CHEMISTRY – 313 (TMA) ​

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Q1. Classification of Elements in Groups 14, 15, and 16

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Group 14

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●​ Elements: Carbon (C), Silicon (Si), Germanium (Ge), Tin (Sn), Lead (Pb), Flerovium
(Fl)

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●​ Non-metal: Carbon (C)
●​ Metalloids: Silicon (Si), Germanium (Ge)
●​ Metals: Tin (Sn), Pb, Fl

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Group 15
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●​ Elements: Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Arsenic (As), Antimony (Sb), Bismuth
(Bi), Moscovium (Mc)
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●​ Non-metals: Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P)

Group 16
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●​ Elements: Oxygen (O), Sulfur (S), Selenium (Se), Tellurium (Te), Polonium (Po),
Livermorium (Lv)
●​ Non-metals: Oxygen (O), Sulfur (S), Selenium (Se)
●​ Metalloids: Tellurium (Te)
●​ Metals: Polonium (Po), Livermorium (Lv)

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​
Q2. Why does the application of alum to a fresh cut
wound help stop bleeding?

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Applying alum to a fresh cut helps stop bleeding because alum is a coagulant. Blood is a

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colloidal suspension containing negatively charged protein particles. The aluminum
ions (Al3+) in alum neutralize these negative charges, causing the particles to clump
together. This process, known as coagulation, forms a clot that seals the wound and

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stops the bleeding.

Q3. Reasons for Thermodynamic Properties and

(i) Neither Heat (q) nor Work (w) is a state function but q + w is a state
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function.

●​ Heat (q) and work (w) are not state functions because their values depend on the
specific path taken during a process. For example, the amount of heat added or
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work done to change a system's state from A to B can differ depending on whether
the process is adiabatic or isothermal.
●​ However, their sum, q+w, is equal to the change in internal energy (ΔU), which is
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a state function. A state function only depends on the initial and final states of
the system, not the path taken to get there. This is a fundamental concept of the
First Law of Thermodynamics, expressed as ΔU=q+w.

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(ii) A real crystal has more entropy than an ideal crystal.

A real crystal has more entropy than an ideal crystal because a real crystal contains
defects and imperfections. These imperfections, such as vacancies, dislocations, or
impurities, introduce disorder into the crystal lattice. According to the Boltzmann
equation, S=klnW, where S is entropy and W is the number of microstates. The presence
of defects increases the number of possible microstates (W) for the crystal, thereby

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increasing its entropy. An ideal crystal, being perfectly ordered, has the minimum

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possible number of microstates.

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Q4. Reactions involved for ozone layer depletion in
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Ozone layer depletion is primarily caused by chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and halons.
These compounds are stable in the lower atmosphere but are broken down by ultraviolet
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(UV) radiation in the stratosphere. This process releases highly reactive chlorine (Cl)
atoms, which act as catalysts to destroy ozone molecules (O3​).
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The key reactions are:

1.​ Photolysis of CFCs: UV radiation breaks down a CFC molecule, releasing a

chlorine radical. CF2​Cl2​U V ​⋅Cl+⋅CF2​Cl

2.​ Chlorine Radical Destroys Ozone: The released chlorine radical reacts with an
ozone molecule. Cl⋅+O3​→ClO⋅+O2​
3.​ Regeneration of Chlorine Radical: The chlorine monoxide radical (ClO⋅) then
reacts with a free oxygen atom, regenerating the chlorine radical. ClO⋅+O→Cl⋅+O2​

This cycle allows a single chlorine atom to destroy thousands of ozone molecules,
leading to significant ozone depletion. The area where ozone is most severely depleted is

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known as the ozone hole.

Q5. Behavior of BCl3​and CCl4​with water

The compounds BCl3​and CCl4​behave differently with water due to their central atoms'
electron configurations and orbital availability.

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BCl3​(Boron trichloride)

●​ Reaction with water: BCl3​readily reacts with water in a hydrolysis reaction.

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BCl3​+3H2​O→B(OH)3​+3HCl
●​ Justification: Boron in BCl3​has only six valence electrons, making it an
electron-deficient compound with an incomplete octet. As such, it acts as a Lewis
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acid, meaning it can accept an electron pair. Boron has a vacant p-orbital that can
accept a lone pair of electrons from the oxygen atom in a water molecule,
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initiating the hydrolysis reaction.
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CCl4​(Carbon tetrachloride)

●​ Reaction with water: CCl4​does not react with water and is resistant to hydrolysis.
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●​ Justification: Carbon in CCl4​has a complete octet of eight valence electrons and

occur, the reaction does not proceed.

Q6. Health and Wellness Scenerio

(i) Values shown by Mr. Amit

Mr. Amit demonstrates several positive values, including care, responsibility, and

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empathy. He noticed his friend Naresh's unhealthy habit of self-medicating and took
proactive steps to intervene. By advising Naresh to stop and introducing him to Yoga,
Amit not only showed concern for his friend's physical and mental well-being but also
guided him toward a natural, healthier solution. This reflects a sense of true friendship
and social responsibility.

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(ii) Class of drugs in sleeping pills

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Sleeping pills typically belong to a class of drugs called tranquilizers or sedatives. These
substances are designed to reduce anxiety, relieve mental stress, and induce sleep. A

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common type of tranquilizer used in sleeping pills is barbiturates, which act on the
central nervous system to calm brain activity.

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(iii) Why sleeping pills should not be taken without a doctor's
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consultation
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It is not advisable to take sleeping pills without a doctor's consultation for several critical
reasons:
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●​ Risk of Addiction and Dependency: Prolonged use can lead to both psychological
and physical dependence.
●​ Serious Side Effects: Incorrect use can cause side effects such as dizziness,
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memory loss, and confusion, and may even worsen sleep issues.
●​ Overdose Risk: Taking an incorrect or excessive dose can be dangerous and
potentially life-threatening.
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●​ Drug Interactions: Sleeping pills can have negative interactions with other
medications, which can be harmful.
●​ Undiagnosed Underlying Issues: Sleep problems often stem from deeper medical
or psychological conditions that require proper diagnosis and treatment by a
healthcare professional, not just a temporary fix from a pill.

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