ARMED FORCES UNIVERSITY - ESPE

DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY SCIENCES AND

MECHANICS

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEGREE

LABORATORY REPORT 1

CONICAL SECTION BAR

MEMBERS

Brito Cristian
Jácome Bryan
Mora Daniel
Moran Diego
Toscano Diego
Fast German

NRC:2360
 1. Topic:

Cone section bar

2. Objectives

Develop an expression for the temperature distribution by conduction

Validate with the experimental data

3. Theoretical Framework

Driving

Heat conduction or energy transfer in the form of heat by conduction is a process of

heat transfer based on direct contact between bodies, without exchange of matter, by
that heat flows from a body of higher temperature to another of lower temperature that is in
contact with the first. The physical property of materials that determines their capacity to
conductivity.
thermal resistivity, which is the ability of materials to oppose the flow of heat.
(Serway,2001)

Fourier's Law

Thermal conduction is determined by Fourier's law, which states that the flow of
heat transfer by conduction in an isotropic medium is proportional and in the opposite direction to the
temperature gradient in that direction. (Serway, 2001)

Vectorially:

q=−k∇T

It is the heat flux vector per unit area ( W/m 2).

k: it is a constant of proportionality, called thermal conductivity ( W/mK ).

∇T: is the gradient of the temperature field inside the material (k/ m).

∂T ∂T ∂T
q⃗ =−k
( dx
i+
dy
j+
dy
k
)
Thermal Conductivity

Thermal conductivity is an intrinsic property of materials that assesses the ability to

conduct heat through them. The conductivity value varies depending on the temperature.
the state in which the substance is found, so measurements are usually made at 300 K in order to
to be able to compare some elements with others

Energy conservation requirement

The increase in mechanical and thermal energy stored in a control volume must be equal to
the rate at which thermal and mechanical energy minus the amount of energy that leaves plus the amount
of energy generated within the control volume. (Incropera, 2007)

.
 E¿ −E out+ E g= Est

4. Materials and Equipment

5. Procedure
I. Throughout the
bar has been
Illustration 1: Scheme of the Equipment Used situated 8
thermocouples
Parts of the equipment
of iron
1 Center of mass balance 8 Voltmeter 2 constantano,
in 2 Barra cónica aislada 9 Thermocouples each side
Data output area no separated by
a 3 Ammeter 10 distance of
isolated
4 Temperature gauge 11 Equipment base support 38.1mm between
they. 5 Voltmeter 1 12Output data isolated area Having another
Phase exchange zone thermocouple
in the 6 isolated and not isolated 13Exposed conical bar center of the
bar, besides
7 Marker for each thermocouple
two at the edge
of which they are going to record at the temperature that the water enters respectively. The part
the right side of the bar has been isolated.
II. Regulation of the water inflow rate to the mechanism (constant).
III. Record the ambient temperature.
IV. Record the temperature of each thermocouple at 10-minute intervals until reaching the state
stable.
V. Perform the calculations to obtain the value of the conductivity for yellow brass (K) as well
on the isolated side as in the non-isolated.
VI. Error calculation, comparing the average experimental conductivity on the insulated side
as in the non-isolated section of the truncated conical bar with the theoretical conductivity of it
yellow bronze, at average temperature
 6. Data
Data obtained in the isolated side practice

ISOLATED SIDE
HOUR T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10
8:45 26 24 25.1 23.8 22.3 23.5 21.4 20.7 20.6 22.7
8:55 39.5 37.8 36.2 34.6 32.1 33.7 29.1 26.5 25.3 25.2
9:05 55.3 53.3 51.1 48.7 45.6 47.1 40.7 35.8 34.1 26.8
9:15 64.6 62.2 60.9 57 52 55 47.5 42 39.5 28.3
9:40 84.4 81.3 78.3 75.3 70.6 71.9 62.4 50.1 46.9 30.4
9:50 90.2 86.3 83.2 79.8 75.2 75.2 66.2 58.2 52.7 30.5
10:00 95.2 88 84.5 80.9 77.3 71.2 67.2 61.3 53.4 29
10:10 98.6 95.4 91.9 88.5 82.8 83.8 72.8 63.7 57.1 32.5
10:20 92.9 90.7 84.9 81.8 82.2 56.00 70.6 65.6 58.1 21.7
10:30 104.6 95.7 91.2 87.3 84.3 57.1 72.3 67.1 56.1 21.8
13:10 117.7 113.6 109.3 104.9 101.8 101.6 89.2 77 68.8 35.8
13:20 120.6 117 112.8 108.2 101.9 102.1 89.4 77.5 69.1 36.1
13:30 121.1 117.8 113.4 108.8 102.3 102.4 89.7 77.6 66.7 36.2
13:40 121.3 117.8 113.6 109.1 102.5 103 90 78 68.3 36.2
13:50 121.6 118 114.1 108.8 103 103.2 90.2 78.2 67 36.4

Data obtained in the practice of the non-isolated side

 ISOLATED SIDE
HOUR T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10
8:45 26.3 26.2 24.6 24.3 22.6 22.7 21.6 21.6 21.4 21.8
8:55 37 35.6 33.8 32 31.9 28.8 23.7 26.2 24.6 21.6
9:05 49.2 47.6 45.5 42.8 39.6 37.8 38.1 34 30.4 21.6
9:15 63.2 61.2 58.6 55.8 51.7 50.6 44.7 43.1 38.7 27.3
9:40 81.2 78.1 72.2 69 65.1 60.9 56.1 50.6 43.4 22.1
9:50 86 83.6 80 76.2 70.3 88 99.1 96.6 49.3 28.1
10:00 87.3 83.2 88.2 84 88.1 68.5 62.4 56.1 47.6 23
10:10 93.6 90.7 86.2 81 75.7 70.5 64.6 57.9 48.9 22.2
10:20 83.4 81.7 77.6 73.1 73.3 63.60 66.8 55.8 47.5 22
10:30 100.2 96.5 91.7 86 80.2 74.8 68.4 61.4 51.8 22.3
13:10 114.6 110 104.9 98.7 91.6 85 77.8 69 58 22.8
13:20 115.1 110.6 105.3 98.8 91.9 85.4 78.2 69.6 58.5 23.2
13:30 116.2 111.2 105.6 99.3 92.2 85.7 78.4 69.7 58.2 23
13:40 116 111.3 105.8 99.3 92.3 86 78.6 69.8 58.4 23.7
13:50 116.2 111.5 106.1 99.8 92.6 86.1 78.9 70.2 58.8 23.1
 7. Calculations, results and graphs
Graph the variation of temperature as a function of time
140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0
8:24 9:36 10:48 12:00 13:12 14:24

Illustration 2: Variation of temperature as a function of time (non-insulated side)

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0
8:24 9:36 10:48 12:00 13:12 14:24

Illustration 3: Variation of temperature over time (isolated side)

 Develop an expression for the temperature distribution by conduction

Illustration 4: Energy balance of the system

If it is supposed that:

Eent+E g−E exit=E almc

E g=q 1+ q2

q 1=q 2

The energy generated is related to the electrical power consumed by the source.

Eg P
q 1= =
2 2

V∗I
q g=
2

q g=12∗220=2.64KW

q g=1.32KW
If an energy balance is performed on each of the arms, it must be:

Ee −E s + E g=Ealm

Ideally, there are no losses due to radiation or convection, so the energy that is released is related to

the heat that the water gains, that is to say:

q˙ s=m∗c∗∆
˙ p T

Where: ṁ: It is the measured flow of water, ∆T: Temperature difference in the control volume and

c:p it is the heat capacity of water

c p=4.184 kJ/kg K
So if an analysis is conducted in the following section, it must be:

Illustration 5: Individual Energy Balance

Ee −E s + E g=Ealm

qg P
q 1= = =E
2 2 e

There is no energy generated or stored, therefore it should be obtained:

q 1=q s=1.32KW

1g kg
ρ= 3
=10−3
cm cm3

To find the mass flow of water, the flow rate and the density are used.

cm3
V̇ =125
min

ṁ=V˙ ρ

kg
ṁ=0.002083
s

q=m∗c∗∆
˙s ˙ p T

The output heat is the heat that is being conducted in the conical bar, which is the heat that must
to be considered as 'driven'

q cddx=−KAdT

cd ˙ ∗∆
q=m∗c p T H 2O

The value of the area is a function dependent on x, as it is working with a cone, the cross-sectional area.
It will always be a circle of variable radius, so the area is also a function of x and will be:
 Illustration 6: Approximate diagram of the cone

A cone is obtained by rotating a straight line around an axial axis, therefore, the equation that defines the
the value of the section radius is given by:

ϕ2 −ϕ1 50.8−31.8
m= = =0.0525252
x2 −x1 361.75

ϕ=50.8−0.05252x[mm]

π ϕ2
A=
4

π 2 2
A( x )= ( 0.0508−0.05252x) [m ]
4

Where r is the radius of the cone at a given point, and x is a point on the axial axis of the cone.

So it must be:

ṁ ∗c p∗D e l t a T H O dx=KA( x)dT

2

Illustration 7: Position of the thermocouples along the conical bar

Due to the geometry of the figure, it will be integrated between:

˙ p T H∗dx
x T
4∗m∗c∗∆ O
∫ =−K ∫T dT
2

2
0.063 0.0508−0.05252x
( ) 2

4∗(0.05252)ṁ ∗c p∗THaD
tleO 4∗( 0.05252) ṁ ∗c p∗∆ T H O
T 2+ 2
−
2
=T
πK(0.0508−0.05252x) πK(0.0508−0.05252∗0.063)

If it is known that:
 W
The thermal conductivity coefficient (k) for aluminum is 203
mK
kJ
The heat capacity of water (Cp) for water is 4.184
KgK
0.002083
The calculated mass flow is
˙ Kg/ s
To carry out the analysis, the latest data obtained will be used, since this equation works in the
stable state

UNISOLATED SIDE

HOUR T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10

13:50 116.2 111.5 106.1 99.8 92.6 86.1 78.9 70.2 58.8 23.1

ISOLATED SIDE

HOUR T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10

13:50 121.6 118 114.1 108.8 103 103.2 90.2 78.2 67 36.4

To generate an appropriate mathematical model, it will be assumed that the value of the coefficient is unknown.
thermal conductivity and the mass flow will be developed an equivalent expression for each case:

Isolated Side
0.34267 67
4∗m∗c∗∆T∗dx
˙ p HO
∫
0.063 0.0508−0.05252x
(
2

)
2
=−K ∫ dT
118

4∗(0.05252)∗c p∗∆ T H O 4∗(0.05252)∗c p∗THD

atel O
−
2 2

−k π (0.0508−0.05252(0.342.67)) π (0.0508−0.05252∗0.063)
=
ṁ 67−118
k
=4406.9696
ṁ

Unshielded Side
0.34267 67
4∗m∗c∗ΔT∗dx
˙ p HO
∫
0.063 0.0508−0.05252x
(
2

)
2
=−To ∫ dT
118

4∗(0.05252)∗c p∗∆ T H 4∗(0.05252)∗c p∗THaDtleO

O
−
2 2

−k π (0.0508−0.05252(0.342.67)) π (0.0508−0.05252∗0.063)
=
ṁ 58.8−111.5
k
=4660.25
ṁ

Then the expression that defines each system will be:

∆ T H O [°C0 [° C
2
T ( x ) [ °C]
Isolated -85.2 118 5.40
T( x)=231.897067−
( 0.0508−0.05252x )
No -93.1 111.5 5.589423001
Isolated T( x)=229.193−
( 0.0508−0.05252x )

Determine the percentage of heat lost by radiation and convection.

Ideally, all electrical energy is supposed to be converted into thermal energy that is conducted through the
However, part of this heat is lost through radiation and convection, which corresponds to:

Ė=mC
s ˙ ΔTp H 2O

There is no generation of heat, which indicates that there is energy being lost.

P VI 220V (12A )
Ėe = = =
2 2 2 =1.32KW
The percentage of energy that is lost through conduction will be:

∆ T H O [°C]
2
Ė s (W) Ėe(W) Ecd (%)
Isolated -85.2 742.54 1320 56.25
Not Isolated -93.1 811.39 1320 61.46

Plot the experimental temperature and the theoretical temperature.

long-distance relationship
Isolated Side
 Isolated Side
140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4

T. Real T. Theoretical

Illustration 8: Distribution of real and theoretical temperatures along the conical bar (Side
Isolated

Side in the Isolated

Unisolated Side
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4

T. Real T. Theoretical

Illustration 9: Distribution of the real and theoretical temperatures along the conical bar (Side
Not Isolated

8. Results obtained

Determine the percentage error obtained from the mathematical model and the experimental data.
Isolated Side

5.40
T( x)=231.897067−
( 0.0508−0.05252x )
N X(m) T Real ( °C ) T. Theoretical°C
( ) Error (%)
2 0.076 118 116.526288 -1.2489084
3 0.1141 114.1 111.374375 -2.3888035
4 0.1522 108.8 105.740804 -2.8117609
 5 0.1903 103 99.5547165 -3.3449354
6 0.2284 103.2 92.730638 -10.144731
7 0.2665 90.2 85.1645055 -5.5825882
8 0.3046 78.2 76.7283227 -1.8819403
9 0.3427 67 67.2628604 0.39232888

Uninsulated Side

5.589423001
T( x)=229.193−
( 0.0508−0.05252x )
N X(m) The Real°C
( ) °C )
Theoretical T. Error (%)
2 0.076 118 116.526288 -1.2489084
3 0.1141 114.1 111.374375 -2.3888035
4 0.1522 108.8 105.740804 -2.8117609
5 0.1903 103 99.5547165 -3.3449354
6 0.2284 103.2 92.730638 -10.144731
7 0.2665 90.2 85.1645055 -5.5825882
8 0.3046 78.2 76.7283227 -1.8819403
9 0.3427 67 67.2628604 0.39232888
Graph the actual temperature as a function of the theoretical temperature
Side not isolated

[Link]-T. Theoretical
120

f(x) = 0.98 x + 0.43

100 R²=1

80

60

40

20

0
50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120

Illustration 10: Real Temperature - Theoretical Temperature (Non-insulated side)

Isolated side
 TReal-T. Theory
140

120
f(x) = 0.95 x + 1.94
100 R² = 0.97

80

60

40

20

0
60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130

Illustration 11: Real Temperature - Theoretical Temperature (Isolated Side)

9. Conclusions

In illustrations 1 and 2, the steady state can be observed, which is reached when the
the temperature along the conical bar becomes constant, that is, independent of time,
In the practice carried out, this effect was partially achieved after 4 hours.
Ideally, all electrical energy is transformed into thermal energy and this is conducted through
From the conical bar, however, it was observed that part of this energy was not conducted but rather was
lost through radiation, convection, and conduction
The conducted heat in the case of the non-insulated bar was greater (61.46%) than that conducted in the
isolated bar (56.25%)
The heat lost in the uninsulated bar is due to radiation and convection processes and represents
38.54%, while the heat lost in the insulated bar is mainly due to processes of
conduction (towards the insulator), and this represented 43.75%
The generated mathematical models were quite accurate in defining behavior of
temperature distribution in the bars, obtaining (as shown in illustration 10 and
11) a coefficient of determination of 0.999 for the case of the non-insulated bar and a coefficient of
determination of 0.9675 for the case of the isolated rod
To create the mathematical model, there was uncertainty in the value of the coefficient of
conductivity and mass flow, due to systematic errors at the time of data collection
por lo cual se ajusto estos valores para que cuadren dentro del sistema, manteniendo los limites
minimum and maximum known temperature
The mathematical model is not linear since the cross-sectional area of the cone is variable and
dependent on the length taken along the axial axis of it

10. Bibliography
Kothandaraman, C. (2012).Fundamentals of heat and mass transfer. New Delhi: New Age International
(P) Limited, Publishers.

Edumedia (2019). Thermal conduction. [online] [Link]. Available at:

[Link] [Accessed 23 Apr. 2019].

Incropera, F. (2007).Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer. 6th ed. USA: John Wiley & Sons.
Serway, Raymond A.; Faughn, Jerry S. (2001). Physics. Pearson Education.