Aóg †kÖwY : weÁvb  1

HULKENSTEIN INF
“ততোমোর অসীমতক সম্ভোবনোর দুয়োর”

Class – 08
Science Suggestion

cÖ_g Aa¨vq
cÖvwYRM‡Zi †kªwYweb¨vm
enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
1. †Kvb cÖvYxi †`‡n wn‡gvwmj _v‡K? 11. KW©vUv ce©‡K KqwU Dcc‡e© fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q?
 cÖRvcwZ L †Ku‡Pv M †RuvK N ZvivgvQ K GKwU L `ywU  wZbwU N PviwU
2. KW©vUv‡K KqwU Dcc‡e© wef³ Kiv nq? 12. †Kvb c‡e©i cÖvYx‡Z wb‡Wveøv÷ _v‡K?
K2 3 M4 N5  wbWvwiqv L cwi‡div M gjv¯‹v N A¨v‡bwjWv
3. GKvB‡bvWvg©vUv c‡e©i cÖvYx †KvbwU? 13. wb‡Pi †KvbwU BD‡ivKW©vUv?
 ZvivgvQ L Avi‡kvjv M nvBWªv N kvgyK K †c‡UªvgvBRb  A¨vwmwWqv M eªvw¼I‡÷vgv N Bwjk
4. †Kvb c‡e©i mKj cÖvYx mvgyw`ªK? 14. wb‡Pi †Kvb cÖvYxwUi †cŠwóKZš¿ Am¤ú~Y©?
K †bgv‡UvWv L A¨v‡bwjWv M Av‡_©v‡cvWv   hK…Z K…wgi L dvB‡jwiqv K…wgi
GKvB‡bvWvg©vUv M †MvjK…wgi N †Ku‡PvK…wgi
5. †Kvb cÖvYxi †`n bjvKvi I LÊvwqZ? 15. wb‡Pi †KvbwU nvBWªvi GKvav‡i cwicvK I msen‡b Ask †bq?
 †Ku‡Pv L wPswo M wSbyK N †MvjvK…wg K G‡±vWvg© L G‡ÛvWvg©  wm‡j‡›Uib N †Kvl¯Íi
6. wmUv †KvbwUi Pjbv½? 16. †MvjK…wg evm K‡i gvby‡li−
 †Ku‡Pv L kvgyK M wUKwUwK N mvc K cvK¯’jx‡Z  A‡š¿ M e„‡° N gw¯Í‡®‹
7. †bwd«wWqv bvgK †iPb A½ cvIqv hvq †Kvb cÖvYx‡Z? 17. mixm„c cÖvYx‡`i ˆewkó¨ †KvbwU?
K kvgyK L wdZvK…wg  †RuvK N nvBWªv K dzmdz‡mi mv‡_ evqy_wj _v‡K
8. †KvbwU ¯Íb¨cvqx cÖvYx? L G‡`i wkïiv gvZ…`y» cvb K‡i
K †`v‡qj  DU M Kzwgi N wUKwUwK  Giv ey‡K fi w`‡q P‡j
9. †Kvb cÖvYxwUi †`n cø¨vK‡qW AuvBk Øviv Ave„Z? N Pvi cv‡q wZbwU K‡i bLihy³ Av½yj Av‡Q
 nv½i L †c‡UªvgvBRb M A¨vwmwWqv N Bwjk gvQ 18. †Kvb †kªwYi cÖvYx¸‡jv ey‡K fi w`‡q P‡j?
10. ZvivgvQ †Kvb c‡e©i cÖvYx? K grm¨Kzj L cÿxKzj M DfPi  mixm„c
K Av‡_ªv© ‡cvWv L gjv¯‹v 19. †Kvb c‡e©i cÖvYx‡`i †iPb A‡½i bvg †bwd«wWqv?
 GKvB‡bvWvigvUv N A¨v‡bwjWv  A¨v‡bwjWv L †bgv‡UvWv M wbWvwiqv N cwi‡div
20. †Kvb we‡kl ˆewk‡ó¨i Kvi‡Y cøvwU‡njwgbw_m c‡e©i cÖvYxiv 26. wb‡Pi †Kvb cÖvYxwU Annelida c‡e©i D`vniY?
Ab¨ cÖvYxi †`‡n wU‡K _vK‡Z mÿg nq? [ewikvj wRjv [AvBwWqvj ¯‹zj GÛ K‡jR, gwZwSj, XvKv]
¯‹zj]  †Ku‡Pv L †Ku‡Pv K…wg M wdZv K…wg N ¯úbwRjv
K †`n P¨vÞv  †`‡n †PvlK I AvsUv _v‡K 27. Kvb‡Kv _v‡K bv wb‡Pi †KvbwU‡Z? [Lyjbv wRjv ¯‹zj]
M †`n wKDwUKj Øviv Ave„Z N †`‡n wkLv‡Kvl _v‡K K Bwjk gvQ L wks gvQ M U¨vsiv gvQ  nvZzwo gvQ
21. †Kvb c‡e©i cÖvYx AšÍtciRxex wn‡m‡e cÖvYxi Aš¿ I i‡³ evm 28. ev‡Ni ürwcÊ Kq cÖ‡Kvôwewkó? [Lyjbv wRjv ¯‹zj]
K‡i? [Mf. j¨ve‡iUwi nvB ¯‹zj, Lyjbv] K1 L2 M3 4
K A¨v‡bwjWv L cwi‡div M gjv¯‹v  †bgv‡UvWv 29. dzjKvi mvnv‡h¨ k¦vmKvh© Pvjvq †Kvb †kªwY?
22. †KvbwU †bgv‡UvWv c‡e©i cÖvYx? [AMÖMvgx miKvwi D”P we`¨vjq, wm‡jU] [ev‡MinvU miKvwi D”P we`¨vjq]
 dvB‡jwiqv K…wg L †RuvK K Gwfm L mixm„c M gjv¯‹v AmwUKw_m
M mgy`ªkkv N KuvKov 30. KbwWªKw_m †kªwY †Kvb Dcc‡e©i AšÍM©Z? [Rvgvjcyi wRjv ¯‹zj]
23. †Kvb cÖvYxi †`‡n wn‡gvwmj _v‡K? [Rvgvjcyi wRjv  fvwU©eªvUv L †mdv‡jvKW©vUv
¯‹zj] M BD‡ivKW©vUv N A¨vwbg¨vwjqv
 cÖRvcwZ L †Ku‡Pv M †RuvK N ZvivgvQ
24. wdZvK…wgi †`n Ave„ZKvix Dcv`v‡bi bvg Kx? eûc`x mgvwßm~PK enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
[Mf. j¨ve‡iUwi nvB ¯‹zj, Lyjbv]
K wkLv †Kvl  wKDwUKj M wb‡Wveøv÷ N †bwd«wWqv 31. cÖvYxi ˆeÁvwbK bvg−
25. gjv¯‹v c‡e©i cÖvYx‡`i kbv³ Kivi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ˆewkó¨ †KvbwU? i. `ywU c`wewkó ii. Bs‡iwR fvlvq wjL‡Z nq
[weGGd kvnxb K‡jR, PÆMÖvg] iii. j¨vwUb fvlvq wjL‡Z nq
 †`n big L †`n big †Lvj‡m Ave„Z wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
M †`n LÊvwqZ N †`‡n wn‡gvwmj we`¨gvb K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii  i, ii I iii
 Aóg †kÖwY : weÁvb  2

32. mvgyw`ªK cÖvYxÑ 36. Ab¨ Rx‡ei †`nvf¨šÍ‡i Ae¯’vb Ki‡Z cv‡iÑ
i. Wjwdb ii. Zviv gvQ iii. nv½i i. ci‡fvRx ii. ciRxex iii. AšÍtciRxex
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
Ki L ii M iii  i, ii I iii Ki L i I ii  ii I iii N i, ii I iii
33. GKvB‡bvWvigvUv c‡e©i ˆewkó¨−
i. G‡`i †`nZ¡K KuvUvhy³ ii. †`n cuvPwU mgvb fv‡M
Awfbœ Z_¨wfwËK enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
wef³ wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges 50 I 51bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI
iii. †`n LÊvwqZ I mwÜhy³ Dcv½ we`¨gvb Zvbnv cÖRvcwZi Qwe AuvK‡Z LyeB cQ›` K‡i Ges †m Rv‡b †h, gvbyl
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? me©fzK cÖvYx|
 i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
37. Zvbnv †h cÖvYxwUi Qwe AuvK‡Z cQ›` K‡i †m cÖvYxwU †KvbwU?
34. †Mvjwµwg−
K wbWvwiqv L †bgv‡UvWv M A¨v‡bwjWv  Av‡_ªv© ‡cvWv
i. Dfwj½ ii. AšÍtciRxex iii. †`L‡Z bjvKvi
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 38. DÏxc‡Ki wØZxq cÖvYxwU Mammalia †kªwYfz³, KviY−
K i I ii L i I iii  ii I iii N i, ii I iii i. †Pvqv‡j wewfbœ ai‡bi `uvZ _v‡K ii. wkïiv gvZ…`y» cvb K‡i
35. †Ku‡Pvi ˆewkó¨− iii. ürwcÊ Pvi cÖ‡Kvôwewkó
i. †bwd«wWqv ii. LÊvwqZ †`n iii. cyÄvwÿ wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii  i, ii I iii
Ki  i I ii M i I iii N ii I iii

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ I DËi

cÖkœ -1  wb‡Pi †UwejwU jÿ Ki Ges wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI:

ce©-1 ce©-2
¯úwÄjv nvBWªv
¯‹vBdv I‡ewjqv
K. wbWvwiqv c‡e©i cÖvYx‡`i c~e©bvg Kx wQj? 1
L. KW©vUv c‡e©i cÖvYx‡`i `ywU ˆewkó¨ D‡jøL Ki| 2
M. ce©-1 cÖvYx‡`i ¯^fve I evm¯’vb e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. ce©-1 I ce©-2 cÖvYx‡`i cv_©K¨m~PK ˆewkó¨ wPwýZ
K‡i †`LvI †h, Zviv G‡K Ac‡ii †_‡K Avjv`v| 4
 1bs cª‡kœi DËi 
K. wbWvwiqv c‡e©i cÖvYx‡`i c~e©bvg wQj wm‡j›Uv‡iUv|
L. KW©vUv c‡e©i cÖvYx‡`i `yÕwU ˆewkó¨ wbgœiƒc :
i. c„ô‡`‡k GKK, duvcv mœvqyi¾y _v‡K|
ii. mviv Rxeb A_ev åƒY Ae¯’vq c„ôxq‡`k eivei b‡UvKW© Ae¯’vb K‡i| b‡UvKW© n‡jv GKUv big bgbxq, `ÊvKvi `„p
ALÊvwqZ A½|
M. ce©-1 Gi cÖvYx `ywU n‡jv ¯úwÄjv I ¯‹vBdv| Giv Porifera c‡e©i AšÍM©Z| G‡`i ¯^fve I evm¯’vb wb‡gœ e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv|
c„w_exi me©ÎB GB cÖvYx‡`i cvIqv hvq| mvaviYZ Giv `je× n‡q emevm K‡i| G‡`i AwaKvsk cÖRvwZ mvgyw`ªK| Z‡e wKQz
wKQz cÖvYx ¯^v`y cvwb‡Z evm K‡i| cwi‡div c‡e©i cÖvYxiv mvaviYfv‡e ¯úÄ bv‡g cwiwPZ|
N. ce©-1 Gi cÖvYxiv n‡jv ¯úwÄjv I ¯‹vBdv| Giv g~jZ cwi‡div (Porifera) c‡e©i m`m¨ Ges ce©-2 Gi cÖvYxiv n‡jv nvBWªv I
I‡ewiqv, Giv g~jZ wbWvwiqv (Cnidaria) c‡e©i m`m¨|
GB Dfq c‡e©i cÖvYxiv mvgyw`ªK n‡jI G‡`i g‡a¨ †ek wKQz cv_©K¨m~PK ˆewkó¨ we`¨gvb| wb‡P †m¸‡jv wPwýZ K‡i †`Lv‡bv
n‡jv|
ˆ`wnK MVb : cwi‡div cÖvYxiv mijZg eû‡Kvlx cÖvYx Ges G‡`i †`ncÖvPxi AmsL¨ wQ`ªhy³| wbWvwiqv cÖvYx‡`i †`n G‡±vWvg© Ges
G‡ÛvWvg© `ywU åƒYxq †Kvl¯Íi Øviv MwVZ|
cwicvK I cwienb : cwi‡div cÖvYx‡`i †`ncÖvPx‡ii AmsL¨ wQ`ªc‡_ cvwbi mv‡_ Aw·‡Rb I Lv`¨e¯‘ cÖ‡ek K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K
wbWvwiqv cÖvYx‡`i wm‡j‡›Uib bvgK †`nMnŸi GKvav‡i cwicvK I msen‡b Ask †bq|
Kjv I KvR wefvRb : cwi‡div cÖvYx‡`i c„_K †Kv‡bv myMwVZ Kjv, A½ I Zš¿ _v‡K bv A_P wbWvwiqv‡`i G‡±vWv‡g©
wb‡Wveøv÷ bv‡g GK ˆewkó¨c~Y© †Kvl _v‡K hv wkKvi aiv, AvZ¥iÿv, Pjb BZ¨vw` Kv‡R Ask †bq|
RxebhvÎv : cwi‡div cÖvYxiv mvaviYZ `je× n‡q emevm K‡i| wKš‘ wbWvwiqv cÖvYx‡`i wKQz cÖRvwZ GKKfv‡e Avevi wKQz
cÖRvwZ `je×fv‡e K‡jvwb MVb K‡i evm K‡i|
DcwiD³ cv_©K¨m~PK ˆewkó¨ wPwýZ K‡i †`Lv hvq †h, ce©-1 ev Porifera c‡e©i cÖvYx I ce©-2 ev Cnidaria c‡e©i cÖvYxiv G‡K
Ac‡ii †_‡K Avjv`v|
cÖkœ -2  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :
cÖvYx ˆewkó¨
X cÖvwYRM‡Zi e„nËg ce©
Y cø¨vK‡qW AuvBk Øviv Ave„Z
Z mvB‡K¬v‡qW AuvBk Øviv Ave„Z

K. nvBWªv †Kvb c‡e©i cÖvYx? 1

L. Kz‡bve¨vO‡K †Kb DfPi cÖvYx ejv nq? 2
M. X c‡e©i ˆewkó¨ e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. Y I Z cÖvYx¸‡jvi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ we‡kølY Ki| 4
 2bs cª‡kœi DËi 
K. nvBWªv wbWvwiqv (Cnidaria) c‡e©i cÖvYx|
L. Kz‡bve¨vO R‡j I WvOvq Dfq RvqMv‡ZB evm K‡i e‡j G‡K DfPi cÖvYx ejv nq|
†giæ`Êx cÖvYxi g‡a¨ hviv Rxe‡bi cÖ_g Ae¯’vq cvwb‡Z Ges cwiYZ eq‡m WvOvq evm K‡i ZvivB DfPi| Giv gv‡Qi g‡Zv
we‡kl dzjKvi mvnv‡h¨ k¦vmKvh© Pvjvq| Kz‡bve¨v‡Oi g‡a¨I G ˆewk󨸇jv we`¨gvb| ZvB G‡K DfPi cÖvYx ejv nq|
M. 'X' ce©wU cÖvwYRM‡Zi e„nËg ce©| GwU n‡jv Av‡_©ªv‡cvWv ce©|
G c‡e©i cÖvYxiv c„w_exi cÖvq me©Î mKj cwi‡e‡k evm Ki‡Z mÿg| G‡`i eû cÖRvwZ AšÍt I ewntciRxex wn‡m‡e evm K‡i|
eû cÖvYx ¯’‡j, ¯^v`y cvwb I mgy‡`ª evm K‡i| G c‡e©i A‡bK cÖRvwZi cÖvYx Wvbvi mvnv‡h¨ Do‡Z cv‡i| G‡`i mvaviY
ˆewkó¨mg~n wb‡P e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv|
 †`n wewfbœ A‡j wef³ I mwÜhy³ Dcv½ we`¨gvb|
 gv_vq GK‡Rvov cyÄvwÿ I A¨v‡›Ubv _v‡K|
 big †`n KvBwUb mg„× k³ AveiYx Øviv Ave„Z|
N. Y I Z cÖvYx `ywU cÖvYxRM‡Zi KW©vUv (Chordata) c‡e©i fvwU©eªvUv (Vertebrata) Dcc‡e©i KbwWªKw_m (Chondrichthyes) I
AmwUKw_m (Osteichthyes) †kªwYi cÖvYx| Giv Df‡qB †giæ`Êx|
wb‡P cÖvYx `ywUi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv|
 KbwWªKw_m cÖvYx¸‡jvi mK‡jB mgy‡`ª evm K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K AmwUKw_m cÖvYx¸‡jvi AwaKvskB ¯^v`y cvwb‡Z evm K‡i|
 mKj KbwWªKw_m cÖvYxi K¼vj ZiæYvw¯’gq| A_P mKj AmwUKw_m cÖvYxi K¼vj Aw¯’gq|
 KbwWªKw_m cÖvYx‡`i †`n †Kej cø¨vK‡qW AuvBk Øviv Ave„Z| wKš‘ AmwUKw_m cÖvYx‡`i †`n mvB‡K¬v‡qW, M¨vb‡qW ev
wUb‡qW ai‡bi AuvBk Øviv Ave„Z _v‡K|
 KbwWªKw_m gvQ‡`i gv_vi `yB cv‡k 5-7 †Rvov dzjKv wQ`ª _v‡K| AmwUKw_m gv‡Qiv k¦vmKvh© Pvjvq dzjKvi mvnv‡h¨|
 KbwWªKw_m cÖvYx‡`i Kvb‡Kv _v‡K bv| Ab¨w`‡K AmwUKw_m cÖvYx‡`i dzjKv¸‡jv Kvb‡Kv w`‡q XvKv _v‡K|
 nv½i, KivZ gvQ, nvZzwo gvQ BZ¨vw` X ev KbwWªKw_m cÖvYxi D`vniY| AmwUKw_m cÖvYxi D`vniY Bwjk gvQ, wm-nm©
BZ¨vw`|
 Aóg †kÖwY : weÁvb  17

wØZxq Aa¨vq
Rx‡ei e„w× I eskMwZ

enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
[Link]‡Pi †KvbwU‡K eskMwZi †fŠZ wfwË ejv nq? 24. Rx‡ei eskMwZi ˆewk‡ó¨i evnK †KvbwU?]
K wRb L [Link].G  †µv‡gv‡mvg N [Link].G K MjwR e¯‘  †µv‡gv‡Rvg M †m‡›Uªv‡mvg N wbDwK¬q
2. †Kv_vq A¨vgvB‡Uvwmm nq bv? c`©v
K B÷ L QÎvK M A¨vwgev  fvBivm 25. wg‡qvwmm wefvR‡b †µv‡gv‡Rvg Kqevi wefvwRZ nq?
3. †Kvb ˆeÁvwbK‡K RxbZ‡Ë¡i RbK ejv nq? [†gvnv¤§`cyi g‡Wj ¯‹zj GÛ K‡jR, XvKv]
 †MÖMi †Rvnvb †g‡Ûj L Gwi÷Uj  GKevi L `yBevi M wZbevi
 N Pvievi
M K¨v‡ivjvm wjwbqvm N ievU© ûK
4. †KvbwU‡Z wWGbG _v‡K bv?
eûc`x mgvwßm~PK enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
K e¨vK‡Uwiqv  [Link]. M fvBivm N B-Kwj 26. gvB‡Uvwmm †Kvl wefvRb N‡UÑ [D`qb D”P we`¨vjq, XvKv]
5. cÖwZwU Rxe‡`n Kx Øviv MwVZ? i. fvRK wUmy¨i †Kv‡l
K nvZ  †Kvl M dzmdzm N ürwcÊ ii. wb¤œ‡kªwYi Dw™¢‡`i RvB‡Mv‡U
6. †Kvl wefvR‡bi †Kvb av‡c w¯úÛj hš¿ MVb K‡i? iii. åƒYgyKz‡j
K cÖ‡dR  †cÖv-†gUv‡dR M Gbv‡dR N †U‡jv‡dR wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
7. gvbe Rbb‡Kv‡l KZwU †µv‡gv‡Rvg _v‡K? K i I ii  i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
K 23wU L 20wU  46wU N 22wU 27. wRb wbqš¿Y K‡iÑ
8. wb‡Pi †Kvb Rx‡ei g‡a¨ A¨vgvB‡Uvwmm c×wZ‡Z †Kvl wefvRb i. gvby‡li †Pv‡Li is ii. Pz‡ji cÖK…wZ iii. Pvgovi is
N‡U? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K gvbyl L e¨vO M mvc  A¨vwgev Ki L i I ii M ii I iii  i, ii I iii
9. Rxe‡`‡n †Kvl wefvRb KZ cÖKvi? 28.
K1 L2 3 N4 29. wg‡qvwmm wefvR‡bi gva¨‡g−
10. gvB‡Uvwmm †Kvl wefvR‡bi †Kvb avcwU `xN©¯’vqx? i. †µv‡gv‡Rvg GKevi wefvwRZ nq
 †cÖv‡dR L †gUv‡dR M †U‡jv‡dR N Gbv‡dR ii. Rbb‡Kv‡l †µv‡gv‡Rvg msL¨v A‡a©K nq
11. gvB‡Uvwm‡mi †Kvb av‡c bZzb †µv‡gv‡Rvg m„wó nq? iii. †µv‡gv‡Rvg msL¨vi aªæeZv eRvq _v‡K
K †cÖv‡dR L †gUv‡dR M A¨vbv‡dR  †U‡jv‡dR wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
12. A¨vbv‡dR `kvq †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi AvK…wZ †Kgb nq? K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii  i, ii I iii
KU V MW NX 30. wg‡qvwmm †Kvl wefvRb N‡U _v‡KÑ
13. mcy®úK Dw™¢‡`i †Kv_vq wg‡qvwmm N‡U? i. wW¤^vYy Drcv`b ii. civM‡iYy Drcv`b
K wW¤^vkq L _¨vjvgvm M cy®ú e„šÍ  civMavbx
iii. ïµvYy Drcv`b
14. gvB‡Uvwm‡m wbDwK¬qv‡mi wefvR‡bi cÖ_g avc †KvbwU? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K †U‡jv‡dR L †gUv‡dR M A¨vbv‡dR  †cÖv‡dR K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii  i, ii I iii
15. †KvbwU‡Z A¨vgvB‡Uvwmm †Kvl wefvRb N‡U?] 31. †cÖv‡dR av‡cÑ
 B÷ L ïµvkq M gyKjz N wW¤^vkq i. cvwbi we‡qvRb N‡U ii. wbDwK¬qvm AvKv‡i eo nq
16. †U‡jv‡dR av‡c †KvbwU N‡U? iii. w¯úÛj h‡š¿i Avwef©ve N‡U
K wbDwK¬qv‡mi wejywß N‡U wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
 `ywU AcZ¨ wbDwK¬qvm MwVZ nq  i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
M †µv‡gv‡Rvg¸‡jv ci¯úi †_‡K wew”Qbœ n‡q hvq 32. †Kvl wefvR‡bi d‡jÑ
N †µv‡gv‡Rvg¸‡jv wejyß nq i. GKvwaK AcZ¨‡Kvl ˆZwi nq
17. †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi †m‡Uªvwgqvi `yBfv‡M wef³ nq †Kvb av‡c? ii. M¨v‡g‡Ui gva¨‡g bZzb †Kv‡li m„wó nq
K †cÖv‡dR L †cÖv‡gUv‡dR M †gUv‡dR  A¨vbv‡dR iii. Rx‡ei ˆ`wnK e„w× nq
18. eskMwZwe`¨vi RbK ejv nq Kv‡K? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K Gwi÷Uj L K¨v‡ivjvm wjwbqvm K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii  i, ii I iii
 †MÖMi †Rvnvb †g‡Ûj N Dwjqvg nv‡f©
19. w¯úÛj h‡š¿i cÖwZwU Zš‘‡K Kx e‡j?
K AvKl©Y Zš‘  w¯úÛj Zš‘ M UªvKkb Zš‘ N A¨v÷vi
Zš‘ Awfbœ Z_¨wfwËK enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
20. A¨vgvB‡Uvwmm †Kvl wefvR‡b wbDwK¬qvm wKiƒc AvKvi aviY wb‡Pi wPÎ `yBwU jÿ Ki Ges 34 I 35bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
K‡i? 

 Wv‡¤^jvKvi L wW¤^vKvi M †MvjvKvi

 N eM©vKvi


21. gvby‡li Pz‡ji is wbqš¿Y K‡i †KvbwU?]  

K †m‡›Uªvwgqvi  wW Gb G M Avi Gb G N 

wbDwK¬Ijvm
22. †KvbwU‡K mgxKiwYK wefvRb ejv nq?] 

 gvB‡Uvwmm L wg‡qvwmm M wØwefvRb N A¨vgvB‡Uvwmm

 wPÎ-A wPÎ-B
23. ¯Íb¨cvqx cÖvYx‡`i †Kvl wefvRb †Kvb cÖwµqvq n‡q _v‡K?
K A¨vgvB‡Uvwmm  gvB‡Uvwmm M wg‡qvwmm


N mvB‡UvKvB‡bwmm
 Aóg †kÖwY : weÁvb  18

33. ÔAÕ wP‡Îi †Kvl wefvR‡bÑ wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges 36 I 37 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
i. gvZ…‡Kvl I bZzb m„ó †Kvl mg¸Y m¤úbœ AwbK AYyexÿY h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ GKwU †cuqv‡Ri g~‡ji †Kvl wefvRb
ii. bZzb †Kv‡l †µv‡gv‡Rvg msL¨v A‡a©K _v‡K ch©‡eÿY KiwQj, †m †Kvl wefvR‡bi GKwU `kvq †`L‡Z cvq †µv‡gv‡Rvg¸‡jv
iii. †µv‡gv‡Rvg gvÎ GKevi wefvwRZ nq †Kv‡li wVK gvSLv‡b Ges me‡P‡q Lv‡Uv I †gvUv|
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 35. †Kvl wefvR‡bi †Kvb `kv Awb‡Ki †Pv‡L c‡owQj?
K i I ii  i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii K †cÖv‡gUv‡dR  †gUv‡dR M A¨vbv‡dR N †U‡jv‡dR
34. ÔBÕ wP‡Îi wefvRbwU ÔAÕ wP‡Îi wefvRb †_‡K Avjv`v, KviY Gi 36. Awb‡Ki ch©‡eÿYK…Z `kvwUi cieZ©x `kvq−
d‡j− i. †µv‡gv‡Rvg¸‡jv †m‡›Uªvwgqvi †_‡K wew”Qbœ nq
 AcZ¨ †Kv‡l †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi msL¨v A‡a©K n‡q hvq ii. †µvgvwUW¸‡jv ci¯úi †_‡K wew”Qbœ nq
L †µv‡gv‡Rvg msL¨v †e‡o hvq iii. †m‡›Uªvwgqvi `yB fv‡M wef³ nq
M A¯^vfvweK †Kvl m„wó nq wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
N †`‡ni ¯^vfvweK e„w× nq K i I ii L i I iii  ii I iii N i, ii I iii

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ I DËi

cÖkœ -1  wb‡Pi wPÎwU †`‡L cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :

]
K. eskMwZi RbK †K? 1
L. gvB‡Uvwmm †Kvl wefvR‡bi avc¸‡jv †jL| 2
M. cÖvYxi esk we¯Ív‡i DwjøwLZ cÖwµqvwUi ¸iæZ¡ e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ ÔXÕ Gi g‡a¨ Aew¯’Z cÖavb
Dcv`v‡bi Askmg~n Rx‡e Kx f‚wgKv iv‡L? we‡kølY Ki|
4
 1bs cª‡kœi DËi 
K. eskMwZi RbK †MÖMi †Rvnvb †g‡Ûj|
L. gvB‡Uvwmm †Kvl wefvR‡bi 5wU avc| h_v : 1. †cÖv‡dR, 2. †cÖv-†gUv‡dR, 3. †gUv‡dR, 4. A¨vbv‡dR, 5. †U‡jv‡dR|
M. DwjøwLZ cÖwµqvwU n‡jv †Kvl wefvRb| cÖvYxi esk we¯Ív‡i cÖwµqvwUi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg|
cÖvYxi eskwe¯Ív‡ii c~e©kZ© n‡jv †hŠb Rbb| †hŠb Rb‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb Rbb †Kvl| Rbb †Kvl m„wó nq wg‡qvwmm †Kvl wefvR‡b|
Rbb gvZ…‡Kvl †_‡K cys I ¯¿xM¨v‡gU Drc‡bœi mgq G ai‡bi †Kvl wefvRb nq| G wefvRb cÖwµqvq Ñ
1. wWcø‡qW Rx‡ei Rbb gvZ…‡Kvl wefvwRZ nq|
2. GKwU †Kvl †_‡K PviwU †Kv‡li m„wó nq|
3. m„ó PviwU †Kv‡li wbDwK¬qv‡m †µv‡gv‡Rvg msL¨v gvZ… wbDwK¬qv‡mi †µv‡gv‡Rvg msL¨vi A‡a©K nq|
†`Lv hv‡”Q †h, wg‡qvwmm †Kvl wefvRb bv n‡j n¨vcø‡qW (n) Rbb‡Kvl m„wó nq bv| Rbb‡Kvl m„wó bv n‡j †hŠb RbbI m¤¢e
bq| d‡j eskwe¯ÍviI n‡e bv|
Kv‡RB, †Kvl wefvR‡bi ØvivB eskMwZi aviv Ae¨vnZ _v‡K| AZGe, GK_v Ab¯^xKvh© †h, cÖvYxi esk we¯Ív‡i DwjøwLZ †Kvl
wefvRb cÖwµqvq ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg|
N. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ X n‡jv †µv‡gv‡Rvg| Gi g‡a¨ Aew¯’Z cÖavb Dcv`vb n‡jv DNA| GwU Rx‡ei eskwe¯Ívi I eskMwZi aviv
Ae¨vnZ ivL‡Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i|
ˆewkó¨ wbqš¿YKvix DNA Gi Ask‡K wRb bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv nq| Rx‡ei GK GKwU ˆewk‡ó¨i Rb¨ GKvwaK wRb KvR K‡i,
Avevi †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †ÿ‡Î GKwUgvÎ wRb †ek K‡qKwU ˆewkó¨‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i| gvby‡li †Pv‡Li is, Pz‡ji cÖK…wZ, Pvgovi is
BZ¨vw` meB wRb KZ…©K wbqwš¿Z| gvby‡li g‡Zv Ab¨vb¨ cÖvYx I Dw™¢‡`i ˆewk󨸇jvI Zv‡`i †µv‡gv‡Rv‡g Aew¯’Z wRb Øviv
wbqwš¿Z nq| †µv‡gv‡Rvg wRb‡K GK esk †_‡K cieZ©x es‡k enb Kivi Rb¨ aviK I evnK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i eskMwZi aviv
A¶zYœ iv‡L|
DcwiD³ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ X ev †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi g‡a¨ Aew¯’Z cÖavb Dcv`vb DNA Gi Askmg~n
Rx‡ei eskMwZi aviv cwienb I ˆewkó¨ wbqš¿‡Y AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i|
cÖkœ -2  wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :
2n wg‡qvwmm 2n

n ¯ úvg© n

2n RvB‡MvU
 K. wRbZ‡Ë¡i RbK †K? 1
L. eskMwZ ej‡Z Kx eyS? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
M. wP‡Î cÖ`wk©Z c×wZwU e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. Dc‡i cÖ`wk©Z c×wZwUi ¸iæZ¡ we‡kølY Ki| 4
 2bs cª‡kœi DËi 
K. wRbZ‡Ë¡i RbK †MÖMi †Rvnvb †g‡Ûj|
L. gv-wcZvi ˆewkó¨ †h cÖwµqvq mšÍvb-mšÍwZ‡Z mÂvwiZ nq, Zv‡K eskMwZ e‡j|
gv I evevi wKQz wKQz ˆewkó¨ mšÍvb-mšÍywZ †c‡qB _v‡K| Avi mšÍvbiv wcZv-gvZvi †hme ˆewkó¨ cvq, †m¸‡jv‡K e‡j eskMZ
ˆewkó¨|
M. wP‡Î cÖ`wk©Z c×wZwU n‡jv wg‡qvwmm †Kvl wefvRb I Rbb †Kv‡li wgjb|
wWcø‡qW (2n) Rx‡ei Rbb †Kvl Drc‡bœi mgq Rbb gvZ…‡Kv‡l I n¨vcø‡qW (n) Rx‡ei RvB‡Mv‡U wg‡qvwmm N‡U| G †Kvl
wefvR‡b Rbb gvZ…‡Kv‡li wbDwK¬qvm cici `yevi wefvwRZ nq| †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi wefvRb N‡U GKevi| d‡j AcZ¨ †Kv‡l
†µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi msL¨v gvZ…‡Kv‡li †µv‡gv‡Rvg msL¨vi A‡a©K n‡q hvq| G cÖwµqvq Rbb gvZ…‡Kvl (2n) †_‡K cysM¨v‡gU ev ïµvYy
(n) Ges ¯¿xM¨v‡gU ev wW¤^vYy (n) Drcbœ nq| Avevi †hŠb Rb‡bi mgq hLb `ywU n¨vcø‡qW †Kv‡li ev ïµvYy I wW¤^vYyi wgjb
N‡U ZLb †m Ae¯’v‡K RvB‡MvU e‡j| RvB‡MvU wWcø‡qW (2n) nq|
AZGe, DcwiD³ c×wZ‡Z wP‡Î cÖ`wk©Z wefvRbwU N‡U _v‡K|
N. Dc‡i cÖ`wk©Z c×wZwU n‡jv wg‡qvwmm †Kvl wefvR‡bi gva¨‡g RvB‡MvU m„wói cÖwµqv|
Rbb gvZ…‡Kvl (2n) †_‡K ¯¿x I cysM¨v‡gU Drc‡bœi mgq wg‡qvwmm †Kvl wefvRb nq| G‡Z GKwU gvZ…‡Kvl (2n) †_‡K PviwU AcZ¨
†Kv‡li (n) m„wó nq| †hŠb Rb‡b cys I ¯¿xRbb †Kv‡li wgj‡bi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o| hw` Rbb †Kvl¸‡jvi †µv‡gv‡Rvg msL¨v †`n‡Kv‡li
mgvb †_‡K hvq Zvn‡j RvB‡MvU †Kv‡l RxewUi †`n‡Kv‡li †µv‡gv‡Rvg msL¨vi wظY n‡q hv‡e|
wKš‘ Dc‡ii cÖ`wk©Z wg‡qvwmm †Kvl wefvRb c×wZ‡Z Rbb‡Kv‡l †µv‡gv‡Rvg msL¨v gvZ…‡Kv‡li A‡a©K n‡q hvq| d‡j `ywU
Rbb‡Kvl GKwÎZ n‡q †h RvB‡MvU MVb K‡i Zvi †µv‡gv‡Rvg msL¨v cÖRvwZi †µv‡gv‡Rvg msL¨vi Abyiƒc _v‡K| G‡Z cÖRvwZi
†µv‡gv‡Rvg msL¨vi aªæeZv eRvq _v‡K| hLb `ywU n¨vcø‡qW (n) †Kv‡li wgjb N‡U ZLb †m Ae¯’v‡K wWcø‡qW (2n) e‡j| hv
Dc‡ii wP‡Î cÖ`wk©Z n‡q‡Q|
myZivs wg‡qvwmm †Kvl wefvRb nq e‡jB cÖwZwU cÖRvwZi ˆewkó¨ eskci¤úivq wU‡K _v‡K|
AZGe, DcwiD³ Av‡jvPbv we‡kølY K‡i †`Lv hvq †h, eskMwZi ¯^vfvweK aviv eRvq ivLvi Rb¨ Dc‡i cÖ`wk©Z c×wZwUi
¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg|
 Aóg †kÖwY : weÁvb  1

Z…Zxq Aa¨vq
e¨vcb, AwfmªeY I cÖ‡¯^`b
enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
1. wbgw¾Z Dw™¢`iv †Kvb Ask w`‡q cvwb †kvlY K‡i? 21. Necessary evil ejv nq Ñ
K g~j L KvÊ M cvZv  mviv‡`n K k¦mb‡K L AwfmªeY‡K
2. †Kvb cÖwµqvwU‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq Dc`ªe ejv nq?  cÖ‡¯^`b‡K N mv‡jvKms‡kølY‡K
K cwienb L AwfmªeY M e¨vcb  cÖ‡¯^`b 22. wb‡Pi †KvbwU Kj‡qW ag©x?
3. ZvcgvÎv evo‡j mvaviYZ e¨vcb nviÑ K †K¬v‡ivwdj L wRe‡iwjb
 ev‡o L K‡g  wR‡jwUb N wKDwUbhy³ †Kvl cÖvPxi
M cwiewZ©Z n‡Z cv‡i N AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K 23. †KvbwU A‡f`¨ c`©v?
4. wb‡Pi †KvbwU Dw™¢‡`i AZ¨vek¨K KvR? K †Kvl c`©v  cwjw_b
 k¦mb L e¨vcb M BgevBwekb N M †KvlcÖvPxi N gv‡Qi cUKvi c`©v
mv‡jvKs‡kølY eûc`x mgvwßm~PK enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
5. Dw™¢‡`i g~j‡ivg Øviv †kvwlZ cvwb cvZvq cwievwnZ nq †Kvb wUmy¨i
gva¨‡g? 24. e¨vc‡bi nvi wbf©i K‡i gva¨‡giÑ
 RvB‡jg L †d¬v‡qg M wKDwUKj N fvRK [K¨v›Ub‡g›U cvewjK ¯‹zj I K‡jR, †gv‡gbkvnx]
i. Nb‡Z¡i Dci ii. D”PZvi Dci
wUmy¨
iii. ˆ`‡N©¨i Dci
6. g~j‡iv‡gi cÖvPxi− wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
 †f`¨ L A‡f`¨ M Aa© †f`¨ N †K¬v‡ivwdj
i L ii M i I ii N i I iii
hy³ 25. Rxe‡Kv‡l k¦m‡bi mgqÑ [ivRkvnx miKvwi evwjKv D”P we`¨vjq]
7. Dw™¢`‡`‡n jeY¸‡jv Kx wn‡m‡e †`‡n †kvwlZ nq? i. Møy‡Kv‡Ri RviY nq
K AYy L cigvYy M †cÖvwUb  Avqb
ii. Aw·‡Rb e¨eüZ nq
8. wK‡mi gva¨‡g cvZvq Drcbœ Lv`¨ Dw™¢‡`i wewfbœ As‡k †cuŠQvq? iii. Kve©b WvBA·vBW e¨eüZ nq
K RvB‡jg wUmy¨L fvRK wUmy¨  †d¬v‡qg wUmy¨ N mij wUmy¨
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
9. Dw™¢` †Kvb cÖwµqvq g~j‡iv‡gi mvnv‡h¨ gvwU nB‡Z cvwb †kvlY  i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
K‡i? 26. AwfmªeY‡K e¨vcbI ejv hvq, KviYÑ
K e¨vcb L BgevBwekb M cÖ‡¯^`b  AwfmªeY
i. Dfq cÖwµqv GKB wSwjø Øviv N‡U
10. †KvbwU †f`¨ c`©v? ii. NbZ¡ mgvb bv nIqv ch©šÍ P‡j
K cwjw_b L †Kvlc`©v
iii. gva¨‡gi cÖK…wZi Ici wbf©i K‡i bv
 †Kvl cÖvPxi N gv‡Qi cUKvi c`©v wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
11. ïK‡bv wKmwgm cvwb‡Z ivL‡j dz‡j D‡V †Kvb cÖwµqvq? K i I ii L i I iii  ii I iii N i, ii I iii
K e¨vcb L cÖ‡¯^`b  AwfmªeY N 27. cÖ‡¯^`‡bi cÖKvi‡f‡`i g‡a¨ i‡q‡QÑ
BgevBwekb i. cÎiÜ«xq cÖ‡¯^`b ii. †jw›UKzjvi cÖ‡¯^`b
12. †KvbwU c`©v w`‡q ïay `ªveK PjvPj Ki‡Z cv‡i? iii. g~j‡ivgxq cÖ‡¯^`b
K cwjw_b  †Kvlc`©v M †Kvl cÖvPxi N gv‡Qi cUKvi wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
c`©v  i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
13. wW‡gi †Lvmvi †fZ‡ii c`©vi ga¨ w`‡q †KvbwU PjvPj Ki‡Z 28. Dw™¢‡`i cwienb wUmy¨¸‡jv−
cv‡i? i. RvB‡jg EaŸ©gL y x cwienb NUvq
K `ªve  `ªveK M jeY N `ªeY
ii. †d¬v‡qg wbgœgyLx cwienb NUvq
14. wPwbi Mvp `ªe‡Y wKmwgm Wzwe‡q ivL‡j Kx n‡e? iii. †d¬v‡qg ïay LwbR jeY cwienb K‡i
K AšÍtAwfmªeY  ewntAwfmªeY M
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
BgevBwekb N e¨vcb  i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
15. cÖ‡¯^`‡bi Aci bvg Kx? 29. AwfmªeY cÖwµqvq−
K wbiæ`b L weMjb M cÖZ¨vMgb  ev®ú‡gvPb
i. `ywU GKB Nb‡Z¡i `ªeY _v‡K ii. GKwU Aa©‡f`¨ c`©v _v‡K
16. Rx‡ei meiKg kvixie„Ëxq KvR †Kvb cÖwµqvq N‡U? iii. `ªveK e¨vwcZ nq
K e¨vcb L AwfmªeY M BgevBwekb  cÖ‡¯^`b
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
17. †KvbwU cvZvi ˆZwi Lv`¨ cwienb K‡i? K i I ii L i I iii  ii I iii N i, ii I iii
 †d¬v‡qg L wKDwUKj M fvRK wUmy¨ N RvB‡jg
30. Kj‡qWag©x cvwbMÖvnx c`v_©−
wUmy¨
i. wR‡jwUb ii. †mjy‡jvR iii. wjwcW
18. †jw›U‡m‡ji Ae¯’vb †Kv_vq?
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
 g~j L KvÊ M cvZv N dzj
 i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
19. `ªe I `ªve‡Ki wgkª‡Yi d‡j Kx Drcbœ nq?
 `ªeY L `ªveK M jeY N GwmW
31. Dw™¢` mv‡jvKms‡kølY cÖwµqvq−
i. Møy‡KvR RvwiZ K‡i ii. Kve©b WvBA·vBW MÖnY K‡i
20. KuvVvj Mv‡Q †KvbwUi gva¨‡g g~j Øviv †kvwlZ cvwb cvZvq hvq?
iii. Aw·‡Rb Z¨vM K‡i
K fvRK wUmy¨ L †d¬v‡qg wUmy¨  RvB‡jg wUmy¨ N mij wUmy¨
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii  i, ii I iii
 m„Rbkxj cÖkœ I DËi
cÖkœ -1  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI : cÖkœ -  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :
ivbv GK Møvm cwi®‹vi cvwb‡Z wKQz cwigvY Zuy‡Zi †Kjvm †d‡j w`j|Rvwib jÿ Kij igRvb gv‡m Zvi gv BdZv‡ii Rb¨ cÖwZw`b ïK‡bv
wKQzÿY ci †m jÿ Kij Møv‡mi cvwbi is Nb bxj eY© aviY K‡i‡Q| †Qvjv cvwb‡Z wfwR‡q iv‡Lb| weKv‡j †Qvjv¸‡jv dz‡j I‡V I big
K. `ªeY Kv‡K e‡j? 1nq| †m AviI jÿ Kij, BdZv‡ii Rb¨ kieZ ˆZwii mgq cvwb‡Z
L. Dw™¢‡`i cwienb ej‡Z Kx eySvq? 2wPwb †`qvi ci Zv A`„k¨ n‡q hv‡”Q|
M. Møv‡mi cvwbi is cwieZ©‡bi KviY e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. Møv‡mi cvwb‡Z msNwUZ cÖwµqvwUi ¸iæZ¡ m¤ú‡K© K. `ªeY Kv‡K e‡j? 1
†Zvgvi hyw³c~Y© gZvgZ `vI| 4 L. Dw™¢‡`i Rb¨ cÖ‡¯^`b cÖ‡qvRb †Kb? 2
M. †Qvjv¸‡jv dz‡j IVvi KviY e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
 1bs cª‡kœi DËi 
N. kieZ ˆZwii cÖwµqvwU Dw™¢` Rxe‡b LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©Ñ
K. †h wgkª‡Y Dcv`vb¸‡jv mylgfv‡e ewÈZ _v‡K Ges GKwU Dcv`vb we‡kølY Ki| 4
†_‡K Av‡iKwU‡K mn‡R Avjv`v Kiv hvq bv Zv‡K `ªeY e‡j|
L. Dw™¢‡` cwienb ej‡Z cÖavbZ EaŸ©gyLx cwienb Ges wbgœgyLx  2bs cª‡kœi DËi 
cwienb‡K †evSvq| K. `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK c`v‡_©i mg¯^Z¡ wgkª‡Yi cÖwZwU As‡ki Dcv`vb,
Dw™¢‡`i g~j‡ivg Øviv †kvwlZ cvwb I LwbR jeY g~j †_‡K MVb Ges ag© hw` GKB _v‡K Zvn‡j H wgkªY‡K `ªeY e‡j|
cvZvq †cŠQv‡bv Ges cvZvq ˆZwi Lv`¨e¯‘ mviv‡`‡n Qwo‡q L. cÖ‡¯^`‡bi gva¨‡g Dw™¢` Zvi †`n †_‡K AwZwi³ cvwb †ei
cov‡K cwienb e‡j| RvB‡jg wUmy¨i gva¨‡g Dw™¢`‡`‡n K‡i w`‡q Pvcgy³ nq e‡j Dw™¢‡`i Rb¨ cÖ‡¯^`b cÖ‡qvRb|
i‡mi EaŸ©gyLx cwienb nq Ges †d¬v‡q‡gi gva¨‡g cvZvq cÖ‡¯^`‡bi d‡j †Kvli‡mi NbZ¡ e„w× cvq hv Dw™¢`‡K cvwb
ˆZwi Lv`¨i‡mi wbgœgyLx cwienb nq| I LwbR jeY †kvl‡Y mvnvh¨ K‡i| G cÖwµqv Dw™¢` †`n‡K
M. Møv‡mi cvwbi is cwieZ©‡bi KviY e¨vcb cÖwµqv| VvÊv iv‡L Ges cvZvi Av`ª©Zv eRvq iv‡L| cÖ‡¯^`‡bi d‡j
e¨vcb n‡jv c`v‡_©i AYy¸‡jvi Pjb cÖwµqv| cÖwZwU c`v‡_©i Lv`¨ ˆZwii Rb¨ cvZvq Aweivg cvwb mieivn m¤¢e nq|
AYy me©`v MwZkxj ev Pjgvb| G MwZkw³i cÖfv‡e Gme Kvi‡YB Dw™¢‡`i Rb¨ cÖ‡¯^`b cÖ‡qvRb|
e¨vcbKvix c`v_© AwaK NbZ¡hy³ ¯’vb †_‡K Kg NbZ¡hy³ M. †Qvjv¸‡jv dz‡j IVvi KviY n‡jv Am‡gvwmm ev AwfmªeY
¯’v‡b Qwo‡q c‡o| G cÖwµqv ZZÿY Pj‡Z _v‡K hZÿY bv cÖwµqv|
AYy¸‡jvi NbZ¡ `yB ¯’v‡b mgvb n‡q hvq| GKB `ªveKwewkó `ywU wfbœ Nb‡Z¡i `ªeY GKwU Aa©‡f`¨ c`©v
DÏxc‡Ki Zuy‡Zi †Kjv‡mi NbZ¡ cvwbi Nb‡Z¡i †P‡q †ewk| Øviv c„_K _vK‡j †h †fŠZ cÖwµqvq `ªveK Kg Nb‡Z¡i `ªeY
d‡j Zuy‡Zi AYy¸‡jv Lye `ªæZ MwZ‡Z cvwbi AYy‡Z PjvPj †_‡K AwaK Nb‡Z¡i `ªe‡Yi w`‡K e¨vwcZ nq Zv‡K AwfmªeY
ïiæ K‡i I Qwo‡q c‡o| cvwb‡Z Zzu‡Zi AYy¸‡jvi GB e¨vcb ev Am‡gvwmm e‡j|
ZZÿY Pj‡Z _v‡K hZÿY bv cvwb‡Z Zuy‡Zi cy‡ivUv Qwo‡q †Qvjvi †fZ‡i cvwb _v‡K bv e‡j Zv ïwK‡q KzuP‡K _v‡K|
c‡o I cvwb‡Z Zzu‡Zi AYy¸‡jvi NbZ¡ me©Î mgvb nq| GKUv wKš‘ cvwb‡Z ivL‡j Zv cvwb †kvlY K‡i dz‡j I‡V| KviY
mgq, Zzu‡Zi AYy¸‡jvi NbZ¡ me©Î mgvb n‡q hvq I e¨vcb †Qvjvi †fZ‡i kK©ivi GKwU Mvp `ªeY GKwU Aa©‡f`¨ c`©v
eÜ n‡q hvq| d‡j Møv‡mi cvwbi is Nb bxj eY© aviY K‡i| Øviv cvwb †_‡K c„_K n‡q _v‡K| d‡j †Qvjvi †fZ‡ii AYy
AZGe, Møv‡mi cvwbi is cwieZ©‡bi KviY n‡jv Zuy‡Zi GB Aa©‡f`¨ c`©v †f` K‡i evB‡i Avm‡Z cv‡i bv| ïay
AYymg~‡ni Qwo‡q cov| cvwbi AYy †Qvjvi Af¨šÍ‡i AwfmªeY cÖwµqvq cÖ‡ek K‡i|
N. Møv‡mi cvwb‡Z msNwUZ cÖwµqvwU n‡jv e¨vcb| G cÖwµqvi AZGe, Rvwi‡bi gv cvwb‡Z †Qvjv wfwR‡q ivL‡j †Qvjvi
¸iæZ¡ m¤ú‡K© Avgvi gZvgZ wb‡P cÖ`vb Kiv n‡jv| Aa©‡f`¨ c`©v †f` K‡i AwfmªeY cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g cvwb
Rx‡ei me iKg kvixie„Ëxq Kv‡R e¨vcb cÖwµqv N‡U| †hgb †Qvjvi †fZ‡i cÖ‡ek K‡i Ges †QvjvMy‡jv dz‡j I‡V|
: Dw™¢` mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Yi mgq evZv‡mi Kve©b WvBA·vBW N. kieZ ˆZwii cÖwµqvwU n‡jv e¨vcb cÖwµqv hv Dw™¢` Rxe‡b
MÖnY K‡i Ges Aw·‡Rb Z¨vM K‡i| G AZ¨vek¨K KvR LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
e¨vcb Øviv m¤¢e nq| Rxe‡Kv‡l k¦m‡bi mgq Møy‡KvR Dw™¢` mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Yi mgq evZv‡mi Kve©b WvBA·vBW
Rvi‡Yi Rb¨ Aw·‡Rb e¨eüZ nq| e¨vcb wµqvi Øviv †Kv‡l
Aw·‡Rb cÖ‡ek K‡i Ges Kve©b WvBA·vBW †ei n‡q hvq| MÖnY K‡i Ges Aw·‡Rb Z¨vM K‡i| GB AZ¨vek¨K KvR
Dw™¢` †`‡n †kvwlZ cvwb ev®úvKv‡i cÖ‡¯^`‡bi gva¨‡g †`n kieZ ˆZwii g‡Zv GKB cÖwµqvq e¨vcb Øviv m¤¢e nq|
†_‡K e¨vcb cÖwµqvq †ei K‡i †`q| cÖvYx‡`i k¦m‡bi mgq GLv‡b M¨v‡mi Av`vb cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g e¨vcb cÖwµqv N‡U|
Aw·‡Rb I Kve©b WvBA·vB‡Wi Av`vb-cÖ`vb I i³ †_‡K Dw™¢` †`‡n †kvwlZ cvwb ev®úvKv‡i cÖ‡¯^`‡bi gva¨‡g †`n
Lv`¨, Aw·‡Rb cÖf…wZ jwmKvq enb I jwmKv †_‡K †Kv‡l †_‡K e¨vcb cÖwµqvq †ei K‡i †`q|
cwienb Kiv e¨vcb Øviv m¤úbœ nq| myZivs e¨vcb cÖwµqv Dw™¢` Rxe‡b Acwinvh© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i|
AZGe, Avgvi gZvgZ n‡jv, RxeRM‡Zi wewfbœ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© G cÖwµqv ÿwZMÖ¯Í n‡j Dw™¢` Rxeb gvivZ¥K ûgwKi gy‡L co‡e|
ˆRweK cÖwµqvi †ÿ‡Î Møv‡mi cvwb‡Z msNwUZ e¨vcb
cÖwµqvi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg|
 Aóg †kÖwY : weÁvb  1

PZz_© Aa¨vq
Dw™¢‡`i esk e„w×
enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
1. K Av`v L Avjy M imyb  cyw`bv
13. cvZvi mvnv‡h¨ eske„w× K‡i †Kvb Dw™¢`?
'A' K Avjy L †Mvjvc  cv_iKzwP N wjPz
14. evZv‡mi gva¨‡g †KvbwUi civMvqb nq?
 avb L mwilv M wkgyj N Kzgov

wP‡Îi ÔAÕ wPwýZ AskwUi bvg Kx? 15. exRZ¡‡Ki evB‡ii ¯Íi‡K Kx e‡j?
K †UM‡gb L ewntZ¡K  †U÷v N Z¡K
K cys‡iYy L km¨  mnKvix †Kvl N wW¤^vYy
2. †KvbwU †hŠwMK dj? 16. wUDevi cÖK…wZi Dw™¢` †KvbwU?
K Av`v  Avjy M KPz N KPzwicvbv
K AvZv L kixdv M Av½yi  Avbvim
3. wb‡Pi †KvbwU imvj dj? 17. †KvbwU mivmwi Rbb Kv‡R AskMÖnY K‡i?
K e„šÍ L e„wZ M `jgÊj  cys¯ÍeK
 Avg L AvZv M wkg N †Xuom
18. wb‡Pi wP‡Îi †Kvb AskwU civMvq‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i?
4. GKwU Av`k© dz‡ji KqwU Ask?
K 2wU L 3wU  5wU N 7wU A
B
5. †KvbwU iƒcvšÍwiZ Kv‡Êi mvnv‡h¨ eske„w× NUvq? C
 Avjy L cUj M †cqviv N IjKPz
6. cÖvYx-civMx dzj wb‡Pi †KvbwU?
K Mg L Zvj M avb  wkgyj D

7. †Kvb Dw™¢‡` Ad‡mU †`Lv hvq? KA B MC ND

K KPz L cyw`bv M wcuqvR  KPzwicvbv 19. dj I exR Drcv`‡bi c~e©kZ© Kx?
8. GKwU dz‡ji cy®úvÿ, `j, cys‡Kki I Mf©‡Kki Av‡Q wKš‘ e„šÍ K dzj L cÖRbb  civMvqb N
bvB, dzjwU †Kvb ai‡bi? A¼z‡iv`Mg
K m¤ú~Y© L Am¤ú~Y©  Ae„šÍK N cÖvwYcivMx 20. Penicillium †KvbwUi gva¨‡g eske„w× K‡i?
9. cv_iKzwP wK‡mi gva¨‡g esk e„w× K‡i? K †¯úvi L mvKvi M wUDevi  KwbwWqv
 cvZv L KvÊ M g~j N kvLv 21. wb‡l‡Ki ci ex‡R cwiYZ nq †KvbwU?
10. †KvbwU ¸”Q dj? K Mf©vkq L e„wZ  wW¤^K N Mf©gÊ
y
K Avg  P¤úv M KuvVvj N Avbvim 22. cÖRbb cÖavbZ KZ cÖKv‡ii nq?
11. Mf©gÊy AuvVvj, kvLvwš^Z, dzj eY© I MÜnxb| GB ˆewk󨸇jv 2 L3 M5 N7
†Kvb dz‡j we`¨vgvb? 23. †KvbwU AcÖK…Z dj?
K Riv  avb M wkgyj N mwilv K Rvg L Avg  Av‡cj N KuvVvj
12. †KvbwU †÷vj‡bi gva¨‡g esk e„w× K‡i?
  eûc`x mgvwßm~PK enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
  Awfbœ Z_¨wfwËK enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
24. ¯^vfvweK A½R cÖRbb N‡U Ñ [weivg g‡Wj ¯‹zj I K‡jR, e¸ov]
i. †`‡ni LÊvq‡b wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q‡`i Av‡jv‡K 41 I 42bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
ii. g~‡ji gva¨‡g Rbve mviIqvi Zvi GK cÖwZ‡ekxi evwo †_‡K mwRbv Mv‡Qi GKUv Wvj
iii. iƒcvšÍwiZ Kv‡Êi gva¨‡g †K‡U G‡b wb‡Ri evwo‡Z jvMv‡jb| Wvj †_‡K MvQ n‡j c‡ii eQiB djb
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? †c‡jb|
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii  i, ii I 27. GLv‡b N‡U‡QÑ (cÖ‡qvM)
iii i. †hŠb cÖRbb
25. dz‡ji Mf©vkq cwicyó nIqvi Rb¨ Acwinvh© n‡jvÑ ii. A‡hŠb cÖRbb
i. dz‡ji civMvqb ii. dz‡ji wb‡lK iii. K…wÎg A½R cÖRbb
iii. ex‡Ri we¯ÍiY wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? Ki L ii M i I ii  ii I iii
 i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii 28. Rbve mviIqv‡ii D‡Ïk¨ wQj Kx? (D”PZi `ÿZv)
26. KPzi kvLv KvÊ cwiewZ©Z nq †Kb? K my¯^v`y mwRbv cvIqv
K Lv`¨ MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ L PjvP‡ji Rb¨  gvZ…¸Ym¤úbœ Ges `ª“Z mwRbv cvIqv
M Aw·‡Rb Z¨v‡Mi Rb¨  Rb‡bi Rb¨ M bZzb ai‡bi mwRbv cvIqv
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? N mwRbv KvV cvIqv
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii  i, ii I iii
 Aóg †kÖwY : weÁvb  2

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ I DËi

cÖkœ -1  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :

K. cÖRbb Kv‡K e‡j? 1

L. e„wZi `ywU KvR †jL| 2
M. wbwl³Ki‡Yi ci ÔSÕ Gi iƒcvšÍwiZ As‡ki wPwýZ
wPÎmn eY©bv Ki| 3
N. DcwiD³ cÖwµqvwUB †Kej dj Drcv`‡b cÖ‡hvR¨Ñ Dˇii
c‡ÿ hyw³ `vI| 4
 1bs cª‡kœi DËi 
K. †h RwUj cÖwµqvq Rxe Zvi cÖwZiƒc ev eskai m„wó K‡i Zv‡K cÖRbb e‡j|
L. e„wZi `ywU KvR wbgœiƒc :
i. e„wZ dz‡ji Ab¨ Ask¸‡jv‡K we‡klZ Kzwu o Ae¯’vq †iv`, e„wó I †cvKv-gvKo †_‡K iÿv K‡i|
ii meyR e„wZ Lv`¨ cÖ¯‘wZi Kv‡R Ask †bq I e„wZ is-†ei‡Oi n‡j civMvq‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i|
M. S n‡jv Mf©vkq| GwU dz‡ji ¯¿x¯Íe‡Ki gyL¨ Ask|
wbwl³Ki‡Yi ci S ev Mf©vkq d‡j iƒcvšÍwiZ nq| wb‡P wbwl³Ki‡Yi ci Mf©vk‡qi iƒcvšÍwiZ As‡ki wPwýZ wPÎmn eY©bv
Kiv n‡jv|

wPÎ : wbwl³Ki‡Yi Mf©vk‡qi (S) Gi iƒcvšÍwiZ Ask

wbwl³Ki‡Yi c~‡e© S ev Mf©vk‡qi †fZ‡i wW¤^K mvRv‡bv _v‡K| wW¤^‡Ki †fZi åƒY_wj _v‡K| Gi g‡a¨ ¯¿x Rbb‡Kvl ev
wW¤^vYy m„wó nq| wPÎ †_‡K †`Lv hvq, civMvq‡bi ci GKwU cysM¨v‡gU Mf©vk‡q wW¤^‡Ki Kv‡Q wM‡q †cŠu‡Q Ges ¯¿xM¨v‡g‡Ui
m‡½ wgwjZ n‡q wbwl³KiY cÖwµqv †kl nq|
wbwl³KiY cÖwµqv †kl n‡jB dj MV‡bi cÖwµqv ïiæ nq| G cÖwµqv Mf©vk‡q †h DÏxcbvi m„wó K‡i Zvi Kvi‡Y ax‡i ax‡i
Mf©vkqwU d‡j cwiYZ nq| wbwl³Ki‡Yi ci Mf©vkq GKKfv‡e A_ev dz‡ji Ab¨vb¨ Askmn cwicyó n‡q †h A½ MVb K‡i Zv‡K
dj e‡j| Gi wW¤^K¸‡jv ex‡R iƒcvšÍwiZ nq| Ab¨ cysM¨v‡gUwU †MŠY wbDwK¬qv‡mi mv‡_ wgwjZ nq Ges km¨KYv Drcbœ K‡i|
N. DcwiD³ cÖwµqvwU n‡jv wb‡lK ev wbwl³KiY| G cÖwµqvwUB †Kej dj Drcv`‡b cÖ‡hvR¨|
wbwl³Ki‡Yi ci Mf©vkq GKKfv‡e A_ev dz‡ji Ab¨vb¨ Askmn cwicyó n‡q †h A½ MVb K‡i Zv‡K dj e‡j|
GKwU cysM¨v‡gU Ab¨ GKwU ¯¿x-M¨v‡g‡Ui m‡½ cwic~Y©fv‡e wgwjZ nIqv‡K wbwl³KiY e‡j|
civMvq‡bi d‡j civM‡iYyi AveiY †f` K‡i civMbvwj †ewi‡q Av‡m| civMbvwj Mf©`Ê †f` K‡i Mf©vk‡q wW¤^‡Ki Kv‡Q wM‡q
†cuŠ‡Q| civMbvwj‡Z `ywU cysM¨v‡gU m„wó nq| wW¤^‡Ki †fZi †cuŠ‡Q G bvwjKv †d‡U hvq Ges cysM¨v‡gU `ywU gy³ nq| cys
M¨v‡g‡Ui GKwU ¯¿x M¨v‡g‡Ui m‡½ wgwjZ nq| Gfv‡e wbwl³KiY cÖwµqv †kl nq| Ab¨ cysM¨v‡gUwU †MŠY wbDwK¬qv‡mi mv‡_ wgwjZ
nq Ges km¨KYv Drcbœ K‡i| wbwl³KiY cÖwµqv †kl n‡jB dj MV‡bi cÖwµqv ïiæ nq| wbwl³KiY cÖwµqv Mf©vk‡q †h
DÏxcbvi m„wó K‡i Zvi Kvi‡Y ax‡i ax‡i Mf©vkqwU d‡j cwiYZ nq| Gi wW¤^K¸‡jv ex‡R iƒcvšÍwiZ nq|
†`Lv hv‡”Q †h, wbwl³KiY cÖwµqv Qvov Mf©vkq d‡j cwiYZ n‡Z cv‡i bv| AZGe GwU my¯úóiƒ‡cB cÖZxqgvb nq †h, DcwiD³
cÖwµqv ev wbwl³KiYB †Kej dj Drcv`‡b cÖ‡hvR¨|
cÖkœ -2  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :
wgZz e¨envwiK K¬v‡m GKwU Av`k© dzj wb‡q †Mj| wkÿK dzjwU e¨e‡”Q` K‡i wewfbœ Ask †`Lv‡jb| civM‡iYy †`wL‡q wkÿK ej‡jb, Gi gva¨‡g
civMvqb msNwUZ nq| wZwb AviI ej‡jb, civMvq‡bi Rb¨ dz‡ji MV‡b †h cwieZ©b nq Zv‡K Awf‡hvRb e‡j|
K. dzj Kv‡K e‡j? 1
L. cy®úgÄix ej‡Z Kx eySvq? 2
M. wkÿ‡Ki DwjøwLZ cÖ_g K_vwUi ¸iæZ¡ e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K wewfbœ cÖKvi civMxq dz‡ji
Awf‡hvR‡bi cÖKvi‡f` Av‡jvPbv Ki| 4
 2bs cª‡kœi DËi 
K. dzj n‡jv D”P‡kªwYi Dw™¢‡`i cÖRbb A½ hv cÖRb‡bi Rb¨ iƒcvšÍwiZ we‡kl ai‡bi weUc|
L. cy®úgÄix ej‡Z dzjmn kvLv‡K †evSvq|
Kv‡Êi kxl©gyKzj ev KvwÿK gyKzj †_‡K Drcbœ GKwU kvLvq dzj¸‡jv we‡kl GKwU wbq‡g mvRv‡bv _v‡K| dzjmn G kvLv‡K cy®úgÄix
e‡j| civMvq‡bi Rb¨ Gi ¸iæZ¡ Lye †ewk| G kvLvi e„w× Amxg n‡j AwbqZ cy®úgÄix I e„w× mmxg n‡j Zv‡K wbqZ cy®úgÄix
e‡j|
M. wkÿ‡Ki DwjøwLZ cÖ_g K_vwU n‡jv : civM‡iYyi gva¨‡g civMvqb msNwUZ nq| civM‡iYy n‡jv civMavbx‡Z _vKv njy` ev Kgjv i‡Oi
¸u‡ov Muy‡ov KYv| G civM‡iYyi gva¨‡gB msNwUZ nq Dw™¢` cÖRb‡bi cÖ_g avc civMvqb|
dz‡ji civMavbx n‡Z civM‡iYyi GKB dz‡j A_ev GKB Rv‡Zi Ab¨ dz‡ji Mf©gy‡Ê ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nIqv‡K civMvqb e‡j|
civM‡iYy ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii KvRwU AwaKvsk †ÿ‡Î †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bv gva¨‡gi Øviv n‡q _v‡K| evqy, cvwb, KxUcZ½, cvwL, ev`yo, kvgyK
GgbwK gvbyl G ai‡bi gva¨g wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i _v‡K| gay †L‡Z A_ev my›`i i‡Oi AvKl©‡Y cZ½ ev cvwL dz‡j Ny‡i Ny‡i †eovq|
G mg‡q civM‡iYy evn‡Ki Mv‡q †j‡M hvq| G evnKwU GKB cÖRvwZi Ab¨ dz‡j wM‡q em‡j civM‡iYy cieZx© dz‡ji Mf©gy‡Ê †j‡M
hvq| Gfv‡e civMvq‡bi KvRwU n‡q hvq|
AZGe, DcwiD³ Av‡jvPbv e¨vL¨v K‡i †`Lv hvq, civM‡iYy I civMvqb m¤úwK©Z wkÿ‡Ki cÖ_g K_vwU AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
N. DÏxc‡K wgZzi wkÿK civMvq‡bi Rb¨ dz‡ji MV‡bi wewfbœ cwieZ©b ev Awf‡hvR‡bi K_v e‡j‡Qb|
civMvq‡bi gva¨g¸‡jvi mvnvh¨ †c‡Z dz‡ji MV‡b wKQz cwieZ©b jÿ Kiv hvq| G‡K Awf‡hvRb ejv nq| wkÿ‡Ki K_vi Av‡jv‡K
wb‡P wewfbœ cÖKvi civMxq dz‡ji Awf‡hvR‡bi cÖKvi‡f` Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|
cZ½civMx dzj : dzj eo, iwOb, gayMÜhy³| civM‡iYy I Mf©gyÊ AuvVv‡jv I M»hy³, †hgb-Rev, Kzgov, mwilv BZ¨vw`|
evqycivMx dzj : dzj eY©, MÜ I gayMÖwš’nxb| civM‡iYy nvjKv, AmsL¨ I AvKv‡i ¶z`ª| G‡`i Mf©gyÊ AuvVv‡jv, kvLvwš^Z, KL‡bv
cvj‡Ki b¨vq, †hgb- avb, Mg BZ¨vw`|
cvwbcivMx dzj : Giv AvKv‡i ¶z`ª, nvjKv Ges AmsL¨| Giv mn‡RB cvwb‡Z fvm‡Z cv‡i| Gme dz‡j myMÜ †bB| ¯¿xdz‡ji e„šÍ
j¤^v wKš‘ cysdz‡ji e„šÍ †QvU| cwiYZ cysdzj e„šÍ †_‡K Ly‡j cvwb‡Z fvm‡Z _v‡K, †hgb-cvZvk¨vIjv|
cÖvwYcivMx dzj: Gme dzj †gvUvgywU eo ai‡bi nq| Z‡e †QvU n‡j dzj¸‡jv cy®úgÄix‡Z mw¾Z _v‡K| G‡`i is AvKl©Yxq nq|
Gme dz‡j MÜ _vK‡Z cv‡i ev bvI _vK‡Z cv‡i| †hgb-K`g, wkgyj, KPz BZ¨vw`|
 Aóg †kÖwY : weÁvb  1

cÂg Aa¨vq
mgš^q I wbtmiY
enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
1. g~Î ˆZwii KviLvbv †KvbwU? 14. †`n‡Kv‡li k¦m‡b Drcbœ Kve©b WvBA·vBW Kxfv‡e dzmdz‡m hvq?
K Z¡K  e„° M hK…Z N dzmdzm K wbtk¦v‡mi gva¨‡g L cÖk¦v‡mi gva¨‡g
2. †K cÖ_g ÔAw·bÕ ni‡gvb Avwe®‹vi K‡ib?  i‡³i gva¨‡g N P‡g©i gva¨‡g
 Pvj©R WviDBbL †WwfW †cÖBb M GwióUj N n¨v·‡j 15. †giæi¾yi †KvbwUi †fZi w`‡q Abyf‚wZevnx mœvqyZš¿ GK¯’vb †_‡K
3. gvby‡li gw¯Í‡®‹i cÖavb Ask KqwU? Ab¨¯’v‡b hvq?
K2 3 M4 N5 K †jvwnZ c`v_© L †gWzjv  †k¦Z c`v_© N a~mi c`v_©
4. wbDib †KvbwUi cÖavb Ask? 16. cÖwZeZ© P‡µi KqwU Ask i‡q‡Q?
K Z¡K L gw¯Í®‹  mœvqyZš¿ N mœvqyi¾y K3 L4 5 N7
5. †KvbwU jNy gw¯Í‡®‹i cÖavb KvR? 17. wbDi‡b †KvbwU Abycw¯’Z?
K `„wókw³ wbqš¿Y L kªeYkw³ wbqš¿Y K A¨v·b L †WbWªb M wmb¨vcm  †mw›UªIj
 †`‡ni fvimvg¨ iÿv N NÖvYkw³ wbqš¿Y 18. †KvbwU mgMÖ mœvqyZ‡š¿i PvjK?
6. gvbe gw¯Í‡®‹i me‡P‡q DbœZ Ask− K ürwcÊ  gw¯Í®‹ M e„° N †giæi¾y
K jNy gw¯Í®‹ L ga¨ gw¯Í®‹  ¸iæ gw¯Í®‹ N cb&m& 19. ¸iægw¯Í‡®‹i DcwifvM Ask‡K †MÖ g¨vUvi ejv nq †Kb?
7. Avgv‡`i wbtk¦v‡mi evqy‡Z kZKiv KZfvM Kve©b WvBA·vBW _v‡K?  †`L‡Z a~mi e‡Y©i L †`L‡Z mv`v e‡Y©i
K8 4 M6 N2 M †`L‡Z njy` e‡Y©i N †`L‡Z jvj e‡Y©i
8. †Kvl †`n n‡Z Drcbœ j¤^v myZvi g‡Zv Ask‡K Kx e‡j? 20. †µva, j¾v, Mig I wb`ªv G¸‡jv wbqš¿Y K‡i †K?
K †WbWªb  A¨v·b M wmb¨vcm N gv‡qvwjb wm_  ¸iæ gw¯Í®‹ L ga¨ gw¯Í®‹ M jNy gw¯Í®‹ N †gWzjv
9. †KvbwU‡K gw¯Í‡®‹i †hvRK ejv nq? 21. mœvqyZ‡š¿i MVb I Kv‡Ri GKK‡K Kx e‡j?
K †gvo–jv  cbm& M †giæi¾y N ga¨ gw¯Í®‹ K †`n‡Kvl L Rbb‡Kvl  wbDib N †Kvl †`n
10. gw¯Í‡®‹i †Kvb AskwU ü`¯ú›`b I Lv`¨ MÖnY K‡i? 22. †Kvb A½wU QuvKwbi KvR K‡i?
K cbm  †gWzjv M †mwieªvg N _¨vjvgvm  e„° L hK…Z M dzmdzm N cvK¯’jx
11. †Kvb ni‡gvbwU cÎ gyKjz ‡K cy®ú gyK‡z j cwiYZ K‡i? 23. eû‡Kvlx cÖvYxi †cŠwóK bvjx Ges †`n cÖvPx‡ii ga¨eZ©x duvKv ¯’vb‡K
K Aw·b L Bw_wjb Kx e‡j?
M wR‡e‡iwjb  †d¬vwi‡Rb K Bwjqvg  wm‡jvg M e„n`všÍ N †Kvjb
12. †Kvb A½wU †iPbZ‡š¿i KviLvbv wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i? 24. gvbe‡`‡ni †iPb A½ †KvbwU?
 e„° L g~Î_wj  e„° L hK…Z M dzmdzm N Pg©
M g~Îbvwj N BD‡iUvi 25. M¨vmxq ni‡gvb †KvbwU?
13. gw¯Í‡®‹i AveiY m„wóKvix c`©vi bvg Kx? K Aw·b L wR‡eŸ‡iwjb  Bw_wjb NmvB‡UvKvBwbb
K †cwiKvwW©qvg L K¨vcwmDj 26. gw¯Í‡®‹i wb‡Pi Ask †KvbwU?
 †gwbb‡Rm N cøyiv K ¸iægw¯Í®‹  jNygw¯Í®‹ M †gWzjv N cbm

eûc`x mgvwßm~PK enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi

27. Aw·b Gi cÖfv‡e- [e¸ov K¨v›Ub‡g›U cvewjK ¯‹zj I K‡jR] K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii  i, ii I iii
i. kvLv Kj‡g g~j MRvq 31. †d¬vwi‡RbÑ
ii. dj AKv‡j S‡i c‡o bv i. c‡Î Drcbœ nq
iii. åƒY gyKzjveiYxi e„w× N‡U ii. cÎg~‡j ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? iii. Dw™¢‡` dzj Drcbœ K‡i
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii  i, ii I iii wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
28. wR‡eŸ‡iwj‡bi Dcw¯’wZ †`Lv hvqÑ [Lyjbv miKvwi evwjKv D”P we`¨vjq] K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii  i, ii I iii
i. PvivMv‡Q ii. exRc‡Î 32. Avg Mv‡Q Aw·b cÖ‡qv‡Mi d‡jÑ
iii. c‡Îi ewa©òz A‡j i. kvLv Kj‡g g~j MRvq ii. dj `ªæZ cv‡K
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? iii. dj S‡i cov eÜ nq
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii  i, ii I iii wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
29. bvB‡Uªv‡RbNwUZ eR©¨ c`v_© wKWbxi gva¨‡g †ei nq− K i I ii  i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
i. A¨v‡gvwbqv ii. BDwiqv iii. BDwiK GwmW 33. wbDibÑ
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? i. mœvqyZ‡š¿i MVb I Kv‡Ri GKK
Ki L ii M i I ii  i, ii I iii ii. gvbe‡`‡ni `xN©Zg †Kvl
30. mœvqy‡Kv‡li KvR− iii. Gi cÖavb `ywU Ask _v‡K
i. DÏxcbv enb Kiv ii. gw¯Í‡®‹ ¯§„wZ msiÿY Kiv wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
iii. wewfbœ ˆRweK Kvh©vewji mgš^q mvab Kiv K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii  i, ii I iii
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
 Aóg †kÖwY : weÁvb  2

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ I DËi

cÖkœ -1 wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI : Kv‡RB GB †Kvl ev wUmy¨wU cÖvYx‡`‡ni Rb¨ AZšÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
wew_ myuP w`‡q wbweó g‡b Rvgv †mjvB K‡iwQj| Ò†ejv Mwo‡q hv‡”Q A_P AZGe, Avgvi gZvgZ n‡jv wew_i m~uP †dvUvi Abyf‚wZevnx
evev‡K GL‡bv †L‡Z †`qv nqwbÓ| GK_v g‡b co‡ZB AmZK©fv‡e Av½y‡j wUmy¨wU cÖvYx‡`‡ni Rb¨ Acwinvh©|
myuP dz‡U †Mj| ZvrÿwYKfv‡e Zvi nvZwU Ab¨Î m‡i hvq|
K. mœvqyZvobv Kx? 1 cÖkœ -2  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :
L. ni‡gvb Kxfv‡e KvR K‡i? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
A B
M. wew_i nv‡Z mu~P †dvUv I nvZ ZvrÿwYKfv‡e mwi‡q †bqvi
Pg© e„°
NUbvwUi ˆeÁvwbK we‡kølY `vI| 3
N. wew_i m~uP †dvUvi Abyf‚wZevnx wUmy¨wU cÖvYx‡`‡n Acwinvh©- K. †iPbZš¿ Kx? 1
gZvgZ `vI| 4 L. Lv‡Uv Dw™¢‡` wR‡eŸ‡iwjb cÖ‡qv‡M Kx N‡U? e¨vL¨v
Ki| 2
 1bs cª‡kœi DËi  M. 'A' A½wU‡Z myuP †dvUvgvÎ †cwk msKzwPZ nIqvi
K. mœvqyi †fZi w`‡q †h msev` ev Abyf‚wZ cÖevwnZ nq ZvB cÖwµqvwU e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
mœvqyZvobv| N. Q‡K DwjøwLZ 'B' A½wUi ¸iæZ¡ we‡kølY
L. mvaviYZ ni‡gvb †Kv‡l Drcbœ n‡q Drcw˯’j †_‡K evwnZ n‡q Ki| 4
`~ieZ©x ¯’v‡bi †Kv‡li Kvh©vewj wbqš¿Y K‡i|  2bs cª‡kœi DËi 
Dw™¢‡`i åƒYgyKzjveiYxi AMÖfv‡M Aew¯’Z ivmvqwbK c`v_©
GKwU e„w× mnvqK ni‡gvb| Dw™¢‡`i ni‡gv‡bi g‡a¨ AviI K. †h Zš¿ †iPb Kv‡h© mvnvh¨ K‡i ZvB †iPbZš¿|
L. Lv‡Uv Dw™¢‡` wR‡eŸ‡iwjb cÖ‡qv‡M Dw™¢`wU j¤^v n‡q hvq|
i‡q‡Q Aw·b, wR‡eŸ‡iwjb, mvB‡UvKvBwbb BZ¨vw`| GQvov
PvivMvQ, exRcÎ I c‡Îi ewa©òz A‡j wR‡eŸ‡iwjb ni‡gvbwU
Rx‡ei mKj ˆRweK KvR †hgb : e„w×, cÖRbb, eskwe¯Ívi, _v‡K| Gi cÖfv‡e Dw™¢‡` ce©ga¨¸‡jv ˆ`‡N©¨ e„w× cvq| GRb¨
Abyf‚wZ MÖnY I cÖwZwµqv m„wó BZ¨vw`‡Z ni‡gv‡bi ¸iæZ¡ Lv‡Uv Dw™¢‡` G ni‡gvb cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j Dw™¢`wU Ab¨vb¨ mvaviY
Acwimxg| Dw™¢` †_‡KI AwaK j¤^v nq|
M. wew_i nv‡Z m~uP †dvUv I nvZ ZvrÿwYKfv‡e mwi‡q †bqvi NUbvwU M. 'A' A½wU n‡jv Pg© ev Z¡K| G A‡½ muyP †dvUvgvÎ †cwk msKzwPZ
cÖwZeZ© wµqv| nIqvi cÖwµqvwU n‡jv cÖwZeZ© wµqv|
cÖwZeZ© wµqv N‡U mœvqyi Zvobvi ZvrÿwYK Kvh©KvwiZvi d‡j hv cÖwZeZ© wµqv N‡U mœvqyi Zvobvi ZvrÿwYK Kvh©KvwiZvi d‡j|
AÁvZmv‡i ev AvcbvAvcwbB n‡q _v‡K| †h wµqv Abyf‚wZi †hgb, nv‡Z ev cv‡q muyP dzU‡j Avgiv Zv wbwg‡lB mwi‡q †bB
D‡ËRbv Øviv Drcbœ nq, gw¯Í®‹ Øviv PvwjZ nq bv Zv‡KB GB cÖwZeZ© wµqvi gva¨‡g| cÖwµqvwU wb‡P e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv:
cÖwZeZ© wµqv e‡j| GwUB Z¡‡Ki †h‡Kv‡bv DÏxcbvRwbZ Kvi‡Y nv‡Zi Pvgovq muyP †dvUvgvÎ Abyf‚wZevnx mœvqyZš¿ myuP †dvUvi
ZvrÿwYKfv‡e nvZ mwi‡q †bqvi NUbvwUi ˆeÁvwbK e¨vL¨v| hš¿Yv MÖnY K‡i| G hš¿Yv`vqK Zvobv Abyf‚wZevnx mœvqyZš‘i
DÏxc‡KI wew_i nv‡Zi Pvgovq m~uP †dvUvgvÎ Abyf‚wZevnx gva¨‡g †giæi¾y‡Z †cuŠ‡Q| H GKB Zvobv Abyf‚wZevnx
mœvqyZš‘ m~uP †dvUvi hš¿Yv MÖnY K‡i| GB hš¿Yv`vqK Zvobv mœvqy‡Kvl †_‡K AvÁvevnx mœvqy‡Z cÖevwnZ nq| mœvqyZvobv
Abyf‚wZevnx mœvqyZš‘i gva¨‡g †giæi¾y‡Z †cuŠ‡Q| H GKB AvÁvevnx †Kv‡l †cuŠQvgvÎ †cwk‡Z †cÖiY K‡i| d‡j †cwk
msKzwPZ nq Ges hš¿Yvi Drm †_‡K nvZ mwi‡q †`q|
Zvobv Abyf‚wZevnx mœvqy‡Kvl †_‡K AvÁvevnx mœvqy‡Z cÖevwnZ
AZGe, DcwiDw³ cÖwµqvq 'A' A½wU‡Z muyP †dvUvgvÎ †cwk
nq| mœvqyZvobv AvÁvevnx †Kv‡l †cuŠQvgvÎ †cwk‡Z †cÖiY K‡i| msKzwPZ nq|
d‡j wew_i †cwk msKzwPZ nq Ges †m hš¿Yvi Drm †_‡K nvZ
mwi‡q †bq| N. Q‡K DwjøwLZ 'B' A½wU n‡jv e„°| GwU †iPb c`v_© Acmvi‡Yi
N. wew_i m~uP †dvUvi Abyf‚wZevnx wUmy¨wU n‡jv mœvqywUmy¨ ev mœvqy‡Kvl| †K›`ª¯’j| ZvB G A‡½i ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg|
GwU cÖvYx‡`‡ni mg¯Í Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ mgš^q mva‡bi Rb¨ e„° QuvKwbi g‡Zv KvR K‡i| hK…Z Avgv‡`i †`‡ni AwZwi³
Acwinvh©| A¨vgvB‡bv GwmW‡K †f‡O BDwiqv, BDwiK GwmW, A¨v‡gvwbqv
BZ¨vw` bvB‡Uªv‡RbNwUZ eR©¨ c`v_© ˆZwi K‡i| G¸‡jv †`‡ni
nv‡Z m~uP †dvUvi m‡½ m‡½ Abyf‚wZevnx mœvqy DÏxcbv MÖnY
Rb¨ ÿwZKi| e„° i³ †_‡K GB ÿwZKi c`v_©¸‡jv †Qu‡K
K‡i| hv A‡bK¸‡jv ci¯úi mshy³ mœvqy‡Kv‡li gva¨‡g †bq| GB ÿwZKi c`v_©mg~n cvwbi mv‡_ wg‡k nvjKv njy`
AvÁvevnx †Kv‡l cÖevwnZ nq| e‡Y©i g~Î ˆZwi K‡i Ges †`n †_‡K wbM©Z nq|
Gfv‡e wewfbœ Kg©Kv‡Êi mv‡_ †hvMm~Î iPbv Kiv Ges g~‡Îi gva¨‡gB †`‡ni kZKiv Avwk fvM bvB‡Uªv‡RbNwUZ
cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ m¤úK© ivLvi Rb¨ Rxe‡`‡n `ªæZ †hvMv‡hvM eR©bxq c`v_© cwiZ¨³ nq| G m¤ú~Y© KvRwU msNwUZ nq e„‡°i
iÿv Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| †`‡ni wewfbœ As‡ki DÏxcbv enb Kiv, Af¨šÍ‡i| ZvB e„°‡KB cÖavb †iPb A½ ejv nq|
†`‡ni wewfbœ A‡½i Kv‡Ri mgš^q mvab Kiv I cwi‡e‡ki AZGe, DcwiD³ Av‡jvPbv we‡kølY K‡i ejv hvq †h, Q‡K
mv‡_ m¤úK© ivLvi KvRwU K‡i mœvqy‡Kvl| mœvqy‡Kvl †`‡ni DwjøwLZ 'B' A½wU A_©vr e„‡°i ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg|
wewfbœ A‡½i ms‡hvM iÿv K‡i, wewfbœ ˆRweK Kvh©vejxi mgš^q
mvab K‡i Ges DÏxcbvq mvov w`‡q Dchy³ cÖwZ‡e`b m„wó
Kivi gva¨‡g cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ m¤úK© iÿv K‡i|
 1

lô Aa¨vq
cigvYyi MVb
enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
1. 20. F-G B‡jKUªb msL¨v KZ?
9 L 10 M 11 N 17

21.

wPÎ ÔCÕ
wP‡Îi ÔCÕ †gŠjwUi fimsL¨v KZ? n n
K 14 L 13  12 N 11 n
2. wWD‡Uwiqv‡gi fimsL¨v KZ?
K1 2 M3 N4
DÏxc‡Ki cigvYywUi fimsL¨v KZ?
3. CO2-G C Gi myß †hvRbx KZ?
K4 3 M2 N1
2 L3 M4 N8
22. A¨v‡gvwbqvi GKwU AYy‡Z KqwU cigvYy we`¨gvb?
4. †KvbwU K¨vUvqb?
K1 L2 M3 4
K H2 L O2  Na N Cl
5. KZ mv‡j wbDUªb Avwe®‹vi n‡qwQj? 23. wbqb cigvYyi B‡jKUªb web¨vm †KvbwU?
K 1832 L 1903 M 1920  1932 K 2, 5 L 2, 7  2, 8 N 2, 8, 1
6. †Kvb †gŠ‡ji wbDwK¬qv‡m wbDUªb bvB? 24. mvjdvi cigvYyi †gvU B‡jKUªb msL¨v KZ?
K Kcvi L †mvwWqvg M bvB‡Uªv‡Rb  nvB‡Wªv‡Rb K 12 L 13 M 15  16
7. cigvYyi 2q †m‡j m‡e©v”P KZwU B‡jKUªb _vK‡Z cv‡i? 25. wbq‡bi Z…Zxq Kÿc‡_ †h B‡jKUªb msL¨v KZ?
8 L 12 M 16 N 18 0 L1 M2 N3
8. Wvë‡bi cigvYyev` cÖKvwkZ nqÑ 26. nvB‡Wªv‡R‡bi KqwU AvB‡mv‡Uvc Av‡Q?
K 1603 mv‡j L 1703 mv‡j  1803 mv‡j N 1903 mv‡j K1 L2 3 N4
9. G‡Ki AwaK cigvYy hy³ n‡q MVb K‡iÑ 27. †gŠ‡ji fimsL¨v †_‡K †cÖvUb msL¨v ev` w`‡j †KvbwU _v‡K?
 AYy L Avqb M cigvYy N A¨vbvqb K AvYweK msL¨v L cvigvYweK msL¨v
10. †Kvb †gŠj¸‡jvi †hvRbx `yB? M B‡jKUªb msL¨v  wbDUªb msL¨v
K †K¬vwib, †d¬vwib, †eªvwgb 28. X GKwU †gŠj hvi fimsL¨v 16| Gi cvigvYweK msL¨v KZ?
L †mvwWqvg, cUvwkqvg, g¨vM‡bwkqvg K1 L2 M4 8
 g¨vM‡bwkqvg, K¨vjwmqvg, Kve©b 29. GKwU cigvYy‡Z †cÖvUb I wbDUª‡bi †gvU msL¨v‡K Kx e‡j?
N bvB‡Uªv‡Rb, dmKivm, Kve©b  fimsL¨v L cvigvYweK msL¨v
11. †K¬vwi‡bi †hvRbx KZ? M cvigvYweK fi N B‡jKUªb msL¨v
1 L2 M3 N4 30. †Kv‡bv †gŠ‡ji fimsL¨v 23 Ges †cÖvUb msL¨v 11 n‡j Zvi wbDUªb
12. Kve©‡bi AvB‡mv‡Uvc KqwU? msL¨v KZ?
K1 L2 3 N4 K 11  12 M 13 N 14
13. †gŠ‡ji cvigvYweK msL¨v I fimsL¨v n‡Z wb‡Pi †KvbwU Rvbv hvq? 31. Kve©‡bi cvigvYweK msL¨v KZ?
K †gŠ‡ji cÖZxKL AYyi MVb M †gŠ‡ji fi  wbDUªb msL¨v K4 6 M 12 N 16
14. wewfbœ †ivM wbivg‡q †KvbwU e¨eüZ nq? 32. †Kv‡bv †gŠ‡ji cigvYy‡Z 3wU †cÖvUb I 4wU wbDUªb Av‡Q| †gŠjwUi
K †cÖvUb L B‡jKUªb M wbDUªb  AvB‡mv‡Uvc fi msL¨v KZ?
15. †KvbwU Kve©‡bi B‡jKUªb web¨vm? K6 7 M8 N9

  


 33. wnwjqvg cigvYy †ewk w¯’wZkxj †Kb?
K L M    †kl Kÿc_ B‡jKUªb Øviv c~Y© e‡j
      L wbDwK¬qv‡m `ywU B‡jKUªb we`¨gvb e‡j
   
   M †kl Kÿc‡_ AvUwU B‡jKUªb _v‡K e‡j
16. 2n2 m~Îvbymv‡i †Kv‡bv cigvYyi Z…Zxq kw³¯Í‡i KqwU B‡jKUªb N AvKv‡i †ek eo e‡j
_v‡K? 34. †Kv‡bv GKwU †gŠ‡ji cvigvYweK msL¨v 15, fimsL¨v 31| H †gŠ‡ji
K2 L8  18 N 32 wbDUªb msL¨v KZ?
17. Na Gi mwVK B‡jKUªb web¨vm †KvbwU? K 15  16 M 20 N 30
K 2, 8  2, 8, 1 M 2, 7 N 2, 8, 2 35. wjw_qvg cigvYyi B‡jKUªb web¨vm wb‡Pi †KvbwU?
18. GKwU Aw·‡Rb cigvYy KqwU nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYyi mv‡_ hy³ nq? K 2, 4 L 2, 8, 1  2, 1 N 2, 8, 2
K1 2 M3 N4
19. wmwjK‡bi GKwU cigvYy‡Z †cÖvUb msL¨v 14 n‡j cvigvYweK msL¨v
KZ n‡e?
 14 L 11 M6 N5
 Aóg †kÖwY : weÁvb  2

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ I DËi

cÖkœ -1  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI : M. DÏxc‡K cÖ`Ë †gŠj wZbwUi †cÖvUb msL¨v ev cvigvYweK msL¨v
weÁvbx iv`vi‡dvW© 1803 mv‡j Zuvi cigvYy g‡W‡ji aviYv †`b| h_vµ‡g 10, 11 I 17| G‡`i B‡jKUªb msL¨vI 10, 11 I
aviYvK…Z dj †_‡K iv`vi‡dvW© e‡jb †h, cigvYy‡Z abvZ¥K Avavb 17| †gŠj¸‡jvi B‡jKUªb web¨vm wbgœiƒc :
I fi GKwU ¶z`ª RvqMvq Ave×| wZwb Gi bvg †`b wbDwK¬qvm| A(10) → 2, 8
K. A¨vbvqb Kx? 1 B(11) → 2, 8, 1
L. Kve©‡bi AvB‡mv‡Uvc wZbwU †Kb? 2 C(17) → 2, 8, 7
M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ g‡WjwUi ˆewkó¨ wjL| 3 wb‡P †gŠj wZbwUi B‡jKUªb web¨v‡mi wPÎ Gu‡K †`Lv‡bv n‡jv|
N. DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ g‡W‡j †mŠi g‡Wj AbymiY Kiv nq
wKbv hvPvB Ki| 4
 1bs cª‡kœi DËi 
K. A¨vbvqb n‡jv FYvZ¥K Avavbhy³ cigvYy|
L. Kve©‡bi †ewki fvM cigvYy‡Z 6wU †cÖvUb I 6wU wbDUªb i‡q‡Q| wPÎ- †gŠj A (10) wPÎ- †gŠj B (11) wPÎ- †gŠj C (17)
wKš‘ Kve©‡bi wKQz cigvYy‡Z 7wU ev 8wU wbDUªb _v‡K| GRb¨ N. DwjøwLZ †gŠj¸‡jv n‡jv A, B I C hv‡`i cvigvYweK msL¨v
6 7 8
Kve©‡bi wZbwU AvB‡mv‡Uvc i‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv n‡jv, 6C , 6C I 6C h_vµ‡g 10, 11 I 17|
cvigvYweK msL¨v Abyhvqx,
| G †gŠj¸‡jvi g‡a¨ B I C w`‡q GKwU †hŠM MVb Kiv hvq|
M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ g‡WjwU n‡jv iv`vi‡dv‡W©i cigvYy g‡Wj| cÖ`Ë †gŠj¸‡jvi g‡a¨ A †gŠjwUi B‡jKUªb web¨vm A(10) → 2,
Gi ˆewkó¨mg~n wbgœiƒc : 8| GwU GKwU w¯’wZkxj ev wbw®Œq †gŠj ZvB †Kv‡bv eÜb ev
i. cigvYyi †gvU AvqZ‡bi Zzjbvq wbDwK¬qv‡mi AvqZb AZ¨šÍ bMY¨| †hŠM MVb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
ii. wbDwK¬qv‡m cigvYyi mg¯Í abvZ¥K Avavb I cÖvq mg¯Í fi B cigvYyi B‡jKUªb web¨vm B(11) → 2, 8, 1|
†K›`ªxf‚Z| GwU w¯’wZkxj Ae¯’v bq| cigvYywUi me©ewn¯’ Kÿc‡_i GKwU
iii. cigvYyi †ewki fvM RvqMv duvKv Avi FYvZ¥K Avavbhy³ B‡jKUªb Z¨vM Ki‡jB cigvYywU B+ K¨vUvq‡b cwiYZ n‡e hv
KYvi †Zgb †Kv‡bv fi †bB Ges Zviv wbDwK¬qvm‡K †K›`ª GKwU w¯’wZkxj Ae¯’v|
K‡i Nyi‡Q| ZLb Gi B‡jKUªb web¨vm n‡e, B+ →2, 8
N. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ g‡W‡j †mŠi g‡Wj AbymiY Kiv nq| Avevi C cigvYyi B‡jKUªb web¨vm C(17) → 2, 8, 7
GwU w¯’wZkxj Ae¯’v bq| cigvYywU Zvi me©ewn¯’ Kÿc‡_
g‡WjwU n‡jv iv`vi‡dv‡W©i cigvYy g‡Wj| G g‡Wj Abymv‡i GKwU B‡jKUªb MÖnY Ki‡jB GwU C- A¨vbvq‡b cwiYZ n‡e|
†mŠiRM‡Zi m~‡h©i Pvwiw`‡K N~Y©vqgvb MÖnmg~‡ni g‡Zv cigvYyi ZLb Gi B‡jKUªb web¨vm n‡e, C- → 2, 8, 8
B‡jKUªb¸‡jv wbDwK¬qv‡mi Pviw`‡K Aweivg Nyi‡Q| abvZ¥K B‡jKUªb eR©b I MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g B I C cigvYy `ywU abvZ¥K I
Avavbwewkó wbDwK¬qvm I FYvZ¥K Avavbwewkó B‡jKUªbmg~‡ni FYvZ¥K Avq‡b cwiYZ nq| d‡j Zv‡`i g‡a¨ GKwU AvKl©Y
cvi¯úwiK w¯’i ˆe`y¨wZK AvKl©YRwbZ †K›`ªgyLx ej Ges ej KvR K‡i Ges Zviv G‡K A‡b¨i mv‡_ e܇b Ave× nq|
N~Y©vqgvb B‡jKUª‡bi †K›`ªwegyLx ej ci¯úi mgvb| Gfv‡e `ywU wfbœ †gŠ‡ji cigvYy †_‡K †hŠM ˆZwi nq| cÖwµqvwU‡K
AZGe, DcwiD³ Av‡jvPbv hvPvB K‡i ejv hvq, DÏxc‡K wbgœiƒ‡c †`Lv‡bv hvq :
DwjøwLZ g‡WjwU †mŠi g‡Wj‡K AbymiY K‡i| B→ B+ + e-
C + e- → C-
cÖkœ -2  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI : B+C→ B+ C- ev BC
"A", "B" I "C" wZbwU †gŠj, hv‡`i †cÖvUb msL¨v h_vµ‡g 10, 11 AZGe DcwiDw³ ch©v‡jvPbv hvPvB K‡i †`Lv‡bv hvq †h,
Ges 17| DwjøwLZ †gŠj¸‡jvi g‡a¨ B I C w`‡q †hŠM MVb Kiv hvq|
K. †ZRw¯Œq AvB‡mv‡Uvc Kx? 1
L. wPwKrmv‡ÿ‡Î AvB‡mv‡Uv‡ci `yBwU e¨envi †jL| 2
M. DÏxc‡K cÖ`Ë †gŠj wZbwUi B‡jKUªb web¨v‡mi wPÎ
Gu‡K †`LvI| 3
N. DwjøwLZ †gŠj¸‡jv w`‡q †Kv‡bv †hŠM MVb Kiv hvq
wKbv hvPvB K‡i †`LvI| 4
 2bs cª‡kœi DËi 
K. †h AvB‡mv‡Uvc wewfbœ †ZRw¯Œq iwk¥ I KYv wewKiY K‡i ZvB
†ZRw¯Œq AvB‡mv‡Uvc|
L. wPwKrmv‡ÿ‡Î AvB‡mv‡Uv‡ci `yÕwU e¨envi wbgœiƒc :
1. †Kv‡bv ¶z`ª i³bvwj ÿwZMÖ¯Í n‡j i‡³i gva¨‡g AvB‡mv‡Uvc
cvwV‡q Zv kbv³ Kiv hvq|
2. K¨vÝvi AvµvšÍ †Kvl wbY©q I aŸsm Kiv hvq AvB‡mv‡Uvc
e¨envi K‡i|
 Aóg †kÖwY : weÁvb  1

mßg Aa¨vq
c„w_ex I gnvKl©
enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi

1. c„w_exc„‡ô 100 †KwR f‡ii e¯‘i IRb KZ n‡e? 20. †Kv‡bv e¯‘i fi c„w_ex‡Z 40 †KwR n‡j Puv‡` fi KZ n‡e?
K 9.8 wbDUb  980 wbDUb M 980 †KwR N 98 wbDUb K 6.6 †KwR  40 †KwR M 240 †KwR N 392
2. e¯‘i IRb †Kv_vq me‡P‡q †ewk? †KwR
 †giæ A‡j L f~-c„‡ô M cvnv‡o N Puv‡` 21. AwfKl©R Z¡i‡Yi GKK †KvbwU?]
3. ÔgÕ Gi gvb c„w_exi †K‡›`ª KZ? K wgUvi/†m‡KÛ  wgUvi/†m‡KÛ2
K 9.8 wg./†m2 L 9.8 wg.†m. M 92 wg.†m/2  0 M wbDUb/wgUvi N wbDUb/MÖvg
4. c„w_ex‡Z †Zvgvi fi 42 †KwR| †Zvgvi IRb KZ? 22. IR‡bi GKK †KvbwU?
K 9.8 wbDUb L 98 wbDUb M 19.6 wbDUb  411.6  wbDUb L wK‡jvMÖvg M wgUvi N †fvë
wbDUb 23. welye A‡j †Kv‡bv e¯‘i IRb Kg nq †Kb?
5. GKwU e¯‘i fi 50 †KwR| Gi IRb KZ? K e‡ji gvb †ewk e‡j L g-Gi gvb †ewk e‡j
 490 wbDUb L 390 wbDUb M 4.90 wbDUb N 0.49  g-Gi gvb Kg e‡j N c„w_exi e¨vmva© †ewk e‡j
wbDUb 24. AYyi fi 24 †KwR| Puv‡` Zvi f‡ii wKiƒc cwieZ©b NU‡e?
6. wbw`©ó f‡ii `yBwU e¯‘i ga¨Kvi `~iZ¡ 4 ¸Y Ki‡j ej KZ¸Y 1 1
 GKB _vK‡e L wظY n‡e M n‡e N n‡e
n‡e? 6 4
1 1 1 1 25. †KvbwUi cÖfv‡e Dc‡ii w`‡K wbwÿß e¯‘ wb‡Pi w`‡K c‡o?
K L M 
4 9 12 16 K gnvK‡l©i L evZv‡mi M IRbnxbZvi  AwfK‡l©i
7. wb‡Pi †Kvb mgxKiYwU mwVK? 26. c„w_ex c„‡ô 1 †KwR f‡ii †Kv‡bv e¯‘i IRb KZ wbDUb?
Fd GM Fd2  9.8 L 98 M 980 N 9800
KG= LG= MG=  F = G
m1m2 d2 m1m2 27. †Kv‡bv e¯‘‡Z c`v‡_©i cwigvY‡K Kx e‡j?
m1m2  fi L ej M IRb N Z¡iY
d2
8. f‚-c„ô †_‡K ce©Z P‚ovq †Kv‡bv e¯‘i IR‡bi Kx cwieZ©b n‡e? eûc`x mgvwßm~PK enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
1
K mgvb n‡e  Kg n‡e M †ewk n‡e m 1m 2
N
6 Ask 28. F=G
d2
GLv‡b−
n‡e i. 'G' gnvKl©xq aªæeK ii. 'd' e¯‘؇qi gaeZ©x `~iZ¡
9. †Kv‡bv e¯‘‡K c„w_ex †h ej Øviv Zvi †K‡›`ªi w`‡K AvKl©Y K‡i iii. m1 I m2 e¯‘؇qi fi
Zv‡K Kx e‡j? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
 IRb L AwfKl© M gnvKl© N AwfKl© K i I ii L iii M ii I iii  i, ii I iii
Z¡iY 29. AwfKl©R Z¡i‡Yi gvb−
10. †Kv_vq e¯‘i Dci c„w_exi †Kv‡bv AvKl©Y _v‡K bv? i. c„w_exi †K‡›`ª k~b¨ ii. †giæ A‡j 9.8 wgUvi/†m‡KÛ2
 c„w_exi †K‡›`ª L c„w_exi Dc‡i iii. f‚-c„‡ô 9.8 wgUvi/†m‡KÛ2
M †giæ A‡j N welyexq A‡j wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
11. 5 †KwR f‡ii †Kv‡bv e¯‘‡K Puv‡` wb‡j Zvi IRb KZ n‡e? K i I ii  i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
 8.17 wbDUb L 49.01 wbDUb 30. wbDU‡bi gnvKl© m~‡Îi †ÿ‡Î−
M 49.15 wbDUb N 48.90 wbDUb i. gnvwe‡k¦i cÖwZwU e¯‘KYv G‡K Aci‡K wb‡Ri w`‡K AvKl©Y K‡i
12. wbw`©ó f‡ii `ywU e¯‘i ga¨eZ©x `~iZ¡ wظY n‡j e‡ji Kx cwieZ©b ii. AvKl©Y e‡ji gvb e¯‘ KYv؇qi f‡ii ¸Yd‡ji mgvbycvwZK
n‡e? iii. AvKl©Y e‡ji gvb e¯‘i `~i‡Z¡i e‡M©i e¨¯ÍvbycvwZK
K Pvi¸Y L A‡a©K M GK-Z…Zxqvsk  GK- wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii  i, ii I iii
PZz_©vsk
13. cÖ_g gvwK©b K…wÎg DcMÖ‡ni bvg Kx? 31. AwfKl©R Z¡i‡Yi †ÿ‡ÎÑ [ivRDK DËiv g‡Wj K‡jR, XvKv]
i. Gi gvb e¯‘ wbi‡cÿ ii. Gi GKK wgUvi/†m‡KÛ2
K f÷K-1 L j¨vÛ‡mU-1 M ¯úyUwbK-1  G·‡cøvivi-
iii. GwU AwfKl© ej I f‡ii ¸Yd‡ji mgvb
1
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
14. †giæ A‡j ÔgÕ Gi gvb KZ? Ki  i I ii M i I iii N i, ii I iii
K 9.78 wgUvi/†m‡KÛ2 L 9.79 wgUvi/†m‡KÛ2
32. g Gi gvb †Kv_vq †ewk? [DËiv nvB ¯‹zj K‡jR, XvKv]
M 9.81 wgUvi/†m‡KÛ2  9.83 wgUvi/†m‡KÛ2
i. welyexq GjvKvq ii. †giæ GjvKvq iii. f‚c„‡ô
15. Puv‡` 16.30 wbDUb IR‡bi e¯‘i c„w_ex‡Z fi KZ wK‡jvMÖvg? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K1  10 M 98 N 100
K i I ii L i I iii  ii I iii N i, ii I iii
16. `ywU e¯‘i fi wظY Kiv n‡j AvKlY© ej KZ n‡e?
K A‡a©K L GK-Z…Zxqvsk  wظY N wZb¸Y Awfbœ Z_¨wfwËK enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
17. c„w_ex I GKwU e¯‘i g‡a¨ †h AvKl©Y Zv‡K Kx e‡j?
 AwfKl© L gnvKl© M Z¡iY N aªæeK
wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges 33 I 34 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
18. e¯‘i fi e„w×i mv‡_ gnvKl© e‡ji †Kgb cwieZ©b N‡U? c„w_ex‡Z †Kv‡bv e¯‘i fi 10 †KwR Ges AwfKl©R Z¡iY 98
K e„w× cvq L mgvb _v‡K wg./†m‡KÛ2
[nwjµm D”P evwjKv we`¨vjq, XvKv]
 mgvbycv‡Z e„w× N‡U N e¨¯Ívbycv‡Z e„w× cvq
33. c„w_ex‡Z e¯‘wUi IRb KZ?
19. c„w_ex I Puv‡`i gva¨vKl©YRwbZ Z¡i‡Yi AbycvZ KZ?
K 98 †KwR L 98 †KwR  98 wbDUb N0 wbDUb
K1 : 8 L3 : 1 M1 : 6 6 : 1
34. c„w_exi †K‡›`ª e¯‘wUi fi KZ n‡e?
K 0 †KwR  10 †KwR M 98 †KwR N 98 wbDUb
 Aóg †kÖwY : weÁvb  2

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ I DËi

cÖkœ -1  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI : cÖkœ -2  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :
GKRb e¨w³i IRb Ges IRb Abyfe Kiv GK K_v bq| c„w_ex‡Z GKw`b m¨vi AvBRvK wbDUb Av‡cj evMv‡b e‡m wKQz wPšÍv
†Kv‡bv e¨w³i Dci c„w_exi AvKl©Y ej _vK‡eB wKš‘ wZwb †mB K‡iwQ‡jb| Ggb mgq MvQ †_‡K GKwU Av‡cj gvwU‡Z coj| mv‡_
IRb Abyfe Ki‡eb †KejgvÎ ZLbB hLb Zvi IR‡bi mgvb I mv‡_ Zuvi g‡b cÖkœ †`Lv w`j Av‡cjwU gvwU‡Z coj †Kb? †Kb
wecixZgyLx †Kv‡bv cÖwZwµqv ej Zvi Dci cÖhy³ n‡e| Dc‡ii w`‡K †Mj bv? GB me wPšÍv Ki‡Z Ki‡Z wZwb GKwU m~Î
K. fi Kv‡K e‡j? 1Avwe®‹vi Ki‡jb hv gva¨vKl©Y m~Î bv‡g cwiwPZ|
L. AwfKl©R Z¡iY ej‡Z Kx eyS? 2 K. gva¨vKl©Y Kx? 1
M. H e¨w³i Dci c„w_exi †Kvb AvKl©Y ej KvR Ki‡Q Ges L. gnvKl© I AwfK‡l©i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ †`LvI| 2
e¨w³wUi fi hw` 40 †KwR nq Zvi IRb KZ n‡e? M. hw` AwfKl© bv _vKZ Zvn‡j wK Avgiv wVK _vK‡Z
GLv‡b g=9.8 wgUvi/†m‡KÛ2| 3 cviZvg? e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. wbDU‡bi Z…Zxq m~‡Îi Av‡jv‡K DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ N. wbDU‡bi gva¨vKl© Y kw³i Avwe®‹v‡ii eY© bv `vI| 4
IR‡bi mgvb I wecixZgyLx cÖwZwµqv e‡ji e¨vL¨v Ki|  2bs cª‡kœi DËi 
4K. gva¨vKl©Y n‡jv †Kv‡bv e¯‘i Dci c„w_exi AvK©lY|
 1bs cª‡kœi DËi  L. gnvKl© I AwfK‡l©i g‡a¨ `ywU cv_©K¨ wbgœiƒc :
K. †Kv‡bv e¯‘‡Z Aew¯’Z †gvU c`v‡_©i cwigvY‡K fi e‡j| gnvKl© AwfKl©
L. m„Rbkxj 1 (L) bs DËi †`L| 1. gnvwe‡k¦ i †h‡Kv‡bv `y w U 1. c„ w _ex I Zvi wbKUeZx©
e¯‘i ga¨Kvi AvKl©Y †Kv‡bv e¯‘i g‡a¨ AvKl©Y
M. GLv‡b, ej n‡jv gnvKl©| ej n‡jv AwfKl©|
e¨w³wUi fi = 40 †KwR 2. GwU †h‡Kv‡bv `ywU 2. `ywU e¯‘i GKwU Aek¨B
AwfKl©R Z¡iY = 9.8 wgUvi/†m‡KÛ2 e¯‘i g‡a¨ n‡Z cv‡i| c„w_ex n‡Z n‡e|
Avgiv Rvwb, IRb W = mg M. hw` AwfKl© bv _vKZ Zvn‡j Avgiv wVK _vK‡Z cviZvg bv,
 e¯‘wUi f‚c„‡ô IRb = 40  9.8 †KwR wgUvi/†m‡KÛ 2 eis gnvk~‡b¨ †f‡m †hZvg|
AwfKl© n‡jv †Kv‡bv e¯‘i Dci c„w_exi AvKl©Y ej|
= 392 wbDUb gnvwe‡k¦i cÖwZwU e¯‘KYvB G‡K Aci‡K wb‡Ri w`‡K AvKl©Y
wb‡Y©q e¨w³i IRb 392 wbDUb| K‡i| G gnvwe‡k¦i †h‡Kv‡bv `ywU e¯‘i g‡a¨ †h AvKl©Y Zv
N. wbDU‡bi Z…Zxq m~Î n‡Z Avgiv Rvwb, cÖ‡Z¨K wµqviB GKwU n‡jv gnvKl©| `ywU e¯‘i GKwU c„w_ex n‡j Ges c„w_ex hw`
Aci e¯‘wU‡K AvKl©Y K‡i Z‡e Zv‡K gva¨vKl©Y ev AwfKl©
mgvb I wecixZ cÖwZwµqv Av‡Q| Gi Av‡jv‡K DÏxc‡K e‡j| G AvKl©Y e‡ji cÖfv‡eB Mv‡Qi dj gvwU‡Z c‡o|
DwjøwLZ IR‡bi mgvb I wecixZgyLx cÖwZwµqv e‡ji e¨vL¨v †h‡Kv‡bv wKQz‡K Dc‡ii w`‡K Qzu‡o w`‡j gvwU‡Z c‡o|
†`qv hvq| gvby‡liv Ges RxeRM‡Zi cÖwZwU m`m¨ GB e‡ji cÖfv‡eB
GKRb e¨w³ hLb †Kv‡bv w¯’i wjd‡U `uvovq ZLb †m f‚-c„‡ô Ae¯’vb K‡i| AwfKl© e‡ji cÖfv‡eB evqygÊj
wjd‡Ui †g‡Si Dci Zvi IR‡bi mgvb ej cÖ‡qvM K‡i| c„w_exi mv‡_ mswkøó n‡q _v‡K|
wjdUI Zvi Dci IR‡bi mgvb I wecixZgyLx cÖwZwµqv ej GB ej bv _vK‡j c„w_ex †Kv‡bv wKQzB a‡i ivL‡Z cviZ bv|
cÖ‡qvM K‡i| ZLb H e¨w³ Zvi IR‡bi Aw¯ÍZ¡ †Ui cvq| evqygÊj gnvk~‡b¨ wgwj‡q †hZ| Mv‡Qi dj gvwU‡Z coZ
wKš‘ wjdU hw` Dc‡ii w`‡K DV‡Z _v‡K ZLb w¯’i Ae¯’vb bv| gvbyl I RxeRMZ gnvKv‡k †Kv_vI nvwi‡q †hZ|
†_‡K Dc‡ii w`‡K hvÎv Kivq wjdUwUi Dc‡ii w`‡K GKwU AZGe DcwiD³ Av‡jvPbv Abyhvqx ejv hvq, hw` AwfKl©
Z¡iY m„wó nq d‡j wjd‡Ui mv‡c‡ÿ Z¡iY nq g Gi †P‡q bv _vKZ Zvn‡j Avgiv wVK I ¯^vfvweK _vK‡Z cviZvg bv|
†ewk| G ewa©Z Z¡i‡Yi Rb¨ †m wjd‡Ui Dci Zvi IR‡bi N. wbDU‡bi gva¨vKl©Y kw³i Avwe®‹v‡ii eY©bv wb‡P †`Iqv n‡jv
†P‡q †ewk ej cÖ‡qvM K‡i| ZLb wjdUI Zvi Dci :
wecixZgyLx †h cÖwZwµqv ej cÖ‡qvM K‡i Zv Zvi IR‡bi Kw_Z Av‡Q, wbDUb GKw`b evMv‡b e‡m wPšÍv KiwQ‡jb|
†P‡q †ewk nq Ges wb‡R‡K fvix Abyfe K‡i| wKš‘ Gici Ggb mgq wZwb MvQ †_‡K GKwU Av‡cj gvwU‡Z co‡Z
wjdU hLb mg‡e‡M Dc‡ii w`‡K DV‡Z _v‡K ZLb Zvi †`‡Lb| Zuvi g‡b cÖkœ Rv‡M, Av‡cjwU gvwU‡Z coj †Kb?
†Kv‡bv Z¡iY _v‡K bv| d‡j H e¨w³ IR‡bi †P‡q AwZwi³
ej Abyfe K‡i bv, ïaygvÎ IRb Abyfe K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K wbðqB †KD G‡K gvwUi w`‡K Uvb‡Q| wPšÍv-fvebv †k‡l
wjdU hLb wb‡P bvg‡Z ïiæ K‡i ZLb w¯’i Ae¯’vb †_‡K wZwb G wm×v‡šÍ DcbxZ nb †h, c„w_ex mKj e¯‘‡K Zvi
GKwU Z¡iY m„wó nq Ges wjd‡Ui mv‡c‡ÿ Avgv‡`i Z¡iY g wb‡Ri w`‡K Uv‡b| c‡i wZwb AviI wm×v‡šÍ DcbxZ nb †h,
Gi †P‡q Kg nq| G Kg Z¡iY wb‡q H e¨w³ wjd‡Ui Dci ïay c„w_ex bq, G gnvwe‡k¦i mKj e¯‘KYvB G‡K Aci‡K
Zvi IR‡bi †P‡q Kg ej cÖ‡qvM K‡ib| d‡j †m nvjKv‡eva wb‡Ri w`‡K AvKl©Y K‡i| G we‡k¦i †h‡Kv‡bv `ywU e¯‘i g‡a¨
K‡i A_©vr Zvi IRb Kg g‡b nq| wjdU hw` gy³fv‡e wb‡P †h AvKl©Y Zv‡K gnvKl© e‡j|
c‡o A_©vr wjd‡UiI hw` g Z¡iY nq, Z‡e wjd‡Ui mv‡c‡ÿ Gfv‡e wbDUb Avwe®‹vi Ki‡jb †h, †Kv‡bv e¯‘i Dci
H e¨w³i Z¡iY n‡e (g−g) A_©vr k~b¨| ZLb H e¨w³ †Kv‡bv c„w_exi †h AvKl©Y ej ZvB gva¨vKl©Y kw³|
IRbB Abyfe K‡ib bv|
AZGe, DcwiD³ NUbvi mvnv‡h¨ wbDU‡bi Z…Zxq m~‡Îi
Av‡jv‡K DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ IR‡bi mgvb I wecixZgyLx
e‡ji e¨vL¨v †`qv hvq|
 Aóg †kÖwY : weÁvb  106

Aóg Aa¨vq
ivmvqwbK wewµqv

enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
1. 2Na + Cl2 = 2NaCl mgxKi‡Y Drcv` †KvbwU? 21. Kcvi mvj‡d‡Ui ms‡KZ †KvbwU?
K Na L Cl  2NaCl N meKwU K CaCO3 L KClO3 M FeSO  CuSO4
2. Kcvi mvj‡dU Gi ms‡KZ †KvbwU? 22. wb‡Pi †Kvb wewµqvwU mwVK?
 CuSO4 L CuO M CuCO3 N CuO3 K 2S + O2 → 2SO L S2 + 2O2→ 2SO2

Zvc  S + O2 ⎯→ SO2 N S + 2O → SO2
3. CuCO3 CuO + CO2, wewµqvwU
†Kvb ai‡bi? 23. NH4Cl †K DËß Ki‡j, Kx Drcbœ nq?
K ms‡hvRb  we‡qvRb M cÖwZ¯’vcb N `nb
K N2 L CO2 M CO2  NH3
4. Pz‡bi cvwb‡Z Kve©b WvBA·vBW Pvjbv Ki‡j Kx Drcbœ nq? hvi Zvc + NH3 + K G wewµqvwUi Drcbœ ÔKÕ GwmWwU
d‡j Pz‡bi cvwb †Nvjv nq? 24. NH4Cl ⎯→
K Ca(OH)2 L CaO  CaCO3 N O2 e¨eüZ nqÑ †hŠMwUi bvg Kx?
5. H2 + O2 → H2O wewµqvwU †Kvb ai‡bi? K wWUvi‡R›U cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z L BDwiqv mvi Drcv`‡b
 ms‡hvRb L `nb M cÖwZ¯’vcb N we‡qvRb M Lwb †_‡K avZz Avni‡Y  Jla Drcv`‡b
6. †gv‡g Kx ai‡bi kw³ mwÂZ _v‡K? 25. Pz‡bi cvwbi ivmvqwbK ms‡KZ †KvbwU?
 ivmvqwbK L Zvc M Av‡jvK N kã K CaO L CO2 M CaCO3  Ca(OH)2
7. wkí‡ÿ‡Î wb‡Pi †Kvb GwmWwU me©vwaK e¨eüZ nq? 26. ﮋ †Kv‡l (Dry Cell) FYvZ¥K Zwor Øvi wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i
K H2SO4 L HCl  HNO3 N H3PO4 †KvbwU?
8. NH3 + HCl → NH4Cl wewµqvwU †Kvb ai‡bi?  `¯Ívi †PvO L Kve©b `Ê
K `nb  ms‡hvRb M we‡qvRb N cÖwZ¯’vcb
M Kqjvi ¸ov N g¨v½vwbR WvBA·vBW
9. †mvwWqvg nvB‡Wªv·vBW I nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK GwmW wewµqv K‡i †Kvb 27. cvwbi AYyi ms‡KZ †KvbwU?
jeYwU ˆZwi nq? K HO L HO2 MOH  H2O
 †mvwWqvg †K¬vivBW L †mvwWqvg Kve©‡bU 28.
mvjdv‡ii eY© †Kgb?
M †mvwWqvg bvB‡UªU N †mvwWqvg mvj‡dU K mv`v L Kgjv  njy` N bxj
10. dm‡dU g~j‡Ki †hvRbx KZ? 29.
cÖkgb wewµqvq Kx Drcbœ nq?
K4 3 M2 N1
K GwmW I ¶viK L ¶vi I ¶viK
11. wb‡Pi †KvbwU we‡qvRb wewµqv? M GwmW I ¶vi  jeY I cvwb
K S + O2 → SO2 L Mg + H2SO4 → MgSO4 + H2
 30. NH4OH ⎯→ Zvc X + H2O wewµqvq X †hŠMwUi ivmvqwbK
 NH4Cl NH3 + HCl N ZnO + HCl → ZnCl2 +
H2O
ms‡KZ †KvbwU?
 NH3 L NO2 M N2 N H2
12. bvBwUªK Gwm‡Wi GKwU AYy‡Z KqwU cÖwZ¯’vcbxq nvB‡Wªv‡Rb
31. CaCO2 HCl, HN4OH, H2SO4, Ca(OH)2 I H3PO4
cigvYy we`¨gvb?
1 L2 M3 N4
†hŠM¸‡jv w`‡q wb‡Pi †Kvb wewµqvwU mwVK?
K CaCO3 + 2HCl → CaCl2+ CO
13. G›UvwmW Jl‡a †Kvb Dcv`vbwU _v‡K? L 2NH4OH + H2SO4 → (NH4)SO4 + HCl
 Mg(OH)2 L MgSO4 M MgCl2 N MgCO3
M Na2CO2 + 2HCl → 2NaCl + H2O + CO
14. ﮋ †Kvl ˆZwi‡Z †Kvb ai‡bi Dcv`vb e¨envi Kiv nq?  3Ca(OH)2 +2H3PO3 → Ca3(PO4)2 + 3H2O
K NaCl L H2SO4  NH4Cl N CaCO3
32. †KvbwU Pzb?
15. wknve GKwU exKv‡i wKQz Pzb wb‡q Zv‡Z Wªcvi w`‡q wf‡bMvi †hvM  CaO L Ca(OH)2 M CaCO3 N CO2
K‡i exKv‡i Kx ai‡bi wewµqv NU‡e? 33. wb‡Pi †KvbwU cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv?
K `nb  cÖkgb M ms‡hvRb N cÖwZ¯’vcb
 CaO + CO2→CaCO3 L NH2Cl ⎯→Zvc +NH3 +
16. †Kvb †gŠjwU AavZz? HCl
K †mvwWqvg L Avqib M wmjfvi  Av‡qvwWb M Fe + CuSO4 → FeSO4 + Cu N Mg + O2→ MgO
17. A¨v‡gvwbqvg †K¬vivB‡Wi ms‡KZ †KvbwU? 34. Bw_wjb ni‡gvbwU †Kvb ai‡bi c`v_©?
K NH4Cl3 L (NH4)2Cl  NH4Cl N (NH3)2Cl
K KwVb  M¨vmxq M Zij N †Rwj
18. Mvp a~mi e‡Y©i c`v_© †KvbwU? 35. Zn + S → ZnS wewµqvwU †Kvb ai‡bi?
K FeSO4  FeS M MgO N NH4Cl
 ms‡hvRb L `nb M cÖwZ¯’vcb N we‡qvRb
19. †Kvb wewµqvq GKwU †hŠM †f‡O GKvwaK bZzb c`v_© Drcbœ nq?
36. Zn + H2SO4 → ZnSO4 + H2 wewµqvwU †Kvb ai‡bi?
 we‡qvRb L ms‡hvRb M cÖkgb N cÖwZ¯’vcb
K wewbgq wewµqv L cÖkgb wewµqv
20. NaHCO3 + HCl → X + H2O + CO2; X wPwýZ †hŠMwUi
M we‡kølY wewµqv  cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv
bvg Kx? 37. Pzbvcv_‡ii ivmvqwbK ms‡KZ †KvbwU?
K GwmW  jeY M ÿvi N ÿviK K Ca L CaO M Ca(OH)2  CaCO3
 Aóg †kÖwY : weÁvb  107
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ I DËi
cÖkœ -1  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI : cÖkœ -2  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :
AK© evevi mv‡_ †eov‡Z †M‡jB †Ljbv Mvwo †K‡b| G¸‡jv e¨vUvwi i. H + Cl = 2HCl
2 2
Qvov P‡jB bv| K‡qK w`b e¨envi bv Ki‡j e¨vUvwi bó n‡q `vwg ii. 2H2O = 2H2 + O2
†LjbvUvB A‡K‡Rv n‡q hvq| iii. Zn + H2SO4 = ZnSO4 + H2
K. Zzu‡Zi ms‡KZ Kx? 1 K. Zuy‡Zi ms‡KZ Kx? 1
L. Pz‡b cvwb †hvM Ki‡j Kx N‡U? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 L. Pz ‡ bi cvwb‡Z CO 2 Pvjv‡j †Nvjv‡U nq †Kb? 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki †Ljbv Mvwo Pvjv‡Z †h e¯‘wUi cÖ‡qvRb Zvi M. (iii) bs wewµqvwU †Kvb ai‡bi Zv e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
MVbcÖYvwj eY©bv Ki| 3 N. DÏxc‡Ki (i) I (ii) bs wewµqvi g‡a¨ cv_© K ¨ we‡kølY Ki|
N. †Ljbv Mvwoi g‡Zv UP©jvBU R¡vjv‡bvi mgq e¯‘wU‡Z Kx 4
ai‡bi kw³i iƒcvšÍi N‡U? we‡kølY Ki| 4  2bs cª‡kœi DËi 
 1bs cª‡kœi DËi  K. Zuy‡Zi ms‡KZ CuSO4. 5H2O
K. Zzu‡Zi ms‡KZ CuSO4. 5H2O L. Pz‡bi cvwb‡Z CO2 Pvjv‡j Pz‡bi cvwb Ca(OH)2 I CO2 wewµqv
L. Pz‡b cvwb †hvM Kivq Pzb I cvwbi g‡a¨ ivmvqwbK wewµqvi K‡i A`ªeYxq K¨vjwmqvg Kv‡e©v‡bU (CaCO3) ˆZwi nq e‡j
d‡j K¨vjwmqvg-nvB‡Wªv·vBW Drcbœ nq| Zv †Nvjv‡U nq| wewµqvwU wbgœiƒc :
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 → CaCO3+ H2O
CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2 + Zvc Drcbœ CaCO3 cvwb‡Z A`ªeYxq| GwU cvwb‡Z `ªexf‚Z nq bv
GB wewµqvq Drcbœ Zv‡c cvwb dzU‡Z _v‡K| GRb¨ Pzb ivLvi e‡j Zv `ªe‡Yi wb‡P Zjvwbiƒ‡c Rgv n‡q _v‡K| d‡j Pz‡bi
cvÎ Mig nq| cvwb †Nvjv‡U n‡q hvq|
M. DÏxc‡Ki A‡K©i †Ljbv Mvwo Pvjv‡Z †h e¯‘wUi cÖ‡qvRb Zv M. (iii) bs wewµqvwU n‡jv cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv|
n‡jv e¨vUvwi ev ﮋ †Kvl| †h wewµqvq GKwU †gŠj †Kv‡bv †hŠM †_‡K Aci GKwU †gŠj‡K
Avgiv UP© jvBU, wewfbœ iKg wi‡gvU K‡›Uªvjvi, bvbviKg mwi‡q wb‡R H ¯’vb `Lj K‡i bZzb †hŠM ˆZwi K‡i Zv‡K
†Ljbv BZ¨vw` †ÿ‡Î †h e¨vUvwi e¨envi Kwi †m¸‡jv‡K cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv e‡j|
WªvB‡mj ev ﮋ †Kvl e‡j| DÏxc‡Ki (iii) bs wewµqv‡Z GgbUvB N‡U‡Q| wewµqvwU
wb‡P Gi MVbcÖYvwj Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv| wbgœiƒc :
cÖ_‡g A¨v‡gvwbqvg †K¬vivBW (NH4Cl), Kqjvi ¸uov Ges Zn + H2SO4 = ZnSO4 + H2
g¨vsMvwbR WvBA·vBW (MnO2) fv‡jvfv‡e wgwk‡q Zv‡Z Aí GLv‡b wR¼ (Zn), mvjwdDwiK GwmW H2SO4 †_‡K
cwigvY cvwb †hvM K‡i GKwU †c÷ ev †jB ˆZwi Kiv nq| nvB‡Wªv‡Rb‡K (H2) mwi‡q wb‡R H ¯’vb `Lj K‡i wR¼
GB wgkªYwU wmwjÛvi AvK…wZi `¯Ívi †Pv‡O wb‡q Zvi g‡a¨ mvj‡dU (ZnSO4) ˆZwi K‡i‡Q| AZGe GwU wbwØ©avq ejv hvq
GKwU Kve©b `Ê emv‡bv nq Ggbfv‡e hv‡Z `ÊwU `¯Ívi †h, (iii) bs wewµqvwU wbwðZiƒ‡cB GKwU cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv|
†PvO‡K ¯úk© bv K‡i| Kve©b `‡Êi gv_vq GKwU avZe Uzwc N. DÏxc‡Ki (i) bs wewµqvwU n‡jv ms‡hvRb wewµqv I (ii) bs
civ‡bv _v‡K| ﮋ †Kv‡li Dc‡ii Ask Kve©b `ÊwUi Pvicvk wewµqvwU n‡jv we‡qvRb wewµqv|
wc‡Pi Av¯ÍiY w`‡q †X‡K †`Iqv nq| `¯Ívi †PvOwU‡K GKwU wb‡P G `yB wewµqvi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv|
k³ KvMR w`‡q wN‡i †`Iqv nq| GLv‡b `¯Ívi †PvO FYvZ¥K †h wewµqvq G‡Ki AwaK c`v_© GKwÎZ n‡q m¤ú~Y© wfbœagx© bZzb
ZworØvi ev A¨v‡bvW wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i Avi avZe Uzwc w`‡q GKwU ivmvqwbK c`v_© ˆZwi K‡i Zv‡K ms‡hvRb wewµqv e‡j|
XvKv Kve©b `‡Êi DcwifvM abvZ¥K ZworØvi ev K¨v‡_vW DÏxc‡Ki (i) bs wewµqv‡Z †`Lv hvq-
wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| H2 + Cl2 = 2HCl
(nvB‡Wªv‡Rb) (†K¬vwib) (nvB‡Wªv‡Rb †K¬vivBW)
N. A‡K©i †Ljbv Mvwo‡Z e¯‘wU‡Z kw³i iƒcvšÍi N‡U| G‡Z GLv‡b nvB‡Wªv‡Rb I †K¬vwib GKwÎZ n‡q m¤ú~Y© wfbœagx© bZzb
e¨vUvwii ivmvqwbK kw³ iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡q hvwš¿K kw³‡Z GKwU ivmvqwbK c`v_© nvB‡Wªv‡Rb †K¬vivBW ˆZwi K‡i‡Q|
cwiYZ nq| GB hvwš¿K kw³‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡qB †Ljbv Mvwo Kv‡RB GwU GKwU ms‡hvRb wewµqv|
P‡j| †h wewµqvq GKwU †hŠM †f‡O GKvwaK †gŠj ev †hŠM Drcbœ nq
e¨vUvwii GB kw³i iƒcvšÍi UP©jvBU R¡vjv‡bvi mgqI N‡U| Zv‡K we‡qvRb wewµqv e‡j|
Z‡e G‡ÿ‡Î kw³i iƒcvšÍi cÖwµqvwU GKUz wfbœ| UP©jvB‡U DÏxc‡Ki (ii) bs wewµqv‡ZI †`Lv hvq,
e¨vUvwi e¨envi Kiv nq Av‡jv R¡vjv‡bvi Rb¨| A_©vr G‡ÿ‡Î 2H2O = 2H2 + O2
e¨vUvwii ivmvqwbK kw³ iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡q Av‡jvKkw³‡Z (cvwb) (nvB‡Wªv‡Rb) (Aw·‡Rb)
GLv‡b, cvwb †f‡O GKvwaK †gŠj H2 I O2 Drcbœ n‡q‡Q|
cwiYZ nq| wb‡P kw³i G iƒcvšÍi cÖwµqv we‡kølY Kiv Kv‡RB GwU GKwU we‡qvRb wewµqv|
n‡jv:
UP©jvB‡U 1wU Zvgvi Zv‡ii GK cÖvšÍ ﮋ †Kv‡li A¨v‡bvW I
Aci Zvgvi ZviwU K¨v‡_v‡Wi mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K| ˆe`y¨wZK
ev‡j¦i mv‡_ Zvi `ywUi ms‡hvM _v‡K| myBP Ab Ki‡jB
evj¦wU R¡‡j I‡V| KviY GLv‡b Zvgvi Zv‡ii gva¨‡g evj¦ I
e¨vUvwii g‡a¨ GKwU ˆe`y¨wZK mvwK©U ˆZwi nq|
eZ©bx ˆZwi nIqvi d‡j evj¦ R¡‡j Ges Zv Av‡jvKkw³ †`q|
GB Av‡jvKkw³ Av‡m e¨vUvwi †_‡K| Avi e¨vUvwii kw³i
Drm n‡jv G‡Z e¨eüZ ivmvqwbK c`v_© A_©vr `¯Ív,
A¨v‡gvwbqvg †K¬vivBW, Kqjvi ¸uov I g¨vsMvwbR
WvBA·vBW| Zvn‡j ejv hvq †h, H mKj ivmvqwbK
c`v‡_©i mwÂZ kw³B iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡q Av‡jvKkw³ Drcbœ
Ki‡Q| A_©vr GLv‡b ivmvqwbK kw³ Av‡jvKkw³‡Z
iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡”Q|
 Aóg †kÖwY : weÁvb  123

beg Aa¨vq
eZ©bx I Pjwe`y¨r
enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
1. evoxi †gBb wdDR mvaviYZ KZ A¨vw¤úqv‡ii nq? 23. †fvëwgUv‡ii FYvZ¥K cÖv‡šÍi is Kx?
 30 ev 60 L 20 ev 50 M 15 ev 60 N 5 ev 30  Kv‡jv L mv`v M jvj N meyR
2. Ing wK‡mi GKK? 24. 120 †fvë we`y¨r mieivn e¨e¯’vq †Kv‡bv cwievnxi g‡a¨ 3
 †iva L ˆe`y¨wZK kw³ A¨vw¤úqvi we`y¨r cÖevwnZ n‡j H Zv‡ii †iva KZ?
M ˆe`y¨wZK R¡vjvbx N we`y¨r cÖevn K 30 Ing  40 Ing M 50 Ing N 60 Ing
3. wef‡ei AvšÍR©vwZK e¨envwiK GKK Kx? 25. †Kv‡bv cwievwni `yB cÖv‡šÍi wefe cv_©K¨ 10 †fvë| Gi ga¨ w`‡q
 †fvë L Kzj¤^ M PvR© N A¨vw¤úqvi 5 A¨vw¤úqvi Zwor cÖevwnZ Ki‡j H cwievnxi †iva KZ n‡e?
4. ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vq gvby‡li kix‡ii †iva KZ Ing? K 0.5 Ing  2 Ing M 50 Ing N 100 Ing
K 500 L 5000  50000 N 500000 26. evsjv‡`‡ki ch©vqe„Ë cÖevn cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û KZevi w`K cwieZ©b K‡i?
5. wb‡Pi QwewU †`L Ges ej GwU †Kvb cÖKv‡ii D`vniY?  50 L 60 M 70 N 80
27. †h h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ eZ©bxi `yB we›`yi ga¨Kvi wefve cv_©K¨ mivmwi
i cwigvc Kiv nq Zv‡K e‡j?
 →t K A¨vwgUvi L wdDR  †fvëwgUvi N M¨vjfv‡bvwgUvi

K ch©vqe„Ë cÖevn  Ach©vqe„Ë cÖevn

M Zwor N †iva
6. wdDR Zvi Kx w`‡q ˆZwi Kiv nq? eûc`x mgvwßm~PK enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
K Gjywgwbqvg I mxmv  wUb I Zvgv
M wUb I mxmv N Zvgv I `¯Ív
28. wb‡Pi m~θ‡jv j¶ KiÑ (Abyaveb)
7. cwievnxi †h a‡g©i Rb¨ Gi ga¨ w`‡q we`y¨r PjvP‡j evavMÖ¯Í nq Zv wefe cv_©K¨ †fvë
i. †iva = ii. Ing =
n‡jv− cÖevngvÎv A¨vw¤úqvi
 †iva L †fvë M Ing N Kzj¤^ iii. wefe cv_©K¨ = †iva  cÖevngvÎv
8. wdDR Zvi wK‡mi msKi? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K wUb I †jvnv  wUb I mxmv M †mvbv I iycv N mxmv I †eªvÄ K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii  i, ii I iii
9. †cÖmviKzKv‡i ivbœv Ki‡j kZKiv KZfvM we`y¨r mvkªq nq? 29. Ach©vq e„Ë cÖev‡ni Drm−
K 20  25 M 15 N 75 i. Zwor †Kvl ii. †Rbv‡iUi
10. 10 †fv‡ëi GKwU cwievn‡Ki ga¨w`‡q 5 A¨vw¤úqvi we`y¨r cÖevwnZ iii. wWwm †Rbv‡iUi
n‡j, cwievn‡Ki †iva KZ Ing? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
2 L5 M 15 N 50 K i I ii  i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
11. cvLv Pvjv‡bvi Rb¨ KZ A¨vw¤úqvi wdDR cÖ‡qvRb? 30. GbvwR© †mwfs ev‡j¦Ñ
5 L 10 M 15 N 30 i. we`y¨r AcPq nq
12. Zwor cÖev‡ni Aw¯ÍZ¡ I cwigvY wbY©‡q e¨eüZ nq †KvbwU? ii. we`y¨r mvkªq nq
K A¨vwgUvi L wdDR M Ing  M¨vjfv‡bvwgUvi iii. mvaviY ev‡j¦i b¨vq KvR nq
13. ˆe`y¨wZK Bw¯¿i Rb¨ KZ A¨vw¤úqvi wdDR e¨envi Kiv nq? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K 10  15 M 30 N 60 K i I ii L i I iii  ii I iii N i, ii I iii
14. ZworcÖevn Kq cÖKvi?
2 L3 M4 N5
Awfbœ Z_¨wfwËK enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
15. wefe cv_©‡K¨i GKK †KvbwU?
 †fvë L Ing M Kzj¤^ N A¨vw¤úqvi wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q` co Ges 31 I 32 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
16. †Kvb weÁvbx In‡gi m~ÎwU Avwe®‹vi K‡ib?]
 RR© mvBgb L wbDUb M wMjevU© N Be‡b wmbv
17. †cÖmvi KzKv‡i ivbœv Ki‡j KZ fvM we`y¨r mvkªq nq?]
K 50%  25% M 40% N 30%
18. Zv‡ii cÖ¯’‡”Q` wظY n‡j Gi †iva KZ n‡e?
K wظY  A‡a©K M wZb¸Y N Pvi¸Y
[nwjµm D”P evwjKv we`¨vjq]
19. A¨vwgUv‡ii ms‡hvM cÖvšÍ؇qi eY©Ñ 31. eZ©bx‡Z A¨vwgUvi Kxfv‡e ms‡hvM †`Iqv n‡q‡Q?
K jvj I mv`v L mv`v I Kv‡jv M jvj I njy`  jvj I Kv‡jv
 †kªwY‡Z L mgvšÍiv‡j
20. hy³iv‡óª ch©vqe„Ë cÖevn cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û KZevi w`K cwieZ©b K‡i? M †kªwY I mgvšÍiv‡j N c¨vivjv‡j
K 40 L 50  60 N 70
32. wP‡Î A¨vwgUv‡ii cvV KZ?
21. †Kvb cwievn‡Ki wefe cv_©K¨ 220 †fvë| H cwievn‡Ki †iva 10 K 0.5 A¨vw¤úqvi L 1 A¨vw¤úqvi
Ing n‡j, ZworcÖevn KZ A¨vw¤úqvi?  2 A¨vw¤úqvi N 8 A¨vw¤úqvi
 22 L 210 M 230 N 2200
22. wefe cv_©K¨ cwigvcK h‡š¿i bvg Kx?
K A¨vwgUvi L eZ©bx M wdDR  †fvëwgUvi
 Aóg †kÖwY : weÁvb  124

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ I DËi

cÖkœ -1  wb‡Pi mvs‡KwZK wPý¸‡jv jÿ Ki Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi †fvëwgUvi
`vI : †h h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ eZ©bxi †h‡Kv‡bv `yB we›`yi ga¨Kvi wefe
A cv_©K¨ mivmwi †fvë GK‡K cwigvc Kiv hvq Zv‡K †fvëwgUvi
e‡j| eZ©bxi †h `yB we›`yi wefe cv_©K¨ cwigvc Ki‡Z n‡e
K. (vii)-bs cÖZx‡Ki bvg wjL| 1 †fvëwgUvi‡K †mB `yB we›`yi mv‡_ mgvšÍiv‡j mshy³ Ki‡Z
L. (viii)-bs cÖZx‡Ki cÖ‡qvRbxqZv e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 nq| G‡ZI `ywU ms‡hvM cÖvšÍ _v‡K, GKwU abvZ¥K I GKwU
M. cÖZxK¸‡jv e¨envi K‡i GKwU eZ©bx A¼b K‡i eY©bv FYvZ¥K cÖvšÍ| mvaviYZ abvZ¥K cÖvšÍ jvj Ges FYvZ¥K cÖvšÍ
`vI| 3 Kv‡jv i‡Oi|
N. cÖZxK (i) I (ii) Kxfv‡e eZ©bx‡Z ms‡hvM Kiv nq Ges
cÖkœ -2  wb‡Pi wPÎ †`L Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :
G‡`i KvR eY©bv Ki| 4 R1
i
 1bs cª‡kœi DËi  i

K. (vii)-bs cÖZx‡Ki bvg e¨vUvwi| t

t
L. (viii)-bs cÖZxK Øviv †kªwY ev wmwiR eZ©bx ev ˆe`y¨wZK mvgMÖxi
AbyµwgK ms‡hvM †evSvq| wPÎ-1 wPÎ-2 wPÎ-3
†h eZ©bx‡Z Zwor DcKiY¸‡jv cici mvRv‡bv _v‡K Zv‡K †kªwY K. Zwor cÖev‡ni GKK Kx? 1
eZ©bx e‡j| wP‡Î `yBwU evj¦ cici mvwR‡q †kªwY eZ©bx ˆZwi Kiv L. In‡gi m~ÎwU wee„Z K‡i e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
n‡q‡Q| GB eZ©bx‡Z GKwU gvÎ c_ i‡q‡Q| ZvB Gi me©Î M. wPÎ-1 Gi eZ©bxwU †Kvb ai‡biÑe¨vL¨v Ki| 3
GKB cÖevn P‡j| we‡q evwo‡Z ev wewfbœ Abyôv‡b Av‡jvKm¾vq N. wPÎ-2 I wPÎ-3 Gi Zwor cÖev‡ni g‡a¨ †Kvb ai‡bi
†QvU †QvU evwZ, UP© jvB‡U †fv‡ëR e„w×i Rb¨ GKvwaK e¨vUvwi Zwor cÖev‡ni e¨envi myweavRbK? we‡kølY Ki| 4
Ges Zwor cÖevn cwigv‡ci Rb¨ eZ©bx‡Z A¨vwgUvi AbyµwgK
ms‡hv‡M hy³ Kiv nq| ZvB G ms‡hv‡Mi cÖZx‡Ki h‡_ó
 2bs cª‡kœi DËi 
cÖ‡qvRbxqZv i‡q‡Q| K. Zwor cÖev‡ni GKK A¨vw¤úqvi|
M. GLv‡b, cÖ`Ë cÖZxK¸‡jv n‡jv : L. In‡gi m~Î Abyhvqx ÒZvcgvÎv w¯’i _vK‡j †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó
i = A¨vwgUvi cwievn‡Ki ga¨ w`‡q cÖevwnZ Zwor cÖev‡ni gvb cwievn‡Ki
ii = †fvëwgUvi `yB cÖv‡šÍi wefe cv_©‡K¨i gv‡bi mgvbycvwZK|Ó
I A B
iii, iv = ˆe`y¨wZK evj¦
v = myBP ev Pvwe VA VB
vi = †iva awi, †Kv‡bv cwievn‡Ki `yB cÖv‡šÍi wefe cv_©K¨ V| Gi †iva
vii = e¨vUvwi V
R Ges Zwor cÖevn I n‡j, Zwor cÖevn I =
viii = AbyµwgK ms‡hvM R
M. wPÎ-1 Gi eZ©bxwU mgvšÍivj ms‡hvM eZ©bx|
cÖZxK¸‡jv e¨envi K‡i wb‡P GKwU eZ©bx A¼b Kiv n‡jv : †Kv‡bv eZ©bx‡Z `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK †iva, Zwor DcKiY ev hš¿
+ − hw` Ggbfv‡e mshy³ _v‡K †h me KqwUi GK cÖvšÍ GKwU
A mvaviY we›`y‡Z Ges Aci cÖvšÍ¸‡jv Aci GKwU mvaviY we›`y‡Z
mshy³ nq Z‡e †mB ms‡hvM‡K mgvšÍivj ms‡hvM e‡j|
V mgvšÍivj ms‡hv‡M cÖ‡Z¨KwUi ga¨ w`‡q wfbœ wfbœ Zwor cÖevn
P‡j wKš‘ cÖ‡Z¨KwUi `yB mvaviY we›`yi wefe cv_©K¨ GKB
_v‡K|
wPÎ : GKwU Zwor eZ©bx AZGe, †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, wPÎ-1 †iva R1 I R2 ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_
GLv‡b, †fvëwgUvi‡K eZ©bx‡Z mgvšÍivj ms‡hv‡M hy³ Kiv mgvšÍivjfv‡e mshy³ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
n‡q‡Q| A¨vwgUvi, ˆe`y¨wZK evj¦, myBP, †ivamn mg¯Í N. wPÎ-2 I wPÎ-3 Gi Zwor cÖev‡ni g‡a¨ wPÎ-3 Gi e¨envi
eZ©bxwU‡K Zwor Drm ev e¨vUvwii mv‡_ †kªwY ms‡hv‡M hy³ Kiv myweavRbK|
n‡q‡Q| wPÎ-2 n‡jv Ach©vqe„Ë cÖevn ev mgcÖevn ev GKgyLx cÖevn Ges
N. cÖZxK (i) n‡jv A¨vwgUvi Ges cÖZxK (ii) n‡jv †fvëwgUvi| wPÎ-3 n‡jv ch©vqe„Ë cÖevn ev cwieZ©x cÖevn|
wb‡P G‡`i ms‡hvM I KvR eY©bv Kiv n‡jv : wPÎ-2 †Z mg‡qi mv‡_ mvaviYZ Zwor cÖev‡ni w`‡Ki †Kv‡bv
A¨vwgUvi cwieZ©b N‡U bv| Zwor cÖevn memgq GKB w`‡K cÖevwnZ nq|
A¨vwgUvi GKwU ˆe`y¨wZK hš¿| Gi mvnv‡h¨ eZ©bxi Zwor cÖevn Zwor †Kvl ev e¨vUvwi †_‡K G ai‡bi cÖevn cvIqv hvq|
mivmwi A¨vw¤úqvi GK‡K cwigvc Kiv hvq| A¨vwgUvi eZ©bxi wPÎ-2 †Z wbw`©ó mgq cici Zwor cÖev‡ni w`K cwiewZ©Z nq|
mv‡_ †kªwY ms‡hv‡M hy³ _v‡K| A¨vwgUv‡i `ywU ms‡hvM cÖvšÍ eZ©gvb we‡k¦i mKj †`‡ki Zwor cÖevnB ch©vqe„Ë cÖevn| Gi
_v‡K, GKwU abvZ¥K I GKwU FYvZ¥K cÖvšÍ| mvaviYZ KviY Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e GwU Drcv`b I mieivn Kiv mnR Ges
abvZ¥K cÖvšÍ jvj Ges FYvZ¥K cÖvšÍ Kv‡jv i‡Oi| mvkªqx|
 Aóg †kÖwY : weÁvb  1

`kg Aa¨vq
Ag-, ÿviK I jeY

enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
1. A + bxj wjUgvm †ccvi  jvj eY© ÔAÕ Kx ai‡bi c`v_©? 18. Mvp a~mi e‡Y©i c`v_© †KvbwU?
K FeSO4  FeS M MgO N NH4Cl
K wb‡`©kK L ÿviK M jeY  GwmW
19. wf‡bMv‡ii ms‡KZ †KvbwU?
2. Ca(OH)2 + Cl2  ? K H2SO4 L C2H2O4 M HClO4 
GB wewµqvq †KvbwU ˆZwi nq? CH3COOH
K G›UvwmW L jvBg IqvUvi M wgé Ad jvBg  weøwPs 20. ingvb mv‡ne Zvi evwo‡Z †nvqvBUIqvk Kivi Rb¨ Kx e¨envi
cvDWvi Ki‡eb?
3. ÔPvÕ-G wb‡gœi †Kvb GwmWwU _v‡K? K KzBK jvBg  jvBg IqvUvi
K UviUvwiK GwmW L mvBwUªK GwmW M wgé Ad jvBg N wgé Ad g¨vM‡bwmqv
M g¨vwjK GwmW  U¨vwbK GwmW 21. †KvbwU bxj wjUgvm‡K jvj K‡i?
4. †KvbwU jeY?  Agø L ÿviK M jeY N ÿvi
K HCl  Na2SO4 M NaOH N NH3
22. †KvbwU ÿvi?
5. †Kvb mgxKiYwU mwVK? K HCl L CaO M NaCl  NaOH
K NaOH + NaCl → HCl + H2O L CaSO4 + Na2OH →
Na2SO4 23. NaHCO3 + HCl ⎯→ x + H2O + CO2
 NaOH+HCl → NaCl + H2O N NaOH+Na2SO4 → NaHSO4 + H2O x wPwýZ †hŠMwUi bvg Kx?
6. Gwm‡W wjUgvm †ccvi w`‡j Kx nq? K GwmW  jeY M ÿvi N ÿviK
 bxj wjUgvm jvj nq L jvj wjUgvm bxj nq Zvc
24. NH4Cl ⎯⎯→ NH3 + ÔKÕ; G wewµqvwUi Drcbœ ÔKÕ GwmWwU
M bxj wjUgvm Kv‡jv nq N †Kvb cwieZ©b nq bv
e¨eüZ nqÑ
7. †KvbwU KzBK jvB‡gi ms‡KZ? K wWUvi‡R›U cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z L BDwiqv mvi Drcv`‡b
K CaO  Ca(OH)2 M Ca3 N CaH2
M Lwb †_‡K avZz Avni‡Y  Jla Drcv`‡b
8. Gwm‡Wi ¯^v` †Kgb?
K wgwó L †Z‡Zv M jeY  UK
25. †Kv‡bv †hŠ‡M cÖwZ¯’vcb‡hvM¨ nvB‡Wªv‡Rb _vK‡j †hŠMwU‡K Kx
9. Avgv‡`i Lv‡`¨i ga¨Kvi GwmW¸‡jv Kx bv‡g cwiwPZ? e‡j?
 GwmW L ÿvi M ÿviK N wb‡`©kK
K j¨vK&wUK GwmW L GwmwUK GwmW
M bvBwUªK GwmW  ˆRe GwmW
26. cvK¯’jx‡Z Lv`¨ nRg Kivi Rb¨ AZ¨vek¨Kxq GwmW †KvbwU?
K CH3COOHL H2SO4  HCl N HNO3
10. †KvbwU A¤øag©x?
27. wb‡Pi †KvbwU‡Z g¨vwjK GwmW cvIqv hvq?
K CaO L NaOH  HOOC−COOH N CH4
 Avbvim L †ZuZzj M Kgjv N Pv
11. †Kvb GwmWwU gvbe‡`‡ni Rb¨ ÿwZKi?
K A·vwjK L g¨vwjK M GwmwUK  bvBwUªK 28. A¨v›Uvwm‡W †KvbwU we`¨gvb?
K Ca(OH)2 L KOH M MgO  Mg(OH)2
12. Pz‡bi cvwbi ms‡KZ †KvbwU?
K CaO L CaCO3 M CO2  Ca(OH)2
29. †KvbwU LvIqvi‡hvM¨ GwmW?
13. †KvbwU‡Z cÖwZ¯’vcbxq nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Av‡Q? K mvjwdDwiK GwmW  GmKiweK GwmW
 HCl L NH3 M H2O N NaOH M bvBwUªK GwmW N nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK GwmW
14. mvevb ˆZwii g~j Dcv`vb †KvbwU? 30. †KvbwU G›UvwmW bv‡g cwiwPZ?
 ÿviK L GwmW M wb‡`©kK N jeY K Ca(OH)2 L NH4OH  Mg(OH)2 N NaOH
15. wb‡Pi †KvbwU ˆRe GwmW? 31. wb‡Pi †KvbwU wb‡`©kK?
K HCl  CH3COOH M H2SO4 N HClO4 K wf‡bMvi L †mvwWqvg nvB‡Wªv·vBW
16. †Kvb d‡j UviUvwiK GwmW cvIqv hvq?  †d‡bvd_¨vwjb N mvjwdDwiK GwmW
K Av‡cj L Kgjv M Av½yi  †ZuZzj 32. †jey‡Z †Kvb ai‡bi GwmW we`¨gvb?
17. †KvbwU e¨envi K‡i mn‡R GwmW kbv³ Kiv hvq? K U¨vwbK GwmW L g¨vwjK GwmW
K †mvwWqvg L Kve©b WvBA·vBW  mvBwUªK GwmW N GwmwUK GwmW
M cvwb  wb‡`©kK 33. †Kvb †hŠwMK c`v_©wU bxj wjUgvm‡K jvj K‡i?
K NaOH  HCl M KOH N Cu2O

  eûc`x mgvwßm~PK enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi

34. bxj wjUgvm‡K jvj K‡iÑ [DËiv nvB ¯‹zj GÛ K‡jR, XvKv] Ki I ii  ii I iii Mi I iii N i, ii
i. †jeyi im ii. wf‡bMvi I iii
iii. Kvgiv½v 36. KOH GKwU ÿvi, KviY GwUÑ
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? i. cvwb‡Z OH− ˆZwi K‡i ii. Rjxq `ªeY wcw”Qj
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii  i, ii iii. bxj jxUgvm‡K jvj K‡i
I iii wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
35. H2SO4 †hŠMwUÑ [e¸ov K¨v›Ub‡g›U cvewjK ¯‹zj I K‡jR]  i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I
i. jvj wjUgvm †K bxi K‡i iii
ii. UK ¯^v`hy³ 37. GwmW I ÿv‡ii wewµqvi d‡j Drcbœ nqÑ
iii. cvwb‡Z nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Avqb cÖ`vb K‡i i. cvwb ii. ÿvi iii. jeY
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
 i I iii L iii M ii Ni
 Aóg †kÖwY : weÁvb  2

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ I DËi

cÖkœ -1  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI : cÖkœ -2  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :
dvivn ˆZjv³ Lvevi †L‡Z cQ›` K‡i| B`vbxs Zvi †c‡U cÖvqB e¨_v
nq| Wv³v‡ii Kv‡Q †M‡j Wv³vi Rvbv‡jb Zvi GwmwWwU n‡q‡Q| gvbQyiv Lvbg gv‡S gv‡S cvb Lvb| wZwb GKw`b GKwU cv‡Î Pzb
Wv³vi Zv‡K Lv`¨vf¨vm cwieZ©b Kivi cvkvcvwk GKwU Jla †L‡Z wfwR‡q ivL‡jb| wKQyÿY ci jÿ Ki‡jb, cvÎwU A‡bK Mig
civgk© w`‡jb| n‡q †M‡Q| wZwb AviI jÿ Ki‡jb, cvÎ †_‡K Pzb †bIqvi mgq
Pz‡bi cvwb‡Z wbtk¦vm covq cvwbUv †Nvjv n‡q †Mj|
K. jeY Kx?
K. ÿvi Kx?
L. wgé Ad jvBg ej‡Z Kx eySvq? L. Pz‡bi cvwb †Nvjv nIqvi KviY Kx?
M. Wv³vi Kx Jla LvIqvi civgk© w`‡jb Ges †Kb w`‡jb? M. gvbQyiv Lvb‡gi cv‡Î wfRv‡bv †hŠMwUi wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î
e¨envi e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ GwmwWwU ˆZwi nIqvi Dcv`vbwU †Kvb N. DÏxc‡K Drcbœ 1g †hŠMwU ÿvi I ÿviK Dfq ag©B cÖ`k©b
ai‡bi †hŠM Ges †Kb? we‡kølY Ki| K‡i, we‡kølY Ki|
 1bs cª‡kœi DËi   2bs cª‡kœi DËi 
K. jeY GKwU wbi‡cÿ c`v_©, hv GwmW I ÿv‡ii wewµqvq Drcbœ nq| K. ÿvi n‡jv avZzi A·vBW ev nvB‡Wªv·vBW hviv cvwb‡Z `ªexf‚Z
L. wgé Ad jvBg ej‡Z cvwb I K¨vjwmqvg nvB‡Wªv·vB‡Wi ˆZwi nq|
GK cÖKv‡ii †c÷‡K †evSvq| Pz‡bi mv‡_ ch©vß cwigvY cvwb L. Pz‡bi cvwb †Nvjv nIqvi KviY Kve©b WvBA·vBW (CO2)
wgwk‡q GwU ˆZwi Kiv nq| wewµqvwU wbgœiƒc : M¨v‡mi mv‡_ wewµqv|
CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2 Pz‡bi cvwb‡Z CO2 M¨vm covq Zv Pz‡bi cvwbi mv‡_ wewµqv
GwU ÿviK RvZxq c`v_©| K‡i A`ªeYxq CaCO3 Ges H2 M¨vm Drcbœ K‡i| Ca(OH)2
M. Wv³vi G›UvwmW RvZxq Jla LvIqvi civgk© w`‡jb| + CO2 → CaCO3 + H2 G CaCO3 cvwb‡Z A`ªeYxq|
cvK¯’jx‡Z ˆZjv³ RvZxq Lvevi A‡bK mgq AvswkK nRg G Kvi‡YB Pz‡bi cvwb †Nvjv nq|
nq| ZLb KZ¸‡jv GbRvBg Gwm‡Wi gva¨‡g mwµq nq| M. gvbQziv Lvb‡gi cv‡Î †fRv‡bv †hŠMwU n‡jv Pzb ev CaO| cvwbi
G‡Z cvK¯’jx‡Z AwZwi³ nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK GwmW wbtm„Z nq| mv‡_ CaO-Gi wewµqvq K¨vjwmqvg nvB‡Wªv·vBW Drcbœ nq|
†ewk GwmW wbtm„Z n‡j G›UvwmW RvZxq ÿviK MÖn‡Y GwmW CaO + H2O = Ca(OH)2
I ÿviK ci¯úi‡K cÖkwgZ K‡i Ges Avivg Abyf‚Z nq| K¨vjwmqvg nvB‡Wªv·vBW-Gi cvZjv `ªeY Pz‡bi cvwb ev jvBg
mvaviYZ g¨vM‡bwmqvg nvB‡Wªv·vBW [Mg(OH)2], A¨vjywgwbqvg IqvUvi bv‡g cwiwPZ| wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î Gi e¨envi wbgœiƒc :
nvB‡Wªv·vBW [Al(OH)3], K¨vjwmqvg nvB‡Wªv·vBW 1. Avgv‡`i Nievwoi †nvqvBU Iqvk Kv‡R jvBg IqvUvi
[Ca(OH)2] BZ¨vw` ÿviKmg~n G›UvwmW iƒ‡c e¨eüZ nq| e¨eüZ nq|
Gme ÿvixq c`v_© Øviv HCl cÖkwgZ nq Ges †c‡Ui e¨_v fv‡jv 2. weøwPs cvDWvi, Kw÷K †mvWv Ges wm‡g›U cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z
n‡q hvq| Pz‡bi cvwb e¨eüZ nq|
dvivni cvK¯’jx‡Z GwmwWwU nIqvq Zvi †c‡U cÖvqB e¨_v 3. cvwb I K¨vjwmqvg nvB‡Wªv·vBW ˆZwi †c÷ hv wgé Ad jvBg
nq| G Rb¨ Wv³vi dvivn‡K G›UvwmW RvZxq ÿviK LvIqvi bv‡g AwaK cwiwPZ, Zv †cvKvgvKo `g‡b e¨eüZ nq|
civgk© w`‡jb| 4. Li cvwb g„`y Kivi Kv‡R e¨eüZ nq|
N. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ GwmwWwU ˆZwi nIqvi Dcv`vbwU n‡jv 5. Pvgov wk‡í, KxUbvkK cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z Ges Rwgi mvi
nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK GwmW| GwU GKwU GwmW RvZxq †hŠM| ˆZwi‡Z e¨eüZ nq|
gvby‡li cvK¯’jx‡Z nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK GwmW Drcbœ nq| †c‡U N. DÏxc‡K Drcbœ 1g †hŠMwU n‡jv K¨vjwmqvg nvB‡Wªv·vBW ev Ca(OH)2|
nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK GwmW AwaK Drcbœ n‡j GwmwWwU ˆZwi nq| Ca(OH) 2 †hŠMwU ÿvi I ÿviK Dfq ag©B cÖ`k©b K‡i| †hgb :

GwU †h GKwU GwmW Zv Avgiv wb‡Pi hyw³i mvnv‡h¨ cÖgvY ÿvi wn‡m‡e :
Ki‡Z cvwi : 1. ÿv‡ii Rjxq `ªeY ¯úk© Ki‡j mvev‡bi g‡Zv wcw”Qj g‡b
1. nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK GwmW UK ¯^v`hy³| nq| Ca(OH)2-†K Ggb wcw”Qj g‡b nq|
2. nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK Gwm‡Wi Rjxq `ªe‡Y nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Avqb 2. ÿv‡ii Rjxq `ªeY jvj wjUgvm‡K bxj K‡i| Ca(OH)2
(H+) Drcbœ nq e‡j G `ªeY bxj wjUgvm‡K jvj K‡i| Gi Rjxq `ªeYI jvj wjUgvm‡K bxj K‡i|
HCl = H+ + Cl− ÿviK wn‡m‡e :
H+ + bxj wjUgvm = jvj wjUgvm 1. ÿvi‡Ki mv‡_ Gwm‡Wi wewµqvq jeY Ges cvwb Drcbœ
3. nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK GwmW ÿviK †hgb †mvwWqvg nq| Ca(OH)2-Gi mv‡_ Gwm‡Wi wewµqvqI jeY Ges
nvB‡Wªv·vB‡Wi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i †mvwWqvg †K¬vivBW cvwb Drcbœ nq|
jeY I cvwb Drcbœ K‡i| Ca(OH)2 + 2HCl→ CaCl2 + 2H2O
HCl + NaOH = NaCl + H2O Ca(OH)2 + H2SO4→ CaSO4 + 2H2O
(GwmW) (ÿviK) (jeY) (cvwb) 2. cvwb‡Z `ªve¨ ÿviK¸‡jv Rjxq `ªe‡Y Zwor we‡qvwRZ
4. nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK GwmW avZzi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i jeY I n‡q Avqb Drcbœ K‡i| Ca(OH)2 Gi Rjxq `ªeY
nvB‡Wªv‡Rb M¨vm Drcbœ K‡i| †hgb- we‡qvwRZ n‡q A¨vbvqbiƒ‡c OH− Avqb Drcbœ K‡i|
Zn + 2HCl = ZnCl2 + H2 H2O
DcwiD³ hyw³mg~n we‡kølY K‡i GUv my¯úó †h, DÏxc‡K Ca(OH)2 ⎯→ Ca2+ + 2OH−
DwjøwLZ GwmwWwU ˆZwi nIqvi Dcv`vb nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK GwmW myZivs DcwiD³ wewµqvmg~n we‡kølY K‡i †`Lv hvq,
GKwU A¤øxq ev GwmWxq †hŠM| Ca(OH)2 †hŠMwU ÿvi I ÿviK Dfq ag©B cÖ`k©b K‡i|
 Aóg †kÖwY : weÁvb  1

GKv`k Aa¨vq
Av‡jv
enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
1. GK Av‡jvK el© = KZ? 15. K¨v‡givi wd‡j¥ jÿ¨e¯‘i wKiƒc we¤^ MwVZ nq?
 9 wgwjt wK‡jvwgt L 10 wgwjt wK‡jvwgt K ev¯Íe I †mvRv L Aev¯Íe I Lv‡Uv
M 12 wgwjt wK‡jvwgt N 15 wgwjt wK‡jvwgt  ev¯Íe I Dëv N Aev¯Íe I Dëv
2. msKU †Kv‡Yi †ÿ‡Î †KvbwU mwVK? 16. cÖwZmiY †Kv‡Yi m‡e©v”P gvb KZ?
 cÖwZmiY †KvY 90° L cÖwZmiY †KvY 60° K 0 L 30  90 N120
M cÖwZmiY †KvY 30° N cÖwZmiY †KvY 0° 17. †KvbwU‡Z Av‡jvi cybtcyb c~Y© Af¨šÍixY cÖwZdjb N‡U?
3. DËj †j‡Ý m„ó we¤^ †Pv‡Li wbKU we›`yi †P‡q Kv‡Q MwVZ n‡j we¤^wU K g¨vMwbdvBs M­v‡m L Kv‡P
†Kgb †`Lvq?  AcwUK¨vj dvBev‡i N cvwb‡Z
 ¯úó L Lwe©Z M A¯úó N AZ¨šÍ 18. Awÿ‡Mvj‡Ki †cQ‡b Aew¯’Z Cl` ¯^”Q †Mvjvwc Av‡jvKMÖvnx c`©v‡K
Lwe©Z Kx e‡j?
4. msKU †Kv‡Yi gvb 30 n‡j Gi cÖwZmiY †Kv‡Yi gvb KZ n‡e? K AvBej  †iwUbv M AvBwim N Kwb©qv
K 30 L 45  90 N 120 19. Av‡jvKiwk¥ cvwb †_‡K evqy‡Z cÖ‡e‡ki †ÿ‡Î AvcZb †KvY i Ges
5. c~Y© Af¨šÍixY cÖwZdj‡bi d‡j Kx m„wó nq? cÖwZmiY †KvY r n‡j wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K cÖwZmiY †KvYL msKU †KvY M AvcZb †KvY  gixwPKv
6. †Kvjb †`Lvi Kv‡R wb‡Pi †KvbwU e¨eüZ nq?
Ki=r Li>r M i = 2r i<r
K AvqZvKvi KvPdjK L g¨vM‡bdvBs Møvm
20. Wv³viiv gvby‡li cvK¯’wji †fZ‡ii Ask †`Lvi Rb¨ e¨envi
 AcwUK¨vj dvBevi N wPÎMÖvnx K¨v‡giv
K‡ibÑ
7. Av‡jv 1 †m‡K‡Û wZb jÿ wK‡jvwgUvi c_ hvq, Av‡jv 8 wgwbU 20 K g¨vMwbdvBs Møvm  AcwUK¨vj dvBevi
†m‡K‡Û KZ c_ AwZµg Ki‡e? M K¨v‡giv N `~iexb
K 12 †KvwU wK wg. L 13 †KvwU wK wg. 21. Kwb©qv Kx?
M 14 †KvwU wK wg.  15 †KvwU wK wg.  †k¦Z gʇji mvg‡bi Ask
8. wb‡Pi †KvbwU ¯’vb I †jvK we‡k‡l wewfbœ is Gi nq? L Cl`”Q †Mvjvcx Av‡jvKMÖvnx c`©v
K Kwb©qv L †Pv‡Li gwY  AvBwik N wfwUªqvm M A¯^”Q AveiY we‡kl
wnDgvi N hv gw¯Í‡®‹ `k©‡bi Abyf‚wZ RvMvq
9. †Pv‡Li †k¦Zgʇji mvg‡bi Ask‡K Kx ejv nq? 22. K¨v‡givi Av‡jvKwPÎMªvnx †cø‡Ui mv‡_ †Pv‡Li †Kvb As‡ki Zzjbv
K †iwUbv  Kwb©qv M AvBwim N DËj †jÝ Kiv n‡q‡Q?
10. Av‡jvKiwk¥ wZh©Kfv‡e Nb ¯^”Q gva¨g †_‡K nvjKv ¯^”Q gva¨‡g cÖ‡ek K Kwb©qv  AwÿcU M Awÿ‡MvjK N AvBwim
Ki‡j Kx N‡U? 23. AcwUK¨vj dvBevi e¨envi Kiv nq−
K cÖwZmiY †KvY AvcZb †Kv‡Yi mgvb nq i. R¡vjvwb‡Z ii. cvK¯’jx cixÿvq
L AvcZb †KvY A‡cÿv cÖwZmiY †KvY eo nq iii. †Uwj‡hvMv‡hv‡M
M AvcZb †KvY A‡cÿv cÖwZmiY †KvY †QvU nq wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
 cÖwZmwiZ iwk¥ Awfj‡¤^i w`‡K m‡i Av‡m K i I ii L i I iii  ii I iii N i, ii I iii
11. AcwUK¨vj dvBev‡i Av‡jvKiwk¥i Kx N‡U? N
Q gva¨g
K cÖwZdjb L cÖwZmiY
 c~Y© Af¨šÍixY cÖwZdjb N cÖwZwe¤^ m„wó A'
12. K¨v‡givi wd‡j¥i Dci wK‡mi cÖ‡jc _v‡K? O
K wRsK mvj‡dU L †mvwWqvg mvj‡dU
M †mvwWqvg n¨vjvBW  wmjfvi n¨vjvBW
13. A P gva¨g
N'
N
A
evqy gva¨g
O 24. Dc‡ii wP‡Î⎯
i. P I Q wfbœ gva¨g
ii. AvcZb †KvY I cÖwZmiY †Kv‡Yi gvb wfbœ
M
N′ KvP iii. AvcZb †KvY cÖwZmiY †KvY A‡cÿv eo
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
P
 i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
25. gvbe P¶zi Ask n‡”QÑ
Q
M′ i. Kwb©qv ii. †Kvi‡qW iii. AvBwim
wP‡Î AON = 30 n‡j MPQ = KZ? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii  i, ii I iii
K 60 L 45  30 N 20
26. c~Y© Af¨šÍixY cÖwZdj‡bi †ÿ‡ÎÑ
14. AcwUK¨vj dvBevi Kx? i. Av‡jvKiwk¥ msKU †KvY †_‡K eo †Kv‡Y AvcwZZ nq
K miæ KvP  miæ I bgbxq KvPZš‘ ii. Av‡jvKiwk¥ Nb ga¨g †_‡K nvjKv gva¨‡g Mgb K‡i
M †gvUv KvP N †gvUv I k³ KvP iii. cÖwZmwiZ iwk¥ we‡f`Zj †Nu‡l hvq
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
 i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
 Aóg †kÖwY : weÁvb  2

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ I DËi

cÖkœ -1  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :
Avwbm GKw`b †Mvmj Ki‡Z cyKzi Nv‡U †Mj| †m cyKz‡ii ¯^”Q
cvwb‡Z `„k¨gvb wmuwo‡Z cv ivLj| wKš‘ wmuwowU Zvi aviYvi †P‡q
wb‡P _vKvq †m c‡o †Mj| Ab¨w`‡K Zvi †QvU fvB cyKz‡i mowK
w`‡q gvQ ai‡Z †Mj| wKš‘ mwVK Ae¯’v‡b mowK wb‡¶c bv Kivq
†m gvQ ai‡Z e¨_© n‡jv|
K. Av‡jvi cÖwZmiY Kx?
L. Av‡jvKiwk¥i w`K cwieZ©‡bi KviY Kx?
M. cyKz‡i Avwb‡mi c‡o hvIqvi KviY e¨vL¨v Ki| wPÎ : Av‡jvi cÖwZmi‡Yi d‡j gv‡Qi
N. Kx ai‡bi †KŠkj Aej¤^b Ki‡j Avwb‡mi †QvU fvB‡qi Ae¯ ’v‡bi cwieZ©b
gvQ wkKvi Kiv m¤¢e n‡Zv? hyw³mn gZvgZ `vI| cÖK…Zc‡¶ gvQ _v‡K Av‡iKUz `~‡i Ges Mfx‡i| Avwb‡mi †QvU
fvB‡qi gvQ wkKv‡ii j‡ÿ¨ mowK wb‡¶c Ki‡Z n‡Zv AviI
 1bs cª‡kœi DËi  wb‡P I Mfx‡i| G †KŠkj Aej¤^b Ki‡j Avwb‡mi †QvU
K. GK ¯^”Q gva¨g †_‡K Ab¨ ¯^”Q gva¨‡g cÖ‡ek K‡i fvB‡qi gvQ wkKvi Kiv m¤¢e n‡Zv|
Av‡jvKiwk¥i MwZc‡_i w`K cwieZ©bB Av‡jvi cÖwZmiY|
L. Av‡jvKiwk¥i w`K cwieZ©‡bi KviY n‡jv gva¨‡gi Nb‡Z¡i cÖkœ -2  wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :
cv_©K¨|
mgmË¡ I ¯^”Q gva¨‡gi ga¨ w`‡q Av‡jvK mij‡iLvq P‡j|
wKš‘ †Kv‡bv Av‡jvK iwk¥¸”Q hLb wZh©Kfv‡e GK gva¨‡gi
ga¨ w`‡q Pj‡Z Pj‡Z Ab¨ GKwU gva¨‡g AvcwZZ nq,
ZLbB Av‡jvKiwk¥ w`K cwieZ©b K‡i| Av‡jvi cÖwZmi‡Yi
Rb¨ Giƒc N‡U| A_©vr gva¨g؇qi Nb‡Z¡i cv_©‡K¨i Rb¨
Av‡jvKiwk¥i w`K cwieZ©‡bi NUbv N‡U|
M. cyKz‡i Avwb‡mi c‡o hvIqvi KviY cvwbi wb‡P Av‡jvi K. c~Y© Af¨šÍixY cÖwZdjb Kx?
cÖwZmiY ev wfbœ gva¨‡g Av‡jvi w`K cwieZ©b| L. AcwUK¨vj dvBevi ej‡Z Kx eySvq?
†Kv‡bv Av‡jvKiwk¥ hLb nvjKv gva¨g †_‡K Nb gva¨‡g M. wP‡Î iwk¥wU msKU †KvY ˆZwi K‡i e¨vL¨v Ki|
(†hgb evqy †_‡K cvwb‡Z) cÖ‡ek K‡i, ZLb cÖwZm„Z iwk¥ N. RO iwk¥i MwZc_ wPÎ Gu‡K e¨vL¨v Ki|
Awfj‡¤^i w`‡K m‡i hvq| A_©vr Av‡jvi MwZi w`K cwieZ©b
nq| d‡j cvwbi wb‡P †Kv‡bv e¯‘‡K †hLv‡b †`Lv hvq,  2bs cª‡kœi DËi 
cÖK…Zc‡ÿ e¯‘wU _v‡K Zvi †P‡q GKUz wb‡P| d‡j †`Lvi I K. Av‡jvKiwk¥ hLb cÖwZmwiZ bv n‡q we‡f`Zj †_‡K GKB
†evSvi fzj nq| gva¨‡g cÖwZdj‡bi wbqgvbymv‡i cÖwZdwjZ nq| GB NUbvwUB
n‡jv c~Y© Af¨šÍixY cÖwZdjb|
L. AcwUK¨vj dvBevi ej‡Z AwZ mi“ KvPZš‘‡K †evSvq hv
Av‡jvK iwk¥ en‡bi Kv‡R GwU e¨eüZ nq| Av‡jvKiwk¥ hLb
KvPZš‘i g‡a¨ cÖ‡ek K‡i ZLb Gi †`qv‡j cybtcyb c~Y©
Af¨šÍixY cÖwZdjb NU‡Z _v‡K| GwU wPwKrmvi Kv‡R,
†UwjKwgDwb‡Kk‡bi Kv‡R e¨eüZ nq|

M. wP‡Î QO Av‡jvK iwk¥ msKU †KvY ˆZwi K‡i|

Avwb‡mi †ÿ‡ÎI Ggb NUbvB N‡U‡Q| †m evqy gva¨g †_‡K
cvwb gva¨‡g wmuwo †`L‡Q| d‡j wmuwowUi cÖK…Z Ae¯’vb eyS‡Z Av‡jvKiwk¥ hLb Nb gva¨g †_‡K nvjKv gva¨‡g cÖ‡ek K‡i
†m fzj K‡i| †hLv‡b †m wmuwowU †`L‡Z †c‡q cv †d‡j, Avm‡j ZLb AvcZb †Kv‡Yi †h gv‡bi Rb¨ cÖwZmiY †Kv‡Yi gvb
wmuwo †mLv‡b †bB| Av‡Q GKUz wb‡P| d‡j Avwb‡mi cv wcQ‡j 90 nq A_©vr cÖwZmwiZ iwk¥wU we‡f`Zj eivei P‡j hvq|
fvimvg¨ nvwi‡q c‡o hvq| ZLb H AvcZb †KvY‡K msKU †KvY ejv nq|
AZGe, cyKz‡i Avwb‡mi c‡o hvIqvi KviY n‡jv cvwbi wb‡P wPÎ Abymv‡i PO AvcwZZ iwk¥i Rb¨ cÖwZmwiZ iwk¥ n‡jv
Av‡jvi w`K cwieZ©b| OP| QO AvcwZZ iwk¥wUi Rb¨ cÖwZmwiZ iwk¥ n‡jv OQ
iwk¥ Ges GwU we‡f`Zj eivei cÖwZmwiZ n‡q‡Q A_©vr
N. gv‡Qi Ae¯’v‡bi GKUz wb‡P mowK Pvjv‡j Avwb‡mi †QvU
cÖwZmiY †KvY 90| wP‡Î NOQ = msKU †KvY|
fvB‡qi gvQ wkKvi Kiv m¤¢e n‡Zv| wP‡Î GB †KvY‡K Q Øviv cÖKvk Kiv n‡q‡Q|
†Kv‡bv Av‡jvKiwk¥ hLb Nb gva¨g †_‡K jNy gva¨‡g (†hgb wP‡Î QO iwk¥wU msKU †KvY ˆZwi K‡i|
: cvwb †_‡K evqy‡Z) cÖ‡ek K‡i ZLb cÖwZm„Z iwk¥ Awfj¤^
†_‡K `~‡i m‡i hvq| G Kvi‡Y Nb gva¨g cvwb †_‡K jNy
gva¨g evqy‡Z Av‡jvKiwk¥i cÖwZmi‡Yi d‡j cvwbi g‡a¨ _vKv
gvQ‡K Gi mwVK Ae¯’vb †_‡K wKQyUv Dc‡i IVv Ae¯’vq
†`Lv hvq| GRb¨ cvwbi Dci †_‡K gvQ‡K j¶ K‡i mowK
wb‡¶c Kiv n‡j, gvQ‡K mowKwe× Kiv hvq bv|
 Aóg †kÖwY : weÁvb  3
N. RO iwk¥i MwZc_ wPÎ Gu‡K wb‡P e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv : evqyi we‡f`Zj †Nu‡l cÖwZmwiZ nIqvq G‡ÿ‡Î cÖwZmiY †KvY
NOQ= 90 Ges AvcZb †KvY NOQ= msKU †KvY,
A_©vr evqy gva¨‡g OQ iwk¥i ci Avi †Kv‡bv iwk¥ cÖwZmwiZ
n‡Z cv‡i bv| wKš‘ cvwb‡Z NOQ Gi †P‡q eo †Kv‡Y
Av‡jvKiwk¥ AvcwZZ n‡Z cv‡i|
wPÎ Abyhvqx RO iwk¥wU AvcwZZ nIqv‡Z NOR msKU
†KvY NOQ Gi †P‡q eo| G‡ÿ‡Î Av‡jvKiwk¥wU evqy
gva¨‡g Avi cÖwZmwiZ n‡Z bv †c‡i we‡f`Zj †_‡K GKB
gva¨‡g A_©vr cvwb‡Z OR c‡_ cÖwZdwjZ n‡q wd‡i Avm‡e|
G‡K ejv nq c~Y© Af¨šÍixY cÖwZdjb|
wPÎ : c~Y© Af¨šÍixY cÖwZdjb AZGe, RO iwk¥i MwZc_ n‡jv OR iwk¥|
wPÎ †_‡K †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, PO Av‡jvKiwk¥ OP c‡_ I QO
Av‡jvKiwk¥ OQ c‡_ cÖwZmwiZ nq| OQ iwk¥wU cvwb I
cÖwZdwjZ nq|
 Aóg †kÖwY : weÁvb  1

Øv`k Aa¨vq
gnvKvk I DcMÖn
enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
1. we‡k¦i cÖ_g gwnjv gnvKvkPvixi bvg Kx? 13. Puv` †Kvb MÖ‡ni DcMÖn?
 †Z‡im‡Kvfv L gvwiqv M DBwjqvg N M¨vMvwib K kwb L eya M e„n¯úwZ  c„w_ex
2. gnvKv‡ki Ask e‡j g‡b Kiv nq †KvbwU‡K? 14. m~‡h©i me‡P‡q wbKUeZ©x MÖ‡ni bvg Kx?
K bÿÎ L evqygÊj M Qvqvc_  c„w_ex K BD‡ibvm L †bcPzb M kwb  eya
3. e„n¯úwZ MÖ‡ni KqwU DcMÖn? 15. BD‡ibvm MÖ‡ni KZwU DcMÖn Av‡Q?
K 13wU L 14wU M 15wU N 16wU K 2wU L 13wU  27wU N 34wU
[mwVK DËi : 63wU] 16. `~i Abyave‡bi Rb¨ j¨vÛ‡mU-1 K…wÎg DcMÖn KZ mv‡j cvVv‡bv nq?
4. †f‡jbwUbv †Z‡im‡Kvfv KZ mv‡j gnvKv‡k Ny‡i Av‡mb? K 1957 L 1963  1972 N 1975
K 1953  1963 M 1973 N 1983 17. †Kvb gnvKvkhvb gvbyl wb‡q cÖ_g c„w_ex‡K cÖ`wÿY K‡i?]
5. c„w_ex †_‡K hZ `~iZ¡ evo‡Z _v‡K evqygÊj ZZÑ K ¯úyUwbK-1  f÷K-1 M G·‡cøvivi-1 N Bb‡Uj‡mU
K Nb nq L fvix nq M cvZjv nq  nvjKv nq 18. cÖ_g gnvKvkPvix e¨w³ †K?
6. †mŠiRM‡Zi †gvU DcMÖ‡ni msL¨v KZ?  BDwi M¨vMvwib L †f‡jwUbv †Z‡im‡Kvfv
K 120wU L 130wU M 136wU  140wU M bxj Avg©÷ªs N GWDBb AjwWªb
7. ¯úyUwbK-k‡ãi A_© Kx? 19. m~‡h©i Pviw`‡K KqwU MÖn †Nv‡i?
 ågYm½x L ågYKvix M gnvKvkPvix N j¨vÛ‡mU K 6wU L 7wU  8wU N 9wU
8. †Z‡im‡Kvfv †Kvb †`‡ki gnvKvkPvix wQ‡jb? 20. c„w_ex †_‡K GKwU bÿ·K jvj †`Lvq, bÿÎwUi AvqZb †Kgb?
K Rvcvb L gvwK©b hy³ivóª  †mvwf‡qZ N fviZ K eür  AwZe„nr M gvSvwi N †QvU
9. c„w_exi wbR A‡ÿi Pviw`‡K GKevi cÖ`wÿY Ki‡Z KZ mgq jv‡M? 21. wb‡Pi †Kvb MÖ‡ni DcMÖn msL¨v †ewk?
 24 NÈv L 36 NÈv M 360 NÈv N 365 NÈv K c„w_ex L g½j  e„n¯úwZ N kwb
10. cÖ_g gvwK©b K…wÎg DcMÖ‡ni bvg Kx? 22. gnvwe‡k¦i b¶Î¸‡jv‡K Av‡jvi ZxeªZv Abymv‡i Kq fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q?
K ¯úyUwbK-1 L f÷K-1 M Bb‡Uj †mU-1  G·‡cøvivi- K `yB  wZb M Pvi N cuvP
1 23. KZ mv‡j gnvKvk hvÎv cÖ_g m~wPZ n‡qwQj?
11. kwb MÖ‡ni KqwU DcMÖn Av‡Q?  1957 L 1960 M 1969 N 1978
K 2wU L 13wU M 27wU  34wU 24. BDwi M¨vMwib KZ mv‡j K…wÎg DcMÖ‡n P‡o c„w_ex †Nv‡ib?
12. c„w_ex, MÖn, bÿÎ, a~g‡KZz, M¨vjvw·, Qvqvc_ BZ¨vw` wb‡q Kx MwVZ K 1970 L 1965  1961 N 1975
nq? 25. c„w_exi DcMÖn KqwU?
K †mŠiRMZ L gnvKvk M gnvwek¦ N gnvk~b¨ 1 L2 M3 N4
[Note : mwVK DËi : M I N] 26. gnvwe‡k¦i AwZ e„nr bÿ‡Îi is †Kgb?
K bxj L njy`  jvj N meyR
27. †h e¯‘ m~‡h©i Pviw`‡K †Nv‡i Zv‡K Kx e‡j?
K Qvqvc_ L M¨vjvw· M bÿÎ  MÖn

eûc`x mgvwßm~PK enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi

28. M¨vjvw· n‡jvÑ [D`qb D”P we`¨vjq, XvKv]
i. gnvwe‡k¦i wewfbœ e¯‘i Nbxf‚Z Ask 32. †R¨vwZwe©`¨vwelqK DcMÖ‡n ivLv _v‡KÑ
ii. bÿ‡Îi Ges MÖ‡ni GK e„nr `j i. AYyexÿY hš¿ ii. †Uwj‡¯‹vc iii. `~iexÿY hš¿
iii. Qvqvc_UvI M¨vjvw· wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K i I ii L i I iii  ii I iii N i I ii I
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii  i, ii I iii
iii
29. weMe¨vO ZË¡ Avgv‡`i eywS‡q †`qÑ (D”PZi `ÿZv)
i. AwZ we‡ùvi‡Yi d‡j gnvwe‡k¦i m„wó n‡q‡Q Awfbœ Z_¨wfwËK enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
ii. gnvwek¦ mKj e¯‘i GKwU cyÄxf~Z Ae¯’v
iii. gnvwek¦ AweiZfv‡e m¤cÖmvwiZ n‡”Q DÏxcKwU co Ges 33 I 34 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? Avgiv †h M¨vjvw·‡Z evm Kwi Zvi bvg Qvqvc_| †hLv‡b m~‡h©i AvUwU
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii  i, ii I iii
MÖ‡ni g‡a¨ Avgiv c„w_ex MÖ‡n evm Kwi|
33. †Kvb MÖ‡n emevm Kivi gZ cwi‡ek we`¨gvb?
30. AwZ e„nr I †QvU bÿ‡Îi is n‡jv− K eya L P›`ª  c„w_ex N e„n¯úwZ
i. jvj-njy` ii. jvj-bxj iii. njy`-bxj
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 34. †mŠiRM‡Z eo I †QvU MÖ‡ni bvg−
Ki  ii M iii N i I ii
i. c„w_ex ii. e„n¯úwZ iii. eya
31. bÿ‡Îi †ÿ‡ÎÑ wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K i I ii L i I iii  ii I iii N i, ii I iii
i. e„nr bÿθ‡jv jvj ii. gvSvwi bÿθ‡jv njy`
iii. †QvU bÿ‡Îi is bxj DÏxcKwU co Ges 35 I 36 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? w`e¨ wUwf P¨v‡b‡j GKwU e¯‘ †`Lj hv gva¨vKl©Y Uv‡bi cÖfv‡e Puv‡`i
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii  i, ii I iii
g‡Zv c„w_ex‡K †K›`ª K‡i †Nv‡i|
35. w`e¨ †h e¯‘‡K †`Lj Zv‡K Kx e‡j?
K Dév L MÖn M DcMÖn  K…wÎg
DcMÖn
 Aóg †kÖwY : weÁvb  2

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ I DËi

cÖkœ -1  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :
wgï cÖvqB Bsj¨vÛ cÖevmx Zvi evevi mv‡_ †Uwj‡dv‡b K_v e‡j| hLb cÖkœ -2  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :
†m Zvi evevi mv‡_ e_v e‡j ZLb †`‡ki †Kv‡bv wWk Gwi‡qj †_‡K DcMÖn
GKwU †eZvi ms‡KZ K…wÎg DcMÖ‡n †cÖwiZ nq| DcMÖnwU ms‡KZwU‡K
Puv`-A A¨v‡cv‡jv m‡qvR-BA
Ab¨‡`‡ki wWk Gwi‡q‡j cvVvq| Gfv‡e wgï Zvi evevi Kv‡Q evZ©v
†cuŠQvq| ZvQvov D³ DcMÖ‡ni gva¨‡g wek¦Kvc †Mg&m †`‡L| K. K… w Îg DcMÖ n Kv‡K e‡j? 1
L. gnvk~‡b¨i ïiæ I we¯Í„wZ e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
K. gnvwek¦ Kx? 1 M. wP‡Îi B AskwU Kx ai‡bi KvR K‡i eY©bv `vI| 3
L. MÖn I DcMÖ‡ni g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ †jL| 2 N. wP‡Î DwjøwLZ A I B As‡ki g‡a¨ Zzjbvg~jK Av‡jvPbv
M. DÏxc‡K wgï Zvi evevi mv‡_ †Kvb DcMÖ‡ni gva¨‡g Ki| 4
K_v e‡jÑ Zv we‡kølY Ki| 3
N. K…wÎg DcMÖn e¨envi K‡i DÏxc‡K wewfbœ wek¦Kvc
 2bs cª‡kœi DËi 
†Mgm †`Lv m¤¢eÑ hyw³ Dc¯’vcb Ki| 4 K. gvby‡li cvVv‡bv †hme e¯‘ ev gnvKvkhvb c„w_ex‡K †K›`ª K‡i
wbw`©ó K¶c‡_ †Nv‡i Zv‡`i K…wÎg DcMÖn e‡j|
 1bs cª‡kœi DËi 
L. AwaKvsk weÁvbx g‡b K‡ib †h, c„w_ex †_‡K 160 wK‡jvwgUvi
K. ¶z`ª †cvKvgvKo I a~wjKYv †_‡K ïiæ K‡i Avgv‡`i G c„w_ex, D”PZvq evqygʇji †kl Ges gnvk~b¨ ïiæ| gnvk~b¨ Amxg `~iZ¡
`~i-`~iv‡šÍi MÖn-bÿÎ, a~g‡KZz, M¨vjvw· Ges †`Lv bv †`Lv ch©šÍ we¯—…Z| GKmgq aviYv Kiv n‡Zv hZ`~i ch©šÍ †Kv‡bv
mewKQz wb‡qB gnvwek¦| e¯‘ †`Lv hvq, gnvk~b¨ †mB ch©šÍ we¯Í„Z| cieZx© mg‡q
L. MÖn I DcMÖ‡ni g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wb‡P Zz‡j aiv n‡jv| `„wómxgvi evB‡i A‡bK¸‡jv bÿÎ, a~g‡KZz I M¨vjvw· †`L‡Z
MÖn DcMÖn cvIqv hvq Ges wm×všÍ †bIqv nq gnvk~‡b¨i †Kv‡bv †kl †bB|
1| †hme e¯‘ bÿ·K 1| †hme e¯‘ MÖn‡K †K›`ª M. wP‡Î B wPwýZ e¯‘wU n‡jv A¨v‡cv‡jv m‡qvR hv GKwU K…wÎg
†K›`ª K‡i †Nv‡i Zv‡`i K‡i †Nv‡i Zv‡`i ejv nq DcMÖn| eZ©gvb we‡k¦i Z_¨ cÖhyw³i Dbœq‡b K…wÎg DcMÖ‡ni
ejv nq MÖn| DcMÖn| f‚wgKv wb‡P we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv :
2| bÿ‡Îi R‡b¥i mgq 2| MÖn‡`i Pvicv‡k Rgv 1. Gi mvnv‡h¨ gyn‚‡Z©B GK †`‡ki msev` I LeivLei Ab¨Î
gnvRvMwZK †gN †_‡K gnvRvMwZK †gN †_‡K cvIqv m¤¢e n‡”Q|
MÖ‡ni DrcwË n‡q‡Q| DcMÖ‡ni DrcwË n‡q‡Q| 2. Gi Rb¨B eZ©gv‡b †Uwj‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î wecøe mvwaZ n‡q‡Q|
3. †Kv‡bv GKwU RvqMvq N‡U hvIqv NUbv Gi Rb¨B
M. DÏxc‡K wgï Zvi evevi mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM DcMÖ‡ni gva¨‡g K_v e‡j| †Uwjwfk‡b Avgiv mivmwi Dc‡fvM Ki‡Z cvwi|
4. AvenvIqvi wewfbœ Z_¨, `~i mgy‡`ªi S‡oi DrcwË BZ¨vw`
A‡b‡KB Bsj¨vÛ, Av‡gwiKv ev Ab¨ †h‡Kv‡bv †`‡k AvZ¥xq- Avgiv Gi gva¨‡g Rvb‡Z cvwi|
¯^R‡bi mv‡_ †Uwj‡dv‡b K_v e‡j _vK| hLb †Uwj‡dv‡b Ab¨
†`‡ki Kv‡iv mv‡_ K_v nq, ZLb Avgv‡`i †`‡ki †Kv‡bv wWk 5. †Mv‡q›`v Kv‡R †hvMv‡hvM Kivi Rb¨ mvgwiK evwnbx‡Z
†Mv‡q›`v K…wÎg DcMÖn e¨envi Kiv nq|
Gwi‡qj †_‡K GKwU †eZvi m‡¼Z K…wÎg DcMÖ‡n †cÖwiZ nq| 6. c„w_ex ch©‡eÿYKvix K…wÎg DcMÖn c„w_exc„‡ôi my¯úó wPÎ
DcMÖnwU m‡¼ZwU‡K Aci †`‡ki †Kv‡bv GKwU wWk Gwi‡q‡j w`‡Z cv‡i|
cvwV‡q †`q, †mLvb †_‡K hvi mv‡_ K_v ejwQ Zvi †Uwj‡dv‡b
†cuŠQvq| my Zivs †hvMv‡hvM †ÿ‡Î B Gi A_©vr K…wÎg DcMÖ‡ni KvR Acwimxg|
DÏxc‡Ki wgïI GB GKB cÖwµqvq †hvMv‡hvM DcMÖ‡ni wWk N. A ev Puv` GKwU cÖvK…wZK DcMÖn, Aciw`‡K B ev A¨v‡cv‡jv
Gwi‡q‡ji gva¨‡g Zvi Bsj¨vÛcÖevmx evevi mv‡_ K_v e‡j| mv‡qvR GKwU K…wÎg DcMÖn| A I B Gi g‡a¨ A Z_v Puv`
N. DÏxc‡K K…wÎg DcMÖ‡ni gva¨‡g wgïi wek¦Kvc †Mgm †`Lvi K_v ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB c„w_exi Pviw`‡K †Nv‡i| wb‡P G‡`i g‡a¨
ejv n‡q‡Q| Zzjbvg~jK Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jvÑ
Avgiv cÖvqB wewfbœ †`‡k AbywôZ wek¦Kvc ev Awjw¤úK †MBg c„w_exi Pviw`‡K †Nvivi Rb¨ †K›`ªgyLx ev Uv‡bi cÖ‡qvRb nq|
†Uwjwfk‡b †`‡L _vwK| Ab¨‡`k †_‡K GKBfv‡e †eZvi m‡¼Z K…wÎg DcMÖ‡ni Dci c„w_exi AvKl©Y ej ev AwfKl© ejB GB
†hvMv‡hvM DcMÖ‡ni gva¨‡g Avgv‡`i †Uwjwfk‡b †cuŠQvq| †h †K›`ªgyLx ej †hvMvq| wnmve K‡i †`Lv †M‡Q, hw` c„w_exi cÖvq
†`‡k †Ljv n‡”Q †m †`k †_‡K wWk Gwi‡q‡ji gva¨‡g GKwU 250 wK‡jvwgUvi Dc‡i Zz‡j c„w_exc„‡ô mgvšÍivjfv‡e cÖwZ
m‡½Z DcMÖ‡n cvVv‡bv nq| DcMÖn m‡¼ZwU cybivq Avgv‡`i †m‡K‡Û cÖvq 8 wK‡jvwgUvi †eM †`Iqv hvq Z‡e K…wÎg DcMÖn
†`‡ki †Kv‡bv wWk Gwi‡q‡j cvwV‡q †`q| †mLvb †_‡K Avgv‡`i c„w_exi Pviw`‡K Nyi‡Z _v‡K| wZbwU i‡K‡Ui mvnv‡h¨ K…wÎg
†Uwjwfk‡b †cuŠ‡Q| K…wÎg DcMÖn GLv‡b wi‡j †÷k‡bi KvR DcMÖn‡K wbw`©ó D”PZvq Zz‡j c‡i f~c„‡ôi mgvšÍivj †eM
K‡i| G DcMÖn †Uwjwfkb †cÖvMÖvg I †Uwj‡dvb msev` c„w_exi †`Iqv nq|
GKcÖvß †_‡K Ab¨cÖv‡šÍ e‡q wb‡q hvq|
DÏxc‡Ki wgïI †hfv‡e †hvMv‡hvM DcMÖn bvgK K…wÎg DcMÖ‡ni Aciw`‡K Puv‡`i †ÿ‡Î wbw`©ó D”PZvq †Zvjv ev †eM †`Iqvi
gva¨‡g Zvi Bsj¨vÛcÖevmx evevi mv‡_ K_v e‡j, wVK †mfv‡eB cÖ‡qvRb c‡o bv, Puv` wbR Kÿc‡_ AweiZ c„w_exi Pviw`‡K
G DcMÖ‡ni gva¨‡g wewfbœ †Mgm †`‡L _v‡K| Nyi‡Q KviY, †R¨vwZwe©Ávbx‡`i aviYv bÿ‡Îi R‡b¥i mgq
AZGe, GwU AZ¨šÍ †hŠw³K †h, K…wÎg DcMÖn e¨envi K‡i G‡KKwU MÖn‡K wN‡i K‡qKwU gnvRvMwZK †gN AvewZ©Z n‡Zv|
wewfbœ wek¦Kvc †Mgm †`Lv m¤¢e| G‡_‡KB DcMÖn m„wó n‡q‡Q| Puv`I GgbB GKwU DcMÖn|
 Aóg †kÖwY : weÁvb  182

·qv`k Aa¨vq
Lv`¨ I cywó
enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
1. AKv‡j `uvZ c‡o hvq †Kvb wfUvwg‡bi Afv‡e? 23. 4 MÖvg Avwgl †_‡K KZ wK‡jvK¨vjwi kw³ cvIqv hvq?
KG L we  wm NB K4 L8 M 12  16
2. †KvbwU GgvB‡bv Gwm‡Wi RwUj †hŠM? 24. †KvbwUi Afv‡e gvbe‡`‡n ¯‹vwf© †ivM nq?
K kK©iv  Avwgl M Pwe© N cvwb  GmKiweK GwmW L nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK GwmW
3. weï× Lv`¨ †KvbwU? M cvi‡K¬vwiK GwmW N dmdwiK GwmW
K `ya L wWg M †cqviv  wPwb 25. †KvbwU cywó Dcv`vb bq?
4. 80 K¨vjwi kw³ Drcv`‡b wK cwigvY Avwgl cÖ‡qvRb? K Avwgl L kK©iv  iv‡dR N †mœn
K 10 MÖvg L 15 MÖvg  20 MÖvg N 25 MÖvg 26. 200 MÖvg kK©iv †_‡K KZ K¨vjwi Zvc cvIqv hvq?
5. †Kvb d‡j wfUvwgb ÔGÕ _v‡K? K 200 L 400 M 600  800
K †cu‡c L Avg M KuvVvj  me KqwU 27. †fvR¨ †Zj †Kvb wfUvwg‡bi fv‡jv Drm?
6. gvby‡li kix‡ii KZ MÖvg Kve©nvB‡WªU Rgv _vK‡Z cv‡i? KA LC E NK
K 500−600  300−400 M 200−300 N 28. †KvbwU †_‡K d¨vwU GwmW I wMømvij Drcbœ nq?
100−200 K Avwgl  Pwe© M LwbR jeY N kK©iv
7. GK MÖvg Pwe© †_‡K Avgiv KZUzKz kw³ cvB? 29. †KvbwU Pwe©‡Z `ªeYxq wfUvwgb?
 9 wK‡jvK¨vjwi L 15 wK‡jvK¨vjwi K we2 L we12 M wm  wW
M 18 wK‡jvK¨vjwi N 28 wK‡jvK¨vjwi 30. †KvbwU †Ric_vjwgqvi jÿY?
8. AZ¨vek¨Kxq Pwe©RvZxq Gwm‡Wi Afv‡e wkï‡`i Kx †ivM nq? K †Pv‡L Av‡jv cÖ‡e‡k evav cvIqv
K wi‡KU&m  GKwRgv M i³k~b¨Zv N L iv‡Z Kg †`L‡Z cvIqv
†KvqvwkqiKi  †Pv‡L Kwb©qvi Av”Qv`b ÿwZMÖ¯Í nIqv
9. cÖvYx‡`‡n kZKiv KZfvM cvwb i‡q‡Q? N †ivM cÖwZ‡iva ÿgZv K‡g hvIqv
 60Ñ70 L 40Ñ50 M 50Ñ60 N 10Ñ20 31. †Kvb wfUvwgb Nv ïKv‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i?
10. wm× Pv‡j kZKiv KZfvM †mœnc`v_© _v‡K? K wfUvwg G L wfUvwgb we  wfUvwgb wm N wfUvwgb
 6% L 20% M 59% N 79% wW
11. iwn‡gi eqm 35 eQi, ˆ`wbK Zvi KZ MÖvg kK©ivi cÖ‡qvRb? 32. †KvbwUi Afv‡e MjMÊ †ivM nq?
K 4.6 L 46 M 138  161 K †jŠn L K¨vjwmqvg M wfUvwgb †K  Av‡qvwWb
12. †KvbwU iv‡dR? 33. wb‡Pi †Kvb †mU †_‡K cÖPzi wfUvwgb wm cvIqv hvq?
K gvQ  cvZveûj mewR M gvsm N Wvj  AvgjwK I †jey L kvKmewR I euvavKwc
13. †Kvb wfUvwgb cvwb‡Z `ªeYxq? M Kjv I KuvVvj N MvRi I U‡g‡Uv
 wfUvwgb-C L wfUvwgb-A M wfUvwgb-D N 34. Avwg‡li Afve n‡j Kx nq?
wfUvwgb-E K †`‡ni IRb †e‡o hvq L `uv‡Zi gvwo dz‡j hvq
14. U‡g‡Uv‡Z wb‡Pi †Kvb GwmW we`¨gvb? M cuvR‡ii nvo †eu‡K hvq  †KvqvwkqiKi †ivM nq
K g¨vwjK GwmW L mvBwUªK GwmW 35. †Kvb wfUvwg‡bi Afv‡e ivZKvbv †ivM nq?
 A·vwjK GwmW N GmKiweK GwmW G L we M wm N wW
15. cvwb‡Z `ªeYxq wfUvwgb †KvbwU? 36. †Kvb †iv‡M _vBi‡qW MÖwš’ dz‡j hvq?
K wfUvwgb-G  wfUvwgb-wm M wfUvwgb-B N K wi‡KUm L ¯‹vwf© M ivZKvbv  MjMÊ
wfUvwgb-†K 37. †Kvb Lv`¨ Dcv`vbwUi †KvqvwkqiKi †ivM nq?
16. 10 MÖvg Avwgl †_‡K KZ wK‡jvK¨vjwi kw³ cvIqv hvq? K †mœn L kK©iv  Avwgl N wfUvwgb
K 10 wK‡jvK¨vjwi L 20 wK‡jvK¨vjwi 38. †KvbwU iv‡dR?
 40 wK‡jvK¨vjwi N 90 wK‡jvK¨vjwi K wPov L gvQ  km¨`vbv N PK‡jU
17. wfUvwgb ÔBÕ Gi me‡P‡q fv‡jv Drm †KvbwU? 39. Lv`¨B Rxe‡K Rxebxkw³ cÖ`vb K‡i| Rxebxkw³ ej‡Z hv eySvqÑ
K hK…Z L dzjKwc  †fvR¨ †Zj N gv‡Qi i. ˆ`wnK kw³ ii. cÖRbb iii. †ivM cÖwZ‡iva
†Zj wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
18. †Kvb ai‡bi Lv`¨ Dcv`vb ˆRe ivmvqwbK wewµqvq DÏxcbv Ki L ii M iii  i I ii
†hvMvq? 40. iv‡dR †cŠwóK bvwj‡Z Kx KvR K‡i?
K cvwb L kK©iv M Avwgl  wfUvwgb i. cvwb †kvlY ii. g‡ji cwigvY e„w×
19. †Kvb ai‡bi Lv‡`¨i Afv‡e †givmgvm †ivM nq? iii. gj wb®‹vkb
K †mœn  Avwgl M kK©iv N wfUvwgb wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
20. gvbe‡`‡n 1 MÖvg Avwgl †_‡K KZ wK‡jvK¨vjwi kw³ Drcbœ nq? K i I ii  i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I
K3 4 M6 N9 iii
21. gv‡Qi Pwe©‡Z †Kvb wfUvwgb cvIqv hvq? 41. mylg Lv‡`¨i †h ¸Yvewj _vKv Avek¨KÑ
K wfUvwgb-G  wfUvwgb-B MwfUvwgb-†K NwfUvwgb wW i. †`n MVbKvix Lv`¨ ii. kw³ I Zvc mieivnKvix
22. Avwg‡l KZ fvM bvB‡Uªv‡Rb _v‡K? Lv`¨
K 9% L 12%  16% N 18% iii. †ivM cÖwZ‡ivag~jK Lv`¨
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii  i, ii I iii
 Aóg †kÖwY : weÁvb  183
cÖkœ -1  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI : K. †cÖvwUb Kx?
Zvjnv B`vbxs wKQyB †L‡Z Pvq bv| Zvi LvIqvq AiæwP Ges ewg ewg L. iv‡dR ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
fve nq| Zvi Z¡K LmL‡m n‡q hv‡”Q| Wv³v‡ii kiYvcbœ n‡j Wv³vi M. b~iRvnvb †eMg eKz‡ji Lv`¨ ZvwjKv Kxfv‡e ˆZwi
Zv‡K wWg I `ya †ewk K‡i †L‡Z ej‡jb| K‡ib? eY©bv Ki|
K. Lv`¨ Kx? N. b~iRvnvb †eM‡gi cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡`i Rb¨ wfbœ wfbœ
L. cywó ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? Lv`¨ wbe©vP‡bi †hŠw³KZv we‡kølY Ki|
M. Wv³vi Zvjnv‡K DwjøwLZ Lvevi¸‡jv †L‡Z ej‡jb †Kb?  2bs cª‡kœi DËi 
N. Wv³v‡ii civgk© g‡Zv Lvevi bv †L‡j cieZx©‡Z Zvjnvi K. †cÖvwUb n‡jv A¨vgvB‡bv Gwm‡Wi GKwU RwUj †hŠM|
AviI Kx mgm¨v n‡Z cv‡i? we‡kølY Ki| L. iv‡dR ej‡Z km¨`vbv, djg~j I mewRi AcvP¨ Ask‡K
 1bs cª‡kœi DËi  †evSvq|
K. Lv`¨ n‡jv Ggb me ˆRe Dcv`vb hv Rx‡ei †`n MVb, ÿqc~iY g~jZ Auvkhy³ Lvevi †_‡K iv‡dR cvIqv hvq| ¯^v¯’¨ iÿvi
Ges kw³ Drcv`‡b e¨eüZ nq| Rb¨ GwU AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb| iv‡dR †cŠwóK bvwji ga¨
w`‡q mivmwi ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq| Lv‡`¨i GB Dcv`vb †KvôKvwVb¨,
L. †h c×wZ‡Z Rxe cwi‡ek †_‡K Lv`¨`ªe¨ msMÖn K‡i Zv MÖnY K‡i ü`‡ivM, Wvqv‡ewUm, Lv`¨bvwji K¨vÝvi BZ¨vw` †_‡K †`n‡K
wbR †`n MVb I ÿqc~i‡Y Kv‡R jvMvq Ges bvbviKg kvixie„Ëxq iÿv K‡i|
Kv‡Ri Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq kw³ mieivn K‡i Zv‡K cywó e‡j| M. b~iRvnvb †eMg eKz‡ji Lv`¨ ZvwjKv wbgœiƒ‡c ˆZwi K‡ibÑ
cywó GKwU cÖwµqv| G cÖwµqvq Lv`¨ Dcv`vb †f‡O mij Dcv`v‡b 1. eKz‡ji eqm, MVb I kvixwiK Ae¯’vi w`‡K jÿ iv‡Lb|
cwiYZ nq| Gme, mij Dcv`vb †`n †kvlY K‡i †bq| 2. Lv‡`¨i K¨vjwi g~j¨ eKz‡ji eqm Abyhvqx wbwðZ n‡”Q
M. ZvjnvÕi †`‡n Avwg‡li NvUwZ †`Lv hvIqvq Wv³vi Zv‡K wKbv †mw`‡K jÿ iv‡Lb|
DwjøwLZ Lvevi¸‡jv †L‡Z ej‡jb| 3. Lv‡`¨ †`n MVb I ÿq-c~i‡Yi Dc‡hvMx Dcv`vb _v‡K
Zvjnv †KvqvwkqiKi †iv‡M AvµvšÍ| G †iv‡M Avwg‡li Afv‡e wKbv †mw`‡K bRi iv‡Lb|
wkï‡`i LvIqvq AiæwP nq| Z¡K LmL‡m I is bó n‡q hvq| 4. Lv‡`¨ h‡_vchy³ wfUvwgb, LwbR jeY I cvwbi Dcw¯’wZi
†cwk kxY© I `ye©j n‡Z _v‡K| w`KwU wePvi K‡ib|
5. Lv`¨ ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘‡Zi mgq eKz‡ji Lv`¨vf¨v‡mi w`‡KI
G Ae¯’v KvwU‡q DV‡Z n‡j †ewk K‡i Avwgl RvZxq Lvevi †L‡Z bRi iv‡Lb|
nq| wWg I `ya Avwgl RvZxq Lv‡`¨i DËg Drm| GRb¨ Wv³vi 6. cwiev‡ii Avw_©K msMwZi w`KwUI Lv`¨ ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘wZi
Zvjnv‡K wWg I `ya †ewk K‡i †L‡Z ej‡jb| mgq g‡b iv‡Lb|
N. Wv³v‡ii civgk©g‡Zv Lvevi bv †L‡j cieZx©‡Z Zvjnvi AviI N. b~iRvnvb †eMg Lv`¨ wbe©vP‡bi mgq cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡`i eqm,
†hme mgm¨vq n‡Z cv‡i †m¸‡jv n‡jvÑ KvRKg©, ˆ`wnK Pvwn`v BZ¨vw` w`K¸‡jv jÿ †i‡L Lv`¨ wbe©vPb
1. kixi µgk ïwK‡q Aw¯’ Pg©mvi n‡q co‡e| K‡i _v‡Kb|
2. Nb Nb †cU Lvivc n‡Z _vK‡e| wkï, cÖvßeq¯‹ I e„ׇ`i ˆ`wnK Pvwn`v GKiKg nq bv| Avevi,
3. nvZ I cv kxY© n‡e Ges kixi ÿxY n‡q cuvR‡ii nvo¸‡jv wj½ I RxweKv Abyhvqx Lv`¨ Pvwn`v wfbœ nq| cÖm~wZ I Mf©eZx
¯úó †`Lv hv‡e| gv‡q‡`i Pvwn`v wfbœ _v‡K| Amy¯’ I `ye©j e¨w³i Rb¨ wfbœ Lv`¨
4. i³¯^íZvi Kvi‡Y Zvjnv Lye `ye©j n‡q co‡e| wbe©vPb Ki‡Z nq|
5. kix‡ii IRb n«vm cv‡e Ges †`‡n cvwb Avm‡e| wkï‡`i Lv‡`¨ Avwgl, wfUvwgb I LwbR jeY mg„× Lv`¨ †ewk
Gme jÿY †KvqvwkqiKi I †givmgvm †iv‡Mi| Wv³v‡ii `iKvi| KviY, G mgq †`n cybM©V‡bi KvR Pj‡Z _v‡K|
civgk©g‡Z Zvjnv wWg I `ya †ewk K‡i bv †L‡j µgk Gme cÖvß eq¯‹‡`i Rb¨ wfUvwgb I LwbR jeY mg„× Lv`¨ †ewk
†iv‡M AvµvšÍ n‡q co‡e| wbe©vPb Ki‡Z nq| e„ׇ`i †`‡ni mvwe©K cywói K_v we‡ePbv
K‡i Lv`¨ wbe©vPb Ki‡Z nq| Amy¯’ e¨w³ mn‡R †hb Lv`¨ †_‡K
cÖkœ -2  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI : cÖ‡qvRbxq K¨vjwi †c‡Z cv‡i Ggb Lv`¨ wbe©vPb Ki‡Z nq|
b~iRvnvb †eMg Zvi AvU eQ‡ii †Q‡j eKz‡ji ˆ`wnK e„w× wb‡q fxlY AZGe, DcwiD³ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K GUv ¯úó †h, b~iRvnvb
wPwšÍZ| wZwb Zvi kvixwiK e„w× I my¯’Zv wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ Zv‡K †eM‡gi cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡`i Rb¨ wfbœ wfbœ Lv`¨ wbe©vPb Kiv
we‡kl ai‡bi Lvevi LvIqv‡Z ïiæ K‡ib| Z‡e wZwb wb‡Ri Ges AZ¨šÍ †hŠw³K|
eKz‡ji evev, `v`v I `v`xi Lv`¨ ZvwjKvq wfbœ ai‡bi Lvevi iv‡Lb|
 Aóg †kÖwY : weÁvb  199

PZz`©k Aa¨vq
cwi‡ek Ges ev¯ÍyZš¿
enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
1. evsjv‡`‡ki ebf‚wg‡K cÖavb KqwU A‡j fvM Kiv nq? 19. meyR Dw™¢` Kx bv‡g cwiwPZ?
 2wU L 3wU M 4wU N 5wU K cwieZ©K L we‡qvRK M Lv`K  Drcv`K
2. ev¯‘ms¯’v‡bi cywó`ª‡e¨i cÖevn wKiƒc? 20. †KvbwU 1g ¯Í‡ii Lv`K?
K GKgyLx L DfqgyLx  PµvKvi N K Kzwgi L evN M gvKokv  nwiY
mij‡iLvKvi 21. Z…Zxq ¯Í‡ii Lv`K †KvbwU?
3. †Kvb Lv`¨k„•LjwU mwVK?  cvwL L K”Qc M nwiY N QÎvK
K nwiY → Nvm → evN L evN → nwiY → Nvm
22. hviv g„Z Rxe‡`i Dci wµqv K‡i Zv‡`i Kx e‡j?
 Nvm → nwiY → evN N Nvm → evN → nwiY
 we‡qvRK L Lv`K M Drcv`K N wnDgvm
4. 2q ¯Í‡ii Lv`K †KvbwU? 23. cvwb‡Z emevmKvix ¶z`ª cÖvYx‡`i Kx e‡j?
K Miæ L QvMj M fvBivm  cvwL
K Drcv`K  Rycø¨vsKUb M we‡qvRK N
5. †KvbwU dvB‡Uvcøv¼Ub? dvB‡Uvcø¨vsKUb
K e¨vK‡Uwiqv  ˆkevj M fvBivm N ¶z`ª¶z`ª 24. wb‡Pi †KvbwU cÖ_g ¯Í‡ii Lv`K?
cÖvYx K e¨vO  K”Qc M eK N wSbyK
6. ARxe Dcv`vb Kq ai‡bi? 25. wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK Lv`¨k„•Lj?
 `yB L wZb M Pvi N Qq
 Nvm → Nvmdwos → e¨vO L Nvm → mvc → e¨vO
7. †KvbwU‡Z kw³ msiwÿZ n‡q‡Q?
M Nvm → QvMj → CMj N e¨vO → evRcvwL → mvc
 Nvm → Nvmdwos
26. †KvbwU Drcv`K?
L e¨vs → mvc → CMj K gvbyl L QÎvK  meyR Dw™¢` N
M Nvm dwos → e¨vO → mvc → CMj e¨vK‡Uwiqv
N Nvm → Nvmdwos → e¨vO → mvc → CMj 27. cÖK…wZ‡Z meyR Dw™¢`Ñ
8. †KvbwU my›`ie‡bi me©fyK? i. †mŠikw³ e¨envi K‡i ii. mv‡jvKms‡kølY NUvq
K evbi L K”Qc  k~Ki N mvim iii. Aw·‡R‡bi †hvMvb †`q
9. †KvbwU Lv‡`¨i g~j Drm? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
 m~h© L kK©iv M mRxe †`n N †mœn K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii  i, ii I iii
10. †Kvb Dw™¢` cÖwZw`b †Rvqvi fvUvq wbgw¾Z nq : 28. my›`ie‡bi gvwU‡ZÑ
K PÆMÖvg e‡bi Dw™¢` L kvje‡bi Dw™¢` i. †Rvqvi fvUvi cvwb cÖ‡ek K‡i
 g¨vb‡MÖvf Dw™¢` N KPzwicvbv
ii. evZvm PjvPj K‡i bv
iii. je‡Yi cwigvY †ewk
11. wb‡Pi †Kvb Lv`¨ k„•Lj mwVK?
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K gvbyl → Mg → Bu`yi L e¨vO → CMj → mvc
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii  i, ii I iii
M e¨vO → gq~i → mvc N Mg → gvbyl → Bu`yi wb‡Pi wPÎ †_‡K 33 I 34 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
[†bvU : mwVK DËi : e¨vO→ mvc→ CMj]
12. †KvbwU me©fzK cÖvYx? D gvskvmx L
 k~Ki L nwiY M evbi N mvim
29. cÖevn wP‡Îi ÔDÕ ¯’v‡bi RxewU Kx?
13. cÖ_g ¯Í‡ii Lv`K †KvbwU? K gvbyl L mvc  nwiY N evN
K eK  Miæ M e¨vO N K”Qc
30. ÔLÕ Gi †ÿ‡Î ejv hvqÑ
14. †Kvb RxewU we‡qvRK? i. Giv ciRxex
K QvMj L Kzwgi  QÎvK N CMj
ii. Giv g„ZRxex
15. Rx‡ei g„Z I MwjZ †`nve‡kl‡K Kx ejv nq? iii. Giv cPbkxj Rxe‡`‡n KvR K‡i
K ARxe Dcv`vb L Rxe Dcv`vb
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
M †fŠZ Dcv`vb  ˆRe Dcv`vb
K i I ii L i I iii  ii I iii N i, ii I iii
16. †KvbwU we‡qvRK? wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU co Ges 35 I 36 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
 e¨vK‡Uwiqv L nvBWªv M †Ku‡Pv M cø¨vsKUb
Aš‘ †Z‡j fvRv Lvevi †L‡Z cQ›` Ki‡jI UK RvZxq dj I kvKmewR
17. hviv cÖ_g ¯Í‡ii Lv`K‡`i †L‡q euv‡P Zv‡`i‡K Kx e‡j?
K Drcv`K  2q ¯Í‡ii Lv`K M we‡qvRK N 3q ¯Í‡ii
†L‡Z †gv‡UI cQ›` K‡i bv| G‡Z Zvi `uv‡Zi gvwo dz‡j †M‡Q Ges `uv‡Zi
Lv`K †Mvov w`‡q i³ c‡o|
18. wb‡Pi †Kvb Lv`¨k„•L‡j †ewk kw³ e¨q nq? 31. DÏxc‡Ki cÖ_‡gv³ Lvev‡i we`¨gvb wfUvwgb−
i. wW ii. B
K Mg → Bu`yi
iii. †K
L Nvm → QvMj → evN
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
M Nvm → QvMj → gvbyl → evN
K i I ii L i I iii  ii I iii N i, ii I iii
 Nvm → dwos → e¨vO → mvc → gq~i 32. Aš‘ †Kvb †iv‡M AvµvšÍ n‡q‡Q?
K †µvwUwbRg L g¨vivmgvm
 ¯‹vwf© N wi‡KUm
 Aóg †kÖwY : weÁvb  200

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ I DËi

cÖkœ -1  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI : cÖkœ -2  wb‡Pi cÖevnwPÎ jÿ K‡i cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :
dvwng GKwU e‡b †eov‡Z wM‡q wewfbœ ai‡bi MvQcvjvi gv‡S
wewPÎ iK‡gi cÖvYxi Dcw¯’wZ jÿ Kij| G‡`i g‡a¨ wQj
Li‡Mvk, nwiY, evbi, evN, k~Ki BZ¨vw` cÖvYx| †m †Lqvj Kij
e‡bi GKwU As‡k eo eo MvQcvjv †K‡U †djv n‡q‡Q Avi †m
As‡k H mKj cÖvYxi Dcw¯’wZ LyeB Kg| K. ˆRe Dcv`vb Kx?
K. ev¯‘Zš¿ Kx?
L. we‡qvRK ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? L. Lv`¨Rvj ej‡Z Kx eySvq?
M. dvwn‡gi †`Lv Rxe¸‡jv w`‡q GKwU Lv`¨k„•Lj ˆZwi M. Dc‡ii k„•LjwU‡Z kw³cÖevn Kxfv‡e P‡j? e¨vL¨v Ki|
K‡i k„•LjwU e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. eo eo MvQcvjv †K‡U †djv As‡k cÖvYxi msL¨v K‡g N. DÏxc‡K cywócÖev‡ni PµwU Kxiƒc n‡e? we‡kølY Ki|
hvIqvi KviY we‡kølY Ki|
 1bs cª‡kœi DËi   2bs cª‡kœi DËi 
K. †h‡Kv‡bv GKwU cwi‡e‡ki ARxe Ges Rxe Dcv`vbmg~‡ni K. cwi‡e‡ki mKj RxešÍ AskB ev¯‘Z‡š¿i ˆRe Dcv`vb|
g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK wµqv, Av`vb-cÖ`vb BZ¨vw`i gva¨‡g L. Lv`¨Rvj ej‡Z ci¯úi m¤úK©hy³ AmsL¨ Lv`¨k„•L‡ji
cwi‡e‡ki †h Zš¿ M‡o I‡V, †mwUB ev¯‘Zš¿| mshyw³‡K †evSvq|
L. we‡qvRK ej‡Z ev¯‘Z‡š¿i AšÍM©Z AvYyexÿwYK g„ZRxex Rxe ev¯‘Z‡š¿ AmsL¨ Lv`¨k„•Lj _v‡K| Gme Lv`¨k„•Lj †Kv‡bv
†hgb : e¨vK‡Uwiqv, QÎvK BZ¨vw`‡K †evSvq| wew”Qbœ NUbv bq| eis wewfbœ Lv`¨k„•Lj ci¯úi m¤úK©hy³|
we‡qvRK g„Z Drcv`K I Lv`‡Ki RwUj †`n‡K we‡qvwRZ Lv`¨ k„•L‡ji G ai‡bi mshyw³‡K Lv`¨Rvj ejv nq|
mij K‡i| GB mij ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi wKQz Ask Zviv Lv`¨ M. Dc‡ii k„•LjwU‡Z kw³cÖevn GKgyLx PµvKv‡i P‡j|
wn‡m‡e wb‡Riv MÖnY K‡i Ges evwK Ask A‰Re jeY ev Dc‡ii k„•LjwU‡Z cÖ_g ¯Í‡ii Lv`K Nvm dwos hLb Nvm
†gŠjiƒ‡c cÖK…wZ‡Z wdwi‡q †`q| we‡qvRK‡`i ØvivB A_©vr Drcv`K‡K Lvq ZLb cÖK…Z kw³ Nv‡mi †`n †_‡K
cÖK…wZ‡Z ARxe I Rxe Dcv`v‡bi g‡a¨ fvimvg¨ iwÿZ nq| cÖ_g ¯Í‡ii Lv`‡Ki †`‡n P‡j Av‡m| wØZxq ¯Í‡ii Lv`K
M. dvwn‡gi †`Lv Rxe¸‡jv wb‡q H e‡b A‡bK¸‡jv Lv`¨k„•Lj M‡o e¨vO hLb cÖ_g ¯Í‡ii Lv`K Nvmdwos‡K MÖnY K‡i ZLb
D‡V‡Q| G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ GKwU Lv`¨k„•Lj wbgœiƒc: ¯^vfvweKfv‡e Zvi †`‡n Kg cwigvY kw³ cwievwnZ nq|
Nvm I jZv¸j¥ → nwiY → evN Abyiƒc mvc hLb wØZxq ¯Í‡ii e¨vO Ges evRcvwL hLb
m~‡h©i Av‡jv I †K¬v‡ivwd‡ji mnvqZvq Nvm I jZv¸j¥
wb‡R‡`i Lv`¨ wb‡Riv Drcv`b K‡i| G¸‡jv Drcv`K| Z…Zxq ¯Í‡ii mvc‡K MÖnY K‡i ZLb Zv‡`i †`‡n AviI Kg
Gme Drcv`K‡`i Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i| cÖ_g ¯Í‡ii Lv`K cwigvY kw³ cÖevwnZ nq| myZivs Lv`¨k„•L‡j Ave× kw³
nwi‡Yiv evN nwiY wkKvi K‡i Zv‡`i Lvq| G Lv`¨k„•L‡j Drcv`‡Ki †`n †_‡K m‡e©v”P Lv`K ch©šÍ ¯’vbvšÍiKv‡j
evN n‡jv m‡e©v”P ¯Í‡ii Lv`K| cÖwZav‡c kw³ ÿq nq| ÿqcÖvß kw³ †Kv‡bvfv‡eB Avi
Gme Drcv`K I Lv`‡Ki g„Zz¨i ci we‡qvRKiv G‡`i Rxe‡`‡n wd‡i Av‡m bv| myZivs kw³cÖevn GKgyLx|
†`n‡K A‰Re †hŠ‡M cwiYZ K‡i| Gfv‡e dvwn‡gi †`Lv N. DÏxc‡K cywócÖevn PµwU n‡e PµvKvi|
Rxe¸‡jv w`‡q H e‡b ˆZwi Lv`¨ k„•L‡j ˆRe I A‰Re DÏxc‡Ki Nvm n‡jv Drcv`K hv m~‡h©i Av‡jv e¨envi K‡i
†hŠ‡Mi g‡a¨ fvimvg¨ iwÿZ nq|
I gvwU †_‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq cywó `ªe¨ MÖnY K‡i RwUj ˆRe Lv`¨
N. eo eo MvQcvjv †K‡U †djv As‡k cÖvYxi msL¨v K‡g hvIqvi cÖ¯‘Z K‡i| m~h© †_‡K M„nxZ kw³ Nv‡mi g‡a¨ ivmvqwbK
KviY MvQcvjvi Ici cÖvYx‡`i wbf©ikxjZv| kw³ iƒ‡c Rgv _v‡K| Gici Nvm LvIqvi gva¨‡g GB
GKwU A‡ji ev¯‘Zš¿ Kvh©Kix ivLvi Rb¨ Drcv`K, Lv`K kw³cÖevwnZ nq Nvmdwo‡Oi †`‡n| Zvici Lv`¨-Lv`‡Ki
Ges we‡qvRK cÖ‡Z¨‡K G‡K Ac‡ii Ici wbf©ikxj| m¤ú‡K©i Øviv GB kw³ µgvMZ cÖevwnZ nq e¨vO, mvc I
GKwU‡Z NvUwZ n‡j Ab¨wU‡Z Gi cÖfve c‡o| evRcvwLi †`‡n| Gme cÖvYxi †`‡n mwÂZ kw³ Avevi
dvwng e‡b †eov‡Z wM‡q wewfbœ ai‡bi MvQcvjvi gv‡S Zv‡`i k¦m‡bi gva¨‡g cwi‡e‡k P‡j Av‡m| wewfbœ ¯Í‡ii
wewPÎ ai‡bi cÖvYxi Dcw¯’wZ jÿ K‡i‡Q| e‡bi MvQcvjv
Rxe gviv hvIqvi ci Zv‡`i g„Z‡`n gvwUi Dci †_‡K hvq|
n‡jv Drcv`K| wKš‘ †m †`‡L‡Q †h, e‡bi GKwU As‡ki eo
eo MvQcvjv †K‡U †djvq Zvi cÖfve c‡o‡Q mivmwi cÖ_g ZLb we‡qvRK ev wewfbœ AYyRxe Zv‡`i †`n‡K we‡qvRb K‡i
¯Í‡ii Lv`K Li‡Mvk, nwiY I evb‡ii Ici| Lv`¨ I ˆRe I A‰Re `ª‡e¨ cwiYZ K‡i| G¸‡jv cwi‡ek gy³
Avevm¯’‡ji Afv‡e| Gme Rxe e‡bi Ab¨Î †hLv‡b Zv‡`i cywófvÊv‡i Rgv nq| hv Avevi meyR Dw™¢` †hgb Nvm Kv‡R
Lvev‡ii fv‡jv e¨e¯’v Av‡Q †mLv‡b m‡i †M‡Q| cÖ_g ¯Í‡ii jvMvq| A_©vr ev¯‘Z‡š¿i kw³cÖevn †h Drcv` ev Nvm †_‡K
Lv`‡Ki Afv‡e †mLv‡b wØZxq, Z…Zxq I m‡e©v”P ¯Í‡ii ïiæ nq, Avevi †mBLv‡bB wd‡i Av‡m|
Lv`K‡`i wePiYI A‡bKvs‡k K‡g †M‡Q| AZGe, DcwiD³ Av‡jvPbv we‡kølY K‡i †`Lv hvq
AZGe, DcwiD³ Kvi‡YB eo eo MvQcvjv †K‡U †djv
DÏxc‡Ki cywócÖev‡ni PµwU PµvKv‡i AMÖmi nq|
As‡k cÖvYxi msL¨v K‡g †M‡Q|