Integrated Colleges of Mineiros

INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

FACULTY OF AGRONOMY

IMPLANTAÇÃO DE UMA FLORESTA DE

EUCALYPTUS FOR ENERGY

MARCH / 2009
MINEIROS - GO

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INTEGRATED COLLEGES OF MINEIROS
INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
FACULTY OF AGRONOMY

Laíze Aparecida Ferreira Vilela

Diego Oliveira Ribeiro

IMPLEMENTATION OF A FOREST OF
EUCALYPTUS FOR ENERGY

MARCH / 2009
MINEIROS - GO
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 SUMMARY

1. Introduction ................................................................................................. 04
2. Justificativa................................................................................................................. 06
3. General Objective........................................................................................................... 08
3.1 Specific Objectives.................................................................................. 08
4. Literature Review
4.1 Forest Implantation.............................................................................................. 09
4.2 Espaçamento........................................................................................................... 10
4.2.1 Strictly Forest System for energy purposes or cellulose production... 10
4.3 Adubação Orgânica................................................................................................. 11
4.3.1 Soil Organic Matter (SOM) ....................................................................... 13
4.3.2 Nutrients............................................................................................................. 13
4.4 Forest Species
4.5 Site of Implementation
5. Materials and Methods.................................................................................................... 17
5.1 Description of the implementation area........................................................................... 17
5.2 Preparation of the implantation area................................................................................... 17
5.2.1 Road and firebreak construction.......................................................................... 17
5.2.2 Cleaning of the area and removal of native vegetation.................................................... 18
5.2.3 Combat against the ant
5.3 Planting...................................................................................................................... 18
5.3.1 Choice of spacing...................................................................................... 18
5.3.2 Fertilization
5.3.3 Grooving........................................................................................................... 20
5.3.4 Termite Control................................................................. 20
5.3.5 Actual planting.................................................................................... 21
5.4 Tratos culturais........................................................................................................ 21
6. Budget................................................................................................................ 22
7. Expected results................................................................................................. 23
8. Bibliographic references.................................................................................. 24

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 1. INTRODUCTION

The Brazilian forestry sector contributes an important share to the economy

national, as it generates products for domestic consumption or for export, taxes, and jobs
for the population and often also acts in the conservation and preservation of resources
natural. Forest-based products account for 2.6% of the gross domestic product (GDP)
Brazilian.
The Brazilian territory has about 530 million hectares of Native Forests.
43.5 million hectares in Federal Conservation Units and 4.8 million hectares of
Florestas Plantadas com pinus, eucalipto e acácia-negra.
With the exploration of Native Forest areas plus the exploitation of Forests
Planted generates more than 2 million jobs, contributes more than $20 billion to the
GDP exports more than $4 billion (8% of agribusiness) and contributes $3 billion.
in taxes, per year, collected from 60,000 companies (SILVA et al., 2009).
The seven largest states in area with Eucalyptus and Pine in order of
the size of your forests is the states of Minas Gerais, São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina,
Bahia, Rio Grande do Sul and Espírito Santo respectively.
These planted forests aim to ensure the supply of raw material for the
paper and cellulose industries, charcoal metallurgy, firewood, sawn wood, plywood and
laminates and reconstituted panels (particleboards, fiberboards, etc.).
Although the participation of forest plantations is increasing everywhere
segments in relation to Native Forests, the sector believes that based on the expectations of
demand growth, there will be a need for planting around 630 thousand hectares by
yes, instead of the current 200 thousand hectares. The Brazilian Society of Silviculture - SBS distributes
this planting need as being: 170 thousand ha / year for cellulose, 130 thousand ha / year for
solid wood, 250 thousand hectares per year for charcoal and 80 thousand hectares per year for energy (SILVA et

et al., 2009).
Based on this data, the importance of eucalyptus is observed as a species of
multiple use with the possibility of serving all the segments described above,
mainly for paper and cellulose and energy where it has historically made a special contribution.
Originating from Australia, Eucalyptus is one of the species that best meets the
raw material replacement needs for the industrial process, whether it is for the
cellulose manufacturing, for energy production, wood supply, production of

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furniture, refined finishes of civil construction, floors, poles and masts for boats. From
According to the Brazilian Society of Silviculture (SBS), there are approximately three in Brazil.
millions of hectares of eucalyptus forest that contribute to the preservation of native forest,
occupying areas previously devastated by deforestation, monoculture and livestock farming, as well as the

illegal timber trade.

The biggest attraction for the implementation of the Eucalyptus Forest is that this exotic plant
grows in any type of terrain, especially in dry environments and poor soils
fertile. There are about 700 different species of Eucalyptus worldwide, of which the
Viveiro Camará produces seedlings of only three species: Eucalyptus grandis, and Eucalyptus
urophyllas destined for the cellulose market; and Eucalyptus citriodora for small
rural producers and for wood production (VITAL, 2007).
In recent years, with the arrival of companies like Perdigão and poultry processing plants in
Goiás state and more specifically in the Southwest Goiano region there was also the
concern about the waste that would be generated by poultry production. Chicken bedding or
from Peru can be reused as organic fertilizer for the fertilization of crops, pastures and
also forests. Since the cost of fertilization with bedding is lower than with fertilizers
chemicals, it can be used for the planting of Eucalyptus, as well as bringing benefits
to the ground, in the medium and long term.

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 2. JUSTIFICATION

Promote the recovery of the mentioned area, considering that it presents

deficiency of all nutrients according to the chemical and physical characterization, informed
through soil analysis.
The area used for the establishment of the Eucalyptus forest is a plot of land previously
used under pasture, which over the years has shown symptoms of degradation. As the
eucalyptus develops well in low-fertility areas and sandy places, the same can be
showing great potential for the recovery of this area in environmental terms by promoting
the addition of organic matter, and ceasing to be an economically underutilized place to
rural producer. In addition to minimizing production costs, given that organic fertilization
drastically reduces the costs of fertilization when compared to chemical fertilizer.
It is still expected to achieve high wood production for energy use.
(charcoal and firewood).

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 3. GENERAL OBJECTIVE

Plant a eucalyptus forest for the recovery of a pasture area

degraded and wood production for energy.

3.1 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

Evaluate the compensatory effect of cultivating a forest of Eucalyptus urophyla .

Evaluate the maximum possible production of the crop in a sandy soil.
Evaluate the effect of the forest on the physical and chemical conditions of the soil after extraction

from Madeira.
Evaluate the behavior of the addition of organic matter to the soil left by the crop,
after the cultivation of Eucalyptus through the use of poultry litter.
Promote lower costs for forest cultivation, using organic fertilization.

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 4. LITERATURE REVIEW

4.1 FOREST IMPLEMENTATION

Forest implantation involves operations ranging from soil preparation, planting and
cultural treaties, until the establishment of the forest, which usually occurs between the third and
fourth year.
Soil preparation operations involve: construction of roads and firebreaks,
["deforestation","firewood removal","collecting","ant control","weed control"]
soil tillage, furrowing and/or hole digging, drainage and/or ridges (in fields
humid).
Many companies and producers use the minimum tillage technique. The burning of
cultural remains in recent years is abolished, due to CO emissions2for the atmosphere, which is
one of the gases responsible for the greenhouse effect. The material remains in the area to enrich and
promote soil conservation. Weed control is usually carried out
through the use of herbicides (OMAR, 2009).
The second stage involves planting operations. In this phase, it is important that one
they have defined the spacing whether the fertilization is mineral or organic (OMAR, 2009).
The spacing is defined based on the final use of the wood and criteria of order.
economic and environmental. The area available per tree will determine its growth rate,
the rotation, wood quality, silvicultural practices, the planning of exploitation and
forest harvesting. The most commonly used spacings range from 4.5 to 12 m2per plant. A
mineral fertilization depends on the chemical and physical characteristics of the soil. However,
It is generally recommended to use 120 to 150 g of NPK per plant.
The other operations of the planting phase include: furrowing and/or hole digging,
planting of seedlings, irrigation in the hole (1 to 3 liters), replanting (only when survival)
in the field is less than 90%).
Silvicultural practices aim to eliminate competition among individuals, and
between trees and invasive weed species, until the forest is capable of dominating this
competition.

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 4.2 SPACING

4.2.1 STRICTLY FOREST SYSTEM FOR ENERGY PURPOSES OR

CELLULOSE PRODUCTION

It is usually the most traditional method, used when production is limited to

harvesting of trees that are seven years old. The planting is done all at once and the first
the cut is made in the seventh year. Two more cuts can still be made with the conduction of
rebirth, one in the fourteenth year and another in the twenty-first year, when only then the area
receives a new planting. The most commonly used spacing is 3x2m, however, other options can be used.
other spacings such as 3 x 1.5m and also 3 x 3m. With quality genetic material and
all necessary cultural practices being carried out, productivity can reach up to
300m3270 m3/ha in the first cut, 270 m3/ha in the second cut, and 250 m3at the third cut
(OMAR, 2009).

4.2.2 STRICTLY FORESTAL SYSTEM WITH THINNINGS

According to Vital (2009), this planting method is used when one intends to advance the
return of part of the invested capital, since in the previous system the return is only given to
seven years after the initial investment.
The plants are initially more densely packed before they reach development.
maximum economic, some thinnings are carried out. This system can be worked in two ways
ways (SILVA et al., 2009):
Energy Fins: Planning is carried out to harvest a strictly forested grove.
at seven, fourteen, and twenty-one years old, but the planting is done more densely than normal,
so that the felling of very close plants provides wood for civil construction or for
energy fins. Normally, these thinnings start in the third year of cultivation, where
interleave the cut plants with the remaining plants. This way, the area will stay clean until
that reaches the desired spacing.
More than one purpose: In this method, the purpose of production varies according to
with the year of cultivation. That is, an initially dense planting starts to be thinned out in
third year for civil construction and energy, maintaining this purpose in the fourth year.
From fifth grade onwards, in addition to the already known purposes, it adds the production of posts.

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Not necessarily the thinning needs to be annual. The grove will then be thinned out, in such a way
that in the twelfth year the thinning ends, leaving few plants per hectare.
These remaining trees can be harvested between the 14th and 15th year and are used for
sawmill. In this method, the culture cycle is only 15 years.
Leles (2001) studying different types of spacings in 2 species of Eucalyptus,
which included the following spacings: 9 x 9m, 6 x 4m, 3 x 6m, 3 x 5m, 3 x 4m, 3 x
3m, 3 x 2m, 3 x 1.5m and 3 x 1m, it can be concluded that the spacings from 3 x 3m to 9 x 9m, the
plants did not show a statistically significant difference in height. With spacing
but denser (3 x 1.5m and 3 x 1m) the plants reduced their height. However, as they
the spacing between plants increased, and so did the wood production and part
aerial, per hectare. However, the highest wood production per hectare was obtained with the
espaçamento 3 x 2m, tendo sido observado contínuo decréscimo de produção/ha, com o
increase in spacing between plants.

4.3 ORGANIC FERTILIZATION

Organic fertilization includes the use of organic waste of animal and vegetable origin.
agroindustrial and others, with the purpose of maintaining, improving, and even increasing fertility
of the sun and the productivity of crops (COELHO & VERGELENCIA, 1973).
Organic fertilizers (manures, composts, etc.) are considered the most
complete and balanced. Organic matter provides plants with nutrients, reduces
the loss of nutrients due to leaching of highly soluble chemical fertilizers favors
the development of soil microorganisms and promotes better aggregation of particles
even improving, thus, its ventilation (KONZEN, 2003).
Meanwhile, in order to meet the nutrient needs of plants, it is necessary
high quantities of organic fertilizers, which can often make their use unfeasible
exclusive.
The composition of animal manures is variable, being influenced by several factors.
Among these factors, the one that can be most influenced by the creator is quality and
amount of food. The richer the animal's diet, the richer will be the
excretions. For this reason, chicken bedding is so rich in nutrients. Because the diet of birds
it is based on very rich concentrates and in large quantities, being assimilated at a low rate
of nutrients, and thus, the remainder is eliminated in the beds (KONZEN, 2003)

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 Manure is made up of the solid and liquid excrements of animals, mixed with
materials used for bedding, such as straw and grass. Its composition is very variable.
According to Myiazaka (1984), manures are good suppliers of nutrients for the
plants, having all the potassium and phosphorus practically available or as available as
other sources of mineral fertilizer. The content and availability of nitrogen depend on
of the ease of degradation of organic compounds.
Although organic fertilizers are relatively poor in nutrients, they present
small proportion of the total, these constitute one of the most complete fertilizers in
nutrients, as they are composed of many other nutrients not present in
chemical fertilizers. The main characteristic of organic fertilizers is that they
they present high levels of organic matter. Contributing in this way to the improvement of the
only physically and chemically. The turkey bed is the material used to cover the floor of a
installation
poultry farming and that receives excrements, feed waste, and feathers during the growth of the birds,
it can present variable concentrations of these residues, according to the number of batches of
chickens that go through the breeding shed, without the bedding being changed. The
the most used materials are crushed corn husks, sawdust, and rice husks
(MENEZES et al., 2003).
The utilization of feed effectively converted into growth and increase of
weight reaches an average of 40 to 60%, with the remainder eliminated through excretions. The feeds of the

birds are concentrated and, due to low utilization, maintain a high concentration of
elements in the excrements.
According to Alves (2007), turkey bedding is an organic compound that releases gradually.
macro and micronutrients for soil solution. This release occurs as the material
orgânico vai sendo mineralizando, e a quantidade liberada depende do grau de mineralização
of the compound, of the raw material that originated it and of the amount applied of
composed.
According to Menezes et al. (2003), the use of poultry bedding as an agricultural input is
recent. It is known that bird droppings are an excellent source of nutrients, especially N,
and when managed properly, they can partially or completely replace fertilizers
chemicals.
Technically, the proper way to use turkey bedding as agricultural input is
knowing the chemical composition before application. Thus, it often becomes difficult to
execution, one can use tables containing the average nutrient levels of the sample
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representative of the available material. The composition varies according to the type of waste
used as a bed, with the number of batches that have passed over the material, as well as
with the type of farming, such as broilers or laying hens and with the
storage conditions after their removal from the breeding warehouses. In this way, the
the use of turkey bedding as fertilizer should not be generalized, requiring the
adoption of chemical analyses of turkey bedding available for determining its composition
the possibility of better utilization of the nutrients contained in it (MENEZES et al.,
2003).

4.3.1 SOIL ORGANIC MATTER (SOM)

Soil organic matter (SOM) includes all derivatives of plant compounds and
animals that were incorporated into the soil or placed on its surface in different
stages of decomposition and the living organisms present in the soil (LOPES, 1989).
The organic matter in the soil has various functions, each with its own importance.
varies with the type of soil, climate, and land use.
Agricultural practices that contribute to a positive balance of organic matter
are essential for good soil fertility. The balance of organic matter in soil
must be neutral or positive, that is, the amount of organic matter added to the soil must
be equal to or greater than the decomposed quantity (KONZEN, 2003).
However, this positive balance is quite complex and rare to achieve. Even in
Favorable conditions and good crop management can make this process take years.
In tropical soils, organic matter has a close relationship with the others.
physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil. Therefore, the sustainable management of organic matter

soil organic matter is fundamental to maintaining the productive capacity of the soil in the long term

Deadline. The effect of management on organic matter stocks is dependent on the type of soil.
Although soil organic matter is an excellent indicator of quality, the simple
measurement of total carbon stocks or their fractions and the comparison with the conditions of
Only in its original state do they give us values that can be extrapolated to situations.
of management different from those evaluated, in different locations, climates and soils.

The levels of MOS can be drastically modified by human intervention. From

according to Salter & Green cited by Kliemman (unpublished data), the N losses are
minimums when there is crop rotation containing legumes.

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 MOS can also combine with clay minerals, cementing the
soil particles for the formation of aggregates. As a result, there are soils with
more stabilized structure and increased stability of aggregates (MYIAZAKA, 1984).
Soil aggregates do not directly influence plant growth, but
they alter the environment physically and chemically by their effects on porosity, aeration, retention
of water, etc. Poorly aggregated soils have small pores that hinder the passage
of the air and, more seriously, when it comes to soils rich in Fe and Al oxides, there is a
serious problem with high P adsorption, as it can be more easily retained in the soil
compressed becoming non-labile for the plant.
Even occurring in small quantities, MOS is essential for CTC.
mainly for tropical soils. These soils are composed of silicate clays of the
group 1:1 (caulinites) and Fe and Al oxides, with low contact surface and,
consequently, low CEC. As they no longer have 2:1 group clays (high CEC), due to
in the advanced stage of weathering, the best way to increase the CEC of these soils is
through the MOS, as it can generate negative charges at lower pH values. In
In some cases, the MOS is responsible for 20 to 70% of the CTC of the soils (MACHADO, 2001).

Still in tropical soils, organic matter can help with the availability of some nutrients.
for the plants, as humic matter can compete for anion adsorption sites in soils
acids, that is, increases the availability of PO3- 4 for the plants.
The mineralization of MOS greatly contributes to plants, as it provides them
a wide variety of nutrients such as N, P, S, etc.
The frequent addition of easily decomposable organic waste leads to the synthesis of
complex organic compounds such as polysaccharides. These organic complexes bind to
soil particles providing stability to the aggregates, thus facilitating aeration and
permeability of these soils (MACHADO, 2001).

4.3.2 NUTRIENTS

Among the essential elements for plant life, there are more nitrogen atoms in the
dry matter than any other element, usually about three times more
(MALAVOLTA, 1981).
Nitrogen is essential for plant growth, as it is part of every living cell.
(LOPES, 1989)

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 Nitrogen is the most used nutrient, most absorbed, and most exported by crops.
and more expensive to obtain (difficulty in breaking its molecules-N 2) This element, because it is
Highly required by most cultures, it constitutes the most limiting factor of production.
Phosphorus is essential for plant growth and rooting, and no other
nutrient can replace it, the plant needs phosphorus to complete its normal cycle. It
acts in photosynthesis, respiration, energy storage and transfer, in cell division
cellular, in the growth of cells and in several other processes of plants (LOPES, 1989).
Phosphorus helps the roots and seedlings to recover more quickly, increases the
resistance to the rigors of winter, improves efficiency in water use, enhances resistance to
diseases in some plants and accelerates maturity (LOPES, 1989).
Potassium (K) is the second most abundant macronutrient present in plants.
This element, after P, is the most consumed as fertilizer by Brazilian agriculture.
According to Van Raij (1991), the behavior of nutrients in tropical soils appears
much simpler than in temperate climate soils. Furthermore, there is practically only
a potash fertilizer of great importance.
Potassium is vital for photosynthesis. When the potassium content is deficient, the
photosynthesis decreases. As potassium becomes deficient, the rate of respiration
the plants increase (LOPES, 1989). It is also essential in protein synthesis, in addition to
help the plant use water more efficiently, promoting turgor to maintain the
internal pressure in the tissues.

4.4 FOREST SPECIES

Finger et al. (1993) state that Eucalyptus cover the largest area of
reforestation around the world. The large number of species of this genus, the great plasticity
ecological and its excellent production has made it a raw material for numerous forestry industries,
what allowed a rapid advance in silvicultural and technological knowledge of many
species. In general, a large part of the eucalyptuses have the ability to regenerate after the
cut and that is why the forests have been managed with a high stump rotation followed by a
but rotations of sprouts being subsequently replaced by new trees originating from
seeds.
The choice of eucalyptus to meet wood consumption, both on an industrial scale
For small consumers, it is related to some advantages of the species, such as

14
fast growth, desirable silvicultural characteristics (increment, shape, pruning)
great diversity of species, allowing the adaptation of culture to various conditions of
climate and soil, facilities for propagation, both by seeds and vegetatively and
possibilities of use for various purposes, which justifies its acceptance in the market.
The desired characteristics include the accumulated knowledge about forestry and
management of eucalyptus and genetic improvement, which further enhance the utilization of
genre for the most diverse purposes (ANGELI, 2009).
According to Angeli (2009), the definition of the species to be planted is the first step in a
reforestation project, taking into account the goal of production (use of
madeira) and the edaphoclimatic conditions (soil and climate) of the region. Each species develops
in a suitable environment and that is why it is recommended, whenever possible, to conduct tests to
to investigate the adaptation of the material to the environment, both for seeds and for clones.
Meanwhile, if it is not possible to conduct tests, and there are also no experimental data
from the region, it is suggested that the choice of genetic material be made from sources whose
origin conditions are similar to the planting site, especially latitude, altitude,
temperatura média anual, precipitação média anual, déficit hídrico e tipos de solos.
Based on the information provided by Angeli (2009), the forest species that best
is adapted for energy purposes (firewood and coal), in a sandy soil with a humid climate and
hot is the species Eucalyptus urophila.
Scanavaca (2001) characterized E. urophila as a species of tall open forest with
smooth and/or fibrous bark. Their trees are 30 to 60 m tall with good form,
basic density around 0.5 g cm-3and good sprouting due to the lignotuber. Respond
well in spacing and fertilization, showing good development in the second rotation,
it is resistant to water deficit, however, it is susceptible to frost. This species is of great
interest in humid tropical zones, a climate in which it has shown greater productivity.

4.5 LOCAL OF IMPLEMENTATION

When choosing the location for the implementation of forests, attention must be paid to the size of the area.

that will be planted. In properties where it is intended to plant in the total area Schorn (2009)
it states that one must observe the Legal Aspects of land use, respecting the areas of
permanent preservation (Forest Code_Law 471/65).

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 The first step for forest implementation is mapping and surveying.
topographical data of the area. This data is necessary for the preparation of the road network,

thinning, leasing of permanent preservation areas and legal reserves, etc.

After mapping the area, Schorn (2009) indicates that a recognition should be made of the
area, that is, verification of soil characteristics, areas subject to erosion, characteristics of
vegetation and the conditions of the existing roads.

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 5. MATERIAL AND METHODS

5.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE IMPLEMENTATION AREA

The Eucalyptus forest will be planted at Fazenda Alvorada located in the municipality.
from Portelândia, southwest of Goiás at an altitude of 900 m. According to data provided by
CPTEC, the Portelândia region has an average annual temperature of 25.1°C and precipitation
annual volumetric of 1570-1734 mm. According to the Köppen Climate Classification
According to Wikipedia (2009), the predominant climate of the region is tropical, semi-humid, and notably

seasonal, with a rainy summer and a dry winter.

The forest will be established in an area of 48 ha, with the predominant vegetation being a
degraded pasture that has been established for 11 years.
The soil in the deployment area is a Typical Quartzarenic Neossol (EMBRAPA,
1999), with the physical and chemical characteristics of the 0-20 cm layer presented in the Table
01.

Table 01. Results of the soil analysis of the forest implementation area.
Depth MO pH K P K Ca Mg Al H+Al SB CTC V Clay Silt Sand
(cm) % mg dm ------------------------mmolcdm ------------------------
-3 -3
% -------------g dm -------------
-3

0-20 1,1 4,9 35 0.96 5 3 42

9 8,9 51 17.5 80 50 870

Source: Soil Analysis Laboratory – FIMES, 2008.

5.2 PREPARATION OF THE IMPLEMENTATION AREA

5.2.1 ROAD AND DITCH CONSTRUCTION

The plots will be separated by firebreaks 4 to 5 meters wide with a roadbed.

being the longest length of the plots in the north-south direction, always connected to a road of
drainage in the east-west direction of 15 m with a carriageway bed and gravel, as shown
Figure 01.

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Figure 01. Diagram of the construction of roads and firebreaks in the forest implementation area.

5.2.2 CLEANING OF THE AREA AND REMOVAL OF NATIVE VEGETATION

As the area designated for planting is cultivated with pasture, for cleaning
In this area, only the application of a dessicant herbicide will be carried out for greater ease.
of digging holes and planting.

5.2.3 FIGHT AGAINST ANTS

The first battle against ants will take place before the tilling of the soil with the
the purpose of facilitating the location of the scouts. The second transfer will be made 60 days after the
first combat preceding planting. The products used throughout the area will be the baits
granulated (fipronil) throughout the dry period.

5.3 PLANTING

5.3.1 CHOICE OF SPACING

The spacing used will be 3 meters between the rows and 2 meters between plants within the row.
totaling a population of 1666 plants per hectare-1.

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5.3.2 FERTILIZATION

The fertilization of the forest will be done through organic fertilization using poultry litter.
due to the numerous benefits provided to the soil, as well as the increase in production and
decrease in production cost. The amount of nutrients to be incorporated into the soil
they will be based on the recommendations of Ribeiro et al. (1999), as shown in Table 02.

Table 02. Critical levels of elements in the soil for the growth of Eucalyptus plants
urophilaem sandy soils .
Critical Maintenance Level
Element Average annual increase
20 30 40 50
--------------------------------m /ha/ano--------------------------------
3

P (mg dm ) -3
6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5
K (mg dm ) -3
45 60 75 90
Ca (cmolcdm ) -3
0.45 0.60 0.70 0.80
Ca (cmolcdm ) -3
0.10 0.13 0.16 0.19

Source: RIBEIRO et al. (1999)

Comparing the data from Table 01 with Table 02, it is observed that the levels of P
The K levels are below the necessary thresholds for an average annual increase of 50 m³/ha/year.
For these levels of nutrients in the soil (contents between half and the critical maintenance level),
Ribeiro et al. (1999) recommend applying 300 kg ha.-1of natural phosphate and 99 kg ha-1of
K2O ([(90 – 35) x 1.8]) or 171 kg ha-1of KCl.
In eucalyptus cultivation, liming is not necessary for correcting soil acidity, as the
culture is quite tolerant of this element, making the application of liming justifiable only
when aiming to meet the supply of Ca and Mg. However, as bedding will be used
aviary for fertilization does not make this practice necessary, since the bedding already has these
elements in its composition, as can be seen in Table 03.

Table 03. Result of the chemical analysis of the poultry litter.

N PO2 5 KO
2 Ca Mg S MM MO
Sample
-------------------------------------%-----------------------------------
01 2,3 3,09 1,93 2,32 0,47 0,8 18,1 81,9

Source: Exata Laboratory – Jataí, 2008.

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 For the calculation of the necessary amount of nutrients, the following was used
first of all, the most required nutrient in this case is Potassium, which is needed in
a quantity of 175.45 Kg/ha.
To meet this need, 9.093 tons per hectare will be required.-1of MS (Dry Matter) of
aviary bed. How the percentage of nutrients from the analyses is conducted on the matter
in this case, 11.102 tons per hectare will be needed-1of Natural Material from the aviary bed. In
a total of natural material from the aviary bed will be added to the soil 175.45 kg ha-1of K; 280.97
kg ha-1209.13 kg per hectare-1210.95 kg ha-1of Ca is 42.73 kg per hectare-1of Mg.
The addition of this organic compound to the soil will be carried out through incorporation into

side of the planting line, about 15 to 25 cm away from the hole.

5.3.3 SULCAMENTO

After the soil preparation, furrowing will be done throughout the entire implementation area, with

furrows 20 to 25 cm deep and always following the ground level.

5.3.4 TERMITE CONTROL

Para o controle preventivo será utilizado o inseticida Cabossulfan 10G com doses
variables of 5 to 10 g applied at the bottom of the furrows. In case of the presence of termite mounds in

area, the control will consist of removing the top part with a hoe or mattock until it
Hold the cellulose chamber where fipronil or chlorpyrifos will be applied.

5.3.5 PLANTING PROPERLY SAID

The planting of the area will be done manually, preceded by the marking of the
spacing between the seedlings. The seedling should be placed in the groove free of the packaging and

covered with soil. Since the planting will be done in the rainy season (Oct/Nov), it will not be necessary.
the use of irrigation.
After 15 to 30 days of planting, a Survival Inventory of the area will be conducted.
in order to verify what percentage of seedlings did not survive,
this value should not exceed 7%. If mortality is very high, it is recommended to do the
replanting in total area.

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 5.4 CULTURAL TREATIES

Due to the sensitivity of eucalyptus seedlings during the initial phase, it is important to carry out the

control of weeds until the full establishment of the plants, in the case of E.
urophilavaria between 2 to 3 years.
To reduce initial competition, we should weed around the seedlings.
the mowing in the corridors or chemical control using herbicides (glyphosate) how many times
weeding is necessary. Generally, two to three weeding sessions are needed annually.

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 6. BUDGET

Table 04. Costs of forest implementation with Eucalyptus urophila per ha.
Unit Value Total
Description Especificação Quantidade
R$ R$
Mechanized Operations 440.50
Preparation of roads and firebreaks Hour/Machine 1.25 70.00 80.50
Desiccation Hour/Machine 0.80 40.00 32.00
Incorporation of aviary bed Hour/Machine 1.00 60.00 60.00
Furrowing Hour/Machine 0.80 60.00 48.00
Transport of seedlings R$/km 90 2.00 180,00
Mowing Time/Machine 0.50 30.00 15.00
Marking of the seedlings Men/women 0.50 50.00 25.00
Manual operations 378,00
Ant control Days/Man 1.00 21.00 21.00
Taro Days/Man 9.00 21.00 189.00
Termite control Days/Man 1.00 21.00 21.00
Planting Days/Man 7.00 21.00 147.00
Material Consumed 1,442.73
Glyphosate Liters 6.00 10.00 60.00
Provence kg 0.05 388.52 19.43
Regent (fipronil) kg 0.05 610,00 30.50
bird bed ton 11.2 65.00 728,00
Waste Unit 1666 0.30 499,80
Replanting Unit 250 0.30 75,00
Granular Insecticide kg 6 5.00 30.00
Total Operating Costs
Effective Operating Cost 2,261.23
Leasing 396,00
Cost of Interest 183.68
Other expenses 104.96
Total Production Cost 2,945.87

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 7. EXPECTED RESULTS

It is expected that with the forestry implementation, the quality of the site will be maintained.

of production, ensuring an IMA of 50m³/ha/year, with quality wood providing

greater accumulation of biomass and, consequently, greater energy content, in addition to
enable production flexibility.

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 8. BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES

ALVES, W. L. Effect of organic waste compound on soil fertility and availability

of nutrients and heavy metals for sorghum. 1997. 75p. Dissertation (Master's in
plant production) - Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, University
São Paulo State. AZAMBUJA, A. V. Forage Farming - Forage Plants, 2007.

ANGELI, Aline. Guidelines for the selection of Eucalyptus species. Available at:
[Link] Accessed on: March 15, 2009.

COELHO, Fernando S.; VERGELENCIA, Flávio. Soil Fertility. 2nd ed. Campinas:
Campineiro Institute of Agricultural Education, 1973. 384 p

BRAZILIAN COMPANY FOR AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH-EMBRAPA (Brazil) (Ed).

Brazilian Soil Classification System. Rio de Janeiro: National Center for
Soil Research, 1999. 412 p.

FINGER, César Augusto G.; SCHNEIDER, Paulo Renato; KLEIN, Jorge Euclides M.
Production of Eucalyptus grandis forests in second rotation, conducted with a
shooting through the dishes and subjected to interplanting. Forest Science, Santa Maria, v. 3, n. 1,
p.185-201, 1993. Available at: <[Link]
[Link]>. Acesso em: 15 mar. 2009.

KONZEN, Egídio Arno. Fertilization of crops and pastures with pig waste and bedding.
birds. 2003. 16 p. Dissertation (Master's). Ufmg, Videira, 2003.

LELES, Paulo Sergio Dos Santos et al. Growth, production and allocation of dry matter of
eucalyptus camaldulensis and E. pellita at different spacings in the cerrado region,
MG. Scientific Forestry, Minas Gerais, no. 59, p.77-87, June 1, 2001. Available at:
[Link] Accessed on: March 20, 2009.

LOPES, Alfredo Scheid. Manual de Fertilidade do Solo. Tradução e Adaptação: Alfredo

Scheid Lopes. São Paulo: ANDA / POTAFÓS, 1989. 155p.
24
furniture, refined finishes of civil construction, floors, poles and masts for boats. From
According to the Brazilian Society of Silviculture (SBS), there are approximately three in Brazil.
millions of hectares of eucalyptus forest that contribute to the preservation of native forest,
occupying areas previously devastated by deforestation, monoculture and livestock farming, as well as the

illegal timber trade.

The biggest attraction for the implementation of the Eucalyptus Forest is that this exotic plant
grows in any type of terrain, especially in dry environments and poor soils
fertile. There are about 700 different species of Eucalyptus worldwide, of which the
Viveiro Camará produces seedlings of only three species: Eucalyptus grandis, and Eucalyptus
urophyllas destined for the cellulose market; and Eucalyptus citriodora for small
rural producers and for wood production (VITAL, 2007).
In recent years, with the arrival of companies like Perdigão and poultry processing plants in
Goiás state and more specifically in the Southwest Goiano region there was also the
concern about the waste that would be generated by poultry production. Chicken bedding or
from Peru can be reused as organic fertilizer for the fertilization of crops, pastures and
also forests. Since the cost of fertilization with bedding is lower than with fertilizers
chemicals, it can be used for the planting of Eucalyptus, as well as bringing benefits
to the ground, in the medium and long term.

5
 Alberto. Eucalyptus cultivation. Available at: <[Link]
.[Link]/FontesHTML/Eucalyptus/EucalyptusCultivation/12_team.htm#carlos
Accessed on: March 17, 2009.

VAN RAIJ, Bernardo. Fertilidade do Solo e Adubação. Piracicaba: Ceres / POTAFOS, 1991.
343 p.

VITAL, Marcos H. F. Environmental Impact of Eucalyptus Forests. BNDES Journal, Rio de

January, n., p.235-275, December 1, 2007. Available at: <[Link]
/knowledge/magazine/[Link]>. Accessed on: March 17, 2009.

WIKIPEDIA. Classification climatic of Köppen-Geiger. Available em:

<[Link]
3%B6ppen-Geiger>. Accessed on: March 15, 2009.

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