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Computer

The document provides a comprehensive overview of the history, types, and components of computers, detailing significant milestones and figures in computer development. It outlines the five generations of computers, various programming languages, and the evolution of computer hardware and software. Additionally, it covers important facts about computers in India and the fundamental architecture of computer systems.

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26 views10 pages

Computer

The document provides a comprehensive overview of the history, types, and components of computers, detailing significant milestones and figures in computer development. It outlines the five generations of computers, various programming languages, and the evolution of computer hardware and software. Additionally, it covers important facts about computers in India and the fundamental architecture of computer systems.

Uploaded by

dikshashokeen09
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© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Introduction era of 20" and 21* century has witnes pethaps, ‘ computer is truly an amazing machine. being used in areas of administration, medicine, lucation, sports, defence, shops, home, markets and any more. Computer and Information Technology yn recent years, has become an integral part of life. We can see it almost everywhere, computer is an electronic machine that helps to data, It is used to solve problems relating to all fields such as education, home, medicine, research, designing, publishing, Pascal had developed the first mechanical tor in 1642 AD, which is called “Pascalene’ Scientist Charles Babbage was the first person to ‘an automatic calculator ora computerin 1833. 'is called the ‘Father of modern computer’. ® ctedit of developing first computer program goes ‘Ada Augusta, a student of Babbage. Holorith prepared an electronic tabulating in/1880, which was automatically functional ithe help of Punch Card. ard Ekin developed the first Mechanical Computer Yin 1937. ae Moschley invented world’s ‘te ENIAC in 1946 and paved for first revolution in the field of calculating or computer. Electronic Valve or Vacuum Tube Ja switch in the computer. pas “Newman invented EDVA( ‘Computer)in 1951, in which he used The credit of using Binary System @ goes to him. Indeed Mr. Newman tin the development of computer and to the Computer Revolution COMPUTER : | 11 Five Generations, of Computer co) [Gene Period "Nain Electronic Main Computers SatiOR iss components. ca last T 1940-52 | Electronic Valve EDSAG EDyAR = é Vacuum Tube” UNIWACEDVAS: TI 1952-66! Transistor" "" =" tpyg9g0, ‘BM-1401, i : IBM-1620, CDC-1604, 2 RHI | CDC-3600, ATLAS, 4s ICL-4901 . IL 1964-71. Int ited Circuit IBM-360, 1BM-370, omg suit SF rary NCR-395, CDC-1700, ian shin 8 oe 4 ICL 2900, » AV, 1971- Largely Integrated ~ — _ Easel Integr _ APPLE, DCM. VY = Optical Fibre, Artificial as * may vary according to university /organisation. _ypes of Computer : According to size and capacity these are following types of Computer— 1: Micro Computer : These computers are used by individual, thus also called PC or Personal Computer These days PCs are largely used for domestic and official purposes such as Desktop, Laptop, Tablets ete. 2. Mini Computer: This type of computeris comparatively Jarger than that of micro computer. This is 5 to.50 times more powerful than that of a Micro Computer. MainFrameComputer: Thesearelargesizedcomputers. By Time Sharing and Multi Tasking techniques many People rather more than 100 people can work at a time on different terminals of this computer. 4. Super Computer : These are very powerful computers and have more storage capacity: These are the most expensive and the fastest computers, able to process most complex jobs with a very high speed. 5. Quantum Computer : The development of this type is in final stage. Probably Quantum Computers will be more advanced than that of human brain. In Quantum Computers Q -Bit will be used in lieu of Binary Bits. Programming Languages of different generations (il Geietationt Si dGuaon tia Languages nce 9 Ast Generation (1940-52) : FORTRAN-i ee 2nd Generation (1952-64) FORTRANGii, ALGOL-60, COBOL, LISP ‘rd Generation (196471), PL/ I, ALGOL - W, ALGOL 68, Pascal, SITLAS IAPS AES {th Generation (1971-90) CLUE, ALFARD, UCLID, Reformed i Fase MODULA, EDA, ORACLE SthGeneration "~" Artifcial Intelligence Languages. (ince 1990) ee Some Important Facts related to Computers 2is observed as Computer Literacy Day. > India has announced New See © First computer (made in India) i€Siddharth) w! was manufactured by Electronics >) First computer in India was installed in the Main Post Olfice of Bangalore on August 16, 1986. 450 ©) Finst Pollution Free Compu Yovvy v Lucent's General Knowledge India is in Mumbai. First Computer University (in Private Sector) in India is Rajeev Gandhi Computer University. Bangalore (now Bengaluru) is also known as the Silicon Valley of India. First Indian News Paper to be available on Internet is “The Hindu’. First Indian magazine to be available on Internet is “india Today’. First Indian political party which has created its website on internet is ‘Bhartiya Janata Party (BJPY. Mainly there are three types of Computers— Digital, Analog and Hybrid. First Super Computer of the world is CRAY K-1-S, developed by Cray K Company of US.A. “Deep Blue’ is a Super Computer which had defeated World Chess Champion Garry Kasparov. This Super ‘Computer is able to do the work equivalent to the work ‘of 32 computers and can think 20 crore steps of chess in 1 second. Seymour Cray is called the Father of Super Computer. 77 Super Computesaeveloped in the Word (G2 Name! Gl MET oy Manufacturer CRAYKIS CRAY KResearchCo., USA [Deep Blue © IBMCo, USA BlieGene IBMCo. USA {COSMOS ©! Cambridge University, UK. 1 First Electronic Digital Computer of the world is ENIAC’. ‘Most popular Operating System in the world :—in PC- windows—in smartphones—Android—in Tablets 10S, Android is used in highest number of devices across the world. Most Super Computers use—L int, USENET is a link to connect all the universities. First book on Personal Computer was written by Ted Nelson. ‘The book of Ted Nelson ‘Soul of New Machine’, won First- magazine on Computer is ‘Computer and Automotion’. First home Computer is Comodor VIC / 20. First Practical Digital computer is UNIVAC. FORTRAN is the first Programming Language. PROLOG is the language of the fifth generation of computer. JS. Kilbi developed the IC chips. ‘Acomputer error is known as Bug. DAC (Centre for Development and Advanced Computing) was established in Pune in 1988. ‘Super Computers developed in India. "Name ‘Manufacturer FLOSOLVER NAL, Bangalore PACE DRDO. PARAM-10000 C-DAG,Pune CHIPR=16 C-Dot, Bangalore ‘MULTIMICRO ‘US, Bangalore MACH. IT, Bombay terized Petrol Pump of (5) Super computer PARAM - 10000, having the capacity of 1 billion calculations per second, was made by the scientists of C-DAC of Puneon March 28, 1998. Themain credit for the development of the PARAM-10000 goes to Dr. Vijay P. Bhaskar, Executive Director of C-DAC, Pune. > PARAM KAMRUPA Super Computer facility was in- augurated by the President Droupadi Murmu at IIT Guahati on Oct. 13, 2022. > National Aeronautics Laboratories, Bangalore was the first in India to develop a Super Computer named FLO SOLVER. > Laser Printers are the fastest printers. > _ IBM (Intemational Business Machine) is an American ‘computer company. > Computer virus is a man made digital parasite, which corrupts (infects) the file and known as ‘File corrupter’. >) Modem is a device which connects the computers and works based on telephone lines. > 2 K was a technical problem, associated with the calendar (Date, Month and Year) known as ‘Millenium Bug’. > The development of computer started in India since 1955. > Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore has developed “Simputer’, which is a small palm sized touch screen computer. > First computerarium in India is in Bangaluru (Karnataka). Vellanad of Thiruvananthpuram district in Kerala has been declared the first fully computerised village of India. PC, Home computer, Electronic notebook etc. are the examples of micro computer. ©) Some Operating Systems, used in micro computers are —CP / M, MacOS (Apple), DOS, Pro DOS, MS DOS / PC DOS, XENIX, WINDOWS, LINUX etc. > Linus Benedict Torvalds, creator and coordinator of the Unix like Operating System. Linus was bornin Helsinki, Finland on December 28, 1969. > On Sept. 17, 1991 Linus completed the first version of Linux. He made the wisest decision in Operating ‘System history by releasing Linux under General Public Licence, thereby making it open and free to all. > _Heisone of the pioneers who advocated the idea of free software and thereby changed the software market. > Acomputer may be used to control purely mechanical action. It has two main parts : (i) Hardware and (ii) Software, Hardware Computer performs some operations to solve problems. For this the various units of a computer system must perform and co-ordinate all operations. > A computer has three main units : 1. Input unit, 2. Processing unit and 3. Output unit. These are the Physical units of a computer system. These units constitute the hardware of a computer. > The computer has its own intemal ‘language’. -_ Computer > .The computer is essentially made of electronic “\..components. All these components are capable of generating any one of the two states, either a low (or a 1 | Ovolt) or a high (say 5 volts). > It is difficult to talk always in terms of currents and "voltages to represent information. Therefore, computer scientists use a special convention. A high is symbolically | represer and a low is represented by a ‘0’. “| The Js and 0s are known as binary digits, or in short | ‘bits’ (the term ‘inary’ refers to something that has depetmapars). = Computers always work with bits. They do not understand any other form. > . Computer scientists use combination of 8 bits taken together to represent various symbols. ‘> « Because every bit can take one of 2 possible values, the total number of combinations possible, using 8 bits, the computer can represent 256 different symbols. Si a eroug to cover our entre range of alps, ‘numbers and other special characters like $, @, +, etc, || Such a combination of 8 bits is called abyte, i > To build complex information like paragraphs and mathematical equations, we would need a larger | number of bytes or characters, Thus we have the | kilobyte, megabyte and gigabyte, > In computers information is ted» using _) multiples of 8 (2°) bits, since 8 bits are the smallest unit | of information. Therefore, higher units are expressible in multiples of 2. > | The power of two closest to kilo (1000) is 2° = 1024. = Mega Bytes is used in a more conventional sense and is equal to 1 million bytes or 1000 Kilo Bytes. ‘= AGiga Byte refers to 1000 megabytes approximately or "A millionkilobytes. = The earliest computers were designed so that there components could work with 8 bits at a time. ‘> While the earliest machine were 8-bit machines, abon ‘computers can work with 16, 32 and even “contemporary 64 bits. This is called the data width of the computer. | Units of Data Measurement OER NBN NSA TR g Pm aap ED Siok Nee Os) TRo Byte (KB) = Mega Une Mt ‘basic elements of computers that can signal a 1 or are called flip-flops, It is a simple electrical device [can either be a ‘0’ or aI’, which means that the ‘current i either inward or outward, ‘computers use a very tiny set of flip-flops a register, The most important characteristic ers is that the binary digits can be stored ‘certain voltages. A ependent circuits can be designed on a sand and is a poot conductor "chemical processes, the surface 451 and the enterior of a silicon ‘chip’ are modified to give it electronic capabilities. Such miniature circuits are called Integrated Circuits (IC). >, By 1971, engineers were able to put a few component switches —necessary to build a complete computer on single chip of silicon. This tiny silicon chip was called. the microprocessor, > Because the computer is a binary machine, it performs mathematical operations using the binary number system. > The binary number system is similar to the decimal system where we use ten digits, 0, 1, 2,3... 8, 9 to, represent all numerical values, The only difference is, in the number of digits used. > Thecomputer converts all decimal numbers into binary numbers or combinations of bits. Then by acting upon individualbits itcanperformtherequired mathematical ‘operation addition, subtraction etc. > The internal circuits that can perform mathematical operations on bits are usually made of two ormore logic, gates. Logic gates are components that generate a 1 or ‘a 0 depending on the input. The three basic logic gates are AND, OR and NOT. ‘A computer is organized into three basic units : 1. the Central Processing Unit (CPU) 2, the Memory Unit (MU) and 3, the Input / Output Unit 1, Central Processing Unit (CPU) The CPU is the part of a computer that performs the ‘main function of information processing. The memory unit stores data. The computer supplies processed information back to the users using special output devices. > The Central Processing Unit or CPU, is the most important part of the computer. It is called the brain of the computer. It makes all the required calculations and processes data. > The CPU can be divided into three main components : (a) ALU (b) CU and (c) Registers. ‘The Arithmetic and Logie Unit (ALU) : ALU performs. all, the mathematical and logical operations on the information supplied to the CPU, Control Unit (CU) : This unit directs the working of the CPU. It fetches instructions (Programs) from the ‘memory and according to the instructions, controls the flow of data between the ALU and other parts of the computer. (c) Registers : Registers are storage locations that hold "instructions or data while the CPU is using them. The | registers consist of flip-flops and the registers used by the CPU are the fastest memory elements in the computer. In contrast, the memory unit holds instructions and data, before or after the CPU processes these. Main attributes of CPU (a) Data Width : It refers to the number of bits of data that can be manipulated within the CPU at one given time. > Thedata width ofa computeris also called its word size. >» Computers have data widths ranging from 8 to 64 bits. > A higher data width means the CPU is capable of processing data faster. A CPU with a higher data width is more powerful. ¥ ¥ (@) (e) 452 Lucent’s General Knowledge (©) “Address Range: Address range refers to the amount of ‘memory that can be directly read or written by the CPU. (© Clock Speed : The speed of CPU is known as Clock L The computer is essentially composed of tiny devices that can be put on or off to indicate 1 or 0. > Atany moment several thousand such devices change their state. To synchronize the change of all thee " components the CPU uses an internal clock. > With every tick of this clock all switches that need to « The larger number of ticks per second the faster is the speed of the CPU. > The ticks per second of the internal clock are measured in megahertz and gigahertz. > Hertz is a unit of frequency . > -IMHz=1 million ‘ticks’ per second,1 GHz = 1000 MHz > _ Higher the clock-speed, faster the computer. [Link] Unit (MU). ' ‘The memory unit stores all instructions and data for the CPU. Memory Unit is an important part of the computer system. The storage device of a computer system is known as memory. Memory Unit can receive data, hold it and deliver according to the instructions from the control unit. > Memory is of two kinds : (a) Primary and (b) Secondary. (@) Primary Memory Itis often referred to as the working memory or the main memory of a computer system It is capable of sending and receiving data at a very “high speed. Itis temporary in nature ie. Data stored in © primarymemory arelostwhenthecomputerisswitched Off. So it is also called volatile memory. Example of primary memory is RAM. > Primary memory is directly accessible to the CPU. Surge beable ocemiae aa very quickly. > Thetwobasickinds of primary memory arethe Random Access Memory (RAM) and the Read Only Memory | (ROM). > > The RAMisa read/write memory. >’ The CPU can change the contents f the RAM at any time. In addition, RAM is volatile. > ‘The RAM capacity greatly influences the computing «. Ability of the computer. Capacity is usually measured + inkilobytes and megabytes. > The ROM can not be altered. > Informations is stored on the ROM at the time of its ~*) manufacture. The information might be in the form * of crucial instructions that govern the working of the Bsc tec rs > The ROM is non-volatile and retains its information even after the power is turned off. The PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory). WY however has the option of being programmed, ie. the © manufacturer of the computer may choose to load a program designed by his company into this PROM, : «end then the computer would use this PROM like any BE ny morte ta for quick access. (&) Secondary Memory : It is used to store data for a long 3, term. It operates at a_ much slower rate than primary memory. Secondary memory is permanent in nature, 50 it is also called non-volatile. It is also cheaper than primary memory. Primary memory is fast but expensive. To reduce storage costs, computers also use secondary memory. ‘Common examples of secondary memory are floppy diskettes, hard (fixed) discs and magnetic tapes, CDs, DVDs, Memory Cards, USB Sticks etc. It is not directly accessible to the CPU. Information is moved from the secondary memory to the primary memory first and then to the CPU. A floppy diskette isa plastic disk coated with magnetic material. Special devices known as disk drives are capable of reading from and writing to floppies using special magnetic “head’. ‘Any piece of information stored on a floppy diskette can be directly accessed. ‘Magnetic tapes are long plastic tapes coated with ‘magnetic material. ‘Magnetic tapes can store farlarger amounts of data than the floppy diskette. Buta problem with magnetic tapes {s that information can not be accessed directly a in the case of floppy diskettes. ‘The third type of medium, called fixed or hard disks, are ‘more or less similar to the floppy diskette. But one hard disk drive contains several discs of a hard material ‘Another popular storage medium is the compact disk (CD). Unlike the media described above, CDs are an ‘optical’ medium. An optical medium is one where the properties of light is used for the medium to perform its basic functions. Conventional CDs are made of a special kind of plastic. ‘The CD is read using a laser beam . Secondary memory is much slower, butitis non-volatile and can be used to store information for long periods of time. DVD drive is another optical drive which is same in size as CDs but is higher in storage capacity. USB Flash drive also known as USB stick, USB, Flash Memory etc. are physically much smaller than optical drives with high storage capacity and are remevsbie and rewritable in nature. SD and Micro SD cards are very small in size but very high in capacity, InpuvOutput There has tobe a physical channel that permits users to supply informations to the computer. , Devices that permit users to supply information to the computer are called ‘input’ devices, Input unit enables us to enter (or ‘Input) data into a computer. The common input devices are keyboard and mouse. * Similarly, physical channel that permits comipuiter to ‘convey the processed information to the outside world. Devices that permit such a function are called “output” devices. (Computer 453 Output unit enables the computer to show us the result "and the information that we want. The common output devices are monitor, printer and speakers. Input and output devices are indispensable, but are not a part of the CPU. They are also called peripheral devices, suggesting that they lie on the periphery of the CFU. “These devices are also called an interface, because they te informations for man and machine. Shift and Alt are called Modifier Keys, ‘way to input information into a computer is ‘use an Optical Mark Reader (OMR). Optical Mark fare capable of reading, specially prepared “These forms have a provision for black marks to be made using a pen or a pencil in a specific position. t itive examinations that deal with a large mer of students usually use this system. ‘use another input device called a Magnetic Ink racter Reader (MICR). numbers are written on bank cheques using ygnetic ink and in a particular style to write different The MICR passes overthe wordsor characters, es the shape of the magnetic field created by the ‘character, and is thus able to recognize it. .oftenimprintedonproductsinmerchandise bar code consists of several parallel vertical ‘pits form a code that can be used to identify the ‘on which the bar code is imprinted. A bar code er is used to read the bar codes by detecting the s by using light. Jpar code can represent information like the price of he mouse is a pointing device. It can be gripped in . palm of the hand and moved over a horizontal ace. The motion of the mouse can be monitored by he computer in different ways. ‘movement is measured and transmitted to the a circuit thats sensitive to light. y most common devices are the Visual Display ‘and the printer. 2 it (VDU) uses a cathode ray tube! ters on paper or other similar > Printers come in three popular versions : dot matrix printers, ink-jet printers and laser printers. > Dot matrix printers print characters in the form of combinations of very tiny dots. The printing head aligns its ‘pins’ to match a particular pattern of dots. > Ink-jet printers spray jets of ink on to the paper to print any character. The characters are absolutely smooth as ink is sprayed in a continuous flow. > Laser printer, uses a laser beam to actually ‘bum’ the characters on to the paper. > We need to issue the computer a detailed sequence of instructions that it needs to follow to operate upon any data. Such a sequence is called a program. > Aprogram may directly be written to the RAM or may be stored in some form of secondary memory. > It may be transferred from the secondary memory to the RAM as and when required. > Execution ofa program means that data is moved around in the CPU according toa well-detailed sequence by the Programme. > Computer programs are written using special languages called programming languages. > There are several programming languages. Each Ianguage has its own ‘grammar’ called its syntax. ‘Types of Programming Languages > Machine language and the assembly language are examples of low-level languages. > A special program called Assembler converts all instructions into the binary format. > Because all such instructions must finally be converted to the binary form, all high-level languages have their own translation programs called compilers oF interpreters. > Examples of popular high-level languages are C, C++, JAVA, Pascal, Fortran ete. Software > Software relates to set of programs. The software controls the computer hardware parts and make them, ‘operational. In other words, it governs the operations ‘ofa computer system. 5" Software is a general term used for all computer programs. This distinguishes programs from the physical components of the computer, which are collectively called the hardware. >| Softwareis generally divided into two kinds of programs: Application programs and Systems programs. > Applications programs are programs that permit the ‘computer to be used as a tool for some specific tasks. > [Link] term used for special text editors is word processors. © | > Another popular type of application programs is the ‘Data Base Management Systems (DBMS). ‘The most important system's program is an operating, system. Operating systems help users interact with the computer. Unix, MS - DOS, Linux, Windows, Mac OS are some of the most popular operating systems used by contem- porary computers, vey ov 454 Lucent's General Knowledge Important Keyboard Shortcuts (Commands) Fhe CREE TTI RTT HTN] icalea SelectAll * feed BUN Bold ae tog CELE te Copy et # kein ot Torus Ctel+D Font Dialogue Box 1 io< Clee Centre Alignment. 6 vii Ctl Italia exisaiicn 2 cibewyinee oar Geller » Justified Alignment... sue ys) = Cel+L Left Alignment 3066p yo otinvr 6 Cil2N_. Opens New blank document Wee, Cici£O. __.” Opens existing document ge Caer” Right Alignment Ciel +Bse "Displays the Start Mena in the Windows OS. Prisca)" “Print seréen/Take'a screen shot ‘AlbTab 17777" Switch to next opened program"! ‘Gxi+Home |< Go tobeginning of a File/Worksheet ‘Ctl + End Go toend of a File/Worksheet "=! (Alts+Shift-+Tab Switch to previous opened program |< Alte F © Close window/Shut down’ 212i Cel +¥ Redo nema [BaZa 11RD Uo ae ei | Chi fW ‘Close File . cide x | Cut Celt P21" Print Preview” 2 eee Help 2 nae ea Coens! oe a 5 {iGo SAU BU Ia79k- PE! 10 eaqrxs FWD Wo! SpeMChedllin uimigowy Sao A riz Sevag (isn adh ats roKbund ESCs Aedes es Becapes veins ua lis mit Kil+ Soc art Save sient und bat ob GteleUiin. vod Undertine vies corinieneat men, vist CteleP Print innit SOB iad coves Bvpedink duit aolijaoa lo clawed 3 Glossary ‘Active Cell : The cell in MS Excel with dark boundary is called the active cell: 'ALU::Itstands for Arithmetic Logic Unit. All calculations in computer are done here. ‘Application Software : It is designed to perform some Specific applications such as, payroll, word processing, graphics etc." ” Batch Processing : Data are processed in a batch. | __ BIOS ; It stands for Basic Input Output System. This rogram is stored in ROM. __ Bit: It is the short form of Binary Digit. Boot Loader : It reads the main portion of the operating system from secondary memory. ees ‘Viewing webpages on the website. | __ Byte: One byte is [Link] of Bits.” * Cell : Cells are boxes created by the intersection of rows and columns. : ~”*'Cell Pointer : The boundary of active cell is called cell bane ‘Copyright : It means the material and information are personal property ofthe ownet or produce Counter felting : It is a ‘process!of making and ting illegal copies of software packages,’ ‘Cracker : A cracker is a person! who breaks into a ‘computer system to steal the information as programs for unauthorized use. » ‘CU:Itstands for Control Unit. It controls the computer ta are raw facts and figures. Database : It is a collection of files. Data remains in an organized form in a database. Data Capture : Its a process of collecting or capturing data from a site or a source. Data Manipulation : Captured data are manipulated to produce information. ‘Data processing : It is the process to get meaningful information from data. DBMS : It stands for Database Management System. It is a software package to manage database. DHTML: it stands for Dynamic Hyper Text Markup Language. Itis used to create dynamiccontent on web pages. Dial Up Networking : It is the method by which a ‘computer is connected to the Internet using telephone. DOS : It stands for Disk Operating System. It is an operating system. Downloading :Processof transferring files from internet tocomputermemory. Ethics : Ethics are rules and beliefs. Fields + A field in database is a collection of bytes that contain data about anitem. File: ‘A file is a collection of related records. GML: It stands for General Mark-up Language. ‘Hacker: Ahackerisapersonwhobreaksintoacomputer system to get access the information stored there. “HTML # It stands for Hyper Text Markup Language. It is used to create web-pages. AB: It stands for Internet Activities Board which was formed in 1983. It is now called as Internet Architectural TAS"! It stands for Iniemet Application Software also known as Browsers. IETF: It stands for Internet ‘Engineer Task Force. jo IRTE ; It stands for Internet Research Task Force. ISP: It stands for Internet Service Provider. | Intemet Society’: It was formed in 1992 to promote the use of Internet. > Jl Input Unit : It is a part of computer system and used to enter data. li MAC OS#Itisian Operating System used in Macintosh ‘Computer, developed by Apple. ‘Modem: Itis a device to connect different computer systems to the intemet using telephone or cable lines. ‘MU: Itstands for Memory Unit, Itis used to store data. ‘Online Processing : It is used’ when data continuously without delay. ements tS Operating Unit This Used to take output from the computer ~ OperatingSystem Its an interface between the human user and the computer hardware, | eee eee ‘Computer 455 (tis the illegal reproduction and distribution of Piracy software application. vramary Key : tis a field with unique value for each record. Primary Memory =I! em. (Query :It Range of Cel touch each other. RDBMS: ‘tstands for Relational Database Management tem. ‘Revord :Iis the collection of related fields. Secondary Memory : It is the permanent memory of the computer. Software - It relates to sets of programs. ‘SOLARIS :Itis a Unix like Operating System developed by Sun Microsystems. Sorting : It is arranging of data in order. System Software : It performs the basic functions that are necessary to operate a computer system. Tag : It is part of HTML. It determines the way, the browser displays text in a Web Page. Unix : It is a powerful multiuser operating system. Ttuses command line user interface. Virus : It is a harmful computer program. Abbreviations associated with Computer tis the main memory of a computer, isused to extract information froma database. lls : It is group of neighbouring cells that wie Centre for Development of Advanced Parallel . ‘Computing [DOT Centre for Development Of Telematrics rag Hyper Text Transfer Protocol fou Read Only Memory RAM Random Access Memory iBlos Basic Input-Output System MODEM — Modulation-Demodulation cap ‘Computer Aided Design TST Public Switched Telephone Network TSPDN __ Packet Switched Public Data Network RADMN Remote Area Business Message Network TAN Local Area Network WAN, Wide Area Network MAN ‘Metropolitan Area Network ©MA Code Division Multiple Access aAIS Gateway Internet Access Service EMail Electronic Mail = Compact Dise ony Liquid Display Unit in Central Processing Unit onesies ai Alas Manufacturing Stage correeedaae ‘Tomography Sean coun, Comion Busia Oriented Language Boe Common Algorithmic Language hs Disc Operating System orp Desk Top System Desk Top Publishing, "Commerce eo ntts® Blectronic Commerce Hlectronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator [PASC HHRN RY Fascimile Automated Xerox (LOPS NY Floating Operation’ Per Second FORTRAN — Formula Translation HLL High Level Language HTM Hyper Text Markup Language im International Business Machine Ne Integrated Circuit Ee Internet Protocol ish International Super Highway LisP List Processing it Low Level Language MICR. Magnetic Ink Character Recognition /Reader MIPS, Million Instructions Per Second MOPS Million Operations Per Second MPU Micro Processor Unit WICNET National informatics Centre Network Optical Mark Reader /Recognition Personal Computer Disk Operation System Programmable Read Only Memory StriNg Oriented symBOlic Language UPS... oo Uninterruptable Power Supply YU Visual Display Unit LSE Nery Large Scale Integration wa World Wide Web Some Memorable Facts Acomputer is a data processing machine. It has two main parts : hardware and software. 5 Hardware comprises of the physical units ofa computer system. Software is a set of programs. Both hardwaré and software together make a computer system functional. Data are raw facts and figures. ‘An operating system is an interface between and the computer hardware. >’ An_ operating system manages \fost populas Social ‘computer resources. Networking sites > An_ operat stem forms Facebook, Twitter, A operating system PHOT ricinand > Anoperating system is responsible ay for process management, file management, ete. > There are many kinds of operating system. Some popular operating systems are DOS, UND Windows, LINUX, Mac OS etc. > The Windows Explorer program is more viewing folders in Windows, > Windows Explorer is divided vertically into (wo parts or two panes. > The left side pane displays disk drives and foldersin® hierarchical order. > The right pane displays the contents of the folder/ drive that is selected on left side pane > The process of linking text values Mos! poputanentine in a series within a formula is Shopping N* called ‘concatenation’. _— Aiptarecom and > Thecomputer is a data processing [Link] machine. YY WY the user vy efficient for ¥ y vvVY ¥ y v ¥ ¥ vY Lucent’s General Knowledge Data processing involves some activities like data computing data manipulation and information management. A database is a collection of interrelated data. ‘Computers are very useful for maintaining databases. A relational database is a collection of data items ‘organized as a set of formally described tables from which data can be accessed or reassembled in many different ways without having to reorganize the database tables. MS Access is a powerful program to create and manage our databases. A table is a collection of data about a specific topic. A form is a graphical representation of a table. A report is a presentation of data in a printed format. We can create mailing labels for your database using MS Access. Internet is the network of computer networks with millions of computer attached to it. ‘The Internet was originally developed by the US Department of Defence. “The World Wide Web’ was invented by—Tim Berners- Lee. , FAT 32 and NTFS are the two major file systems in Microsoft Windows. Websites are files in servers, which are powerful computers. Websites contain pages called Web Pages. The collection of all websites is called World Wide Web or WWW. Hyper text was first coined by Ted Nelson in 1960s. HTML is a markup language. It is used to create Web Pages. It uses commands called Tags. Text editors are used to compose HTML documents. HTML documents are viewed in Web browsers. Inthe Photoshop toolbox, the tools are grouped by type. ‘Some of the tool icons have a tiny black triangle in the lower- right corner of their icons. This means that there ‘are more tools of the same general kind available on a pop-up menu. Most Popular Mobile Operating System is Android, followed by iOS & Windows. Versions of Android (old to new) are : Cupcake + Donut > Eclairs -» Froyo —» Ginger Bread > Honeycomb —> Ice Cream Sandwich —> Jelly Beans —> Kit-kat-» Lollipop —» Marshmallow —» Nougat + Oreo > Pie-> Android 10» Android 11. Coding is the process of writing out computer instructions. Four major digital initiatives into push e-education by the govt. are Swayam, Swayam Prabha, National “Academic Depository and National Digital Library. Oracle is a database software. speed of Computer (or Clock speed) is measured in Hertz (Hz), Speed of Modern Processors are offen measured in Gigahertz (GHz). Speed of commun measured in ‘Baud’ wunication over a data channel is > YYVY v DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol i ‘a network management protocol used on TCP/Ip A etworks to provide quick, automatic and central Franagement for the distribution of IP addresses within the network. ‘A Social Network can be represented as graph. IPv6 protocol defines on IP address of 128 bit. Junk email is called ‘spam’. ‘Cloud Computing - On demand delivery of computer power, database storage, applications and other IT prources through a cloud services platform mainly via the internet. In other words itis a distributed computer architecture that provides software, infrastructure and platforms just as required by applications /users. Spreadsheet/MS Excel is appropriate for performing ‘numerical and statistic calculations. CAD/CAMsystemsare based on Interactive Computer Graphics. Data Encryption Standard (DES) is an implementation of a Feistel Cipher. It uses 16 round Feistel structure and the block size is 64 bits. Orthographic 3D Projection (a form of parallel projection) is a means of representing 3D objects in 2D. The Banker algorithm, sometimes referred as the detection algorithm is a resource allocation and deadlock avoidance algorithm developed by Edsger W. Dijkstra Gateway is used to connect two different networks using different protocols. Ahalf byte is known as ‘Nibble’ (consists 4 bits). MS Excel from Version 8.0 to 11.0 could handle 65,536 rows and 256 columns but later Version 12.0 can handle 10,48,576 rows and 16,384 columns. ‘The robot, named Pepe, was recently used by pupils ata primary school in Kerala. A collaboration between researchers from the UK and India has resulted in this new robot which encourages children to wash theit hands. India’s first indigenously developed payment ecosystem for transport, based on National Common Mobility Card (NCMC) standards, was launched 0” 4th March, 2019. Mobile App ‘cVIGIL! has been launched by Election ‘Commission of India. cVIGIL is an innovative mobile applicationfor citizenstoreportModelCodeof Conduct and Expenditure violations during the elections. ‘VISHWAS is acronym for Video Integration and Stat Wide Advanced Security. First of its kind projet in the country, VISHWAS is a major e-governanct initiative. The project aims at improving Law and Order Management, Proactive traffic management control, Crime detection through video analytics an Post incident Investigation and video forensics. ‘A gutter margin adds extra space to the side margi top margin, or inside margins of a document that YO! plan to bind. A guttermargin helps ensure that textisn obscured by the binding. TAG Heuer, a premium watchmaker, has associa with Google to develop a smart luxury watch. 457 Computer > An integrated circuit IC) issmall chip that can function + asanamplifier, oscillator, timer, microprocessor, oreven ‘computer’ memory. An IC is usually made of silicory + that can hold anywhere from hundreds to millions of "transistors, resistors and capacitors. > WorldWideWeb : First Web browser was developed in the form of hyperlinked applications during the mid "and late 1980s, and following these, Tim Berners-Lee is credited with developing, in 1990, both the first web "server, and the first web browser, called WorldWideWeb "_ Gwithout spaces) and later renamed Nexus. > Windows 10 was released as a preview on 1st October, 2014. Windows 11 has been released on 5th October, 2021. Some Important Initiatives of the Government " ePramaan:Framework for e-Authentication for public services. The objective is to deliver the government services to its intended recipients in a secure manner, as well as to build citizens’ trust in online environment, which is always prone to identity thefts and other associated risks. MeitY has made @Pramaan available for public usage with the help of eG ‘Mumbai. Online e-Sign (e-Hastakshar) : This facility is an ‘online digital signature service, It was formally launched in 2015. It is an online electronic signature service, which can Be integrated with service delivery applications via an Application Programming Interface (API) to facilitate ‘e-Sign user to digitally sign a document. e-Sign service ites instant signing of documents online by citizens in ec acceptable form. x Knowledge Network : National Knowledge ) was established in 2010. The objective of the tointerconnectall institutions of higher learning and "with a high-speed data communication network Knowledge sharing and collaborative research, the only network globally, that carries research tion, internet and e-Governance traffic as three it Verticals under one umbrella. In addition to institutes, NKN connects all SDCs (State Data INDCs (National Data Centre), Ministries and [ANG : Unified Mobile Application for New-Age lance (UMANG) hasbeen developed and launched in mobile platform todelivermajor government Yscoreplatformisintegrated with Adhaar, iyGoy, Rapid Assessment System (RAS), etc. ‘pan India government services from the ent, State government, local bodies and ce Digital Lockeris a platform for fsand certificatesina ush electronic copies of documents and certificates (e.g. driving license, school certificates) directly into citizens’ lockers. Citizens can also upload scanned copies of their legacy documents in their accounts: These legacy documents can be electronically signed using the eSign facility. PRAGATI:: The video conferencing facility PRAGATI (Pro-Active Governance And Timely Implementation) as a part of Digital India programme, e-Governance Reforming Government through Technology, was launched in 2015. This enables faster implementation of central level schemes / projects, state level projects and resolutions of Grievances between state and central level departments. Direct Benefit Transfer : The Direct Benefits Transfer (DBT) programenvisagesaswitch fromthepresentelectronic transfer to the bank accounts of the beneficiary to transfer of benefits directly to Adhaar seeded bank accounts of the beneficiaries. The scheme is being headed by DBT Mission. ‘-Way Bill : e-Way Bill Application, provides a self- service platform to tax payers and transporters to generate single e-Way bill for movement of goods from one place to another, as per GST Rules. Unique, Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) : ‘The Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAD was established in/2009, as an attached office to the Planning ‘Commissionnowanattached officeof Ministry of Electronics and IT with a vision, “To empower residents of India with a unique identity and a digital platform to authenticate anytime anywhere”. A key objective of Adhaar Program is to provide an identity infrastructure for delivery of various social welfare programsand foreffective targeting of welfare services. National’ Informatics Centre : National Informatics Centre (NIC) wasestablished in 1976, and hassince emerged as a ‘Prime builder” of e-government/ e-governance applications upto the grassroot level as well as a promoter of digital opportunities for sustainable development. NIC, through its ICT network, “NICNET", has_ institutional leakages with all the ministries / departments of the central government, 37 state governments / union territories and about 650+ district administration of India. Software Technology Parks : Software Technology Parks of India (STPI) was setup in 1991 as an autonomous society under the MeitY. STPI’s main objective has been the promotion of software exports from the country. It acts as single-window in providing services to the software exporters. Centre for Department of Advance Computing Centre forDepartmentofAdvanceComputing(C-DAC)hasemerged as a premier R&D organisation and IT&E (Information Technologies and Electronics). In the country working on strengthening national technological capabilities in the context of global developments in the field and responding to change in the market in selected foundation areas. It is an institution for high-end Research & Development (R&D). [Source :INDIA 2021] NICNET : NIC, MeitY through its Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Network - NICNET, provides institutional linkages across all the ministeries / departments of the state governments, union territories and district administrations of the country. 458 APISetu:ThePolicy onOpenApplicationProgramming, Interfaces (APIs) were notified in 2015. The policy intended to promote efficient sharing of data among data owners and inter-and intra-governmental agencies to achieve the objective of interoperable systems in order todeliverservices in an integrated manner. Hence, API Setu project intends to facilitate implementation of this policy. The portal has Published around 1935 APIs provided by many central and state government departments on NDH gateway. Open Forge:Open Forge _ platform promotes collaborative way of application development through sharing and reuse of e-governance related source code. OpenForge is now home to over 2000 projects and over 9500 developers who have Pushed software code 3.2 lakh times. eTall-3.0 (Electronic Transaction Aggregation and Analysis Layer): A large number of e-Governance initiatives are being implemented in the country by the central and state governments and organisations for ensuring efficient, affordable, transparent and convenient Service delivery to citizens. Several of these initiatives have national importance and are included in the country’s TT strategy. Some applications use internal performance measurement mechanisms defined through Service Levels And Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) but there is no standard metric to evaluate the impact of all initiatives. In view of the rapid growth in the number of services delivered through electronic means, MeitY and NIC, the nodal ICT organization, identified the number of end to end electronic transactions as the best indicator for measuring the real- time performance of e-governance services in terms of service delivery to citizens. By September 2022, 109.69 crore “Transactions have been done along with 17 e-Services in e-Taal 3.0. S3WaaS : Secure, Scalable and Sugamya Website as a Service is a website generating and development product hosted on the National Cloud of NIC, which leverages technology to generate secure websites using GIGW compliant templates for deployment on a scalable software defined infrastructure. Lucent's General Knowledge PRAGATI 2.0 : Proactive Governance and Tima Implementation (PRAGATDProject is to strengthen 1 central videoconferencing infrastructure with robust, sta, of-the-art, technology for conferences and enhancement videoconferencing setup at office of Prime Minister, cabin Secretary, Chief Secretaries and others. Tele-density : Tele-density, which denotes the numb of telephones per hundred populations, is an importa, indicator of telecom penetration. Overall tele-density in country was 85.10% at the end of July 2022, The rural te density was 58.27% while that in urban areas it was 135.1, (Source : INDIA 203 Miscellaneous QUBIT is the basic unit of Quantum information, Simply put cloudcomputingisthedelivery ofcomputin services-including servers, storage, database. networking, software, analytics, and intelligence-ove the Internet (“the cloud”) to offer faster innovatior flexible resources, and economies of scale. The form of information signal used in the sending f is analogue signal and email uses digital signal. According to IBM - Blockchain is a shared, immutabl ledger that facilitates the process of reconin transactions and tracking assets in a business network An asset can be tangible (a house, car, cash, land) 0 intangible (intellectual property, patents, copytghs branding). Virtual Keyboards protect the computer agains Keylogger programs, Password theft, Spywares, Troja Programs etc Ane-mail that a actually has be v v !PPears to originate from one sourceby een from another is called Phishing. Star and Grid while Grid i transfer computer networks, A Database that contains the names and address‘ various hosts on internet ji ‘Nam panty is called Domain data packets between ti wee

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