]
° °
−Dg cos33.69°− 37° + DF sin37° = 0
°
°
−Dg cos33.69 degrees− 37° = 135.63( )

[∑ F = 0]

− − 37°− DC cos37° + D sen33.69° = 0

−200 + 179.99 − DC cos37° + Dg sen33.69°

−DC cos37° + D₁ sen33.69° = 20 (II)

We form a system of equations:

−Dare cos33.69°− 37° = 135.63( ) −D 0.83 -DC 0.60 = 135.63( )

−DC cos37° + Dg sen33.69° = 20 ( ) −DC 0.79 + DQ 0.55 = 20 (II)

96.53 96.53x103
= −96.528 kN (C) = = =
1200 mm² 1200 x 10-6 ²

= .
105. Determine, for the armature of figure P-I05, the cross-sectional areas of the bars BE, BF, and CF, in such a way
that the stresses do not exceed 100 MN/m2 in tension or 80 MN/m2 in compression. To avoid danger
from a buckling, a reduced stress in compression is specified.

Resolution:

We carry out the Summation of Forces:

[∑ Fx = 0] [Sum of forces F2 = 0]

Ax = 0 − 40 kN− 50 kN+ D = 0

A + D = 90 kN

Summation of Moments at A:

[∑ = 0]

( 6 )− 40 kN9 m
( − 50
) kN 12 m=
( 0 )

D = 160 kN

A₁ + D₁ = 90 kN
A + 160 kN = 90 kN

= −70 kN

Node F:
. 8
= () = ( )= 69.44°
. 3

[∑ F = 0]
°
69.44°− 40 kN = 0
40 kN
= 42.72 kN .( )
69.44 °

42.72 kN
= = = 100 MN/m²
²

42.72 x 103
= = .
100 x 106 / ²
Node B:
[∑ Fᵢ = 0]

E sen 53° + 69.44°− 40 kN− 50 kN = 0

50 kN
= = 62.6 ( )
sen 53°

62.60 kN
= = = 100 MN/m²
²

62.60 x 103
= =
100 x 106 / ²

Sum of forces in X:

[Sum of Fx = 0]

− − F cos69.44°− E cos 53° = 0

= − 52.6 ( ) .

52.67 kN
= = = 80 MN/m²
²

52.6x 103
= = .
80 x 106 / ²
106. All the bars of the articulated structure in figure P-106 have a section of 30 mm by 60 mm.
Determine the maximum load P that can be applied without exceeding the stresses set in the Problem.
105.

Resolution:

We carry out the D.C.L:

° °

.
.

We perform the sum of forces:

[∑ Fx = 0] [∑ F = 0]

Cx = 0 A + C sin 53° − P = 0

+ =

We proceed to carry out the summation of moments at C.

[∑ = 0] ( 0.36 ) + =

= (0.64 ) P
(3.6 −) A (10 m) = 0

A = (0.36)

Node B:
[∑ = 0]

° ° cos 53° − A cos37° = 0

° ° A cos 53° = A cos37°

= ( 0.75 ) (I)

°
° [∑ F_b = 0]

− − Grid sen 53° − 37° = 0

= −(0.8)− (0.60) (II)

We replace equation I in II:

= −SEN 53° − 37° ƀ C cos 53°

=
cos37°
=− ( C(0.60)
(0.8)− 0.75 )
−P (0.80 (0.60)
)
=
= −P (0.80 )(C) (0.80)

= −P (0.60 )(C)

Realizamos el D.C.L y la sumatoria de fuerzas en el Nodo A:

[∑ equalszero]
°

A cos37° + AC = 0
°
= −A⟁ cos37°
°
= ( 0.48 ) (T)

We replace with the data from exercise No. 5, knowing that theA ea = 18 x 10−4 m² and the efforts do not
do not exceed 100 MN/m² in tension or 80 MN/m².

→( ) ( )
0.48 ( 0.80
→ −P ) (C)

P (0.48) P (0.80)
= = = 100 MN/m² = = = 80 MN/m²
18 x 10−4 ² 18 x 10−4 ²

(100 x 106) 18 x( 10−4 2 ) (80 x 106) 18 x( 10−4 2 )

= = 375 kN = = 180 kN
0.48 0.80

( 0.60
→ −P )()

P (0.60)
= = = 80 MN/m²
18 x 10−4 ²

(80 x 106) 18 x( 10−4 2 )

= 240 kN
0.60

Finally, we choose the smallest, which is because it represents the maximum load that can be
support the proposed structure.
107. A cast iron column (or casting) supports an axial compression load of 250 kN.
Determine its inner diameter if the outer diameter is 200 mm and the maximum stress should not exceed 50 MPa.

D.C.L

Sum of forces:
∑ ( =
+↑ ) −P=0
=
=

=
250 kN
=
50 MPa

1000 N
250 kN× = 250 × 103
1 kN

50 MPa = 50 N/mm2

250 × 103
= = 5 × 103 25000 mm2
50 N/mm2

(( )2− ( )2 )
=
4
 4A = π(D )2− ( )2
4A + (D )2 = ( )2
( )2
( )2= − 4A

( )2
=√ − 4A

π(200 mm)2
=√ − 4(5000 mm)

π(40000 mm)2
=√ − 20000 mm

= √33633,80022 mm

= ,
108. Calculate the outer diameter of a steel tubular strut that must withstand a tensile force.
of 500 kN with a maximum stress of 140 MN/m2. Suppose that the wall thickness is a
tenth part of the outer diameter.

D.C.L

Sum of forces
∑ ( =
+↑ ) −P=0
=

500 kN
=
140x103 2

= 357x10-3 2= 3570 mm2

−
=
2
−
0.1D =
2
0.2D = −
0.8D =
We carried out the calculation of the interior diameter:

=( −2 ) 2
4
4A 2
=( − )2

4(3.57x 10-3 2)
2
=( − (0.8D )2 )

4(3.57x 10-3 2)
2 2
=( − 0.64D )

4(3.57x 10-3 2)
2
= 0.36

4(3.57x 10-3 2)
√ =
Pi. 0.36

0.11236
= .
109. Figure P-I09 shows part of the landing gear of a small airplane. Determine the stress.
of compression in the lathe point AB produced upon landing due to a ground reaction R = 20 kN.
AB forms an angle of 53.10 with BC.

D.C.L

Summation of forces

∑ =0→C − Tios 530.1°( = 0 )

∑ = 0 → 20 + C − Tsen 530.1°( = 0 )

Sum of moments

Ʃ =0↻

(650 mm+) A * sin 53,1° ∗ 450 mm=

( 0 )
( mm+ A
20 kN650 ) * sen 53,1° ∗ 450 mm=
( 0 )
= 36125 kN

= 40( mm-30 2mm= 549,779

2)
mm 2
4

36125 * 103
=
5,497,790-6 2

= , / MPa
A steel tube is rigidly held by an aluminum bolt and another one made of bronze.
as shown in figure P-110. The axial loads are applied at the indicated points. Calculate
the maximum value of P that does not exceed a stress of 80 MPa in aluminum; of 150 MPa in steel;
or 100MPa in bronze.
D.C.L

Sum of forces

∑ ( + =) 0
→

=− → =( ) ó

∑ ( + =) 0
→

- 3P + P = 0 → P = 2P ( ó)

∑ ( + =) 0
→

-3 − 2P + =0→ = (4P ) ó
 = P = 80 MPa200 (mm = 16 2 )

2)
( mm = 30kN
= → P = 150 MPa400

2)
= P = 100 MPa500 (mm 12.5 kN

The problem asks us to find the maximum value of P, so we choose the smallest data.
calculated, in this case it would be 12.5 kN.

Solution by MDSolids
111. A homogeneous bar AB (weighing 150 kg) supports a force of 2 kN, as can be seen in the figure.
F-111. The bar is supported by a pin (at B) and a cable (CD) with a diameter of 10 mm. Determine the
force exerted on the cable.

53°

Bx

1470 N
By

∑ =0

−CD ( 5 )(3° 3 ) + 1470N3

( )+ 2000N6=( 0)

= 6.838KN
6838
=
π(0.01)2
4
= .
112. Calculate the weight of the heaviest cylinder that can be placed in the position indicated in the figure, without
rebasing, an effort of 50 MN/ 2in the cable BC. disregard the weight of the bar AB. the cross-sectional area of the cable
BC is 100 2.

D.C.L

Sum of moments:

∑ + (⤺ =)R 4 ( + ) C 8 ( = )0

4R
=− =−
8 2

= /

50 ∗ 106 = 2 =
2100 mm2200 * 10-6 2

R = 10000 N = 10

D.C.L (cylinder):

∑ = ( ) W=0
37−

= ( 37)

W = 10 kN(sin37)

=
113. A homogeneous bar AB (with a mass of 1000 kg) hangs from two cables AC and BD, each of which
which has a cross-sectional area of 400 mm 2, as seen in figure P-113. Determine the
magnitude P, as well as the location of the maximum additional force that can be applied to the bar. The
The stresses in cables AC and BD have a limit of 100 MPa and 50 MPa, respectively.

Data:

G = 9.81 2

F = 1000 kg
M * G = 9810 N

= 400 2

=?
=?
= 100 MPa
= 50 MPa
Solution:
• ∑F = 0

+ − − 9810 = 0 D.C.L.:

• ∑ Floating Point = 0

− ( ) − 9810 1( +) 2 ( =)0

• =

100 MPa = AC = 4 * 104

400mm2
• =
M*G
50 MPa = → P = 2 * 104
400mm2
⇒ 4* 104+ 2 * 104= 9810 + P
∴ = = ,
( )9810 1+ (2 *) 10 2 = 04 ( )
⇒ −50190 x−
∴ = , = ,
Solution by MDSolids
114. A plate is to be punched, as indicated in figure 1-10c, which has a stress
ultimate shear strength of 300 MPa. (a) If the permissible compressive stress in the punch is 400 MPa,
Determine the maximum thickness of the plate to be able to punch a hole with a diameter of 100mm.
Si la placa tiene un espesor de 10 mm, calcule el máximo diámetro que puede punzonarse.

Data:

= 300 MPa
σ = 400 MPa
d = 100 mm
=?
a) Solution:
2
⟹ =
4
π(100mm)2
⟹ = = 785398 mm2
4

⇒ =

P = 400 MPa * 785398 mm2= 3141.59 kN

⇒ = ; = ∗ ∗

3141.59 * 103
⇒∴ = = = ,
∗ ∗ 300 MPa * π * 100 mm
Data:

e = 10 mm
=?
b) Solution:
2
⇒ = ; = ∗
4
2
= ∗ ∗
4

⇒ = ; = ∗ ∗

2
∗ ∗
4 ∗ ∗ 2
⇒ = ⇒ ∗ ∗ ∗ =
∗ ∗ 4
400 MPa * d
300 MPa * 10 mm =
4
∴ =
Figure P-115 shows the joint of a brace and the base of a wooden truss.
Disregarding the friction, (a) determine the dimension b if the allowable shear stress is 900.
kPa. (b) Also calculate the dimension c if the contact stress must not exceed 7 MPa.

50s30°( )
Data:

=?
τ = 900 kPa
( ° )
50cos30
a) Solution:

⇒ = ; = b * 150 * 10-3

( ) °
⇒ =

50 * 103 ∗ (30°)
⇒ ∗ 150 ∗ 10-3 =
900 * 103
∴ = . =

Data:

=?
σ = 7 MPa

b) Solution:
(
P * cos30° )
⇒ = ⇒ =
150 mm *

50 ∗ 103 N * cos (30° )

⇒ 7 =
150 mm∗

∴ = ,
116. In the landing gear device described in Prob. 109, the bolts in AyB work at
simple shear and the bolt in C to double shear. Determine the necessary diameters if the stress
The allowable shear is 50 MN/m.2.

Data:

τ = 50 MN/m2

= 36, 125 kN

=?
2
⟹ = ; =
4
4P
=√
∗

4 *36125 * 103
=√
50 ∗ 106 / 2∗

∴ = . =

∑ =0

( ° + )20kN +
-36125 kN * sen 53,1 =0

= ,

∑ =0

( ° +)
-36125 kN * coefficient 53,1 equals zero

= ,

c = √ 2+ 2
(8.89 2 kN=
√ ) + (21,69 , 2

2 * 23, 44 * 103
=√
50 * 106 / 2∗

∴ = , =
117. A pulley of 750 mm subjected to the action of the forces indicated in figure P-117 is mounted
using a wedge on a shaft with a diameter of 50 mm. Calculate the width of the wedge if it is 75 mm long.
length and the allowable shear stress is 70 MPa.

Data:

= 750 mm
= 50 mm
= 75 mm
τ = 70 MPa
Solution:

∑ =0

(
10 kN375mm- )6 (
375mm− F )25mm=
( 0 )

= 60 kN
✓ D.C.L.:
⇒ =

60 times 103
70 MPa =

= 857,12 2

A = b * 75 mm F
857.12 mm2b * 75mm
∴ = ,
118. The angular lever represented by figure P-118 is in equilibrium. (a) Determine the diameter
from the bar AB if the normal stress is limited to 100 MN/m2Determine the shear stress
in the bolt located at D, of 20 mm in diameter.

Data:

100 MN/m2

∑ =0

− - 30 kN * pos (60° )= 0
= 31.18 kN +30 kN * (
60° )= 460.18 kN

∑ F⟂ = 0

( =) 25.98 kN
- 30 kN * sin 60°

∑ Mfo = 0

P (200mm- )30kN * sin60° (∗240mm

) =0
= 31.18 kN

⇒ = (√ )2+ ( )2= (25,98 √ 2 kN

) + (46.18 2

D = 52.99 kN
a) Solution:
2
= ; =
4
4P 4 *31.18 * 103
=√ = √
∗ 100 times 106 / 2∗

∴ = , = ,

Data:

=?
d = 20 mm

b) Solution:

⇒ = → = 2
2*π*
4
31.18 * 103
=
(20 mm)2
2*π*
4
∴ = ,
119. The mass of the homogeneous bar AB shown in figure P-119 is 2000 kg. The bar is
supported by a pin at B and by a smooth vertical surface at A. Determine the diameter
of the smallest pin that can be used in B if its shear stress is limited to 60 MPa. The
The support in B is identical to the support D shown in figure P-118.

To find the diameter, we perform a summation of all the forces and moments in the
point B.

∑ =0

∑ =0

= 19,6

∑ =0

(8) = 19,6(3)

= 7,35 kN

⇒ = 7,35 kN
The load required to produce a cut is B as it is parallel to the area of
study, having its components in X and Y we look for its modulus.

=√ 2+ = 2 7,35 2
√ + 19,6 2

= 20.933

2P
=√
∗

220.933* 103
=√ = 0.0149m = ,
π * 100 * 106 / 2

Solution by MDSolid
120. Two pieces of wood, 50 mm wide and 20 mm thick, are glued as indicated.
figure P-120. (a) Applying the ideas expressed in figure I-4a, determine the shear force and
the shear force at the joint if P = 6000 N. (b) Generalize the procedure to demonstrate that the
shear force in an inclined section at an angle Θ with respect to a cross-sectional area A,
it has a value given byτ = (P/2A) (sin² θ).

We carry out D.C.L.

a) Analyzing the graph, we notice that there are two sections, it is specified that the effort in the
union so we took one of the sections for our study. In this case, we took the
left piece.
= 6000sen30°

= 0 ( )⇒

0.05 * 0.02
0= = 1154.701 * 10-6 2
30°
3000N.
= = -6 2 °
01154,701 * 10

= , .
b) For the specific case of an inclined area, the load will be equal to PCosθ, and its area will be A/Sinθ.
This is deduced from the graph as the study area is an inclined area and the area to which
we refer to it as A not being it.

= =
/
2
= =
2
121. A rectangular wooden body. With a cross-section of 50 mm x 100 mm, it is used as
compression element, as shown in figure P-121. Determine the maximum axial force P
It can be confidently applied to the body if the compressive effort on the wood is limited.
at 20 MN/m2 and the shear stress parallel to the seams is at 5 MN/m2. The seams form an angle
at 20° with the horizontal, as shown.

In order to determine the load, both loads must be taken into account, both cutting and
of compression.

⇒ = 20 * 106 / 2

= ∗
= 20 * 10 6N/m *2 10050
( )( * 10
) m 6 2

= 100 kN.

= sin²θ
2A
 = 5 * 106 / 2∗ 2 ∗ (100)(50) ∗ 10-6 2 /sin²(20°)

= 77,7786 .

= 2 ⇒ = ∗ / 2

= 113,247 kN.
∴ = , .

Solution by MDSolid
122. Figure 1-12 shows the detail of the connection of the end of a W460 x 97 beam to a
W610 x 125 beam using two angles of 100 x 90 x 10, and 19mm diameter rivets. In the
Appendix B tables relate the dimensions and other data of these and other profiles.
normalized. For the rivets, made in the workshop, that join the angles to the beam, it can be taken
T = 80 MPa and (Jb = 170 MPa). For the others, placed on site, T = 70 MPa and Ub = 140 MPa. The
The web of the beam has a thickness of 11.9 mm and that of the girder, 11.4 mm. Determine the maximum reaction.
from the beam that can support this riveted joint.

In the beam, the section resistant to shear is that of the eight rivets in simple shear.
placed on site.

= ⇒ P= 8(19 * 10-3) (10 * 10-3)(140 * 106 ) = 213

In the beam-angle connection, the four double shear rivets provide a total of eight sections.
resistant, like in the other union, which with a greater allowable effort, 80 MPa, admits
a force also greater. The resistance to crushing or contact stress in the beam
it is calculated for the soul of this one, since its thickness is less than the sum of the thicknesses of
the two angles, and for the four rivets it is obtained:

= ⇒ P= 4(19 * 10-3)(11,4 * 10−3)(6 ) = 147 kN

The maximum reaction of the beam (safety load) that this joint must support is
less than the calculated, that is, 147 kN, and is limited by the shear force that can
resist the rivets in the beam-angle joint.
123. The figure assumes that the rivet has a diameter of 20mm and connects plates of 100 mm.
width. a) If the allowable stresses are 140 MN/m2 for crushing and 80 MN/m2 for
the shear force, determine the minimum thickness of each plate. b) According to the conditions
As specified in part (a), what will be the maximum average tensile stress in the plates?

With the equations of σ and τ, we equate the stresses applied respectively and
we found the thickness of the plate.

= ∗

π * D²
V = (80 * 106 / 2) ∗( ).............( )
4

∑=

= ∗

P = (140 * 106 / 2 (I) * (0,1 * espresso) .......... (II)

We equate Equation 1 and Equation 2, knowing that P and V are equal since both
they are tensions.
 =
π * D²
(80 ∗ 106 / 2 ) ∗ ( ) (140 * 106 / 2 ) * (0.02 * espesor)
4
π * 0.02m2
(80 * 106 / 2 ) ∗ ( ) = (140 * 106 / 2 ) * (0.02 * expense)
4
25132.74 N/m4= 2800000 N/m3∗

= 0,00897 6 . = 8.976 .

• Find the tension (V) that is applied for the shear stress and we apply it in the tension.
that is used for the compressive effort (P).

=
π * 0.02m2
( ∗ 10 6 /
= 80 2)
∗ ( )
4

V = 25132.74 N

=
. − . ℎ

25132.74 N
=
(0.1 * 0.0089m)− (0.02 * 0.0089m)

= 35298792.13 / = 35,30 kN/m

The maximum effort that can be applied for compression is 35.30 KN/m.

Solution by MDSolid
The joint shown in the figure is held by three rivets with a diameter of 20mm.
Assuming that P = 50KN, determine a) the shear stress in each rivet. b) the stress of
contact on each plate. c) the maximum average stress on each plate. Assume that the applied load
P is equally distributed among the three rivets.

a) Using the shear stress equation, find the value of τ

50,000 N
=
pi * (0.02)2
3 ∗( 4 )

50000 N
=
0.000942 m

= ,

b) Using the contact stress formula, find its value for each plate.

50000N
=
3pegnos * ((0.02) * (0.025)m)

50000N
=
0.0015m

= ,
c) Applying the contact stress formula, we find the maximum average stress in
each plate, taking into account that the area is equal to the total area of the plate, minus the area of
the bolts.

=
. − . ℎ

50000 N
=
(0,13(0.025)m− (0.02) * (0.025)m

50000 N
=
0.00275 m

σ = 18181818.18 Pa

= ,

Solution by MDSolid
125. For the overlapped joint of problem 124, determine the maximum load P that can be applied with
confidence if the shear stress in the rivets is limited to 60 MPa, the contact stress in
the plates, at 110MPa, and the average tensile stress in the plates, at 140 MPa.

For the shear effort : ( )

= . ℎ ∗ ∗
∗ 2
= 3∗ ( )∗
4

∗( 0.2m) 2
= 3∗ ( ) ∗ 60 * 106
4

= 56548.67 N
= 56.55 kN
For the crushing effort : ( )

= . ℎ ∗ ∗ ∗

= 3* 0.025m * 0.02m * 110 * 106

= 1650000
= 1650 kN
For the tensile effort : ( )

= . ℎ ∗ ∗( − )∗
( 6
= 3∗ 0.025m ∗0.13 − 0.02m *) 140 * 10
= 1155000 N
= 1155 kN
To maximize the load, we must choose the smallest of the three values found:

= .
Solution by MDSolids
126. In the articulation of figure I-1Ob, determine the minimum bolt diameter and the minimum thickness.
from each branch of the fork if it must support a load P = 55 kN without exceeding a shear stress
one of 70 MPa and one of 140 MPa in compression.

We carried out the D.C.L.

2 2
To find the diameter we use the shear stress equation:

= 2
∗ 2
4

2P 2 * (55 * 10)3 )
=√ = √ = 0.022 m
∗ π * 70 * 106
 =

To find the thickness, we use the normal stress equation:

= 2
∗
55 ∗ 103
= = 0.0089 m
2 * d * σ 2 ∗ 0.022 ∗ 140 ∗ 106
= . ≈
A screw with a 22.2 mm outer diameter and 18.6 mm at the bottom of the thread holds two pieces.
made of wood, as indicated in figure P-127. The nut is tightened to achieve a force of 34 kN
in the screw. a) Calculate the shear stress in the head of this and in the thread. (b) Determine
also the outer diameter of the washers if the inner one is 28 mm and the crushing stress
the allowable stress in wood is 6 MPa.

a) We calculate the shear stresses at the head and on the thread:

Head:

34 times 103
= = = 40625135.62 Pa
π * 0.0222 m * 0.012 m
= .
Ring:

34 * 103
= = = 36366048.82 Pa
π * 0.0186m * 0.016
= .
b) We use the normal stress equation:

= = 2 2
( − )
4

4F 2 4 *34 * 103
=√ + = √ (0.028 m)20.089437 m
∗ ∗ 6∗ 106

= .
128. In figure P-128, the scheme of a truss is shown and in the sketch (b) the detailed measurement of
the union of the bars, using a plate, at node B. How many rivets of 19 mm in diameter
are needed to join bar BC to the plate, if the allowable stresses are 70 MPa and = 140
MPa? How many for the BE bar? What is the average compressive or tensile stress in BC and
BE?

We carry out the D.C.L.

D
X
D
B F
Y

A C E G H
Y =0
200 kN
96 kN 96 kN
X

We carry out the summation of forces in the y-axis:

∑ ↑(+ = )0

− 96 − 200 kN− 96 + =0

+ = 392 kN

We apply the sum of moments with respect to H:

∑ =0

− ∗ 16m + 96kN * 12 m + 200 kN * 8 m + 96kN * 4 m = 0

= 196

+ = 392

196 + = 392 kN

= 196
We carried out a D.C.L. of the section X-X:

We apply the sum of forces in the x-axis:

A ( + = )0
∑ →

4 3
∗+ ∗ + CE = 0The exhibition today has five experiences.
5 5
4 * I_D +3* A + 5 * CE = 0
We apply the sum of forces along the y-axis:

∑ ↑(+ = )0

3 4
196 − 96 + ∗− ∗ = 0 Multi-conditional today to exposure by 5.
5 5
980 kN− 480 kN +3∗ −4* =0
3∗ −4* = −500 kN
We apply the sum of moments about B:

∑ =0

−4 m * 196 + ∗ 3m = 0
CE = 261.33
So:

4 * D +3∗ = −1306.65 kN ... (I)

3∗ −4* E = −500 kN ... (II)
Solving the system of equations:

= −76.798 kN (C)
= −269.064 kN (C)
We conducted a D.C.L. of the Y-Y cut:

Y
B

CB
AB
3m
196 kN

A
C
Y
We apply the summation of moments about A:
96 kN
∑ =0

−4 m * 96kN + 4 m * C = 0
= 96 ( )
We determine the equation that will inform us of the number of rivets needed:

=
∗ 2
( 4 )

=
∗ ∗

=
( ∗ )

=
∗ ∗

We calculate the number of rivets for bar BC:

96* 103
=
0.006m * 0.019 m * 140 * 106 2

= 6.015 ≈ 7 EmeS

4 * 96* 103
=
∗( 0.019 m )2∗ 70 ∗ 106 2

4.837 ≈ 5 times a special condition

∴ .
We calculate the number of rivets for the BE bar:

76.798 * 103
=
0.013m * 0.019 m * 140 * 106
= 2.22 ≈3 ℎ

4 ∗ 76.798 * 103
=
∗( 0.019 m )2∗ 70 ∗ 106
= 3.87 ≈ 4 emakℎes
∴ .
We proceed to calculate the average effort:

= (
∗ − ) +( −) ∗

= − + − 2

A = 2ta− − 2

A = t * (2a− − )
Calculating the average effort for bar BC:

96∗ 103
=
7 * 0.006m * (2 * 0.075 m− 0.019 m− 0.006 )
18285714.29 Pa
= .
Calculating the average effort for rod BE:

760.798 times 103

=
4 * 0.013m * (2 * 0.075 m− 0.019 m− 0.013 )
= 12515971.32 Pa
= .
Solution by MDSolids
129. Repeat the previous problem with 22 mm diameter rivets without changing the other data.

For the case of (d = 0.022 m):

At the BC bar we have:

=
∗ ∗
4 * 96* 103
=
∗( 0.022 m )2∗ 70 ∗ 106
= 3.61 ≈ 4 elements

=
∗ ∗
96* 103
=
0.006m * 0.022 m * 140 * 106
= 5.19 ≈6 ℎ

∴ .
Calculating the average effort for the bar BC:

96* 103
=
6∗ 0.006m * (2 * 0.075 m− 0.022 m− 0.006 )
= 218579230.5 Pa
= .

In the BE bar we have:

=
∗ ∗
4 * 76.798 * 103
=
∗( 0.022 m )2∗ 70 ∗ 106
 = 2.89 ≈3 ℎ

=
∗ ∗
760.798 × 103
=
0.013m * 0.022 m * 140 * 106
= 1.92≈ 2 themes

∴ .
Calculating the average effort for BE:

760.798 * 103
=
3∗ 0.013m * (2 * 0.075 m− 0.022 m− 0.013 )
= 17123299.89 Pa
= .
Solution by MDSolids
 CHAPTER 2

201. Determine the elongation produced by a force of 100 kN applied to a flat bar of
20 mm thick and a width that gradually and linearly varies from 20 mm to 40 mm in a
length of 10m, as shown in figure 2-6. Assume E=200 X 10^9 N/m2.

Solution: Since the cross-sectional area of the bar is not constant, expression (2-4) is not
it can be applied directly. However, it can be used to find the elongation of a
differential length for which the section can be considered constant. The total elongation will be the
sum of the infinitesimal extensions. In a section at a distance x from the farthest end
narrow, the semi-anchorage, due to geometric considerations.

− 20
= 60− 20 d de don, = (4x + 20) mm

and the area of this section,

A = 20(2b) = (160x + 800 mm2
Therefore, in section m-n and in a differential length dx, the elongation can be obtained from the
expression (2-4):

[ = ]

(100 * 103 )
=
(160x + 800)(10-6)(200 * 109 )
0.500dx
=
(160x + 800)
so the total elongation is:
10
0.500
δ = 0.500∫ = [n(160x + 800 ]10
0
0 160x + 800 160

= (3.13∗ 10-32400/800= 3.44 * 10-3 = .

202. Two steel bars A and B support a load P = 30 kN, as shown in figure 2-7a.
The section of AB is 300 mm2, and the section of BC is 500 mm2. If E = 200 MPa, determine the displacement.
horizontal and vertical of point B.

Solution: We will start by determining the total deformations produced in each bar by the
Action of P. The equilibrium is obtained PAR= 50kN in tension and PAR= 40 kN in compression. The
the corresponding deformations are:

[ = ]

(50 * 103 (5000)

=
(300 * 10-6)(200 * 109 )
= 4.17
(40 * 103 )(4000)
=
(500 * 10-6)(200 ∗ 109 )
δ = 1.60mm
To analyze the effect of these deformations on the movement of B, let's imagine that it is disconnected.
between the bars A and B in such a way that they can be shortened and lengthened, as indicated
Exaggeratedly in figure 2-7b. To bring their ends together, they must be rotated around point A.
until they meet in B. Now, the arcs generated by these rotations are so
small ones that can be replaced, without appreciable error, by lines perpendicular to AByB; these
lines that intersect at B', determines the final position of B. In figure 2-8, it is represented in greater detail.
scale, the deformations y The total displacement of Bes is the vector BB'o directed as
It is indicated. In figure 2-8, it can be observed that the horizontal displacement of B, or horizontal component
of , es:

= 1.60 mm, to the right

How , it is equal, on the other hand, to the algebraic sum of the horizontal components of y
from the unknown length x,

ℎ= −
3 4
from where1.60 = x(5) − 4.17(5) x=8.3mm

with this value of x, 'y' can be determined, that is, what is the sum of the vertical components
of .
3 4
= +x = 4.17 + 8.23= 9.09 mm, hāGilīā ābājhyo
5 5
Returning to figure 2-7b, the magnitude of the angles that the bars AB rotate can be determined.
BC.

[ = ]

8.23
= = is equal to 1.65 * 10-3 = . °
LA 5000
9.09
= = 2.27 * 10-3 = . °
LGC 4000

These rotations are so small that they fully justify the simplification made by replacing the
arcs by the perpendiculars to AB and to BC that intersect at B’ (figure 2-7b) and assume that the
directions they coincide with the initials of the bars AB and BC.
203. During a stress-strain test, it has been found that for a stress of 35 MN/m21a
The deformation has been 167 x 10-6 m/m and for a stress of 140 MN/m2, it is 667 x 10-6 too.
proportionality limit is
from 200 MN/m2 what is the value of the elastic modulus? What is the corresponding stress for a
unit deformation of 0.002? If the limit of proportionality had been 150 MN/m2, would it
Would they have deduced the same results? Reason your answer.

sigma1 sigma2
= =
Epsilon 1 Epsilon 2

35 N/m2
=
167 times 10-6

= 209580.8383 / 2

E = 209.580 N/m2

If the proportionality limit had been 150 MN/m2, the results would have been the same since
that the values worked with are below the mentioned (150 MN/m2).

35 kN/m2− − − − − − − − − − − − − − − −167 * 10-6 /

− − − − − − − − − − − − − − − −0.002 /

35MN/m20.002 m/m
=
167 *10-6 /

= . /
204. A prismatic bar of length L, cross-sectional area A, and density is suspended vertically
from one end. Prove that its total elongation is δ = ρgL²/2AE. Calling M its total mass
to demonstrate that also
δ = MgL / 2AE.

= ∗
= ∗( ∗ )

= ∗( ∗ )

= ∗( ∗ )∗

RGL2 A
= ∗
2E

gL2
= ∗
2E

=
205. A steel rod that has a constant section of 300 2and a length of 150 he

suspended vertically from one of its ends and supports a load of 20 what hangs from its end
inferior. If the density of steel is 7850 y E 3= 200 X103 2
determine the elongation of the
stick. Instructions: Apply the result of problem 204.
C = Axial Load
P = Peso

= +
2
= +
EA 2E

20 * 103 2 150m 7850 3 ∗ 9.81 ∗ 1502 2

= +
200 * 109 2 ∗ 300 * 10-6 m 2 ∗ 200 ∗ 109 2

δ = 0.05433
= ,
206. A steel wire of 10 of length that hangs vertically supports a load of 2000
Determine the necessary diameter, disregarding the weight of the wire, if the stress must not
exceed 140 and the elongation must be less than 5 Assume E=200 .

∗ 2
= =
∗ 4
4*p*L
=
∗ ∗2

∗
√ to 2
is equal
∗ ∗

2000 N * 10 m
= 2√
π * 200 * 109 Pa * 0.005 m

0.005046
= .

4P
=
∗ 2

= 2√
∗

2000 N
= 2√
140 ∗ 106 ∗

0.00426
= .
∴ .
207. A steel tire, of 10 of thickness, 80 1.5 meters wide inner diameter,
It heats up and then is mounted on a steel wheel of 1500.5. in diameter. If the coefficient
The coefficient of static friction is 0.30. What torque is required to rotate the tire with respect to the wheel? Neglect.
the deformation of the wheel and use E= 200 .
Due to expansion, a radial increase occurs:λ = 0.25 mm
This increase is caused by the effort :
∗
λ= …( )

Where = 750 , = 200

The effort is caused by the force. about the area of action:

= = 2− 2)
(
Where = = .

= ∗ ( + )( −) (…
)

− = 80 mm
Additionally:

= ∗ …( )
The necessary pair is: = ∗ …( )

e = 10 mm
For( ), ( ), ( ) ( ):
+
= ∗λ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ℎ∗

= ∗λ*2*E*π*h*e

= 0.3∗ ( ∗ 10m -3* 2) *( (200

( ) 0.25 ) ∗ 10 9
2
) * π * (80 * 10-3m)(0.01m)

= 75398 N * m
= . ∗
208. An aluminum bar with a constant section of 160 2supports axial forces applied

at the points indicated in figure P-208. If E=70 GPato determine the elongation or shortening
total of the bar. (There is no buckling of this element).

35 kN = 35

15 kN
35 kN = 35 kN− 15 kN = 20 kN

15 kN 30 kN
35 kN = 35 kN− 15 kN− 10 kN =−10 kN

= + +
1
= [( 35 times 103N )* (0.8m + ( * 10N 3* )1 ( + −10
) 20 ) *( 10 3
∗ (0.6 )) ]
( 70 * 10 9 )∗ (160 times 10-6 )

δ = 0.00375 m
= .
Solution in MDSolid
209. A Resolver the problem 208 by exchanging the applied forces at its ends, in the
on the left the force of 10 kN and on the right the force of 35 kN.

Resolution:
In disagreement with exercise 208; we have determined the following values for the loads both in
AB, BC, CD.
10 kN

= −5 kN

= -35 kN

With these results, according to the efforts, we will be able to calculate the elongation or shortening of the
bar.

= + +

30.8
1
δ = [ (1010
)( )( − 5) 10( 1-)( 335
)( ) 10 0.6(( )( 3 )( ) -6
]
( 70 )( 10 9160
)( )(
10 )

= −1.607 x 10-3 = .
210. An aluminum tube is connected to a steel rod and another one of bronze, as indicated in
the figure P-210, and it supports axial forces at the indicated positions. Determine the value of P
with the following conditions: The
total deformation shall not exceed 2 mm, nor shall the stresses exceed 140 MN/m2, in the
steel, 80MN/m2 in aluminum or 120MN/m2 in bronze. It is assumed that the assembly is
conveniently anchored to prevent buckling and that the modulus of elasticity is 200 x 10^3
MN/m2 for steel, 70 x 10^3 MN/m2 for aluminum and 83 X 10^ 3MN/m2 for bronze.

Resolution:
We calculate the loads that can be supported by each of the bars using the method of
cut, which involves taking the right part of the taken section, and calculating the load that is present
in this.

Cut 3 Cut 2 Cut 1

2P
= 140 MPa = = 21 kN
300 mm²
2P
= = 80 MPa =− = 24 kN
600 mm2
3
= = 120 MPa =− = 18 kN
400 mm2

= + +

We calculated the load P, which will correspond to the maximum deformation of 2mm.

( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
=[ + + ]
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )

( 2P )(800 ) ( 2P )(1000 ) ( 3 )(600 mm )

2 mm =[ − − ]
( 300 mm² 200,000
)( MPa ) ( 600 mm² 70,000
)( MPa ) ( 450 mm²83000
)( MPA )

P = 28924.66N = 28.92 kN
Finally, we observe that the load of that deformation is greater than the calculated one initially.
instance:

28.92 kN→ 2

18 kN→
2 mm
x = 18 kN x kN = 1.24 m
28.92
This indicates that the maximum value for P is 18 kN, which shows that its deformation does not exceed in
2 mm.

We compare with the Results of the MDsolid:

211. Two bars AByCD that are assumed to be absolutely rigid are articulated at A and D.
separated in C by a roller, as shown in figure P-211. In B, a steel rod helps to
withstand a load of 50 kN. Determine the vertical displacement of the roller located at C.

Resolution:

We carry out the D.C.L:

We carry out the Sum of Forces:

[∑ = 0] [∑ F = 0]

− HD = 0 + + − 50 kN = 0

= VA + T0 + VD = 50 kN (I)

We observe that there is no moment in the following structure, however, we will do this for
each part of it.
First part of the structure:

[∑ Mᵢ = 0]

VD( 4−
) 50 kN2 (=)0

VD = 25 kN.

Second part of the structure:

[∑ Mᵢ = 0]

−VA (4.5 −
) T(1.5) = 0

= -3 ( )

We replaced the calculated values in both equations I and II:

+ + − 50 kN = 0
= -3
- 3VA + 25 kN = 50 kN
= -3(−12.5 kN
−2VA + 25 kN = 50 kN
= 37.5 kN
= −12.5 kN

Having calculated the forces in the y-axis respectively, we proceed to calculate the deformation.
in order to obtain the vertical displacement of the roller located at C:

( )( )
=[ ]
( )( )

( 37.5 kN )(
3000 mm )
=[ ]
( 300 mm² 200,000
)( MPa )

δ = 1.875 mm
We calculate the vertical displacement in C:

1.875 mm
=[ = ]
3 4.5 m
= .
212. A prismatic concrete block with mass M has to be suspended from two rods whose ends
inferiors are at the same level, as indicated in figure P-212. Determine the relationship of the
sections of the rods, so that the block does not become uneven.

Resolution:

We carry out the D.C.L:

We proceed to perform the summation of forces, both in X and in Y:

[∑ = 0] [Sum of F equals 0]

Ax = 0 + − F. g = 0
2
= .
5

Sum of Moments at A:

[∑ = 0]

−T (5 )+ . (3) = 0
3
= .
5
We equalized the deformations of both rods to determine the relationship of the sections:

( )( ) ( )( )
[ ]=[ ]
( )( ) ( )( )

2 3
(5 . (
) 3000 ) (5 . (
) 6000 )
[ ]=[ ]
( 200,000 MPa )( ) ( 70000 MPa )( )

( )
[ ]= .
( )
 213. The rigid bar AB, supported by two vertical rods as shown in figure P-213, is in
horizontal position before applying the load P. IfP = 50 determine the vertical movement of
the bar.

Data:

P = 50
Solution:

⇒ ∑ Fx = 0

− (5) + P(2) = 0
( )
50 kN5m
= = 20 kN
2m

⇒ ∑ F₂ = 0

+ −P=0
= 50 kN− 20 kN =30 kN

⇒ =

30 times 103∗ 3
= 1.5 mm ✓ D.C.L.:
200 * 109∗ 300 * 10−8
200 * 103∗ 4
= = 2.29mm
70 multiplied by 109∗ 500 ∗ 10−8

2m 3m

1.5m = 1.5 + x 1.5 mm

0.79 mm
✓ We compare:
0.79 mm
=
5m 2m

∴ = .
= 1.5 + x
∴ = .
 214. The rigid bars AB and CD shown in figure P-214 are supported by pins at A.
and in C, and using the shown rods. Determine the maximum force P that can be applied as
it is shown if the vertical movement of the bars is limited to5 mmDespise the weights of everyone
the members.

Data:

=?
Bars are limited5 mm

Solution:

⇒ ∑ M(A) = 0

(6) = (3)

=
2

⇒ ∑ M(A) = 0
✓ D.C.L.: CD BAR
(3) = (6)

= 2 *( )=
2

5mm = 2x + c ; = , =
✓ D.C.L.: CD BAR

x
2x

2x

▪ Replacing:

0.005 = 2 * +
2*P
0.005 = 2 * [ ]+[ ]
70 ∗ 109 (500 * 10-6) 200 * 109 (300 * 10-6)
0.005
= = 0.0382
0.131
∴ = .
207. A steel tire, of 10 of thickness, 80 1.5 meters wide inner diameter,
It heats up and then is mounted on a steel wheel of 1500.5. in diameter. If the coefficient
The coefficient of static friction is 0.30. What torque is required to rotate the tire with respect to the wheel? Neglect.
the deformation of the wheel and use E= 200 .
Due to expansion, a radial increase occurs:λ = 0.25 mm
This increase is caused by the effort :
∗
λ= …( )

Where = 750 , = 200

The effort is caused by the force. about the area of action:

= = 2− 2)
(
Where = = .

= ∗ ( + )( −) (…
)

− = 80 mm
Additionally:

= ∗ …( )
The necessary pair is: = ∗ …( )

e = 10 mm
For( ), ( ), ( ) ( ):
+
= ∗λ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ℎ∗

= ∗λ*2*E*π*h*e

= 0.3∗ ( ∗ 10m -3* 2) *( (200

( ) 0.25 ) ∗ 10 9
2
) * π * (80 * 10-3m)(0.01m)

= 75398 N * m
= . ∗
216. A thin rod of length L and constant cross-section A, situated in a horizontal plane,
it experiences a rotation around a vertical axis that passes through one of its ends. Calling
to the density and at angular velocity, demonstrate that the total elongation of the rod is given
for 2 3 /3 .

Solution:

⇒ ∑ ( =) ∗

= ∗ 2* ρ * x * dx ... (1)

∗
⟶ =∫ * dx ... (2)
∗
Replacing (2) in (1):

( ∗ 2∗ ∗ ∗ )∗
⟶ =∫
∗
2∗
⟶ = ∫ 2∗

∗ ∗
∴ =
∗
217. Two aluminum rods AB and BC articulated at points A and C to rigid supports, as indicated in the figure.
they are joined at B by a pin and support the load P=20 kN. If the rods have a section
of 400 mm2 and E= 70X103 MN/m2, determine the total deformations of each and the
horizontal and vertical displacement of point B. Consider α=30° and Ѳ=30°.

• We obtain the stresses and strains of the rods BA and BC respectively.

30° =
= ( ) 30°

∑Fx = 0
Tax + Tabx = 0
( ) 30° +( ) 30° = 0
( ) 30°
=
30°
=−
 ∑F = 0
− −P=0
( ) 30°− ( ) 30°− 20 kN = 0
( ) 30°− ( ) 30° =20 kN
= −20 kN( compression)
= 20 ( )

( 200003)( )
= −4 ) 2.142870 * 10-3 .
( 70 ∗ 109 )(
4 * 10

( −20000 )(2 ) -3 .
= −4 )10= −1.428 * 10
( 70 multiplied
9 )(by 10 4 times
 = −
e = 1.4285 mm

=
2
= 0.71425

= +
= 2.857 + 0.711425
= ,

30° =

= .

∆
1.428 * 10-3
30° =

a = 2.857 mm

2.857 ∗ 10-3
30° =

d = 4.2857 mm
Solution by MDSolid
219. A circular cross-section bar that linearly varies from a diameter at one end to
another smaller in the opposite, is suspended vertically from its widest end. If the density of
material esp, determine the elongation
due to its own weight. Apply the result to the determination of the elongation of a solid
cone shape suspended from its base.

Resolution:
D

W
y

From the relationship we obtain:

+ + .
= → = → − = → =
2 −
2

− ( − )
= 2 → = ( )→ =
2 . 2L

We perform the summation of forces:

[∑ = 0]

. =

. = . .
 Where:

= .

1 1 2
= . − ( )
3 3 4

1 2
( − )2 1πd2
= [ ] − .
3 4L2 34 −

1 ( − )2 3−
1 3.
=
12 2 12 −

( ) ( )
2
( − ) 1 ( − )2 3
3.
3 3
. = [ − ]→ = [ − 2(
]
4L2 12 3 ( − ) 3 − )3

We apply the determination of elongation.

[Sum of F_x = 0]

+
1
= ∫ .

+ 3 3
. −2 ]
= ∫ [ −
3 ( − )3

. 2 3 3 . ( + )2− ² 3 3 1 1
= [ − −2 ] = = [ + ( − ])
3E 2 ( − )3 3 2 ( − )3 +

. 2 3 3 . ( + )2− ² 3 3 1 1
= [ − −2 ] = = [ + ( − ])
3E 2 ( − )3 3 2 ( − )3 +

. ( + )
= − .
( − ) ( −)