COURSE

SIGNAL
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SAFETY STANDARDS FOR FIELD MACHINE IN GENERAL

All operators and machine signallers must undergo training and

accreditation of machine operators and load movement signalers.
The person responsible for the movement of the cargo must physically isolate (tapes, seals) and signal.
(plates) the work area under the influence of load movements, being prohibited to
presence of strangers to the services. The cargo handling work does not
they must be carried out on rainy days, strong winds, or adverse lighting conditions.
The use of any engine-powered equipment in industrial areas will be
subject to Work Permit and APR, according to procedures. It is expressly
forbidden:
the transit and the presence of people under the suspended load.
that people be moved or hoisted along with loads, ropes, hooks,
buckets, hoist, for any reason whatsoever.
the maneuvering of equipment without the help of a licensed signalman, when the
the machine operator does not have a complete view of the movement to be made.
Before any cargo movement, the equipment operator must
know its weight, in case of doubts, the load should be weighed or calculated. In
in case of calculating the load weight, the calculation memory must accompany the plan of
cargo handling. Respect and only operate equipment by strictly following the
manufacturer specifications.
All speed, weight, height, and other limitations established within each
work area must be strictly adhered to. It is expressly prohibited to give rides
in a field machine of the RT type, which has a cabin for only one occupant. It should be
obeying the capacity of the cabin(s).
Before operating any equipment, remove mud and grease from your shoes, this
will reduce the likelihood of accidents. Only use the access stairs to the machines and
always follow the manufacturer's recommendations.
Maintain a minimum distance between the cargo handling equipment and networks
Electrical. No part of the crane or load should even enter the 'forbidden zone.'
around a live wire (energized). Remember that the crane's movement on the ground
irregular makes it swing the spear and consequently vary its height from the ground.
When the customer requests a crane specifying the capacity, it will be up to them to
carrying out the calculations and assessments of the services to be performed.

LOAD TABLES
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Center of gravity of the crane

The center of gravity is the point of an object at which it can be considered that all weight is located.
focused. Like all objects, the main components of cranes have their respective
CGs

CG of the Spear

CG do upper
CG of the chassis

CG of the chassis

combined CG

When these components are assembled on the crane, it has a center of gravity.
combined.

Principle of the Lever

The principle of the lever is used to determine the tabulated capacities.

Tipping axis

Weight Arm Weight

Same principle

Same principle

Load
Counterweight
Axis of
tombing

Moment of balance
Crane lever Load lever
Weight Distance Distance Weight
do X horizontal of horizontal of X of
Crane CG to the axis CG of the load load
from tipping to the axis of
tipping
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Leverage and Stability

According to the structure of the upper swivel, the center of gravity of the crane moves closer to its axis.
of tipping. The movement of the center of gravity of the crane increases the lever exerted by the
load on the crane reduces its load capacity. This explains why a
A crane can become unstable to the point of tipping over when a load is hoisted from the front of a
RT crane is turned to the side. Always consult the load table before any lifting. One
A crane is stable when its moment is greater than the moment exerted by the load.

About tires About tires

in front to the side

The crane is stable

when is your lever
greater than the lever
provided by
load.
Axis of
Axis of tombing
tipping

Stable when: the weight of the crane x A is greater than the weight of the load X B

About patolas About sloths

on the side
from the back

Stable when: Weight of the crane x A is greater than the weight of the load x B

Most of the cranes mounted on horses have

its maximum capacity from the rear. When the
the upper is turned to the side, the capacity will be
About front paws smaller because of the distance from the center of gravity of
the crane to the tipping axis is reduced. The
most manufacturers do not allow lifting of
loads in front of the machine unless the pad
the front should be supported
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Slope Rate

As the crane tilts, the movement exerted by the load increases and that exerted by the crane
decreases. This can happen quickly, making it impossible to return to the initial position by
load reduction.

Load lever

Crane lever
Load lever increases

Crane lever
decreases

Factors of frontal stability

Front stability is defined as the ability of the crane to resist tipping over forward. When
of the development of the loads specified by stability, manufacturers reduce the loads of
tipping by a percentage established by international standards
STABILITY MARGIN
Crawler Cranes 75%
Cranes mounted on horse
Patologized 85%
About Tires 75%
Cranes on commercial trucks 85%

Crawler crane
Rated capacity = load of Crane on a patolo horse
tipping X 75% Rated capacity = load of
tipping X 85%

Crane on trucks
Crane on tires commercials
Rated capacity = load of Rated capacity = load of
tombing X 75% tipping X 85%
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Rear Stability Factors

We are usually concerned about tipping forward, obviously in the direction of the load;
Meanwhile, the cranes can tip over from the rear. Rear stability is the ability of
crane to resist tipping over without a load.
The rear stability margins are based on the following general conditions:
- to the side
-leveled within 1% over firm ground
all tanks with at least ½ capacity
other fluid levels as specified

Without load Launch fully closed

Maximum launch angle

Load on the crane wheels no less

of 15% of your total weight Despatolado

Capacity limitations

Overloading the crane can cause tipping or structural failure

Overloaded crane

It results in

Tombing

Or

Structural failure
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Bases for the tabulated capacities

All load capacities listed in the load table are based on structural strength or
in the stability of the crane. These capabilities are usually identified by the division of the table
of load through the use of black line, asterisks or shaded area.

Structural

Stability

Structural

Stability

Structural

Stability
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Components that can fail due to overload

Cranes are not subject to

simply the tipping. They can
to have a structural failure even before
any sign of overturning. The failure
structural is often unexpected,
especially when the operator is
working in the structural area and is
waiting for the signal machine
tombing for him to evaluate the
overload. Next to it are shown some
components that may fail.

The correct lifting capacity is the main objective of interpreting and applying the load chart. For
to determine the lifting capacity of the crane there are certain steps or procedures that must be
to be followed.

Crane Configuration
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The correct selection of the load table will be determined by the extension of the outriggers, mats, tires.
and etc.
The crane must be configured according to the requirements set by the manufacturer in the table.
used load. Some of the most common requests are: type of lattice boom and sequence,
amount of counterweights, position of the mast, etc.
Lifting 'on tires' is not usually allowed on truck-mounted cranes.
commercials. Always check the load table.

Riding a horse

Mounted on a treadmill

Mounted on a truck

Areas of Operation

Areas of operation, or quadrants as they are also known, refer to a part

particulars of the crane's work circle. The size of each area may differ from model to
model and from manufacturer to manufacturer. Some load tables are valid for 360º of operation.
Before operating, consult the machine's specific load chart.
Typical quadrants are:
on the side
through the back
ahead
Lateral
In front

From the back

Lateral

There are two types of operating areas for crawler cranes: those based on the center of
rotation of the upper and those based on the centerline of the tracks.
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Crawler crane with

centered turn table.
Base operation areas
at the upper rotation center.

Crawler crane with

centered turntable
Operational areas based
on the center line of
tracks

Length of the spear

The meaning of the term 'length of the lance' in the load table is not always the same. Sometimes the
the term includes the extension of the lance, other times it does not. Be sure to understand what the load table
referred to as 'length of the spear'. Usually it is as shown below.

Length of
spear Total length of the spear

Length of the spear

principal

Total length
of the spear

Length The length of the jib is not

from the spear normally included in
principal term 'length of the
spear
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Exact spear length in the table

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Length of spear between values listed in the table

Due to the versatility of the telescopic boom crane, it is common when we execute a
lifting we find intermediate launching values to those existing in the load table.

Always use the least capacity whether it is the longer or shorter lance. Never interpolate or
divide the difference.
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Load Radius

The radius of the load is the horizontal distance from the center of the rotation to the center line of the block or to the center of
weight of the lifted load.
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Unless indicated by the manufacturer, use the operating radius instead of the boom angle to
determine the gross capacity.

The deflection of the tire

will result in an increase
of the ray.

Ray without charge

Ray with charge

Deflection of the spear will result in an increase of

ray.

Load Radius between values listed in the table

Use the longest radius when the load radius is between the values listed in the table. Never
interpolate or "divide the difference" of the tabulated values.
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Angle of the spear

The angle of the boom on telescopic boom cranes is the angle between the centerline of the base boom.
and horizontal after lifting the load.

The angle of the lance on the cranes

latticed is the angle between the line of
center of the spear and the horizontal afterwards
from inside to the load.
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Gross Capacity
Gross capacity, which is sometimes referred to as rated capacity, is listed in the table of
load according to the length of the arm, angle of the arm, and radius.
Gross capacities are not the maximum loads or objects that can be lifted.

Deductions on capacity
Lifting accessories can add such an amount of load to the crane that it can
considerably reduce its capacity. All lifting accessories must be taken into account.
As part of the load, they must be deducted from the gross or tabulated capacity.
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Steel cable
Ball
Jib

Moitão
Accessories
Net weight of the cargo

Ball
Accessories
Net weight of the cargo
Cabo do moitão
Moitão

Depending on your location, the current weight of the lifting accessories may represent a
load less than or even greater than its real weight.
It is crucial that all accessories used in lifting are taken into account.

Moitão
Accessories
Liquid load
Stocked jib

Ball
Accessories
Liquid load
Cape of the moitão
Moitão

Auxiliary pole
Ball Cape
Ball
Moitão
Accessories
Liquid load
Stocked jib
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Dynamic Load

The capabilities of the crane are based on static or stationary loads. The forces created
the movement of the load and accessories affect the capacity of the cranes in the same way that if
we had increased the weight of the load. Jerks and sudden movements should always be avoided.
Always operate the crane in a smooth and controlled manner. Do not be a 'cowboy'.

Acceleration of the load

Load stop

Total Load

Total load is the combination of forces produced by the actual weight of the load, accessories, and movement.
of these.

Cargo turn
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Lifting Capacity

If the crane is not properly equipped, its lifting capacity may be lower than
the net capacity and it may be that the crane does not have the capacity to lift the net load with
safety. In these cases, the capacity is limited to the capacity of the weakest component (cable of
lifting, block and tackle, etc.) The total load must not exceed the capacity of the weakest component.
Example:

Tensile strength of the cable

load
Ball capacity
Liquid load

Capacity of the cable

lifting
Capacity of the block

Liquid load

Number of legs

Number of legs = The number of load cables that directly support the block.
To prevent the load cable from breaking and to ensure that the winch can lift the load safely,
At least the minimum number of legs of the load cable must be passed through the moita.

1 leg 2 legs 4 legs

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Use the following formula to determine the minimum number of legs to lift the net load.

ADD

Weight of the moitão

+ weight of accessories of
lifting

+ weight of the load

suspended load
DIVIDE
Suspended load
Towing cable workload
RESPOSTA
Minimum required number of legs

PRE-OPERATIONAL INSPECTION

Load capacity of the hoists:

Any load can only be transported without overloading the pulley,
The load capacity stated in the hanging table defines the load that can be applied.
When consulting a load table, one must ensure that it belongs to a referred linkage and
follow your specifications, as the use of a table covering all the languages of a
referred supplier.
Inspection and Replacement of the Lingadas
The person responsible for securing the load, before using any accessory, must ensure that,
less visually, than they have usability.
All inspections and load tests must be carried out according to the manufacturer's recommendation or
Standards and responsibilities belong to the Contractor. If requested by the inspection, it must be presented.
evidence of these inspections. All the parts that failed these inspections or tests must be
unused and discarded.

Inspection frequency

OSHA requires that cranes be inspected regularly.

A frequent inspection (usually called a pre-operational inspection) must be performed by
competent person before each use of the crane. This inspection is usually
responsibility of the operator. Since the crane must always be in a safe condition
During operation, this inspection essentially continues the entire time the crane is in use.

OSHA also requires a monthly inspection of critical items and a complete annual inspection. Both
Inspections must provide reports, which must be kept in the company.
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Key items for inspection

Using the criteria of OSHA 29 CFR 1926.550 and ANSI / ASME B30.5m as well as using the
manufacturer's instructions contained in the operator's manual, the operator must at least inspect the
itens do guindaste conforme especificado abaixo.
Items to be inspected before performing any lifting.

Steel cable and its Fluid levels (oil of

passage motor, água do motor, óleo
hydraulic, etc.)
All the auxiliaries Electrical equipment.
operational Control mechanisms
Hydraulic system
(hoses, valves, etc.)

Tires
Moisture and locks

Cabin of
equipment

Walk Around Inspection

The operator must also perform a 'Walk around' inspection of the crane checking for any
apparent deficiency. Other areas to be inspected include the horse or 'carbody', 'outriggers'
or treadmills, power train.
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OSHA requires that any deficiency be repaired, defective parts replaced, before
continue using the crane.

Inspection of the steel cable

All moving cables (load cable, jib, boom) must be visually inspected
at least daily. The inspection must cover at least the amount of cable that will be used
during the operation day. Items to inspect include:

evidence of damage from heating;

-distortion (bending, denting, cage
from bird, leg displacement
or soul);
corrosion
broken or cut legs;
broken wires;
soul failure (in non-rotating cables).
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Also check:
-reduction in the diameter of the cable, possibly caused by core failure, corrosion or
wear.
Broken or corroded wires at the connections.
Damaged, worn, or improperly installed connections.

Only the surface of the cables need to be

inspected. Under no circumstances the cable
it must be open.

Wear and damage to the steel cable is more common.

at the touchpoints such as: changes in
channel in the drum, pulleys and sheaves for cables
that move. These areas must be
completely inspected.

Corrugated in polias
(frequently a sign
of overload) can
indicate wear on the cable.

When to replace a steel cable

OSHA also requires that moving cables (load cable, jib, boom) be removed from
service when any of the following situations occur.

1- 6 broken wires in one step or 3 broken wires in the same leg and one step.

The term step refers to the distance that one leg

takes to make a complete turn around the soul.

2-Wear of 1/3 of the original diameter of the individual outer wires.

3 - Evidence of damage due to heating
4 - Reductions in the nominal diameter of the cable (see table)
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Another criterion for steel cable

Another damage that requires the steel cable to be taken out of service includes:

1- In non-rotating cables 2 broken wires distributed over 6 times the diameter of the cable, or 4
broken arms distributed over 30 times the diameter of the cable.
A broken wire at the contact point with the cable's core that "swells" out of the structure.
from the cape.
In fixed cables (pendants), more than 2 broken wires in a step before or after a.
connection or more than 1 wire broken in the connection.

This steel cable and its connection must be

replaced

Installation of Steel Cable

The steel cable on all load and boom drums must be wound evenly and
There is a risk of damaging the cable during installation if it is not properly wound on the drum.

Use this simple method to determine the correct installation of the cable on the drum
Higher Enrollment Lower Enrollment

Twist Twist Twist Twist

Left Right Left Right

Reel
SURE Drum

WRONG

Avoid uneven winding

Non-uniform wrapping can occur if the deflection angle is incorrect. This results in jolting of the
loading and/or damage to the steel cable.
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Recommended deflection angle

0.5º - 1.5º smooth drums
0.5 º - 2.0 º grooved drums

Always maintain at least 2 The flange must be at least ½" above the
cable turns on the drum. upper layer of the cable.

CRANE SET UP

Preparation of the workspace

The correct preparation for lifting is one of the main aspects related to the operation. In fact, it was
a study was developed on accidents that occurred with cranes, which revealed that more than 50% of
Accidents are caused because the lifting was prepared improperly.
The person responsible for operating the crane must prepare the work area. This includes:
access roads, soil preparation to support the crane and the loads.
Space to assemble and disassemble the crane.
Isolation of the crane operation area.
Safe distance from power lines or ensuring that they are
de-energized.
Availability of mats.
-Information such as: weight of the load, position of the CG of the load, need for
special accessories for lifting.

Positioning the crane on soft ground

The combined weight of the crane plus load must never exceed the ground resistance rate.
in which the crane will operate. On soft ground, 'mats' should be used to increase the
distribution of the force exerted by the crane plus load.
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Using claws, especially when the

lifting is only about one of them,
can generate high pressures in the soil.
Patolas that are not adequately
supported and sidewalks may fail.
To prevent the shovel from sinking into the ground and
consequently, the crane's tilt must be
used wooden mats or steel plates or
both, thus avoiding the risk of tipping over the
crane.

Use of outriggers

Since the use of outriggers greatly increases the stability of the crane, they should be
used whenever possible, regardless of the load to be lifted.

Each outrigger must be visible to

operator or to the traffic light during its
opening and closing.

For the load table 'on brackets' to be

applied all the outriggers must be
completely open. Whenever one or more
the outrigger is not fully open,
should we go to the loading table 'half patola' or
about tires

When we handle the load in an area where

the outrigger is not completely open,
loss of capacity can reach over 50%.

The crane must be leveled so that the tires are not in contact with the ground. This ensures
that the tipping axis is stabilized and the chassis of the horse is used to maximize the counter
weight.
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Before using 'meia patola', make sure there is a load table provided by
manufacturer with the machine's serial number. A partially open outrigger or in a way
improper use can cause tensions in inappropriate areas of the fork box, resulting in damage to
same.

Some manufacturers provide load tables for lifting with outriggers partially extended.
When this occurs, the manufacturer's instructions must be followed to the letter, including the pinout of
outrigger.

Make sure that the claw locks are properly installed; otherwise, it may
slip off the vertical cylinder.

If the vertical cylinders are equipped with pins or locking screws, make sure to
that they are applied.

USE OF 'MATS'

The 'mats' allow the weight of the crane and the load to be distributed over a larger area. 'Mats'
they must be used under all the paws.
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Make sure that the pavement is level and that the shoe is at a 90º angle to the cylinder.
vertical.

WRONG: The pavement must always be

placed under the paws. Never under the beams of
"outrigger". The beams are not designed for
support this load, and the crane loses the
stability.

Without paving the pressure on With pavement, the pressure is

she is tall reduced.

Use pavement that has the capacity to resist shocks, bends, and
shear. The pavement must also be strong enough to withstand
small openings in the ground as well as to support the weight of the crane and the load.

Correct Go Diagonal

Failure of Failure of Paw failure

Patola with patola with with 110 thousand lbs
210 thousand pounds 140 thousand pounds 50% do
70% do pavement
paving necessary
necessary

As a general rule, the pavement must have at least three times the area of the pad. The pad must be
all supported on the pavement, which will transmit the load coming from it to the surface of
support (soil).
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Pavement
screwed for
avoid separation of the
components.
Wrong
For prevent
sliding or
dismantling
oh, make sure
of what o
stacking is
stable.

Paving in front of the tracks improves the stability of the tracked cranes, because
keep the tipping axis on the driving wheel (or guide) and not on the roller.

Paving

Tipping axis

Guiding the operator

The person responsible for signaling the operator when necessary must be positioned in such a way
to be seen by the operator:

on the path to be traveled by the machine;

- in the location where the piece will be positioned.
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The operator must not respond to signals unless clearly understood. For this, they must be
used standard signaling according to ANSI / ASME B 30.5
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Lifting Accessories

Basically, every connecting element between the winch and the load can be considered an accessory.
for lifting. The most common are steel cables, chains, synthetic straps, shackles, eye bolts, hooks,
stretcher, etc. (Note: Literature and specifications for these accessories are provided free of charge
by the resellers of these products

There are also certain loads that, due to their geometry or design conditions, require
special elements to be hoisted. A very commonly used one is the scaffold. See below a
example of its use.
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LEGISLATIONS AND SPECIFIC NORMS

From ABNT
NBR 6.327 – Steel wire rope for general use

From Law 6.514, Ordinance 3.214

NR 11 - Transport, Movement, Storage and Handling of Materials

NR 12 - Machines and Equipment
NR 18 - Conditions and Environment of Work in the Construction Industry
NR 29 - Movement of Loads in Port Areas

The Petrobras Norms

N - 1965Loading of cargo with crane.

N – 2161 Inspection of steel cable service.
N – 2170 Inspection of load accessory service.