Section A: (Answer Limit - 50 to 100 words)
Q1.
i. What is Computer Graphics?
Computer Graphics is a branch of computer science that deals with generating and
manipulating visual content using computers. It includes the creation, storage, and manipulation
of images and models.
ii. Write the uses of computer Graphics?
Computer Graphics is used in video games, movies, simulations, CAD, medical imaging,
education, and virtual reality. It helps visualize complex data and improves human-computer
interaction.
iii. What is pixel?
A pixel (picture element) is the smallest unit of a digital image or display. Each pixel contains
color and brightness information, contributing to the overall image quality.
iv. Explain Text clipping?
Text clipping involves removing or hiding portions of text that lie outside a defined boundary or
clipping area. It ensures only the visible text within the region is displayed.
v. What is animation? Name different types of animation?
Animation is a technique of creating moving images from static ones. Types include 2D
animation, 3D animation, stop-motion, motion graphics, and computer-generated imagery (CGI).
vi. What is Transformation? Explain basic 3D transformation?
Transformation modifies object shape, size, or position. Basic 3D transformations include
translation (moving), scaling (resizing), and rotation (turning) along the X, Y, and Z axes.
vii. What is Frame buffer?
A frame buffer is a portion of RAM containing a bitmap that drives a video display. It stores
color values for every pixel and updates continuously to form images.
viii. What is Composite Transformation?
Composite Transformation is the combination of multiple transformations (like scaling, rotation,
and translation) applied in sequence to a graphical object using matrix multiplication.
ix. What is pixel addressing?
Pixel addressing refers to locating and accessing a specific pixel in an image using coordinates
(x, y). It helps in image editing, manipulation, and display.
x. What is PPI?
PPI (Pixels Per Inch) measures pixel density on a screen or image. Higher PPI means better
image sharpness and quality, important in displays and printing.
Section B: (Answer Limit - 100 to 150 words)
Q2. Explain Translation, Rotation and Scaling in 2D?
Translation moves an object from one position to another using a distance vector (Tx, Ty).
Rotation turns an object about an origin by a specified angle θ.
Scaling changes the size of the object using scale factors Sx and Sy. These transformations are
applied using matrices, making it easier to perform combinations and transformations efficiently
in graphics systems.
Q3. Explain window to Viewport?
Window to viewport transformation maps a portion of the world coordinate scene (window) to a
device coordinate scene (viewport). This is essential for displaying selected areas of the scene.
The process includes scaling and translating the coordinates from the window to fit into the
viewport dimensions. It ensures that the display area fits appropriately on different output
devices.
Q4. What is the difference between Flat and smooth shading?
Flat shading applies a single color to each polygon, making surfaces look flat. It’s fast but
unrealistic.
Smooth shading (e.g., Gouraud or Phong) interpolates colors across the polygon’s surface,
giving a smooth, realistic look by simulating gradual light changes.
Q5. Describe any method for visible surface detection?
Z-buffer method is a common technique for visible surface detection. It stores depth information
of each pixel in a buffer. When drawing, the depth of each new pixel is compared, and only the
nearest pixel is shown, ensuring proper visibility of surfaces.
Q6. Write 5 input and output device?
Input Devices: Keyboard, Mouse, Light Pen, Joystick, Touchscreen
Output Devices: Monitor, Printer, Plotter, Projector, Speakers
Section C: (Answer Limit - 250 to 300 words)
Q7. Write various area filling techniques? Discuss any one 8 connected technique in
detail?
Area filling techniques are used to fill closed shapes in graphics. Common methods include
Boundary Fill, Flood Fill, and Scan-Line Fill.
8-connected Flood Fill:
This technique fills an area by checking all 8 neighbors of a pixel (left, right, top, bottom, and
diagonals). Starting from a seed pixel, if the neighbor matches the target color, it's filled and
checked recursively. This method fills diagonally connected regions too, which makes it more
comprehensive than 4-connected fill. It’s widely used in paint applications.
Q8. Explain Line clipping algorithm in detail?
Line clipping is the process of removing parts of a line that lie outside a specified boundary
(usually a rectangular window). The Cohen-Sutherland Line Clipping Algorithm is one of the
most popular methods used for this purpose.
Steps of Cohen-Sutherland Algorithm:
1. Assign Region Codes:
The 2D space is divided into 9 regions. Each point is assigned a 4-bit region code:
○ Bit 1: Top
○ Bit 2: Bottom
○ Bit 3: Right
○ Bit 4: Left
If a point lies inside the window, its region code is 0000.
2. Trivial Acceptance & Rejection:
○ If both endpoints of a line have a region code of 0000 (i.e., completely inside), the
line is accepted.
○ If the bitwise AND of both region codes ≠ 0000, the line is completely outside and
rejected.
3. Partial Clipping:
○ If the line is partially inside, clip the outside portion:
■ Choose one endpoint that lies outside.
■ Find the intersection point with the boundary line (top, bottom, left, or
right).
■ Replace the outside point with the intersection.
■ Repeat the process until both points are inside or the line is rejected.
Advantages:
● Simple and fast for rectangular clipping windows.
● Efficient with binary operations and region codes.
Limitations:
● Only works for rectangular windows.
● Requires floating-point operations for intersection calculations.
This algorithm is commonly used in computer graphics to display only visible parts of lines within
a viewing area, improving rendering efficiency and visual clarity.
Q9. What is projection? Explain the difference between Parallel projection and
perspective projection?
Projection converts 3D objects into 2D views.
Parallel Projection: Projects lines parallel to the view plane. It maintains object dimensions
and is used in technical drawings.
Perspective Projection: Projects lines toward a single point (viewer’s eye). Objects farther
appear smaller, providing depth realism. Used in games and movies for a natural look.
Q10. Explain curve and its types? Also explain Beizer curve and its properties.
Curves represent smooth flowing lines.
Types include Hermite, Bezier, and B-spline curves.
Bezier Curve: Defined by control points. It offers local control, smoothness, and can represent
complex shapes. Properties include:
● Always lies within the convex hull
● Degree depends on number of control points - 1
● Useful in animation, modeling, and CAD
Q11. Explain Raster Scan and Random Scan in detail?
Raster Scan and Random Scan are two fundamental display techniques used in graphics
systems.
Raster Scan:
● Raster scan systems use a rectangular grid of pixels on the screen.
● The image is drawn by scanning row-by-row from top to bottom.
● The electron beam moves left to right, line by line, illuminating pixels based on
image data stored in a frame buffer.
● It is similar to how a television displays images.
Advantages:
● Suitable for displaying complex images, photos, and realistic scenes.
● Widely used in modern displays like LCDs and LEDs.
● Supports color and shading with ease.
Disadvantages:
● Requires large memory (frame buffer).
● Limited resolution for detailed vector drawings.
Applications:
● Used in modern monitors, TVs, and image processing.
Random Scan (Vector Display):
● Also known as vector display or calligraphic display.
● The electron beam directly draws the image by following lines (vectors), not
scanning all pixels.
● Only the lines (shapes) needed are drawn, skipping the rest of the screen.
Advantages:
● High resolution for lines and curves.
● No aliasing; lines are smooth and clear.
Disadvantages:
● Cannot display complex filled images or colors effectively.
● Expensive and limited to simple line drawings.
Applications:
● Used in early computer graphics systems, radar displays, and engineering design
(CAD) systems.
Conclusion: Raster scan is better for rich images and multimedia,
while random scan excels at rendering precise line-based drawings.
Today, raster systems dominate due to their versatility.
Section D: (Answer Limit - 300 to 500 words)
Q12. Write down and explain Mid-point Circle Drawing Algorithm? Assume 10 cm as
radius of circle and coordinate origin as centre of circle?
The Midpoint Circle Drawing Algorithm is used to draw circles using integer calculations and
symmetry. It uses the decision parameter to choose between two pixels.
Steps:
● Start from (0, r)
● Initial decision parameter: p = 1 - r
● For each x, calculate y based on p and plot symmetrical points.
● Update p using:
If p < 0 → p = p + 2x + 3
Else → p = p + 2(x - y) + 5 and decrement y.
For radius = 10 cm, center at (0,0):
Initial point: (0,10)
Using symmetry, plot:
(±x, ±y), (±y, ±x)
Iterations:
● x = 0, y = 10, p = -9
● x = 1, y = 10, p = -6
● x = 2, y = 10, p = -1
● x = 3, y = 10, p = 6 → y = 9
● Continue until x ≥ y
This draws the circle efficiently in the first octant, and by symmetry, the full circle is completed.
Q13. What is Clipping? Explain Sutherland-Hodgeman clipping algorithm for Polygon
clipping and implement it by considering suitable example?
Clipping is the process of cutting parts of a graphical object that lie outside a specified boundary.
Sutherland-Hodgeman Algorithm:
Used for polygon clipping against a rectangular clipping window. It processes one edge of the
clipping window at a time.
Steps:
1. For each edge of the polygon:
a. Compare each pair of vertices with the clipping edge
b. Apply rules:
○ Both inside: add second point
○ First outside, second inside: add intersection and second point
○ First inside, second outside: add intersection
○ Both outside: discard
2. Repeat for all 4 edges (Left, Right, Bottom, Top)
Example:
Clip square polygon (10,10)-(100,10)-(100,100)-(10,100) to window (20,20)-(80,80).
Apply edge-by-edge and generate a new clipped polygon within the window.
Q14. What are video display devices? Explain CRT in detail?
Video display devices are hardware components that visually present data to users. They
convert digital signals from a computer into visual output. These devices are essential in
computer graphics for rendering images, text, and animations.
Common Types of Video Display Devices:
1. CRT (Cathode Ray Tube)
2. LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)
3. LED (Light Emitting Diode)
4. OLED (Organic LED)
5. Plasma Displays
6. Projectors
7. Touchscreen Displays
Cathode Ray Tube (CRT):
CRT is one of the oldest types of display devices and was commonly used in televisions and
computer monitors before flat panels.
Working Principle:
● CRT works using an electron gun that emits a beam of electrons.
● These electrons are directed and accelerated toward a phosphor-coated screen.
● The screen glows when struck by the electrons, creating images.
Components:
1. Electron Gun: Emits a stream of electrons.
2. Control Grid: Regulates the flow of electrons.
3. Deflection System:
○ Electromagnetic coils or plates steer the electron beam horizontally and
vertically (raster scanning).
4. Phosphor-Coated Screen: Converts electron energy into visible light.
5. Glass Enclosure: Maintains vacuum and supports the components.
Advantages:
● Excellent color reproduction.
● Wide viewing angles.
● High contrast and brightness.
Disadvantages:
● Bulky and heavy.
● Consumes more power.
● Emits radiation.
Conclusion:
CRT laid the foundation for display technologies and was crucial in early graphics systems.
Although obsolete today, it remains important in understanding how display systems evolved.
Modern displays like LCD and OLED have replaced CRT due to their compact size and better
efficiency.