CONCEPTUAL COACHING CENTRE SITA ROAD

Chapter 04 CELL AND TISSUE CLASS IX (B)

CELL:
 Cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life.
 Cells are the building blocks of life.
TISSUE:
A group of cell which perform same function is called tissue.
MICROSCOPE:
Microscopic means being invisible to the open eye. A microscopic is an instrument which is used to examine
objects that are too small to be seen by the naked eye.
MICROSCOPY:
The use of the microscope is called microscopy.
There are two parameters especially is microscopy.
MAGNIFICATION:
 The enlargement of an image is called magnification.
 Magnification is the increase in apparent size of object
RESOLUTION / resolving power:
 Resolution is the clarity of an image.
 It is a minimum distance at which two objects can be seen as a separate object.
MICROGRAPH:
 A photograph of an image taken through a microscope is called micrograph.
LIGHT MICROSCOPE ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
1. Light microscope are simple 1. Electron microscope are more complex
microscope which depends on the microscope that depends on beam of electron
sunlight or electric source of light to magnify very small parts of the cell and
for the specimen to be observed obtain deeper look to its composition
2. The light is the illuminating source 2. The electron is the illuminating source
3. Live or dead specimen can be seen 3. Only dead or dried specimen can be seen
4. Image is colored 4. Image is black or white

THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF ELECTRON MICROSCOPE

TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPE SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
1. Transmission electron microscope 1. Scanning electron microscope is directed to
is directed to specimens to observe observe the surface of specimen and cannot
tiny parts through which beam of transmit through or inside the object.
electron can pass
2. Detailed image of internal structure 2. Detailed image of 3D surface

HISTORY OF CELL:
 Around the 1950, two Dutch lens makers by the name Hans and Zacharias Janssen
invented the first compound microscope.
 In 1665, an English scientist Robert Hook discovered and came with the name “CELLS”
while looking through a microscope at a Piece of Cork.
 The cork which was made up of dead oak tree tissues reminded him of the small rooms,
compartments, hollow space, honey comb.
 Word cell comes from latin word Cella, meaning a storeroom or chamber.

Prokaryotic cell,
Greek word,
Pro= before, Eukaryotic cell,
false, primary,
primitive, Greek word
Eu = true +
karyon =
karyon =
Nucleus.
70s ribosomes nucleus
80s ribosomes
CELL THEORY:
Cell theory was proposed by Schleiden
(Botanist), Schwan (Zoologist), and
Rudolf Virchow.

Postulates of cell theory:

1. All living organism are made up of

one or more cells
2. Cell is the basic structural and
functional unit of life.
3. All cells comes from pre – existing
cells.
4. The cells contain heredity material
which is passed from generation to
generation.

SUB CELLULAR OR A CELLULAR PARTICELS:

FEATURES VIRUS VIROID’S PRIONS
Composition DNA or RNA Single strand RNA Misfolded protein particle
Genetic material Yes DNA or RNA Yes RNA No
Protein coat Yes No No
Size Largest Smaller than virus Smallest
Example Flu, HIV Potato spindle tuber Mad cow, insomnia
(sleeplessness)

Cell wall:
 A cell wall is tough protective, nonliving and permeable protective in some cell types.
 The cell wall is an external covering found in plant cell, fungi cell and bacteria.
 The composition of cell wall varies depends on organisms.
 Bacterial cell wall is made up of peptidoglycan (amino acids and carbohydrates)
 Plant cell wall is made up of cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin and lignin
 Fungi cell wall is made up of chitin.

Layers of plant cell wall:

1. Middle lamella:
The outer most layer, rich in pectin act as a glue holding (cementing) adjacent plant cell
together. It is also known as cementing layer.
2. Primary cell wall:
It lies on inside of middle lamella. The flexible, thin first wall formed during cell growth. It
allows cell to expand and is rich in cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin.
3. Secondary cell wall:
It lies along the side of cell membrane. A thick more rigid layer formed after the cell has
stopped growing. It contain additional cellulose, lignin and other strengthen material.
Plasmodesmata:
 A plasmodesmata is a tube that links the cytoplasm of two plant cell,
Function: 1. Transport 2. Communication 3. Regulation
CELL MEMBRANE:
 Also known as plasma membrane, plasma lemma and unit membrane.
 Cell is the smallest structural and functional unit of living organism and micro-organism.
Cell has a cell membrane in its outer most part in case of animal cell and for plant cell
membrane present under the cell wall.
 Cell membrane has a scientific structure so many scientists gives description about the
structure of cell membrane like Sandwich model, unit membrane model and fluid mosaic
model, but the fluid mosaic model is widely accepted.

FLUID MOASIC MODEL OF CELL MEMBRNAE:

 The fluid mosaic model of cell membrane was first described by the scientist singer and
Nicolson 1972.
 The model explain the structure of plasma membrane of animal cell as a mosaic of
components such as phospholipids, protein, cholesterol and carbohydrate.
 According to them, the cell membrane is semi fluid organization whose fluid nature is
expressed by Bilayer of lipid.
 In the bilayer of lipid, the proteins are present as a floating elements.
1. Lipid (phospholipid)
2. Protein a. (intrinsic / integral / channel protein) b. (externsic / peripheral protein)

 The two ends of lipid molecules are called polar ends (outer part) and non – polar ends
(inner part)
 The non – polar ends are hydrophobic (water hating) and polar ends are hydrophilic
(water loving)
 With the presence of liquid and protein there are some amount of carbohydrate in cell
membrane.
 Carbohydrate adding with lipid made glycolipid and adding with protein made
glycoprotein.

There are two types of protein present in fluid mosaic model:

1. Integral protein:
These types of proteins are submerged in the bilayer of lipids. They cannot be separate
easily. / The type of protein which is tightly bounded with both layer of plasma membrane.
2. Extrinsic protein:
Proteins that remain semi – submerged state of the lipid bilayer are known as extrinsic
protein. They can be separate easily from the structure due to weak electrical bond with lipid.

Movement across cell membrane:

1. Endocytosis:
Endocytosis involves cells taking in substance from
outside the cell.
2. Exocytosis:
A process that occurs when a cell moves large
materials from inside the cell to the outside of the cell.
3. Phagocytosis: (cell eating process)
Phagocytosis is the bulk absorption of solid materials.
4. Pinocytosis: (cell drinking process)
Pinocytosis is the bulk uptake of liquid material.
1. Passive transport:
No energy required for the movement of molecule.
a. Diffusion:
Movement of molecules from region of higher concentration to region of lower
concentration. Example: gases
b. Osmosis:
Movement of molecules from region of higher concentration to region of lower through
semi – permeable membrane. Example; liquid
2. Active transport:
Energy required.
Movement of molecules from region of lower concentration to region of higher
concentration.

Scientists:

Year Name Discovery

1665 Robert Hook Cell from cork of oak plant
1831 Robert Brown Nucleus (the center of cell)
- Schleiden + Schwan + Rudolf Virchow Cell theory
1670 Anton Van Leeuwenhoek First living cell from pond water
1840 Albercht von Roelliker Sperms and eggs are also cell
1845 Carl Heinrich Braun Calling cell is the basic unit of life