Chapter 16.

Temperature and Expansion

16-1. The normal body temperature of a human is 98.6º F What is the temperature
corresponding on the Celsius scale?
t=
C (t!932º)=
5
F
5 (98.6º!32º
9 ;

tC=37º C

The boiling point of sulfur is 444.5º C. What is the corresponding temperature in the
Fahrenheit scale?
t=
F t +5 32º=
9
C
9(444.5º)+ 32º
5 ;

tF=832º F

16-3. A steel rail cools from 70 to 30º C in 1 hour. What is the temperature change?
Fahrenheit degrees during that same period?
Δt = 70º C - 30º C = 40º C;
9 Fº "
#t= 40 Cº !$ %;
&5 Cº '
Δt= 72 Fº

At what temperature do the Celsius scale and the Fahrenheit scale coincide?
numerical reading?
5 (x! 32º)= 9x+5 32 degrees
9 ;

x= –40º C o –40º F

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A piece of charcoal that was initially at 180º F experiences a decrease
of a temperature of 120 Fº. Express this temperature change in degrees Celsius. What is
the final temperature in the Celsius scale?
Δt= 120 Fº;
5 Cº "
120 Fº !# $ = 66.7 Cº ;
%9 Fº &
Δt= 66.7 Cº
The final temperature is 180º F - 120º F = 60º F which should be converted to ºC:
t=
C (t!932º)=
5
F
5(60º!32º)
9 ;
tC=15.6º C

16-6. Acetone boils at 56.5º C and liquid nitrogen at−196º C. Exprese estas temperaturas
specific in the Kelvin scale. What is the difference between those temperatures on the scale?
Celsius?
Acetone: T = tC+ 273º m = 56.5º + 273º;
T= 329.5 K
Nitrógeno: T = tC+ 273º m = –196º + 273º;
T= 77.0 K
Δt = 56.5º C - (-196º C) = 252.5º C;
Δt= 252.5 Cº
Note: The difference in Kelvin degrees is the same as in Celsius degrees.

16-7. The boiling point of oxygen is−297.35º F. Exprese esta temperatura en kelvin y en
Celsius degrees.
t=
C (!297.35º!32º)
5
9

tC= –183º C
T=tC273º = -183º C + 273º;
T =90.0 K

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16-8. If oxygen is cooled from 120 to 70º F, what is the temperature change in Kelvin?
Δt = 120º F - 70º F = 50º F;
5 Cº "
50 Fº !# $ = 27.8 Cº ;
%9 Fº &
1 K = 1 Cº;
Δt= 27.8 K
16-9. A refractory brick wall has an internal temperature of 313º F and a temperature
Exterior of 73º F. Express the temperature difference in kelvin.
Δt = 313º F – 73º F = 240 Fº;
5 Cº "
240 Fº !# $ = 133 Cº; 1 K = 1 Cº;
%9 Fº &
Δt= 133 K

[Link] oro se funde a 1336 K. ¿Cuál es la temperatura correspondiente en grados Celsius y en

Fahrenheit degrees?
tC=1336 K – 273º = 1063º C;
tC=1060º C
t=
F t+532º
9
C = (1063º)+
9
5 32° ;

tF=1950º F

A gas sample is cooled from−120 a−180º C. Express the temperature variation in

kelvin and in degrees Fahrenheit. [Given 1 K = 1º C, the change in degrees Kelvin is the same]
that in °C.
Δt = -180º C - (-120º C) = -60º C;
ΔT = -60 K
9 Fº "
#t= $60 Cº !% &= $108 Fº ;
' 5 Cº (
Δt= –108 Fº

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Temperature and dilation

16-12. A concrete slab is 20 m long. What will be the increase in its length if the
6
temperature changes from 12º C to 30º C? Assume thatα = 9× 10− /Cº.

#L= ! L0#t= (9$ 10"6 (Cº)(20 m)(30º C)" 12º C ;

ΔL = 3.24 mm

16-13. A piece of copper pipe is 6 m long at 20º C. What is the increase in length?
What will it have when it heats up to 80º C?

#L= ! L0#t= (1.7$ 10"5 /Cº)(6 m)(80º C" 20º C ;

ΔL= 6.12 mm
A silver bar is 1 ft long at 70º F. How much will its length increase?
when introduced into boiling water (212º F)?
#L= ! L0#t= (1.1$ 10"5 1 ft at 212º F" 70º F ;

ΔL= 0.00156 ft;ΔL = 0.00156 ft (1 in / 12 ft);

ΔL = 0.0187 in

16-15. The diameter of a hole in a steel plate is 9 cm when the temperature is

20º C. What will be the diameter of the hole at 200º C?
#L= ! L0#t= (1.2$ 10"5 /Cº)(9 cm)(200º C" 20º C) ;

ΔL = 0.0194 cm; L = L0+ ΔL = 9.00 cm + 0.0194 cm;

L = 9.02 cm

A bronze rod is 2 m long at 15º C. What temperature will it need to be at?

heat it so that its new length is 2.01 m?ΔL = 2.01 m - 2.00 m = 0.01 m
#L 0.010 m
#L= ! L0#t;#t = = "5
; #t= 278 C°
! Lo(1.8$ 10 /Cº)(2.00 m)
t = to + Δt = 15º C + 278 Cº;
t= 2930C

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A square copper plate measuring 4 cm per side at 20º C is heated to 120º C.
What is the increase in the area of the copper plate?γ = 2α = 2(1.7× 10-5/Cº) = 3.4×
10-5/Cº]
ΔA=γAoΔt = (3.4× 10-5/Cº)(4 cm)2(120º C – 20º C);
ΔA= 0.0544 cm2

16-18. A circular hole in a steel plate has a diameter of 20.0 cm at 27º C. What is the
The plate will need to be heated so that the area of the hole is 314 cm.2?
! D 2! (20 cm)2
A= = = 314.16 cm2a 27º C
4 4
The change in the area must be 314 cm2-314.16 cm2: ΔA = -0.16 cm
#A"0.16 cm
#A= 2! A#t;#t=
0 = = "21.2 Cº
2! A2(1.2$
0 10"5 /Cº)(314.16 cm)
Thus, the final temperature is 27º C - 21.2º C:
t =5.88º C

16-19. What is the volume increase in 16.0 liters of ethyl alcohol when the temperature
is increased by 30 Cº?
ΔV = βVoΔt =(11× 10-4/Cº)(16 L)(50º C – 20º C);
ΔV= 0.528 L

A Pyrex flask has an interior volume of 600 ml at 20º C. What temperature will it...
Will the interior volume be 603 ml?ΔV = 603 mL - 300 mL = 3 mL
#V 3 mL
#V= !V0#t;#t= = "5
= 556 Cº
!V0(0.3$ 10 Cº)(600 mL)
t =20º C + 556º C;
t= 576º C

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16-21. If 200 cm3of benzene fill exactly a cup of aluminum at 40º C and the system is
Cool to 18º C, how much benzene (at 18º C) can be added to the cup without spilling?
#V= #VB$ #VAL= ! BV0 #t $ (3" )V0 #t; Δt = (18 - 40) = -22 °C

ΔV= (12.4× 10-4Cº)(200 cm3)(–22 Cº) – 3(2.4× 10-5/Cº)(200 cm3(-22º C)

ΔV= –5.456 cm3+ 0.3168 cm3-5.14 cm3;
VB= 5.14 cm3
A Pyrex laboratory beaker is filled to the brim with 200 cm.3of mercury at 20º C.
How much mercury will spill if the system's temperature rises to 68º C?
Vo200 cm3; βm= 1.8× 10-4/Cº;αp= 0.3× 10-5/Cº
#V= #Vm$ #V p= ! mV0 #t$ (3" p)V0 #t; Δt = 68º C – 20º C = 48º C;

ΔV= (1.8× 10-4(Cº)(200 cm3) (48 Cº) - 3(0.3×10-5/Cº)(200 cm3(48 °C)

ΔV = 1.728 cm3-0.0864 cm3= 5.14 cm3;
VB1.64 cm3

Additional problems

16-23. The diameter of a hole in a copper plate at 20º C is 3.00 mm. What is the
What temperature should the copper be cooled to for that diameter to be 2.99 mm?ΔL= (2.99
-3.00) = -0.01 mm]
#L "0.010 m
#L= ! L0#t;#t = = "5
; #t = "196 Cº
! Lo(1.7$ 10 /Cº)(3.00 m)
t = to + Δt =20º C– 196 Cº;
t=–176º C

16-24. A rectangular aluminum sheet measures 6× 9 cm at 28º C. What is its area at 0º C?

Ao (6 cm)(9 cm) = 54 cm2; Δt= 0º – 28º C = –28º C ; γ = 2α
ΔA=2αAoΔt = 2(2.4× 10-5/Cº)(54 cm2-28 Cº = -0.0726 cm2
A= 54 cm2-0.0726 cm2;
A= 53.9 cm2

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The length of an aluminum rod, measured with a steel tape, was 60 cm.
when both were at 8º C. What will be the reading of the length of the rod on the tape?
if both are at 38º C?
The aluminum rod will expand more than the steel tape. Thus, the steel tape
It will give a lower reading based on the difference in length change.
ΔLAL= αALL0Δt= (2.4× 10-5(Cº)(60 cm)(30 Cº);ΔLTo0.0432 cm
ΔLA= αAL0Δt = (1.2× 10-5/Cº)(60 cm)(30 Cº); ΔLTo the= 0.0216 cm
The reading will be lower due to the difference in expansions.
Reading = 60 cm + (0.0432 cm - 0.0216 cm);
Reading = 60.02 cm

16-26. A cube of copper measures 40 cm on each side at 20º C. What is the volume of the cube when the
Does the temperature reach 150º C?0(40 cm)364,000 cm3; Δt = 150 - 20 = 130Cº

V = V0+3αV0Δt = 64,000 cm3+ 3(1.7× 10-5/Cº)(64 000 cm3(130 Cº)

V= 64,000 cm3+ 424 cm3;
V =64 420 cm3

A Pyrex laboratory glassα = 0.3× 10− /Cº) is filled to5 the brim with 200 mL of
4
glycerinβ = 5.1× 10− How much glycerin will spill over the edge if the system is
heat from 20º C to 100º C?o200 mL;βg = 5.1× 10-4/Cº;αp= 0.3× 10-5/Cº]
#V= #Vm $ #V p= ! mV0 #t$ (3" p)V0 #t; Δt = 100º C - 20º C = 80º C;

ΔV= (5.1× 10-4/Cº)(200 mL)(80 Cº) – 3(0.3× 10-5(C°)(200 mL)(80C°)

ΔV= 8.16 mL - 0.1444 mL = 8.016 mL;
VB8.02 mL

16-28. An oven is set to 450º F. If the temperature drops by 50 kelvin, what is the new
temperature in degrees Celsius?
t=
C (t!932º)=
5
F
5(450! 32º);t = 232.2º C
9 C

Since 1 K = 1 °C: t = 232.2° - 50°

t= 182º C

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A 100 ft steel tape measures the distance correctly when the temperature is
20º C. What is the true measurement if this tape indicates a distance of 94.62 ft one day
in which the temperature is 36º C?
ΔL = αLoΔt= (1.2× 10-5/Cº)(100 ft)(36º C – 20º C) = 0.0192 ft
L = Lo+ ΔL = 94.62 ft + 0.0192 ft;
L= 94.64 ft

The diameter of a steel rod is 3.000 mm when the temperature is 20º C.

The diameter of a bronze ring is 2.995 mm, also at 20º C. What temperature is it at?
the common bronze ring will thread smoothly sliding over the rod
steel?
ΔLb– ΔLs= 3.000 mm – 2.999 mm = 0.001 mm
(1.8× 10-5/Cº)(3.000 mm)Δt– (1.2× 10-5/Cº)(2.999 mm)Δt = 0.001 mm
Therefore:Δt = 55.2 °C yt = 20 °C + 55.2 °C
t= 75.2º C

The volume of a metal cube increases by 0.50% when the temperature of the cube
it rises by 100 °C. What is the linear expansion coefficient of this metal? [0.5 % =
0.005

1%V
# $ 1
%V= !V0 %t= 3"V0 %t;" = & ' = 0.0050
3%t( V0 ) 3(100 Cº)

α 1.67× 10-5/Cº

16-32. By what percentage does the volume of a bronze cube increase when heated from
20º C to 100º C?β = 3α yΔt = 100º C - 20º C = 80 Cº
$V
$V= !V0$t= 3"V0 $t; = 3" $t= 3(1.8% 10#5 /Cº)(80 Cº)
V0
"V
= 4.32# 10!3 ;
V0
(ΔV/V) = 0.432%

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A round bronze plug has a diameter of 8.001 cm at 28º C. What temperature
The plug must be cooled to fit correctly in an 8.000 cm hole.
#L "0.001 cm
#L= ! L0#t;#t = = ; #t= " 6.94 Cº
! Lo(1.8$ 10 /C08.001 cm
"5

t = to+ Δt = 28º C - 6.94 Cº;

t= 21.1º C

A Pyrex laboratory glass is completely filled with 500 cm3of ethyl alcohol. If the
If the system's temperature rises to 70 ºC, what volume of alcohol will spill?
Vo500 cm3; βm= 11× 10-4/Cº;αpequals 0.3× 10-5/Cº
#V= #Vm$ #V p= ! mV0 #t$ (3" p)V0 #t; Δt= 70 Cº;

ΔV= (11× 10-4/Cº)(500 cm3(70 °C) – 3(0.3)× 10-5(Cº)(500 cm)3(70 Cº)

ΔV= 38.5 cm3- 0.315 cm35.14 cm3;
VB38.2 cm3

Questions for critical reflection

16-35. A laboratory device that measures the coefficient of linear expansion is illustrated in
Figure 16.17. The temperature of a metal rod rises by passing steam through it.
través de una cubierta metálica cerrada. El incremento de longitud resultante se mide con
a micrometer screw at one of its ends. By virtue of the fact that the original length and the
temperature are known, the coefficient of expansion can be calculated from the
Equation (16.8). The following data were obtained during an experiment.
made with an unknown metal rod:
Lo600 mm to= 23º C
ΔL =1.04 mm tf= 98º C
What is the linear expansion coefficient for this metal? Can you identify it?
"1.04 mm
!= = ;
L0 "t(600 mm)(98º C # 23º C
α = 2.3×10-5/Cº; aluminum

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16-36. Suppose that the ends of a rod are firmly secured between two walls to
prevent the expansion when the temperature rises. Based on the definitions of the
Young's modulus (chapter 13) and its knowledge of linear expansion, demonstrate
that the compression force F exerted by the walls is given by F =αAYΔt,en
where A= cross-section of the rod, Y= Young's modulus, andΔt= increase in
the temperature of the rod. From chapter 15, the Young's modulus is:
FL "L "L
Y= ;F= YES #% $&; y"L= ! L0 "to = ! "t
A"L ' L ( L F
EliminatingΔL/L), has:
F = YAα Δt

16-37. Demonstrate that the density of a material changes with temperature, in such a way
the new densityρ it is calculated by! = ! o1+ "#t , whereρodensity

originalβ volume expansion coefficient, andΔt = change in temperature.

Vf
Vf = Vo + βVoΔt = Vo(1+αΔt), of which = 1" ! #t;
V0

m/!
Now,ρ = m/V or V = m/ρ , so: = 1+ " #t
m/! 0

! o = 1+ " #t; !0
!=
! 1+ " #t

The density of mercury at 0º C is 13.6 g/cm3Apply the relationship from the previous example
to find the density of mercury at 60º C.

!0 (13.6 g/cm3)
!= = ;
1+ " $t1+ (1.8% 10#4 /Cº)(60 Cº)
ρ 13.5 g/cm3

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A steel ring with an inner diameter of 4.000 cm at 20º C has to fit into a
copper axis with a diameter of 4.003 cm at 20º C. What temperature should it be?
heated the ring? If the ring and the shaft cool evenly, to what temperature does it
Will it begin to slide the ring over the axis?ΔLs 4.003 cm - 4.00 cm = 0.003 cm
0.003 cm
(a)ΔLa= αLoΔt;"t= !5
= 62.5 Cº
(1.2# 10 /Cº)(4.000 cm)
The steel ring must be heated to: 20º C + 62.5º or 82.5º C

Find the temperature at which the ring easily slides off.

Start at 20º C, where La= 4.000 cm and Lc4.003 cm, then cool both down to
that the diameters are equal. This happens when the copper rod shrinks more than
the steel ring so thatΔLcopper– ΔLsteel0.003 cm
0.003 cm
αcLcΔt–αaLaΔt =0.003 cm; "t=
! c Lc#! sLs

0.003 cm
"t= = 150 Cº
(1.7# 10 /Cº)(4.003 cm)! (1.2# 10!5 (Cº)(4.000 cm)
!5

Thus, the temperature of both copper and steel must decrease by 150° C.
tf =0-150 Cº = 20º C - 150 Cº;
tf =–130º C

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