Monaza Hafiz
ITC
Teacher: Asadullah Jalali
Network
1. Explain the evolution of cellular network standards from 1G to 5G. Include typical speeds and
key differences between each generation?
First generation or 1G: analog and voice only.
2G: it is digital, both voice and data, and also it is faster. The typical speeds are 9.6 kbps to 384
kbps.
3G: Is current standards and also use packet switching. The typical speeds are between 1 and 4
Mbps.
4G: is a faster current standard. Its typical speeds are between 3 to 15 Mbps.
5G: next generation, is under development.
2. Describe what Bluetooth technology is, including its typical use cases and range.
Bluetooth technology is a short-range wireless connection that designed to connect devices. For
example, a keyboard or a mouse to a PC, headphones to a smartphone, speakers, send photos
from a smartphone to another smartphone or a PC, etc. And its typical range is about 10 meters
(33 feet).
3. What are the main Wi-Fi standards currently in use, and how do they differ?
802.11b An early Wi-Fi standard; supports data transfer rates of11 Mbps.
802.11 g An older Wi-Fi standard; supports data transfer rates of
54 Mbps and uses the same 2.4 GHz frequency as 802.11b, so their products
are
compatible.
802.11a An older Wi-Fi standard; supports data transfer rates of
54 Mbps, but uses a different radio frequency (5 GHz) than
802.11b/g (2.4 GHz), making the standards incompatible.
802.11n A current Wi-Fi standard; supports speeds up to about
450 Mbps and has twice the range of 802.11g. It can use either the 2.4 GHz
or 5 GHz frequency
802.11ac The newest Wi-Fi standard; supports speed up to about three times faster than
802.11n and uses the 5 GHz frequency.
802.11ax* A proposed Wi-Fi standard; expected to support speeds of more than 2 Gbps.
4. Define what a communication protocol is and list three internet communication protocols
along with their primary functions.
Monaza Hafiz
ITC
Teacher: Asadullah Jalali
Communication protocols are rules that computer send and receive information.
HTTP (hyper text transfer protocol): when we search or used to display web pages and
HTTPS is secure version.
FTP (file transfer protocol): used to transfer files over the internet and SFTP is secure version.
SMTP (simple mail transfer protocol) and POP3 (post office protocol): used to deliver email
over the internet.
5. Explain the roles of the following networking hardware: network adapter, modem, switch, and
router.
Networking adapter: is used to connect a computer to a network.
Modem: is a device that enables a computer to communicate or connect to the internet over
along networking media.
Switch: is a central device that that connects devices in a weird network but only send data to the
intend recipient.
Router: connects multiple networks 2LANs 2WANs, LAN and the internet and passes data to
intended recipients only.
6. Briefly describe the evolution of the internet, mentioning ARPANET and the World Wide
Web.
Internet is the largest and well-known computer network. The Internet has actually operated in
one form or another for several decades.
ARPANET is the predecessor of the Internet. It was created in 1969 and named after advanced
research project agency (ARPA) which sponsored its development.
Initially, ARPANET connected four supercomputers.
The World Wide Web (WEB), is a collection of web pages available through the Internet. It
was proposed by Tim Bemers Leein in 1989. At first, it was like text, but later it changed to
graphic.
7. List and describe four different types of internet connections, highlighting their advantages
and limitations.
Dial-up connection:
It connects to the ISP and uses standard phone lines.
Monaza Hafiz
ITC
Teacher: Asadullah Jalali
slower but cheap. Also secure from hackers.
Cables:
Widely used home broadband connection. Deliver data via cable.
It is fast, typically around 25 Mbps, and requires a cable modem.
DSL or digital subscriber line:
Deliver data via standard telephone lines, typically around 10 Mbps.
Satellite:
Is often the only broadband option for rural areas.
It is slower than cable, and also expensive than cable or DSL.
It requires satellite modem and a transceiver dish.
8. What is a network topology? Describe at least three types of topologies and their
characteristics.
Network topology shows how the devices in the network are arranged or connected.
Star network: All network devices connect to a central device called hub or switch and it is very
famous.
BUS: All network devices connect to a central cable. Easy to setup and requires no additional
hardware such as hub.
Ring topology: All computers are connected via a cable like a loop or a ring. Has no start and no
end.
Mesh topology: Each device are interconnected with each other and not common nowadays.
9. Explain the difference between a client and a server in a client-server network.
Client: a computer or other device o the network that request and utilize network resources.
Server: the computer dedicated to processing client requests.
10. Discuss the importance of protocols such as TCP/IP in networking.
IP/TCP, most widely used communication protocol and it consists of two protocols.
Transmission Control Protocol:
Monaza Hafiz
ITC
Teacher: Asadullah Jalali
It's responsible for delivery data.
Internet Protocol:
provides address and routing information.
It uses packet switching to transmit data. TCP/IP support is built into almost all operating
systems.