IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 52, NO.

5, MAY 2004 1159

Transmission Line Approach of Left-Handed (LH)

Materials and Microstrip Implementation of an
Artificial LH Transmission Line
C. Caloz and T. Itoh, Fellow, IEEE

Abstract—A transmission line (TL) approach of left-handed topic [2], [3], is the most appropriate in the authors’ opinion:
(LH) materials is proposed. The transmission characteristics of It is the most fundamental because it is directly related to the
an ideal LH-TL are presented, the constitutive parameters of an LH triad obtained from Maxwell equations when
equivalent LH material are derived and shown to be negative,
and some LH-transmission paradoxes are explained. Next, a and are simultaneously negative and it is the most general be-
method to design an artificial LH-TL in the form of an ideal cause it applies also to one-dimensional (1-D) backward-wave
lumped-elements ladder network is described and illustrated with structures that may be used in novel components and antennas
simulation results. It is shown that, in this line, left-handedness applications [13].
can be achieved without losses over an unlimited bandwidth, from The unique properties of LH metamaterials, verified by
the cutoff of the resulting high-pass filter to infinity, with excellent
agreement with theory. Finally, a microstrip implementation of full-wave analysis in [14]–[16], are promising for a diversity
the LH line for microwaves, using interdigital capacitors and stub of optical/microwave applications, such as new types of
inductors, is demonstrated, with moderate insertion loss and a beam steerers, modulators, band-pass filters, superlenses [17],
broad bandwidth of the order of 100%. microwave components [13], [18]–[21] and antennas [22],
Index Terms—Left-handed (LH) structures, metamaterials, [23]. However, the LH structures presented originally were
transmission lines. impractical for microwave applications, because of their too
lossy and too narrow bandwidth characteristics, and alterna-
I. INTRODUCTION tive theories are desirable to gain a deeper insight into their
behavior. We present here a transmission line (TL) approach

B ACK IN 1968, Veselago first investigated theoretically

materials with simultaneously negative permittivity and
permeability, or left-handed (LH) materials, and pointed out
of LH materials based on nonresonant components, describe
a procedure to realize an artificial LH-TL with low losses and
broad bandwidth and demonstrate a microstrip implementation
some of their electrodynamic properties, such as reversal of this line using interdigital capacitors and stub inductors.
of Snell’s law, Doppler effect, and Cerenkov radiation [1]. The idea of using the transmission line theory to describe
Recently, these materials have known a tremendous renew of and design LH material was first introduced at approximately
interest, since the demonstration of their practical realizability the same time by three different groups [24]–[27], [22]. In
in composites [2]–[4] including negative- wires [5]–[7] and particular, there have been recently an important number of
negative- ring resonators [8]. Although LH effects have also reports by our group at University of California, Los Angeles
been demonstrated in some parts of the band structure of (UCLA) and by the group of University of Toronto, where
photonic crystals [9], [10], where the lattice constant is usually several novel metamaterials concepts have been developed and
of the order of (Bragg regime), LH materials generally verified independently.
have diffraction sites with interdistances much smaller than The paper is organized as follows. Section II presents the
wavelength (long-wavelength regime), so that they can be transmission line approach of LH structures with corresponding
effectively considered as homogeneous media. transmission characteristics, derives the constitutive parameters
Different terminologies have been used in addition to LH ma- of equivalent materials, and explains apparent paradoxes of
terials, such as “negative refractive index” (NRI) materials [11] propagation in LH media. In Section III, the procedure to design
and “double negative materials” (DNM) [12]. However, the ter- an artificial LH-TL with ideal (nondispersive) lumped-elements
minology “left-handed,” originally introduced by the pioneer is described, relevant formulas are derived and simulation re-
Veselago in 1968 [1] and then adopted by the group of Uni- sults for the -parameters and dispersion diagrams are shown.
versity of California, San Diego (UCSD) who first revived the A microstrip, quasilumped, implementation of the artificial
LH-TL is proposed and demonstrated by measurement results
Manuscript received March 1, 2002; revised August 11, 2003. This work was in Section IV. Finally, conclusions are given in Section V.
supported by the Department of Defense under Grant N00014-01-1-0803 and
monitored by the U.S. Navy/Office of Naval Research. This paper is part of
the Multidisciplinary Research Program of the University Research Initiative II. TRANSMISSION LINE APPROACH
(MURI) program “Scalable and Reconfigurable Electromagnetic Metamaterials
and Devices.” A. The LH TL
The authors are with the Electrical Engineering Department, University of
California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA (e-mail: caloz@[Link]). The TL approach of LH materials is based on the dual of
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TAP.2004.827249 the conventional TL, the equivalent circuit of which is shown
0018-926X/04$20.00 © 2004 IEEE
1160 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 52, NO. 5, MAY 2004

in Fig. 1. This circuit, obtained by interchanging the induc- a LH line. Fig. 2 also show the dispersion diagram of a conven-
tance/capacitance and inverting the series/parallel arrangements tional RH-TL and that of a composite right/left-handed (CRLH)
in the equivalent circuit of the conventional, right-handed (RH), transmission line, which is the series combination (in the infin-
TL is obviously of high-pass nature, in contrast to that of the itesimal circuit model) of a RH and a LH TLs [13]. In effect,
RH-TL, which is of low-pass nature. The wavenumber any LH-TL is a CRLH-TL because of unavoidable parasitic se-
of such a line is derived from the per unit length impedance ries inductance and shunt capacitance resulting in a RH contri-
and admittance bution increasing with frequency. Thus a CRLH-TL is LH at
as lower frequencies and RH at higher frequencies with a transi-
tion frequency, which can be shown to exhibit nonzero group
delay under appropriate design conditions [28]. This fact was
(1) exploited in several applications [13]. For instance, a novel type
of resonator operating at , and, therefore, undependent on
in which we note that are times unit length quan- physical length, was introduced in [21].
tities. From this equation, the attenuation factor and prop- Waves propagating along a LH line (nonexistent naturally)
agation factor are found as shown in the Appendix and have been known in circuits literature under the name of back-
as shown in (2) at the bottom of the page where the negative ward waves [29], and can exist in many filter-type and peri-
sign in indicates a negative phase velocity and its nonlin- odic circuits. But a novel feature of the LH-TL is that if the
earity indicates frequency dispersion. In addition, the character- line is open toward the air, as it is the case in the microstrip
istic impedance of the line is given by line presented in SectionIV, then the LH-TL radiates at fre-
quencies because the normal component of the
(3) wavevector just on top of the line is then
real. In this range, the line becomes a backward leaky-wave an-
tenna despite the fact that it is operating in its fundamental mode
and is, therefore, identical to that of the conventional RH line. [22]. This is in contrast to the case of conventional RH lines
It should be noted that there exist no relation such as the dual of (e.g., microstrip), the fundamental mode of which is always
the Heaviside relation, in which losses can be used to achieve purely guided because (see Fig. 2). In [23], a domi-
constant group delay. This can be understood by noting that the nant mode leaky-wave antenna with LH/backfire-to-RH/endire
order of in (2b) is larger in the denominator than in the nu- capability with demonstrated, with the remarkable feature of
merator, so that no combination of can make a perfect broadside radiation, due to nonzero group velocity at
linear function of . In the lossless case , (2) the transition frequency between the RH and LH ranges [13],
reduces to whereas conventional leaky-wave structures cannot radiate ex-
actly at broadside because of the presence of a gap inducing a
(4a)
standing wave when .
(4b)
B. Equivalent Material Parameters
and exhibits the dispersion diagram shown in Fig. 2, with The LH equivalent constitutive parameters and
the antiparallel hyperbolic phase and group velocities for the corresponding LH material can be derived from the
analogy between plane wave solutions in a homogeneous
(5) material (Maxwell equations) and waves along the LH-TL (TL
equations), by equating the material immittances
indicating left-handedness, while the characteristic impedance
and with those of the LH-TL and
simply becomes . The group delay will then be
, which yields

(6) (7a)

where represents the physical length of the line. The group (7b)
delay has thus a dependence, and dispersion becomes in-
creasingly larger as frequency decreases. Considering (5), we These equations both demonstrate the negativeness of
note that we have (and not ) in and in a LH material and provide explicit expressions for

(2a)

(2b)
CALOZ AND ITOH: TL APPROACH OF LH MATERIALS 1161

This last equation both demonstrates the negativeness of

and provides an explicit expression for it. Resulting focusing
effects, associated with the reversal of Snell’s law, at the inter-
face with a 2-D transmission line were demonstrated in [27] in a
lumped-element structure and in [28] in a distributed structure.

C. Apparent Paradoxes
The first apparent paradox of the LH-TL is that it exhibits a
group velocity, as given in (5) for the lossless case, continuously
increasing with frequency and, therefore, exceeding the speed of
Fig. 1. Infinitesimal circuit model of the LH-TL as the dual of the conventional
TL. light (superluminal propagation) for a finite value of frequency,
which seems in contradiction with a fundamental requirement
of relativistic physics. This consideration would suggest that a
LH-TL would thus not be physically realizable. However, this is
not true. It has been established that superluminal propagation
can occur in dispersive media, where the velocity relevant to en-
ergy propagation is not the group velocity, but rather the front
velocity, which always remains smaller than [33]. In such
media, although a modulated signal would be generally dis-
torted, so that does not bear a well defined physical meaning,
there are even cases where a pulse can be superluminally propa-
gated without distortion through phase reshaping [34] or exhibit
a negative group velocity [35], [36].
The second apparent paradox of the LH-TL is related to the
frequency dependence of its guided wavelength. Whereas in a
Fig. 2. ! 0 diagram of the LH-TL in the lossless case (G = R = 0) (solid RH-TL, , the guided wave-
curve). Also shown is the dispersion curve of a RH-TL and that of a CRLH-TL,
which is the series combination (composite) of a LH and a RH TLs. The two length in the LH-TL is
dash-dotted curves represent the free-space dispersion lines; if the structure is
open, radiation (or leakage) occurs in the area located between these two curves. (10)

them, showing a dispersive nature with frequency dependence which may seem counterintuitive at a first sight. In fact, this
in . Although such a material does not seem to exist in proportionality relation between guided wavelength and fre-
nature, it might be realized artificially as a metamaterials using quency is not surprising if we remember the high-pass nature
appropriate implants, as in recent attempts [2]–[4]. It should of the line: All high-pass filters exhibit the same phase prop-
be noted that the expression derived here for strongly erty, originating from the standard low-pass to high-pass trans-
differs from the resonant expression characterizing previously formation, and the LH-TL can be considered as the repetition
reported LH materials [2], [8], [30], [31]. As a outcome of of a high-pass filter unit cell, as it will be described later. As
its nonresonant nature, the present material will present the a consequence, it is at that the electrical length of
advantage of providing a broader LH bandwidth. the line, , is zero, since (where is
As pointed out in [1], simultaneous negative values of and the physical length). Therefore, phase starts to accumulate at
can be realized only when there is frequency dispersion. It can (open-circuit, ), and rotates
be easily verified that the LH material with the dispersive consti- counter-clockwise in the Smith Chart as frequency decreases
tutive parameters given by (7) satisfies the generalized entropy since , assuming the time de-
conditions for dispersive media [32], namely pendence . Basically, there are simultaneous inversions of
the sign of and of the frequency axis, which conjointly result
(8a) in a still clock-wise rotating phase with increasing frequency, as
in the RH case.
(8b)
III. REALIZATION OF AN ARTIFICIAL LH TRANSMISSION LINE
Finally, the equivalent index of refraction can be de- A. Approximation Principle
rived by taking the square root of the product of (7a)
and (7b), or by equating the material wavenumber, The LH-TL described in the previous section can be realized
(plane artificially in the form of the lumped-elements ladder network.
This network is obtained by cascading a unit cell identical to
wave), with that of the LH-TL, , which
that of the infinitesimal circuit model with sufficiently small per
yields
unit length immittances values, which is a tech-
nique analogous to that used to design of RH compact delay
(9)
lines [37]. In order to emulate a fictitious LH-TL, represented in
1162 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 52, NO. 5, MAY 2004

Fig. 3. Principle of LH-TL approximation by lumped-elements. (a) Fictitious distributed LH line, characterized by its length p and times unit length parameters
C ; L ; G ; R . (b) Unit circuit cell of the corresponding lumped ladder network. (c) Artificial line equivalent to the fictitious line of Fig. 3(a), obtained by cascading
N times the unit cell of Fig. 3(b).

Fig. 3(a) and characterized by length and times unit length pa- At sufficiently high frequencies, exhibits a real component.
rameters , it suffices to repeat the unit cell shown In particular , which is equal to the
in Fig. 3(b) into the ladder network configuration represented in characteristic impedance of the fictitious line to approximate
Fig. 3(c), with unit cell components values , according to (11), and shows that matching
to ports with impedance will be achieved by choosing
. As frequency decreases, the magnitude of the
(11)
term under the radical sign eventually becomes zero. At and
below this frequency, is purely imaginary, and no power
where is a generic variable for is the number can be delivered to the line. The cutoff frequency is therefore
of cells and is the equivalent section length approxi- given by
mated by each circuit cell.
Practically, the resulting structure is a high-pass filter mim- (15)
icking the LH-TL in its pass-band. The minimum number of
stages required to have a sufficiently accurate approximation of Noting that this quantity is very close to that of (13), in which
the line at a given frequency can be estimated as the factor 5 is just a rough estimate of what is necessary for a sat-
isfying approximation, we may consider that for
practical purposes, keeping in mind that the lumped line’s char-
(12)
acteristics begin to degrade just above cutoff when frequency is
decreased.
obtained by imposing with (10). Under this condi-
tion, the electrical length of the unit cell is small enough for the B. Results for the Artificial LH Line Using Ideal Lumped
cell to be considered lumped and the practical implementation Elements
of the line is then simply a translation of the ideal lupmed-ele- The simulation results for the artificial ideal-elements lumped
ment line into a distributed form. Alternately, the validity range LH line, approximating a fictitious LH line with parameters
of the approximation, with the same criterion, reads m, pF m, nH m, ,
are presented in Fig. 4 and the corresponding circuit parameters
for different numbers of unit-cells are given in Table I. Fig. 4(a)
(13)
shows the -parameters for different number of cells. As a con-
sequence of the fact that, according to (11), , the
where (11) has been used in the last expression. The minimum cutoff frequency of the resulting high-pass filter decreases
frequency , fixing the lower bound of the validity range when increases, extending the validity range of the approxi-
of the approximation, is directly related to the cutoff frequency, mation to lower frequencies. The expression (15) yields an ac-
of the filter. To derive the exact relation, we consider the limit curate approximation of cutoff for , as it can be seen by
case where the number of stages (with arbitrary series and comparing Fig. 4(a) and Table I for . Table I illus-
shunt ) is infinite, where the input impedance at each stage is trates the tradeoff between bandwith and components values: if
equal to that of the next stage. Then , bandwidth is to be increased (toward lower frequencies), larger
so that . Substituting the values of capacitance/inductance are required due to the larger
immittances values of Fig. 1 with (lossless) yields number of unit-cells to keep the characteristics of the line un-
the input impedance changed. The frequency dependence (10) of is clearly seen
in the distribution of peaks of , which become more and
more distant when increases, the highest frequency peak cor-
(14) responding to an electrical length of the line of . This
CALOZ AND ITOH: TL APPROACH OF LH MATERIALS 1163

1
Fig. 4. Simulation results for the artificial LH-TL ladder line with the ideal lumped-elements unit cell shown in Fig. 3(b). Parameters: p = 10 m, C = 25:6 pF m,
1
L = 64 nH m, G = R = 0. (a) Magnitude of the S -parameters versus N = 1; 3; 20. (b) Phase of the S -parameters for N = 20. (c) Zoom of Fig. 3(b) to the
range 0–2 GHz. (d) ! 0 f g
diagram, computed from ' S , versus N = 1; 2; 5; 10; 20; 30.

TABLE I
DESIGN PARAMETERS FOR THE ARTIFICIAL LH-TL DEMONSTRATED IN FIG. 4 (p = 10 m, C = 25:6 pF m, L = 64 nH m,1 1
G = R = 0; Z = L =C = 50 ). THE VALUES OF THE CAPACITORS C AND INDUCTORS L ARE COMPUTED
FROM (11) AND THE CUTOFF FREQUENCY IS COMPUTED FROM (15)

is because ; plotting versus can there- diagram obtained by from the unwrapped phase of by
fore be verified to yield equidistant peaks. . The dispersion curves of the ideal LH-TL can
Fig. 4(b) and (c) shows the phase of the -parameters in the be seen to be in excellent agreement with the theoretical curve
ideal LH line. As aforementioned, at (open (4b) of the fictitious line to approximate in the validity range
circuit), and phase progressively accumulates as frequency de- specified by (13) (e.g., MHz).
creases so that eventually at , as it can be The results of Fig. 4 show that LH transmission can occur
seen by unwrapping the phase curve. Finally, Fig. 4(d) shows the without losses over an unlimited bandwidth (from cutoff to )
1164 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 52, NO. 5, MAY 2004

along the artificial TL described here. This is a remarkable char-

acteristic in comparison with previously reported LH structures,
in which losses are unavoidably huge and bandwidth extremely
narrow from the resonant nature of negative- elements [2]. In
addition, the group delay, given by , be-
comes fairly constant when increases, so that moderate dis-
persion can be achieved at high frequencies.

IV. MICROSTRIP IMPLEMENTATION

A. Design
The artificial LH-TL can be implemented in many tech-
nologies. Although lumped-element implementations, with
nondispersive or weakly dispersive capacitance/inductance
components, will naturally produce the best results, very close Fig. 5. Layout of the unit cell of the microstrip LH-TL prototype, including a
series interdigital capacitor and a shunt shorted stub inductor.
to those presented in the present section, we consider here a
microstrip implementation of the line. The motivation of this
choice is twofold: first, a microstrip LH-TL might be extended capacitances of value or by two inductances of value
to a real 2- or 3-D artificial LH “material” (not just a 1-D line); , corresponding to a symmetric unit cell .
second, a distributed structure such as a microstrip one will Further improvement possibilities include using -derived
potentially provide better performances at high frequencies. matched-sections [37] or stages with different , such as
We propose a microstrip LH-TL using interdigital capac- based on standard low-pass prototype.
itances and shorted-stub inductances. The unit cell of the It should be noted that the period of the structure is
structure is the high-pass filter shown in Fig. 5, [38]. The at 1 GHz, where is the effective wavelength
components used are strongly dispersive, which will nec- of the input/output microstrip line (not to be confused with the
essarily introduce some discrepancy with respect to the ideal guided wavelength of the LH structure itself). The interdig-
case. For instance, , so that ital capacitors and stub inductors can therefore be considered as
the inductance provided by the shorted stub naturally becomes a quasilumped in the LH range, and the relation , charac-
capacitance when frequency becomes larger than . teristic of LH materials, is verified. Therefore, the line can be
Therefore, in addition to having a low-frequency limit, fixed considered uniform at frequencies around 1.5 GHz.
by , this microstrip LH line will have high-frequency
limit, imposed by the dispersive nature of the compo- V. CONCLUSION
nents.
In the present design, the substrate RT/Duroid 5880 with A transmission line approach of LH materials has been
and mm has been used. The values are proposed. The transmission characteristics ( diagram,
pF and nH at 1.5 GHz, which yields the cutoff impedance) of an ideal LH-TL have been given and interpreted,
GHz. The length of the unit cell is 12.2 mm. The unit equivalent constitutive parameters have been explicitly
cell is repeated periodically (period mm). derived and shown to be negative, and the apparent paradoxes
of superluminal group velocity and guided wavelength linear
dependence on frequency have been explained. In particular,
B. Measurement Results the of the line is not of resonant nature, and therefore
Measurement results for the LH microstrip structure are leads to much broader bandwidths than those obtained with the
shown in Fig. 6. The validity range of the line approximation composite structure made of rings resonators and wires [2], [4].
roughly starts at cutoff GHz, while the upper edge A method to design an artificial LH-TL in the form of a
of the LH range could be estimated to 3 GHz from full-wave lumped-elements ladder network has been described. It has
simulations of the components isolated. Above around 3 been demonstrated that with ideal components, left-handedness
GHz, the effects of the parasitic series inductances and shunt can be achieved without losses over an unlimited bandwidth,
capacitances become dominant and the line becomes RH starting from the cutoff of the resulting high-pass filter and
again [13]. The LH bandwidth would be therefore extending to infinity. It has also been shown that an excellent
of the order of 100%, to be compared with extremely narrow agreement with the theoretical diagram is obtained.
bandwidths of previously reported, resonating- , structures Finally, a microstrip implementation of the LH line for
[2]. Moreover, although the circuit is a poor high-pass filter microwaves, using interdigital capacitors and stub inductors,
(not optimized), its insertion loss ( dB) is still reasonable has been demonstrated, with moderate insertion loss and broad
in comparison with the huge losses ( dB) reported in [2]. bandwidth of the order of 100%. This structure could be
Finally, the measured dispersion curve is seen to be very close also implemented in more compact and more efficient chip
to the theoretical curve in the LH range, despite some slope configurations, and may pave the road for applications such
discrepancy, expected from the dispersion of the capacitors/in- as enhanced forward couplers or novel predistortion filters. In
ductors. addition, the interdigital-capacitors/stub-inductors microstrip
Lower insertion losses could be obtained by making the LH line might be extended to novel 2-D (or even 3-D) “real LH
circuit reciprocal, namely by terminating it either by two materials,” with their full set of extraordinary properties, such
CALOZ AND ITOH: TL APPROACH OF LH MATERIALS 1165

Fig. 6. Measurement results for the strip artificial LH-TL with the unit cell shown in Fig. 5. Parameters: RT/D 5880 with " = 2:2=h = 1:57 mm, N =
7; C = 2:06 pF and L = 4:62 nH at 1.5 GHz. (a) Magnitude of the S -parameters. (b) ! 0 f g
diagram, computed from ' S .

as negative refraction [4] or evanescent waves amplification Inserting this result into (17) and considering that ,
[17]. we obtain

APPENDIX (20a)
DERIVATION OF AND AND DEMONSTRATION OF THE
NEGATIVENESS OF IN A LH MEDIUM
(20b)
The wavenumber in a LH medium is given in (1) as
The times-unit-length parameters are then
straightforwardly obtained in the form of (2) by substituting
the appropriate values of and given in (18).
(16) The negative sign of is thus demonstrated as a rigorous
mathematical consequence of the interchange of the inductance
Writing the radicand of the denominator of (16) in the polar and capacitance in the LH transmission line. In the lossless case,
form leads to the expression the negativeness of can be shown easier

(21)

(17)
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056625-1–056625-15, 2001. from the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
[13] C. Caloz and T. Itoh, “Novel microwave devices and structures based on (EPFL), Switzerland, in 1995 and 2000, respectively.
the transmission line approach of meta-materials,” in IEEE MTT-S Int. From November 2000 to May 2004, he was a
Symp., Philadelphia, PA, June 2003, pp. 195–198. Research Engineer in the Microwave Electronics
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mental properties of left-handed materials in waveguide configurations,” versity of California at Los Angeles (UCLA). In
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negative permittivity and permeability,” Phys. Rev. E, vol. 64, pp. 1–15, de Montréal (EPM), where he will be a Professor
Nov. 2001. and a member of the microwave group PolyGRAMES. He has authored
[16] J. A. Kong, B.-I. Wy, and Y. Zhang, “A unique lateral displacement more than 80 papers in refereed journals and international conferences and
of gaussian beam tranmitted through a slab with negative permittivity
holds several patents. His research interests include electromagnetic theory,
and permeability,” Microwave Opt. Technol. Lett., vol. 33, no. 2, pp.
numerical methods, planar passive and active circuits, antennas and systems,
136–139, Dec. 2001.
photonic band-gap (PBG) structures and left-handed (LH) metamaterials.
[17] J. B. Pendry, “Negative refraction makes a perfect lens,” Phys. Rev. Lett.,
vol. 85, no. 18, pp. 3966–3969, Oct. 2000. Dr. Caloz received the Chancellor’s Award for Postdoctoral Research of Uni-
[18] C. Caloz, A. Sanada, L. Liu, and T. Itoh, “A broadband left-handed versity from UCLA in March 2004, for his research on novel concepts and
(LH) coupled-line backward coupler with arbitrary coupling levels,” in applications of electromagnetic metamaterials.
Proc. IEEE MTT-S Int. Symp., vol. 1, Philadelphia, PA, June 2003, pp.
317–320.
[19] I. Lin, C. Caloz, and T. Itoh, “A branch line coupler with two arbitrary
operating frequencies using left-handed transmission lines,” in Proc. T. Itoh (S’69–M’69–SM’74–F’82) received the
IEEE MTT-S Int. Symp., vol. 1, Philadelphia, PA, June 2003, pp. Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the
325–327. University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, in 1969.
[20] H. Okabe, C. Caloz, and T. Itoh, “A compact enhanced hybrid ring From September 1966 to April 1976, he was with
using a left-handed transmission line section,” in Proc. IEEE MTT-S Int. the Electrical Engineering Department, University of
Symp., vol. 1, Philadelphia, PA, June 2003, pp. 329–332. Illinois. From April 1976 to August 1977, he was a
[21] A. Sanada, C. Caloz, and T. Itoh, “Zero order resonance in composite Senior Research Engineer in the Radio Physics Labo-
right/left-handed transmission line resonators,” in Proc. Asia-Pacific Mi- ratory, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA. From Au-
crowave Conf., Seoul, Korea, Nov. 2003, pp. 1588–1592. gust 1977 to June 1978, he was an Associate Pro-
[22] A. Grbic and G. V. Eleftheriades, “A backward-wave antenna based on fessor at the University of Kentucky, Lexington. In
negative refractive index,” in Proc. IEEE AP-S Int. Symp., vol. 4, San July 1978, he joined the Faculty at The University
Antonio, TX, June 2002, pp. 340–343. of Texas at Austin, where he became a Professor of electrical engineering in
[23] L. Liu, C. Caloz, and T. Itoh, “Dominant mode (DM) leaky-wave an- 1981 and Director of the Electrical Engineering Research Laboratory in 1984.
tenna with backfire-to-endfire sdcanning capability,” Electron. Lett., vol. During summer 1979, he was a Guest Researcher at AEG-Telefunken, Ulm,
38, no. 23, pp. 1414–1416, Nov. 2002. West Germany. In September 1983, he became Hayden Head Centennial Pro-
[24] C. Caloz, H. Okabe, T. Iwai, and T. Itoh, “Transmission line approach fessor of Engineering at The University of Texas. In September 1984, he was
of left-handed (LH) materials,” in Proc. USNC/URSI National Radio appointed Associate Chairman for Research and Planning of the Electrical and
Science Meeting, vol. 1, San Antonio, TX, June 2002, p. 39. Computer Engineering Department, The University of Texas. In January 1991,
[25] C. Caloz and T. Itoh, “Application of the transmission line theory of left- he joined the University of California, Los Angeles, as Professor of electrical en-
handed (LH) materials to the realization of a microstrip LH transmission gineering and holder of the TRW Endowed Chair in Microwave and Millimeter
line,” in Proc. IEEE AP-S Int. Symp., vol. 1, San Antonio, TX, June 2002, Wave Electronics. He was an Honorary Visiting Professor at Nanjing Institute
pp. 412–415. of Technology, China, and at the Japan Defense Academy. In April 1994, he was
[26] A. A. Oliner, “A periodic-structure negative-refractive-index medium appointed Adjunct Research Officer for the Communications Research Labora-
with resonant elements,” in Proc. USNC/URSI National Radio Science tory, Ministry of Post and Telecommunication, Japan. He currently holds a Vis-
Meeting, San Antonio, TX, June 2002, p. 41. iting Professorship at the University of Leeds, U.K. He has 310 journal publica-
[27] A. K. Iyer and G. V. Eleftheriades, “Negative refractive index metama- tions and 640 refereed conference presentations. He has written 30 books/book
terials supporting 2-D waves,” in Proc. IEEE MTT-S Int. Symp., vol. 2, chapters in the area of microwaves, millimeter-waves, antennas, and numerical
San Antonio, TX, June 2002, pp. 1067–1070.
electromagnetics. He has generated 60 Ph.D. students.
[28] A. Sanada, C. Caloz, and T. Itoh, “2D distributed meta-structures with
Dr. Itoh is a Member of the Institute of Electronics and Communication
negative refractive properties,” in Proc. USNC/URSI National Radio
Engineers of Japan, and Commissions B and D of USNC/URSI. He was
Science Meeting, vol. 1, Columbus, OH, June 2003.
[29] S. Ramo, J. R. Whinnery, and T. Van Duzer, Fields and Waves in Com- elected a Member of the National Academy of Engineering in 2003. He has
munication Electronics, 3rd ed. New York: Wiley, 1994. received a number of awards, including the Shida Award from the Japanese
[30] R. Ruppin, “Surface polaritons of a left-handed material slab,” J. Phys.: Ministry of Post and Telecommunications in 1998, Japan Microwave Prize in
Condens. Matter, vol. 13, pp. 1811–1818, Jan. 2001. 1998, IEEE Third Millennium Medal in 2000, and IEEE MTT Distinguished
[31] D. R. Smith, D. C. Vier, N. Kroll, and S. Schultz, “Direct calculation Educator Award in 2000. He was Chairman of USNC/URSI Commission
of permeability and permittivity for a left-handed metamaterial,” App. D from 1988 to 1990 and Chairman of Commission D of the International
Phys. Lett., vol. 77, no. 14, pp. 2246–2248, Oct. 2000. URSI for 1993 to 1996. He is Chair of the Long Range Planning Committee
[32] L. D. Landau, E. M. Lifshitz, and L. P. Pitaevskii, Electrodynamics of of URSI. He serves on advisory boards and committees of a number of
Continuous Media. New York: Pergamon, 1984. organizations. He was Editor of IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY
[33] M. W. Mitchell and R. Y. Chiao, “Causality and negative group delays in AND TECHNIQUES for 1983–1985. He was Vice President of the Microwave
a simple bandpass amplifier,” Amer. J. Phys., vol. 66, pp. 14–19, 1998. Theory and Techniques Society in 1989 and President in 1990. He was elected
[34] R. W. Ziolkowski, “Superluminal tranmission of information through an Honorary Life Member of the MTT Society in 1994. He was Editor-in-Chief
an electromagnetic metamaterial,” Phys. Rev. E, vol. 63, pp. 1–13, Oct. of IEEE MICROWAVE AND GUIDED WAVE LETTERS from 1991 through 1994.
2001. He is on the Administrative Committee of IEEE Microwave Theory and
[35] J. Marangos, “Faster than a speeding photon,” Nature, vol. 406, pp. Techniques Society. He serves on advisory boards and committees for a number
243–244, July 2000. of organizations.