Rock Engineering Problems

Table 1: Typical Problems, Critical Parameters, Analysis Methods, and Criteria

Acceptability for Slopes
Parameter Problems Methods of Criterion of
Structure
Typical Critics Analysis Acceptability
Faults Presence of Methods of The absolute value
complexes to the failures limit equilibrium of the factor of
length of regional that allow security has
surface Resistance to fault surface little significance,
circulars or cut of the no circulars and what but the rate of
almost circular materials to it they can be used change of the same
what relates long of a to estimate the can be used
surface slips of changes in the to judge the
Landslides
in faults u fail factor of effectiveness of the
others Distribution security as measures of
characteristics of water result of reinforcement.
structural underground in drainage or the Monitoring of
just like the the slope, profile changes long term of the
failure of particularly of the slope. Methods displacements
materials in response to numerical as of surface and by
intact. the rains or to the elements under the
the immersion of finite or discrete surface in the
toe of the slope they can be used slopes is the only
seismic load to investigate the practical means for
potential mechanisms of evaluate the
fall and history behavior
del of the slope and the
displacement measures of
of the slope. reinforcement.

The fault is The height and the Methods of The factor of

circular with angle of the balance of two security > 1.3
form of surface of the dimensions that temporal
spoon in the slope include the slopes with
floors in The resistance search minimum risk of
massifs to the cut of the automatic of the damage. The factor of
very rocky materials to the fault surface security of > 1.5
Slopes in soils or in fractured. length of the and are used for permanent
very fractured rock superficies of studies slopes with
fault parametric of the significant
The factor of risk of harm.
distribution of security. Where the
water The analyses of displacements
subterranean in probability, the be critical, the
the slope analysis of analysis of
Potential limit equilibrium deformation of the
reload or charge in three sloped can be
seismic dimensions or the required and
numerical analysis big factors
of efforts are of security will be
occasionally applied in these
used for cases.
investigation of
problems of
unusual slopes.
 The Height of The analyses of A factor of
sliding slope, angle and limit equilibrium security of > 1.3
planar or of orientation that determine for slopes
jingles about Boiling and the landslides "temporaries" with
a course of in three a minimal risk
characteristic characteristics dimensions are of damage. A factor
structural or to structural used for of security of >
Rock slopes along the Distribution studies 1.5 'permanent'
fractured intersection of the water parametric of the for slopes with
of two of underground in factor of a significant
you are the slope security. The riesgo de daño. La
features. - Loads analysis of probability of
seismic probability of drop of 10 to 15%
potentials failure, based on it can be
Sequence d the distribution of acceptable for
the excavation the orientations mine slopes
and installation structural and the superficial
from the support cutting efforts, where the cost of
are useful for cleaning is less
some that the cost of
applications. stabilization.
I am sorry for Height of Analysis of No hay criterio
columns slope, angle and limit equilibrium available
separate from the orientation raw or models acceptable for
rocky mass Buzzing and of blocks faults by
for course of simplified are collapse even though
characteristics características tools for estimating a collapse
Slopes with joints structural structural the potential of potential is
vertical of great Distribution collapse and usually obvious.
buzzing and of the water sliding. The monitoring of
are parallel or subterranean in Models the
almost parallel the slope elements displacements
in the face of Seismic load discreet or of the slope is the
slope. potential geometry of the only practice that
simplified slope can determine
can be used the behavior
to explore the of the slope and the
mechanisms of effectiveness of the
failure due to measures of
collapse. remediation

Loose rocks Geometry Calculations of The localization of

about slopes of the slope trajectories of the the fallen rocks or
that slide, Presence of rocks that fall or the distribution of
they roll, they fall and rock balls based on a large number of
reborn. loose the changes of fallen rocks will give
Coefficients speed in each an indication of
of restitution impact la magnitud del
Free large rocks of the material generally problem of
(boulders) on slopes that form the appropriate. potentials
of rock slope Monte Analysis landslides and of the
Presence of Carlo of various effectiveness of the
structures for trajectories measures of
contain the based on the remedy like the
falls and the variation of the leggings.
rebounds of the geometry of buttresses and
rock slope and the walls at the foot of the
properties of the slope.
surface give
 useful information
in the distribution
of the rocks that
they have fallen.

Table 2: Typical Problems, Critical Parameters, Analysis Methods, and Criteria

Acceptability for Dams and Foundations
Criteria of
Problems Parameters Methods of
Structure Acceptability
Typical Critics Analysis
d
Circular failure Presence of Analysis of the leakage The factor of
or almost circular zones are required for security > 1.5
from a dam, permeable determine the pressure for the pool
particularly weak in the of water and the fill with a
and during a foundations distribution of the stable state
emptying Resistance to speed through of filtration;
quick. Failure cut the dam and the works 1.3 for the end
Zoned Dams of of the foundation durability annexes. of the
Filling in areas graduation and Equilibrium methods construction
weak. location of limit should be without load of the
Piping materials of the used in studies reservoir and
and erosion of the press parametric of pressures of
initial dam o particularly stability. holes in the
center of the filters The methods foundations no
press Effectiveness of numerical can be dispersed
the curtain of used for investigation 1.2 for a
cement and of the dynamic response probable flow
system of from the dam during maximum with
drainage some earthquake. stable state
Stability of of filtration and
the slopes of 1.0 for the picture
reservoir fill with
stable state
of filtration
load
horizontal
maximum
credible seismic
pseudo-static.
The failure due to Presence Parametric studies The factor of
cut of the weak areas using methods of Security
interface between permeable in the limit equilibrium that against failures
the concrete and rocky mass they should be used of the foundation
the rock or of Resistance to to investigate should
growth of cut in the landslides on the exceed 1.5
rock. interface between the interface between the conditions of
Gravity Dams Formation of concrete and the concrete and the rock, and operation
cracks of rock slides in normals with
tension in the Resistance to weak bases of the pool full with
heel of the cut of the massif foundations. A great such values
press. rocky number of surfaces of of resistance
Leakage to Effectiveness of essays are necessary of cut
through the the curtain of unless a conservatives
capture and works cement and of failure analysis no they are used
annexes. system of circular with detection ≈ 0). Factor of
drainage automatic of the security > 1.3
 Stability of fault surface for a
the slopes of critical feedback is available. maximum
reservoir avenue
probable
(PMF).
Factor of
Security of >
1 for maximum
extreme load
of earthquake and
PMF.

Cutoff failure Presence of Métodos de equilibrio Factor of

in the weak zones, limits are used for security
foundations or deformables or parametric studies against the failure
catch. Fault of permeable in the in ways of of the foundation of
arch due to rocky massif sliding 1.5 for
the Orientation three-dimensional in the conditions
inclined sedimentation and foundations, including operational with
differential of resistance of the influence of the full photo and >
Arch dams the foundations. cut of water pressure and of the 1.3 for
Filtration to characteristics reinforcement. conditions
through the structural Tri-numerical analysis maximums of
or of Effectiveness of dimensional son likely flow
the dam. the curtain of required for as long as the
cement and of determine the values of
system of efforts and resistance to
drainage displacements in the cut
- Estabilidad de concrete arch. conservatives
the slopes of the they are used
reservoir ≈ 0).
Efforts and
deformations
in the arch of
concrete
debierans is
used inside
of the levels
of work
allowed
defined in
the
specification
of concrete.

Slope failure Orientation, Equilibrium Analysis Factor of

result of inclination and failure limit security
a load resistance to planar or wedge against
excessive in the cut of the potentials in the any
ascendancy. characteristics growth or on slopes sliding
Settlement structural in adjacent that are of some wedge
differential the rocky mass used for studies potential in the
Footings of slopes due to the what shapes the parametric factors growth
of rock deformation foundations of security. should
anisotropic Presence of Numerical analysis exceed 1.5
from the rock of inclined layers can be used in for
the foundations. with properties the deformation of conditions
of deformation growth, particularly normal of
significantly you for shrubs operation. The
you are different anisotropic rocks. settlement
 Distribution differential
of the water should be
underground in the inside of
slope limits
specified
by engineers
structural.

Fall of the The resistance Equilibrium analysis Fall of the

capacity to the ground cut limit using slices capacity
important or materials inclined and not important
result by rocky fault surface no it should be
cut in the fractured used circulars allowed for
soils or rock Distribution for studies conditions of
weak due to of the water parametric factors load
Foundations on rock under the underground in the of security. normal.
weak or ground blocks of the establishment of Numerical analysis The
foundations. soil or rock they may be required settlement
Conditions of to determine differential
load on the deformations, should have
foundations and particularly for located between
potential load materials of limits
seismic foundations specified
anisotropic. by engineers
structural.

Table 3: Problemas Típicos, Parámetros Típicos, Métodos de Análisis y Criterios

Acceptability for Civil Underground Excavation Engineering
Problems Parameters Methods of Criterion of
Structure
Typical Typical Analysis Acceptability
Leakage Relationship of Determination The coverage of
excessive of pressure from the depth steel is necessary
tunnels with hydraulics of coverage where the effort
support of maximum in a minimum to the minimum principal
concrete or without it. tunnel to length of the tunnel of on the rock is
Break or effort pressure to less than 1.3
Projects twisting of principal maps sometimes the maximum
Hydropower of coverage of minimum in the topographic static head
Pressure Tunnels. steel owed to the rock facts for operations
deformation of surrounding carefully. of hydroelectric plants
the rock or pressure Length of Analysis of typical or 1.15
external. the coverage of efforts of for operations
steel and sections to with very low
effectiveness of length of the axis dynamic pressure.
cement transversal of a The trials of
Levels of tunnel. hydraulic pressure
water Comparison and drills in the
underground in among the extreme
the massif efforts calculated from the
rocky minimums steel cover is
principals and the essential for
pressure check what
hydraulics it is assumed in the
dynamic design.
maximum for
 determine the
length of the
coverage of
steel.

The fault of the The resistance Analysis of The capacity of

rock where the of the massif efforts using support installed
effort is rocky and of the methods should be
exceeded by characteristics numerical for sufficient for
efforts individuals of determine the stabilize the
induced. the structure extension of rocky massif and
Tunnels in soft rock Expansion, Expansion fault zones and limit the closure to
production or potential the a level
excessive closure yes particularly displacements acceptable. The
the support is in rocks probable in the machines
inadequate. sedimentary rocky mass. you will dig and the
Methods of Analysis of the structures
excavation and interaction of the internals must be
sequence rock support designed as
Capacity and using shapes result of the
sequence of closed or expansion or
installation of methods deformation
systems of numerical for dependent on
support determine the time. The
capacity and monitoring of the
sequence of the deformations is
installation of the an aspect
support and for important of
estimate the control of the
displacements construction.
in the mountain range

rocky.

Falls Orientation, Technique of Factor of

generated by inclination and projection security
gravity or wedges resistance to spherical or including the
that slide or cut of the methods effects of
blocks characteristics analytics are refuerzo, debiera
defined by the structural in used for exceed 1.5 for
intersection of the massif determine and landslides and
Surface tunnels characteristics rocky visualize all 2.0 for wedges by
in fractured rock structural. Quality of the the wedges fall and blocks.
Materials or drilling and potentials in the The sequence of
rocks of the shot rocky mass installation of the
superficial during the around the support is critical and
inadequately excavation tunnel. the wedges and blocks
sustained. Analysis of they should be
limit equilibrium identified and
of critical wedges supported before
are used for that they are
studies totally
parameters of the exposed by the
mode of failure, the excavation.
factor of The monitoring of
security and the the
requirements displacements
of support. she is younger
value.
 The wedges The shape and the Techniques of One achieves a
generated by orientation of projection acceptable design
failures or the cave in spherical or when the model
sliding or the relationship with the methods numeric indicates
rocky massif orientation analytical are that the extension
decided by court inclination and used for the of the fault has been
or tension, resistance to determination and controlled by the
depend on cut of the visualization of support installed,
Large caves in spacing of characteristics every wedge that the support does not
broken rock the structural in potential in the is overloaded
characteristics the massif rocky massif. and that the
structural and rocky The efforts and displacements
of the magnitude The efforts displacements in the massif
of the efforts in situ in the induced by rocks herself
in place. rock mass each stage of stabilize.
Sequence of excavation of The monitoring of
excavation and a cave is displacement is
support and determined by essential for
quality of the analysis confirm the
perforation and numerical and prediction of the
blasting used for designs.
estimate the
requirements
support for
the ceiling and walls
from the cave.

THE The The analyses A design

fracture of orientation numerical are acceptable requires
the rock due to inclination used for extremely
the efforts and/or permeability calculate the low levels of
induced by and resistance to effort and the movement of
thermal reasons cut of the displacements waters
Disposition around characteristics induced by the underground to
underground of excavations structural in excavation and by through the hollow
nuclear waste result in a the massif the loads geographical that
increase of the rocky thermal of the contains the water
permeability and Efforts in reservoirs of so that it
in a situ and thermal waste. The limit the
probability on the rock that flow patterns transport of the
fugitive mayor surrounds the of water materials
radioactive. excavations subterranean and its radioactive.
The speeds, sprints, tunnels and
distribution of particularly to holes of
water through the defog should
underground in damaged areas by remain stable
the massif the blasting, by
rocky cracks in the rock approximately
and well seals 50 years for
they are calculated allow the
using methods recovery of
numerical. the waste sei
it is necessary.

Tabla 4: Problemas Típicos, Parámetros Críticos, Métodos de Análisis y Criterios

Acceptability for Underground Excavations in Hard Rock
 Criteria of
Problems Parameters Methods of
Structure Acceptability
Typical Critics Analysis
d
Cracking Resistance of For deposits The factor of
progressive and rocky massif stratified security of the
peel off the what shapes the pillar horizontally, the provisions
rocky mass Presence of pillar resistance of pillars
what leads to characteristics of relationships simple in
an eventual structural empirical based deposits
Pillars collapse of a oriented in the width and height stratified
pillar or to the unfavorably of the same, and the horizontal
outbreak of e resistance of the should exceed
rock. Geometry of pillar, based on a 1.6 for
pillar area calculations of pillars
particularly taxation, are permanents
the width-to- compared to In the cases
tall to give a factor of where a fault
Geometry security. For progressive of
general of the mines with more a provision
mine, including complex of pillars
the relationship of geometry, analysis complex is
extraction numerical modeled, the
including the failure individual fall
progressive of the pillar from a pillar
they can be it can be
required. tolerated from
so that I do not know
I started the
collapse of the
pillars
surrounding to
way of
domino

Collapse of Resistance of The classification of The depth

the pillars of rocky massif rocky massif and from the surface
crown for the what shapes the the analysis of of the pillars of
what is the pillars limit equilibrium crown or
relationship of Depth of they can give guides bridges with
depth of the zone useful in the regarding the
pillar regarding untempered and dimensions of the width of the
along the presence of crown pillars excavation
Crown pillars or
tajeo is structures with for different should be inferior
bridges
inadequate. The almost buzzing rocky massifs. to be
explosion of vertical in the case The analyses sufficiently
rocks or the of the surface numerical big for
fracturing of the pillars of including ensure a
gradual of crown or bridges. studies of very small
pillars of - Levels of elements probability of
crown efforts on site discrete, they can fail.
subjected to and geometry of give levels of The bridges
elderly corona pillars resistance and they may require
efforts of interns indications of a support
those who can potential areas extensive for
to resist. of failure. to ensure the
stability
during the
mined from the
 tajeos
adjacent. A
care
planning
from the sequence
of mining
it can be
necessary for
avoid levels
of efforts
high and
problems of
outburst of
rock.

The collapse of Orientation, Numerical analysis The instability

defined wedges inclination and of the local should
structural resistance to displacements be controlled
and of the cut of the for each stage of for the
blocks of the characteristics the excavation will give installation of
roofs and box structural in some rock bolts
from the roof of the rocky massif indications of the or cables with
a task of On-site effort problems cement for
Mining operations in exploitation. in the massif potentials. improve the
Failures due to rocky Some of the most security and
cut and fill
efforts - Shape and sophisticated minimize it
induced and orientation of the models dilution.
bursts of work of numerical stability will allow
rock in a exploitation in the inclusion of general
medium of Quality, sustenance controlled by
big location and being a geometry and
efforts drainage of reinforcement by means the sequence of
filling of cables with excavation of
cement the tasks and
by the sequence
of the filling. The
conditions
acceptable of
mining are
achieved
when everything
mineral is
recovered with
security.

The dilution Quality and Some rules A design of

resulting from the resistance of the empirical, based this guy can
rockfall rock in the ranking to be considered
from the roofs of Exfuerzos in from the rocky massif, acceptable
the cuts or situ and induced they are available when the
caserones and on the rock to estimate the security and the
walls (boxes). surrounding the dimensions of a low costs of
Outbursts of excavations safe labor. recovery of
rock or failures Quality of the Numerical analysis a proportion
Mining works of
progressive drilling and of the disposition of very big of the
restricted access
induced by shot in the the tasks and of the mineral body
(Non-entry stopes)
high efforts excavation of the sequence of it has been
on the pillars works mining, using achieved. The
between tasks. analysis rockfall
three-dimensional in wells and
 for shapes loading are a
complex of unacceptable
mineral bodies, risk for the
they will give instructions security and a
of problems pattern of
potentials and support can
estimates of to be required.
requirements of In environments
support. of altos
effort, some
method for
relax
efforts can
to be used for
reduce the
bursts of
rock.

The failure of Quality and Limit equilibrium or The shape of the

rocky massif resistance of the numerical analysis excavation
resulting from the rock they are not useful should
abrasion and use Efforts in particular given that to maintain oneself
of drawpoints situ and induced and the processes of use for life
and overpasses changes in the and abrasion are not enter of the
poorly efforts in the included in these drawpoints u
protected. In surrounding rock models. Designs orepasses. The
Loading Points extreme cases Selection and empirical based loss of
(Drawpoints) y this can sequence of in experiences control can
mineral racks lead to losing installation of the test previews and result in a
(overspasses) labor support error son it would be dilution
underground or generally from the mineral or in
passes. used. the abandonment of
the excavation.
The reinforcements
flexible
resistant to
overuse like
cables with
cement
installed
during the
excavation of
labor, can you
be successful
to control
the instability.