SCHOOL OF MINING ENGINEERING

Content
INTRODUCTION
1 MAIN OBJECTIVES: ................................................................................................ 4
2 BOMBS ............................................................................................................................... 4
2.1 CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS.
2.2 PISTON PUMP.
2.3 PUMP SELECTION
2.4 ENGINES OF THE BOMBA ......................................................................................... 10
2.5 VENTILATION:............................................................................................................ 10
2.6 MATERIAL OF THE PUMPS. ................................................................. 11
2.6.1 Motor: The The horsepower of the engine can be calculated using the following formula.: .............. 12

2.7 SUCTION POLE. ....................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.8 CONDUCTING WATER THROUGH PIPES. ................................................. 13
2.9 STATIC LOAD HEIGHTS......................................................................... 15
2.9.1 total dynamic head (TDH)) .............................................................................. 15
2.9.2 Static pumping load (CEB) ....................................................................... 15
3 PUMPING SYSTEMS IN MINING APPLICATIONS ................................................ 17
4 PYTHONS............................................................................................................................. 20
4.1 TYPES OF PYTHON:....................................................................................................... 20
4.1.1 Smooth bore tube................................................................................. 20
4.1.2 "Fog Fog" or Mist............................................................................................. 20
4.1.3 Adjustable flow nozzlee .................................................................................... 21
4.2 PIPE NAIL......................................................................................................... 21
4.2.1 Ventajas............................................................................................................... 21
4.2.2 Disadvantages. .21
4.3 PEAK OF FOG.
4.3.1 Advantages:.............................................................................................................. 21
4.3.2 Disadvantages: ........................................................................................................ 22
4.4 EXIT SPEED IN TUBES WITHOUT PISTON ..................................................... 22
4.5 OUTPUT SPEED OF A TUBE WITH A PLUG ............................................... 22
5 BOMBS IN MINING OPERATIONS.
6 MINERAL EXTRACTION AND TRUCK SHOOP............................................................. 24
7 PROCESSING OF THE MINERALS ............................................................................... 24
Error! Bookmark not defined.
8 TREATMENT OF LIQUID WASTES. ............................................................. 25

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9 PUMPING SYSTEM APPLICATION PROBLEM.............................................. 26

10 TECHNICAL DATA OF TYPES OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS.................................... 37
10.1 CPH: ............................................................................................................................ 37
10.2 RNI : ............................................................................................................................ 37
11 REGULATION OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY IN MINING................. 38
11.1 DRAINAGE.................................................................................................................... 38
12 CONCLUSIONS
13 BIBLIOGRAPHY................................................................................................................ 40

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WATER PUMPING.

INTRODUCTION.

The role of water in mining operations is very decisive. For a mining project, water
It can turn out to be a sourcing alternative, but many times it becomes a problem.
in the extraction process.
Water could act as a hindrance in our operations, which is why it will have to be
drain the mine, with very important instruments we have the pumps, with which
We will extract the water from the interior mine. Therefore, we need to have a greater understanding of
the different types of pumps according to their characteristics, whether flow rate, HP, efficiency.
And in this way we will be able to determine the correct machinery for the job.

To meet water demands, mining activity often relies on water.

subterranean, on the contrary due to the excess of groundwater in some mines it is resorted to
Drainage to facilitate mining, this is commonly extracted by pumping.

Due to pumping and drainage activities in mines, variations in groundwater levels occur.
which facilitates having more efficiency in the mining process, so much so that the pumps in mining are
they conduct very important studies during the operation of the pump, the mechanical energy,
(received by a motor), it is converted into potential and kinetic energy, and to an insignificant degree
heat, of the liquid flow.

In pumping systems, hydraulic balance is achieved from an energy balance.

where kinetic energy, potential energy, and energy losses are accounted for. The
Energy losses are mainly due to turbulence and friction. These have been widely
studied and accounted for in the total pressure loss of the system. The Darcy methods–
Weisbach and Hazen-Williams are the most used for calculating head loss in pipes.

The operation of the pump will be that of an energy converter, that is, it will transform the
mechanical energy into kinetic energy, generating pressure and velocity in the fluid. There are
many types of pumps for different applications. The most important factors that
The factors that allow choosing a suitable pumping system are: ultimate pressure, process pressure,

pumping speed, type of fluid to be pumped (the efficiency of each pump varies according to the type
of fluid).

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1 MAIN OBJECTIVES:

Drain the mine

Supply water to the processing plant and for domestic use.
Recover water, conserving the resource and minimizing environmental impact.

2 BOMBS

Most pumps are electric, there are small pneumatic pumps for uses.
special. The most commonly used pumps in mining are centrifugal and those of
pistons. Each of these types has its own application. Piston pumps
they are used for low water volumes and high pressures, while centrifugals
for small and large volumes of water as well as for small and large
pressures.

3 CHARACTERISTICS OF UNDERGROUND MINING WATERS.

The water and solids generated in the mine are channeled to the conventional ponds.
conditioned for extraction by pumping to the outside. Depending on the characteristics
from the exploitation, this pumping can be carried out with or without prior clarification (separation of

Lodos). The following block diagram summarizes the usual pumping methods.

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When it comes to underground work, the correct and appropriate is much more important.
sizing and construction of the peripheral water capture systems
underground, in such a way that they can be conducted out of the affected area before
get in touch with mining activities and be consequently contaminated.
Even so, it is impossible to completely prevent the circulation of water due to these works, so
the design and construction of the appropriate channeling infrastructures will be necessary
conducting water to the pumping infrastructures outside.
Due to its circulation through the different chambers, ramps, galleries, and shafts, this water will go

loading with sludge generated by:

Drilling detritus.

Dust and fines generated by blasting

Degradation of the ore during loading and transport

Dust generated in the crushing stations.

Degradation of wear layers in the galleries and ramps.

Fines resulting from the filling of exploitation voids.

4 DRAINAGE CONCEPTION IN UNDERGROUND MINING.

There are several methods that allow for reducing the total cost of drainage in underground mining and
that can be taken into account depending on the case:
One option would be to move to an upward exploitation from the lower levels to
the superiors. This greatly reduces the pumping needs when the
permeability decreases with depth. In addition, a delay is allowed.
in the depressurization rates of the upper aquifers and at the same time,
mined areas below become storage depots in periods of
flood or as conditioning and clarification areas. It does, however, present the
disadvantage of a higher investment cost.

When it comes to highly fractured rocks with many discontinuities, injection of

clay slurries of very fine grain, cements and acrylic or other types of resins can
be effective in the localized reduction of permeability. This is especially
effective in sands and sandstones. Although it has a high cost. The prior injection
in fronts during the progress of the excavation of wells has proven to be very effective.

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There are lines of research on chemical and bacteriological treatments that produce
Precipitates that reduce permeability.

1. Diversion and interception of nearby streams that may act as a recharge source for the
aquifers that are affected by exploitation.

2. Drainage prior to the mining exploitation of the areas of interest.

3. Minimization of water intake through proper location of wells

mine and drainage, the exploitation from bottom to top or through in-situ leaching there
wherever possible

4. Development of waterproof screens around mine shafts, ventilation, etc.

5. Reduction of the permeability of rock masses

6. Protection of work areas against flooding.

7. Oversizing of pumping and drainage systems.

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5 SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE METHODS

Underground drainage systems are implemented when both runoff waters

superficial como las aguas subterráneas, no pueden ser interceptadas y controlables
efficiently by the external systems, or when it is necessary to direct the waters out
from exploitation. The most common types of underground drainage are:

Inclination of the berms and/or the bottom of the Pit.

Construction of trench and ditch systems.

Construction of trenches with drainage fill.

Construction of rafts and collector wells

Horizontal drilling.

Drilling of interior pumping wells.

Local flooding.

Surface surveys.

6 CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS.

According to their characteristics, they are grouped into several types:

i. Number of stages: In a single-stage pump, the action is

developed by a single driver; while in a pump of
multiple stages is developed by two or more drivers.
ii. Axis position: A horizontal pump normally has the axis in
horizontal position, while a vertical pump has the axis in
vertical position.
iii. Suction: A simple suction pump has the first stage equipped
with suction booster and the liquid enters from one side only. A pump
The double suction has the first stage with a double impeller.
suction and the liquid enters the impeller from both sides.

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6.1 PISTON PUMP.

Also called a rotary diaphragm pump. A simple pump contains a piston, a

duplex pump 2 pistons, a triplex pump 3 pistons and a multiplex pump
contains more than 3 pistons. The piston pumps can be horizontal or
verticals.

Most piston pumps are designed so that the plunger, cylinder and
gaskets should be in contact with the liquid to be pumped.

6.2 PUMP SELECTION

The selection of a pump requires basic information, such as the amount of

water and the head total dynamic.

Amount of water. This should have some certainty of estimation and should be
consider a margin for eventualities. In some mines, the amount
varies with the seasons. Also as the openings progress, the
the amount of water increases.
Total dynamic head. Total dynamic head is the sum of the head
static, plus the loss due to friction of the pipe, fittings, speed,
minus the suction head.

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The hydraulic piston pump part for KOMATSU (KOMATSU) HPV35/55/90/160

(PC60/120/200/300-3/5/PC400

Name of Name
No. Quantity/units Observations No. Quantity/units
part on behalf
Front of the axle Guide of the
1 8 8
impeller ball
1 Part Block of
posterior of 1 9 cylinder 2
impeller shaft (barrel)
Body shop technician
2 Help 2 10 from the 1
valve
License plate Valve
3 2 11 1
splashing PlateL
Square of Piston
4 2 12 2
created servo
Shoe of Pump of
5 18 13 1
piston load
Valve
6 Spacer 4 14 1
principal
Valve
7 Created 4 15 1
accessory

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Table 6.1: Friction factors (f), for clean iron pipes.

Diameter Speed (feet/second)

(feet) 1 2 3 4 6 10 15
0.05 0.047 0.041 0.037 0.034 0.031 0.029 0.028
0.1 0.038 0.032 0.03 0.028 0.026 0.024 0.023
0.25 0.032 0.028 0.026 0.025 0.024 0.022 0.021
0.5 0.028 0.026 0.025 0.023 0.022 0.020 0.019
0.75 0.026 0.025 0.024 0.022 0.021 0.019 0.018
1.0 0.025 0.024 0.023 0.021 0.020 0.018 0.017
1.25 0.024 0.023 0.022 0.020 0.019 0.017 0.016
1.5 0.023 0.022 0.021 0.019 0.018 0.016 0.015
1.75 0.022 0.021 0.020 0.018 0.017 0.015 0.014
2.0 0.021 0.020 0.019 0.017 0.016 0.014 0.013
2.5 0.020 0.019 0.018 0.016 0.015 0.013 0.012
3.0 0.019 0.018 0.017 0.015 0.014 0.013 0.012
3.5 0.018 0.017 0.016 0.014 0.013 0.012
4.0 0.017 0.016 0.015 0.013 0.012 0.011
5.0 0.016 0.015 0.014 0.013 0.012
6.0 0.015 0.014 0.013 0.012 0.011

6.3 PUMP ENGINES

Modern motors are mostly a-c induction motors. In the motor of

alternating current induction, energy is supplied to the rotating device by
by means of electromagnetic induction.

6.4 VENTILATION:

For underground pumping facilities, it is important to consider the

ventilation. This is used to dissipate the heat caused by the engines,
transformers and in some mines the water emits toxic gases that must
to be diluted and expelled. The electrical energy supplied to the motor less
the energy needed to raise the water is transformed into heat and is calculated:

E= (56.92 x P) - (0.011 x F x L)

Where:

It is the heat (BTU) per minute

It is the power of the engine

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Flow of water, gallons per minute

Static head, feet

The heat must be dissipated by the ventilation air or transferred to the mine water.
what is pumped to the surface

Table 6.2: Losses due to friction in fittings, feet in straight pipes.

Interior Diameter Type of Accessory
inches Válvula Globo Válvula Angular Válvula Check T. Estandar Codo Estándar Codo Largo Gate Valve 45° Elbow
0.5 17 7 4 3 2 1 0.3 1
0.75 22 11 5 4 2 1 0.4 1
1.0 28 14 7 6 3 2 0.6 1
1.25 37 18 9 8 4 2 0.8 2
1.5 45 22 12 9 4 3 1 2
2.0 55 28 14 12 5 4 1 3
2.5 70 34 16 14 7 4 1 3
3 84 43 20 17 8 5 2 4
4 110 57 26 22 11 7 2 5
5 140 72 34 27 13 9 3 6
6 170 85 40 34 16 12 4 7
7 190 100 46 38 18 13 4 9
8 225 115 53 44 21 14 5 10
10 280 140 67 56 25 17 6 12
12 340 170 77 66 32 20 7 15
14 92 78 37 23 8 17
16 105 88 42 26 9 19
18 120 100 48 30 11 22
20 130 110 52 34 12 23
22 142 130 58 38 13 26
24 160 140 62 41 14 30
30 200 160 80 52 17 36

6.5 MATERIAL OF THE PUMPS.

The parts of the pump that are in contact with the water to be pumped must be
corrosion and abrasion resistant. Regarding corrosion, the parts
they can be made of steel, bronze, and chrome-nickel alloys or a
combination of them. When the water from the mine presents serious problems for
pumping, the most practical solution is to treat the water in the pond before being
bombed.
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It has been observed that abrasion problems in the pumps increased.

notably when the transportation system changed from rails to wheels, due to
that the wheeled vehicles constantly stir the waters of the ditches,
favoring the presence of solid particles in the mine water.

6.5.1 Motor: The HP of the motor can be calculated using the following formula:

Pm =
3960 x E

Where:

Pm: HP at the engine brake

F: water flow, gallons per minute
H: total dynamic head, feet
G: specific gravity of the liquid when pumping, in the case of the
water at 60 °F has a density of 1
E: pump efficiency

In addition, the force needed to pump a column of water in a

The given time can be calculated with the following formula:

0.00315 x G x H
=

Where:

Power required to pump 1000 gallons of water per hour, Kw

hour
Specific gravity of water
H: total dynamic head, feet
Pump efficiency
Engine efficiency

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6.6 SUCTION POLE.

The suction pond has the functions of storing mine water in cases
of power outage or pump failure and provide the necessary time for the
suspended particles settle.

The capacity of the pool is determined according to local conditions, some

Mines are designed to store for four hours, others for two. In any case, the pond
to be designed to handle any unusual water input.
To determine the appropriate precipitation time of the suspended solids,
Laboratory tests must be conducted. In general, a very
used is to have a surface area of one square foot for every gallon pumped,
which gives a precipitation rate of 1.6 inches per minute. In the design
It is better for the water to enter from the bottom of the suction pit.
Removal of abrasive particles from mine water increases in importance
as the head increases

6.7 Conduction of water through pipes.

The pipes must have a sufficient diameter so that the water speed is
approximately 15 feet/second. A small diameter increases the consumption of
Energy. While a large diameter causes impact problems.
hydraulics (water hammer). A check valve should be installed in the pipe between
the pump and the flow shut-off valve, to protect the pump and packers
from sudden strong pressures and prevent the pump from operating in reserve. The
The shut-off valve allows for the inspection of the check valve.

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The head loss in a straight pipe of constant diameter is due to two factors:

Loss of head due to the entry shape 'h'.

Head loss due to the friction of the pipe and fittings 'h'.

Loss No. 1 is given by the following formula:

2
ℎ′ =
2

Where:

h’: loss of head, in feet

varies from 0.93 to 0
v: velocidad, pies por segundo
g: feet/ seg2

The most commonly used input method is (b). of the following figures and the least value
used from m is 0.5 and the gravity is 32.2 feet/second2

2
ℎ" =
2

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The speed considering the flow in gallons per minute:

0.002225 G
=
3.1416d2 /4

Where:

Lost of head, feet

f: Coefficient that depends on the roughness of the interior of the tube and the

speed
l: Length of the pipe, in feet
d: Interior diameter, feet
V2Speed head due to the average speed.
Flow, gallons per minute
In practice, a value of f = 0.02 is taken, due to the roughness of the tube.
increases with the age of the pipe, 'f' should be multiplied by 2, 3, 4 depending on
the local conditions.

6.8 STATIC LOAD HEIGHTS

6.8.1 Total dynamic head (TDH)

It is the sum of the static head of pumping, plus the friction loss of the pipe,
accessories, except for the suction head.

6.8.2 Static pumping load (CEB)

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Also called Static pressure, it is given by the difference in elevation between the
suction water mirror and the discharge.

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7 Pumping Systems in Mining Applications

A. Floating pumping system in decanted water from tailings
Parallel system 05 EA, Vertical Turbine Pumps.

B. Decanted Water Pumping System

Parallel system 06 EA, Vertical Turbine Pumps.

[Link] pumping system

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- Parallel system 03 EA, Power: 900 hp; Wirth piston diaphragm slurry pumps, TPM
220 (12”x14”)

[Link] system for process water "Parallel system"

04 EA, Single-stage centrifugal pumps, axially split, Flowserve, 10-LNH-26, 1800rpm

Power: 1500 hp

E. Centrifugal Slurry Pump System

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[Link] water pumping system Pumps

Vertical multistage turbine, Gouls Pump, Model VIT CT 10X14 JHC, 1800 rpm, Power: 250
Hp.

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8 PYTHONS.

8.1 TYPES OF PYTHON:

8.1.1 "Smooth bore tube"

A type of nozzle (for hand lines or master currents) that uses a series
stacked tips of different hole sizes.

8.1.2 "Fog Fog" or Mist

Triple effect lever piton professional.

Aluminum piton, triple effect (cut, jet, and mist) with lever and
storz connection for industrial use.

For hoses of 1½” – 2” – 2½”.

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8.1.3 Adjustable flow nozzle

Common in fog pitons

Recently, a "tubotubo" python with adjustable flow appeared.

(developed by Elkart). It is not a tube python by definition due to the
internal mechanism.

8.2 PIPE PEAK.

8.2.1 Advantages.

Greater flow
Lower working pressure 50 PSI
Lower reaction force (compared to the same flow as in a nozzle of
mist
Easy maintenance

8.2.2 Disadvantages.

Only allows one type of jet

It can cause damage to the structure.

8.3 MISTY PEAK.

8.3.1 Advantages:

. Different jets from mist to solid jet

. Less negative impact on structures (fewer damages).

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8.3.2 Disadvantages:

Necesita mayor presión de trabajo 100 PSI

To the same greater flow, the reaction force is greater than that of a tube snake.

It can be obstructed or more easily.

Major maintenance

8.4 OUTPUT SPEED IN TUBES WITHOUT PISTON

When the l/d ratio is less than 4000, the exit velocity is obtained:

2 ℎ
=⌊ ⌋
(1.5 + )

Where:

V: Exit speed, feet per second

g: Gravity, 32.2 feet/second2
Head, feet
f: Coefficient, 0.02
l: Longitud de manguera o tubería, pies
d: Diameter of the hose or pipe, feet

When the l/d ratio is greater than 4000, the exit speed is given:

2 ℎ 1/2
=[ ]

8.5 EXIT SPEED OF A TUBE WITH A PLUG

2 ℎ 1
=( 2 )
+ + (1 )

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Where:

V: Piton exit speed, feet per second

m: 0.5
c: Coeficiente de velocidad para el pitón, 0.98
D: Diameter of the piton, feet
Head, feet (often the head is provided by a motor pump)
g: Gravedad, 32.2 pies/ seg2
f: Coefficient, 0.02
l: Length of hose or pipe, feet
d: Diameter of the hose or pipe, feet

9 BOMBS IN MINING OPERATIONS.

Nowadays, pumps have become a vital element in mining operations for

the transportation of fluids, which encompasses various products starting with a vital element
how water is up to liquids with special characteristics and properties that
They also require appropriate equipment for handling in reception, transportation,
processing, and dosing in various processes with equipment that ensures its optimum
performance and long lifespan.

Users of pumps in mining operations are very demanding in their requirements because
the conditions they face are also very demanding due to the environment,
location of the operation, high costs due to shutdowns, the environmental impact and the community that
It may lead to the poor operation and use of the equipment available. We will divide it into 3 levels.
the applications of pumps in mining:

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10 MINERAL EXTRACTION AND TRUCK SHOP

In this part of the process, a large amount of water must be moved either to drain the
runoffs generated by leaks in underground mines or to displace small puddles
generated by the rains in open-pit mines so we can use the PUMPS OF
PEERLESS PROCESS of vertical turbine (VTP), split casing AE or ANSI horizontal axis,
The use of one of these options will depend on critical factors such as space, type
suction, ease of maintenance, NPSH and above all robustness and reliability of the equipment
that generates benefits such as savings in downtime and maintenance. The pumps of
process are equipment designed for the high demands of the mining sector and its
application extends to water management, barren solution, cyanide solution, rich solution
chemical products and acids, fuels such as diesel #2 or gasoline and all products and
application where losses and maintenance are a differential factor of the equipment. In this
part of the process should not fail to mention the operation in the maintenance workshops
heavy machinery that will carry out the extraction work with the pumps of
VIKING PUMP gears can handle the lubricants used by these gigantic machines and
with SANDPIPER pneumatic pumps, fluids can be transferred and received accordingly
to the requirements by the mine for lubricants and fuels.

11 PROCESSING OF MINERALS
This part of the process occurs when minerals must be processed in a circuit to obtain
the final product or the concentrate to be exported and marketed. In gold and silver mines
PEERLESS ANSI series process pumps, split casing series AE or VTP can be used.
to send the cyanide solution and rich solution to the Merrill-Crowe filtration process or another one
recovery. In copper, zinc, and polymetallic mines, slurry pumps are commonly used.
(sludge) with a solid content of up to 50%, which requires the use of internally lined pumps.
with nitrile rubber or hard contact and wear components to extend the life of the
bomb. The most important thing in this mineral recovery process, whether it is gold, silver, zinc, etc.

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it is the supply of chemicals that generate the required properties in the processes of
flotation, cyanidation, leaching, etc., for this purpose, there are dosing pumps available according to
to the characteristics of the product with which we can use PULSAFEEDER pumps
electromagnetic and mechanical or NETZSCH screw pumps that supply in a way
controlled chemicals such as sulfuric acid, MIBC, xanthate, copper sulfate,
cyanide, sodium hypochlorite and calcium, hydrogen peroxide, flocculating polymer, etc. In the
Reception and transfer of all chemical liquids with acidic, basic, and harmful properties for
human health can be managed with PEERLESS ANSI series centrifugal pumps with
materials from ductile iron, steel and stainless steel, while in special pumps
The air-operated double diaphragm pneumatic pumps SANDPIPER can be used in
materials include polypropylene and KYNAR body, stainless steel, both options
with diaphragms in buna, santoprene, teflon, etc. according to application and compatibility with the
chemical products.

12 TREATMENT OF LIQUID WASTE.

Toda operación minera genera y trata los residuos o derivados del proceso de recuperación del
mineral in such a way that it does not cause an environmental impact that results in sanctions and even closure

of its operations, for this it is important to have reliable equipment that mitigates
minimize net emissions that distort the environmental balance and the surrounding community
to the operationFor the pumping of recirculation water in mining tailings dams is
They can use PEERLESS process pumps in vertical turbine VTP and split case series.
AE that generate high flows and pressures with good NPSH as required by the application,
also the pumping of water to irrigate the lands where it has already ceased to be exploited by the
lower mineral law or the PAD's that have already completed their cycle and must be relocated. For the
water treatment that is directed to the nearby rivers,

Screw pumps NETZSCH are frequently used for the dosing of flocculant polymer.
which has the property of causing solids to settle and the water to be diverted as little as possible
turbid possible, that is used for consumption by nearby communities (chlorine bleach is dosed)
sodium or calcium with PULSAFEEDER dosing pump injecting a portion of chlorine.

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13 APPLICATION PROBLEM OF PUMPING SYSTEM

PROBLEM NO. 01:

A pumping system is to be designed with the following characteristics: φ Pipe = 6 inches.

(Suction and discharge). Select a centrifugal pump (HP) with a flow rate of 900 GPM
and energy consumption (kWh), the following figure specifies the data; the pipe;
the connections and the valve. In the pipe there is 1 90º elbow, 2 45º elbows, and one valve
gate and a check valve.

a)DIAGRAM:

b)DATA:

Q = 900 gpm
Pipe = 6 inches.
Dynamic load = 410 feet.
Losses due to friction in accessories (φ Pipe = 6 inches):
 1 90º elbow = 1 x 16 = 16 feet.
 2 elbows of 45º = 2 x 7 = 14 feet.
 A gate valve = 4 feet.
 A check valve. = 40 feet.

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SOLUTION:

Flow speed.

Applying:

0.002225 Q
V=
3.1416 d2 /4

Where:

Q = 900 gallons per minute.

d = 6 inches = 0.5 feet

V = 0.002225x900210.198 feet per minute

3.1416x0.5/4

From table 6.1, for this speed and diameter, f= 0.020 and taking a factor of 1.5 for
a future deterioration of the pipeline:

f = 0.020 x 1.5 = 0.030

2. Head loss due to friction in pipes and fittings, h''.

So: the total static load = 10 + 400 = 410 feet.

f x l xV 2 0.030x410x10.2 2
h'' = = 40 feet by 410 feet of piping
dx 2g 0.5x 2 x32.2

3. Energy consumption

Resistance of the pipe and fittings:

Total length 400/sin45º + 10 + 15 + 50 + 30 = 670 feet

From table 6.2, for tubes with a diameter of 6 inches:

1 90° elbow (1 x 16) 16 feet

2 elbows of 45° 14 14 feet

1 gate valve (4) 4 feet

1 check valve (40) 40 feet

Total 744 feet

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Total loss due to friction:

40 x 744/410 = 72 feet

So, total dynamic head:

H = 410 + 72 = 482 feet

Considering 5% for contingencies

H = 482 x 1.05 = 506 feet

Assuming a pump efficiency of 65% and a motor efficiency of 90%, it is obtained:

Applying.

FxHxG
Pm =
3960 x Eb

Where:

Pm = HP from the pump to the brake.

F = water flow, gallons per minute.

H = total dynamic head, feet.

G = specific gravity, = 1 in the case of water.

Eb = pump efficiency.

Replacing:

Pm=900 x 506 x 1 = 177.9 HP ≈ 180 HP of the pump

3960 x 0.65

Energy consumption in kWh:

Applying:

0.00315xGx H
Pt =
EbxIn

Replacing:

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Pt = 0.00315x1x5062.72 kWh.
0.65x0.90

PROBLEM NO. 02.

1. Select a pump, pipe diameter and calculate the energy consumption in kW.
time for the following conditions:

Static head (suction and discharge) 1000 feet.

Maximum water flow 300 gallons per minute.

The pump is located 20 feet from the pit.

The suction head does not exceed 10 feet.

The pump is located 20 feet from the sink or pit.

The length of the discharge pipe is 30 feet long.

In the pipe
there are 3 elbows of

90º, a valve
gate, a
check valve and
one valve
angular.

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Solution:

Pipe diameter: Assuming a pipe with a diameter of 4 inches

Applying:

Where:

G = 300 gallons per minute. (flow)

D = 0.3333 feet

0.002225 300
= 7.65 feet per minute
3.1416 0.333/ 42

From table 6.1, for this speed and diameter, f = 0.023 and taking a factor of 1.5 for a
future deterioration of the pipe:

f = 0.023 x 1.5 = 0.0345

So:

Where:

h'' = loss of head, feet

f = coefficient that depends on the roughness of the inside of the tube and the velocity
I = length of the pipe, feet
D = interior diameter of the tube, feet
V2/2g = head of speed due to average speed
g = gravity 32.2 feet/second²

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0.0345 1000 7.65 2

ℎ′′ = 94 feet per 1000 feet of pipe
0.3333232.2

Pipe diameter: Assuming a pipe with a diameter of 5 inches

Applying:

Where:

G= 300 gallons per minute. (flow)

D = 0.4166 feet

0.002225 300
= 4.89 feet per minute
3.1416 0.4166/ 42

From table 6.1, for this speed and diameter, f = 0.023 and taking a factor of 1.5 for a
future deterioration of the pipeline:

f = 0.023 x 1.5 = 0.0345

So:

0.0345 1000 4.89 2

ℎ′′ = = 31 per 1000 feet of pipe
0.4166232.2

CONCLUSIONS:

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By selecting a 5-inch diameter pipe, we save 63 feet of head for each

1000 feet of piping, regarding the 4 inches.

2. Energy consumption:

Resistance of the piping and fittings:

Total Length: 1000 + 20 + 20 + 30 + 10 = 1080 feet
From Table 6.2 for 5-inch diameter pipes:

3 elbows of 90° (3 x 13) = 39 feet

1 gate valve (1 x 3) = 3 feet
1 check valve (1 x 34) 34 feet
1 angular valve (1 x 72) = 72 feet
_____
1228 feet

Total loss due to friction of the 5" pipe: 31 x 1228 / 1000 = 38.06 feet

So the total dynamic head:

H = 1000 + 38.06 = 1038.06 feet
Considering 5% for contingencies:
H = 1038.06 x 1.05 = 1089.96 feet
Assuming a pump efficiency of 65% and a motor efficiency of 90%, we have:

=
3960 x E
Where:

Pm: HP from the pump to the brake

F: Water flow, gallons per minute

Total dynamic head
G: Gravedad Especifica = 1
Pump efficiency

300 1089.96 1
= 127.03 HP of the pump.
3960 0.65

Energy consumption in Kw-hour to pump 1000 gallons

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Applying:
0.00315 x G x H
=

Replacing:

0.00315 1 1089.96
= 5.86 kW to pump 1000 gallons
0.65 0.90

PROBLEM N° 03.

In the system shown in the figure, there is a pump that supplies the current with a
40 HP power. Calculate the expenditure in each pipe. Consider f = 0.02 in all of them.
pipes. (For the purposes of the problem, consider a pump efficiency of 100)

%). ( See Excel Prob. No. 03)

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HAZEN AND WILLIAMS FORMULA.

The Hazen and Williams formula has an empirical origin. It is widely used in calculations of
pipes for water supply. Their use is limited to water in turbulent flow, for
pipes with a diameter greater than 2" and speeds not exceeding 3 m/s.

The Hazen Williams equation is usually expressed:

= 0.000426ChD2.63 0.54

Where:

Consumption in liters per second

Ch: Hazen Williams Coefficient
D : Diametro en pulgadas
Slope of the energy line in meters per Km

For a given pipe, the length, diameter, and resistance coefficient are constant.
then

= 0.54

Being: K = 0.000426ChD2.63 −0.54

The values of the constant 'Ch' of Hazen Williams have been determined experimentally.
It is a function of the nature of the walls.

Hazen and Williams Coefficient Table.

NATURE OF THE WALLS Ch

Extremely smooth and straight 140
Lisas 130
Smooth wood, polished cement 120
Beveled steel 110
Old cast iron 95
Old iron in bad condition 60–80
Strongly corroded 40 - 50

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PROBLEM N° 04: Determine the flow of expenditure in each of the branches of the system.

50 m

Valve

20 m

(1) (2)

10 m

(3)

10 m

The elevation of point 'P' is 10 m.

Initially, the valve is fully open.

L15.2 km D1=16” Ch1 = 100 (acero usado)

L21.25 km D2= 10” Ch2 = 120 (cemento Pulido)

L31.5 km D3= 10" Ch3 = 120 (polished concrete)

If the pressure at point P is increased to 20 m of water column (closing the valve

located on branch 2), determine the new expenditure value in each pipe and the loss of load
in the valve.

PROBLEM No. 05:

A locality is supplied by a well whose characteristics are indicated below: level

estático 5.50 m, nivel de bombeo 31.00 m, profundidad 38.00 m, caudal 2.5 l/s, cota terrena
173.44 m, pond height 19 m from the ground surface, operating period
16 hours, as shown in the figure, the pipe used throughout the work is galvanized steel.
(C=110).

It is requested to calculate the pipe's head loss and the pump power.

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Data: Static level: 5.50 m

Pumping level: 31.00 m

Profundidad: 38.00 m

Flow rate: 2.5 l/s

Land quota: 173.44 m

Pond height is 19 m from the ground surface. Pumping is continuous for 16 hours.

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14 TYPES OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS.

14.1 CPH:

Split casing centrifugal pumps with one and two stages with the flanges of
aspiration and propulsion fused in its lower body to allow easy access and
disassembly of the moving parts while avoiding the disconnection of the pipes.

14.2 RNI :

Suitable pumps for lifting and transferring liquids in: mines, industries.
irrigation, heating and air conditioning installations, municipalities and equipment against
fires.

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15 REGULATION ON OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY IN MINING.

15.1 DRAINAGE.

Article 241: The design of the drainage system must be based on a study.
detailed hydrogeological and hydrological and for its management it must comply with
next:

The filtration, drilling, irrigation, and hydraulic fill waters used in

underground works must have drainage channels or ditches, so that
both the
the floor of the transit galleries like that of the work fronts are preserved
reasonably dry.

The drainage ditches will be built preferably close to one of the

side limits of the galleries and must be kept constantly clean.

When there are indications of the proximity of a mass of groundwater, it

A pilot drill of at least ten (10) meters in depth must be carried out.
before proceeding with the work tasks.
In the pits whose bottom is covered by water, it is mandatory to consider:

. At the bottom of the cage's address, a free space according

to the design.

. At the lower part of the road address, a free space according

to the design, consisting of three (03) floors, of which the top floor
must receive the drainage of water and waste from the compartment of the
cage to pump and perform cleaning without interrupting the service.

Article 242.- In mines where there is no gravity drainage and where furthermore,
exaggerated water avenue in certain sectors suggests the danger of
severe flooding, the following precautions will be taken:

A secure pumping system will be designed.

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. The pumping station will be designed and installed with excess capacity to the
required for the normal flow of water and in double or triple equipment, in such a way
what
the operation of any of those devices is sufficient to evacuate the
totality of the waters.

. Pressure gates will be built in the vicinity of the station.

pumping, in all dangerous access routes and near the places from where
the water emanates.

. Each pump must be equipped with an independent motor, which will be connected
with independent circuit energy sources that can operate
alternatively; should, if possible, have an auxiliary team of
electric generation.

In areas where water hammer may occur, it will be placed in places

strategic dikes or pressure gates capable of preventing the water from
extend to other areas.

Mining operations will have the necessary facilities to

capture the water avenue of at least forty-eight (48) hours of flow
I continue.

16 CONCLUSIONES.

The creation of vacuum is the primary function of a pump

.
The main application of centrifugal pumps is for the transfer of low-viscosity liquids.
viscous and liquid materials that contain suspended solids.

In a pump there are always losses, which affects its efficiency, being one of the
more efficient the centrifugal pump.

The energy or head applied to the liquid by means of a centrifugal pump is

by means of centrifugal force.

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The most commonly used pumps are centrifugal pumps, due to their high speeds that can
to reach

The most important factors that allow for the selection of an appropriate pumping system
son: presión ultima, presión de proceso, velocidad de bombeo, tipo de fluido a bombear
(the efficiency of each pump varies depending on the type of fluid)

Centrifugal pumps are good for pumping sludge (slime) that is present in
interior mine, it is also good for pumping tailings.

If the pump is installed in places higher than the water level, then it can be
using the self-priming centrifugal pump that has a check valve does not allow leaks
the water.

Si se desea bombear grandes cantidades de agua se puede usar una bomba axial

The nozzle with flow regulator does NOT provide the chosen flow simply with
select the desired flow rate, that is, selecting 150 GPM in the nozzle not
we will necessarily have that flow.

17 BIBLIOGRAPHY.

PUMPS selection and application T.G. Hicks Continental Publishing Company S.A.
LIBRO SERVICIOS AUXILIARES MINEROS Autor : Dr. Anibal Mallqui Tapia
[Link]
Technical Data of Hydraulics–Pumps
General Guide for the Calculation, Installation, and Maintenance of Hydraulic Pumps
Occupational Safety and Health Regulation: DS-024: EM

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