Structured Querylanguage (SQL)

SQL Commands

DCL (deals with access

TCL(deals with the DQL(retrieve data
DDL(define database DML(manipulate data rights and data control
transactions happening from the DB using SQL
schema in DBMS) present in the DB) on the data present in
in the DB) queries)
the db)

CREATE INSERT GRANT COMMIT SELECT

DROP UPDATE REVOKE ROLLBACK

ALTER DELETE
DDL : Data Definition Language DML: Data Manipulation Language
DCL : Data Control Language TCL : Transaction Control Language
TRUNCATE
DQL : Data Query Language

1. Create database create database sample2

2. Use the database use sample2
3. Create table create table customer
(
customerid int identity(1,1) primary key,
customernumber int not null unique check (customernumber>0),
lastname varchar(30) not null,
firstname varchar(30) not null,
areacode int default 71000,
address varchar(50),
country varchar(50) default 'Malaysia'
)
4. Insert values into table insert into customer values
(100,'Fang Ying','Sham','418999','sdadasfdfd',default),
(200,'Mei Mei','Tan',default,'adssdsadsd','Thailand'),
(300,'Albert','John',default,'dfdsfsdf',default)

5. Display record from table -- display all records

select * from customer

-- display particular columns

select customerid, customernumber, lastname, firstname
from customer
6. Add new column to table alter table customer
add phonenumber varchar(20)
7. Add values to newly added update customer set phonenumber='1234545346' where
column/ Update table customerid=1
update customer set phonenumber='45554654' where
customerid=2
8. Delete a column alter table customer
drop column phonenumber
delete
9. Delete record from table
from customer
--ifnot put‘where’,will where country='Thailand'
delete allrecord
10. Delete table drop table customer
11. Change data type alter table customer
alter column phonenumber varchar(10)

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1. Create database create database SaleOrder use SaleOrder
2. Use the database create table [Link] (
3. Create tables CustomerID int NOT null primary key,
CustomerFirstName varchar(50) NOT null,
CustomerLastName varchar(50) NOT null,
CustomerAddress varchar(50) NOT null,
CustomerSuburb varchar(50) null,
CustomerCity varchar(50) NOT null,
CustomerPostCode char(4) null,
CustomerPhoneNumber char(12) null,
);

create table [Link] (

InventoryID tinyint NOT null primary key,
InventoryName varchar(50) NOT null,
InventoryDescription varchar(255) null,
);

create table [Link] (

EmployeeID tinyint NOT null primary key,
EmployeeFirstName varchar(50) NOT null,
EmployeeLastName varchar(50) NOT null,
EmployeeExtension char(4) null,
);

create table [Link] (

SaleID tinyint not null primary key,
CustomerID int not null references customer(CustomerID),
InventoryID tinyint not null references Inventory(InventoryID),
EmployeeID tinyint not null references Employee(EmployeeID),
SaleDate date not null,
SaleQuantity int not null,
SaleUnitPrice smallmoney not null
);

4. Check what table inside select * from information_schema.tables

5. View specific row --top: show only the first two
select top 2 * from customer

--top 40 percent: also means show the first two

select top 40 percent * from customer

6. View specific column --sort result (by default is ascending)

select customerfirstname, customerlastname from customer
order by customerlastname desc

select customerfirstname, customerlastname from customer

order by 4, 2, 3 desc -- Order By Based on column no. without typing column
name

--distinct: only show unique value

select distinct customerlastname from customer
order by customerlastname

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7. Save table to another table --into file_name: save result in another table (BASE TABLE)
select distinct customerlastname into temp
from customer
order by customerlastname
select * from temp --see the table (data type will remain)

8. Like (search something) -- (underscore sign) _ is only specific for one character only
-- (percent sign) % represents zero, one, or multiple characters
select * from customer
where customerlastname like '_r%'

9. In (search something) -- search multiple items

select * from customer
where customerlastname in ('Brown', ‘Michael’, ’Jim’)

10. > (search something) select * from customer

where customerlastname > 'Brown' or customerlastname>'Cross'
11. <> (Not Equal) select * from customer
where customerlastname <> 'Brown'
12. IS NULL -- check null values
select * from customer
where customerlastname IS NULL

13. IS NOT NULL select * from customer

where customerlastname IS NOT NULL

14. between select * from sale

where saleunitprice between 5 and 10 --not include 5 & 10

15. count -- returns the number of rows in a table

-- AS means aliasing, temporary giving name to a column/ table
select count(*) as [Number of Records] from customer
where customerfirstname like 'B%'

16. sum select [Link] ,EmployeeFirstName, EmployeeLastName , count(*) as

[Number of order] ,
sum(salequantity) as [Total Quantity]
from sale,employee
where [Link] = [Link]
group by [Link] ,EmployeeFirstName, EmployeeLastName

17. count month select month(saledate) as [Month], count ( * ) as [Number of sale],

sum(salequantity*saleunitprice) as [Total Amount]
from sale
group by month(saledate)

18. max SELECT MAX(Salary)

FROM EmployeeSalary
19. min SELECT MIN(Salary)
FROM EmployeeSalary
20. average SELECT AVG(Salary)
FROM EmployeeSalary

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21. having SELECT JobTitle, COUNT(JobTitle)
FROM EmployeeDemographics ED
JOIN EmployeeSalary ES
ON [Link] = [Link]
GROUP BY JobTitle HAVING
COUNT(JobTitle) > 1
SELECT JobTitle, AVG(Salary)
FROM EmployeeDemographics ED
JOIN EmployeeSalary ES
ON [Link] = [Link]
GROUP BY JobTitle
HAVING AVG(Salary) > 45000
ORDER BY AVG(Salary)
22. Change data type -- CAST(expression AS datatype(length))
temporary for use SELECT CAST('2017-08-25 [Link].000' AS date)

-- CONVERT(data_type(length), expression, style)

SELECT CONVERT(date,'2017-08-[Link].000')

23. CASE Statement SELECT FirstName, LastName, Age,

CASE
WHEN Age > 30 THEN 'Old'
WHEN AgeBETWEEN27AND30THEN'Young'
ELSE 'Baby'
END
FROM EmployeeDemographics ED
WHERE Age IS NOT NULL
ORDER BY Age

--
SELECT FirstName,LastName,JobTitle, Salary,
CASE
WHEN JobTitle ='Salesman'THENSalary + (Salary *.10)
WHEN JobTitle ='Accountant' THEN Salary + (Salary *.05)
WHEN JobTitle ='HR' THEN Salary + (Salary *.000001)
ELSE Salary + (Salary *.03)
END AS SalaryAfterRaise
FROM EmployeeDemographics ED
JOIN EmployeeSalary ES
ON [Link] = [Link]

24. Partition By SELECT FirstName,LastName,Gender,Salary,

--returns a single value for each COUNT(Gender)OVER (PARTITIONBYGender) AS TotalGender
row FROM EmployeeDemographics ED
JOIN EmployeeSalary ES
ON [Link] = [Link]

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25. String Functions -- Remove space
Select EmployeeID, TRIM(EmployeeID) AS IDTRIM
FROM EmployeeErrors
Select EmployeeID, RTRIM(EmployeeID) as IDRTRIM
FROM EmployeeErrors
Select EmployeeID, LTRIM(EmployeeID) as IDLTRIM
FROM EmployeeErrors
-- Replace
Select LastName, REPLACE(LastName, '- Fired', '') as
LastNameFixed
FROM EmployeeErrors
-- Substring
Select Substring([Link],1,3),
Substring([Link],1,3), Substring([Link],1,3),
Substring([Link],1,3)
FROM EmployeeErrors err
JOIN EmployeeDemographics dem

on Substring([Link],1,3) =
Substring([Link],1,3)
and Substring([Link],1,3) =
Substring([Link],1,3)
-- UPPER and LOWER CASE
Select firstname, LOWER(firstname)
from EmployeeErrors

Select Firstname, UPPER(FirstName)

from EmployeeErrors"

26. Stored Procedure CREATE PROCEDURE Temp_Employee

@JobTitle nvarchar(100)
AS
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS #temp_employee
Create table #temp_employee (
JobTitle varchar(100),
EmployeesPerJob int ,
AvgAge int,
AvgSalary int
)
Insert into #temp_employee
SELECT JobTitle, Count(JobTitle), Avg(Age), AVG(salary)
FROM EmployeeDemographics emp
JOIN EmployeeSalary sal
ON [Link] = [Link]
where JobTitle = @JobTitle --- make sure to change this in
this script from original above
group by JobTitle
Select *
From #temp_employee
GO;

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 --- only need to run this on next time
EXEC Temp_Employee @JobTitle = 'Salesman'

27. Subquery -- Subquery in Select

SELECT EmployeeID, Salary, (SELECT AVG(Salary) FROM
EmployeeSalary) AS AllAvgSalary
FROM EmployeeSalary
-- with Partition By
SELECT EmployeeID, Salary, AVG(Salary) OVER () AS
AllAvgSalary
FROM EmployeeSalary

--Subquery in From
SELECT [Link],AllAvgSalary
FROM(SELECT EmployeeID,Salary, AVG(Salary) OVER () AS
AllAvgSalary
FROM EmployeeSalary) a
ORDER [Link]

-- Subquery in Where
SELECT EmployeeID,JobTitle, Salary
FROM EmployeeSalary
WHERE EmployeeID in(SELECT EmployeeID FROM
EmployeeDemographics
WHERE Age > 30)

SELECT EmployeeID,JobTitle, Salary

FROM EmployeeSalary
WHERE Salary in(SELECT Max(Salary) FROM EmployeeSalary)

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 SQL JOINS

Inner Join Self Join Outer Join Cross Join

Left Outer Join Right Outer Join Full Outer Join

1. getting data from multiple select * from inventory,sale

tables where [Link]=[Link]
(explicit join - without using
join command) select
inventoryname,saledate,saleunitprice,salequantity,salequantity*saleunitprice
as [Total amount]
from sale,inventory
where [Link]=[Link]
group by [Link],inventoryname,saledate,salequantity,saleunitprice
order by inventoryname

2. getting data from multiple --inner join

tables select * from inventory
(implicit join - using join inner join sale
command) on [Link]=[Link]

select
inventoryname,saledate,saleunitprice,salequantity,saleunitprice*salequantity
as [Total Amount]
from inventory inner join sale
on [Link]=[Link]
order by inventoryname

inventory sales

--full outer join (shows everything)

select [Link],inventoryname
from inventory
full outer join sale on
[Link]=[Link]
where [Link] is NULL

inventory sales

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 --left join (might have NULL value, since some inventory might not have sales)
select [Link],inventoryname
from inventory left join sale on
[Link]=[Link]

inventory sales

--left join
select [Link],inventoryname
from inventory left join sale on
[Link]=[Link]
where [Link] is NULL

inventory sales

-- without join: use subquery

select inventoryid,inventoryname from inventory
where inventoryid not in(select inventoryid from sale)

--right join
select [Link],inventoryname
from inventory right join sale on
[Link]=[Link]

inventory sales

3. Self Join --inner join

--commonly used in processing Staff Table
hierarchy employeeID employeefirstname employeelastname managerID
1001 Tan Mei Ling NULL
1002 Kelvin Koh 1001
1003 Amin Wong 1002

select [Link], [Link]+' '+[Link] as [Full

Name], [Link], , [Link]+' '+[Link] as
[Manager Name]
from staff E
inner join staff M
on [Link] = [Link]

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 Output:
employeeID Full Name managerID managerName
1002 Kelvin Koh 1001 Tan Mei Ling
1003 Amin Wong 1002 Kelvin Koh

--left outer join (list all the employees)

select [Link], [Link]+' '+[Link] as [F
Name], [Link], , [Link]+' '+[Link] as
[Manager Name]
from staff E
left outer join staff M
on [Link] = [Link]

Output:
employeeID Full Name managerID managerName
1001 Tan Mei Ling
1002 Kelvin Koh 1001 Tan Mei Ling
1003 Amin Wong 1002 Kelvin Koh

4. Cross Join select * from inventory1

--generate all combination of cross join inventory2
records (all possibility)
(Cartesian Product)

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 SQL UNIONS
1. Union
--allow you to combine two tables select cust_lname,cust_fname from customer
together (but the no. of columns & union
each column’s data types for 2 tables select cust_lname,cust_fname from customer_2
must be match)
--don't need common key, only need
common attributes
--merge, not showing duplicate record
2. Union all
--merge, but show you everything, even select cust_lname,cust_fname from customer
the duplicate record union all
select cust_lname,cust_fname from customer_2

customer customer_2

3. Intersect select cust_lname,cust_fname from customer

--keep only the rows in common to intersect
both query select cust_lname,cust_fname from customer_2
--not showing duplicate record

customer customer_2

select c.cust_lname,c.cust_fname from customer c,customer_2 c2

where c.cust_lname=c2.cust_lname and c.cust_fname=c2.cust_fname

4. Except select cust_lname,cust_fname from customer

--generate only the records that are except
unique to select cust_lname,cust_fname from customer_2
the CUSTOMER table

customer customer_2

--use subquery
select cust_lname,cust_fname from customer
where(cust_lname) not in
(select cust_lname from customer_2) and
(cust_fname) not in
(select cust_fname from customer_2)

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 Table & View
1. view table create view CustomerView as
(view will be updated when select customerfirstname+' '+customerlastname as [Customer Name] ,
update base) customerphonenumber,
--view is a result set of SQL inventoryname,saledate,salequantity,saleunitprice,salequantity*saleunitprice
statements, exists only for a as [Total Amount]
single query from customer inner join sale on [Link]=[Link] inner
join inventory
on [Link]=[Link]

customer

inventory sales

2. Temp table DROP TABLE IF EXISTS #temp_Employee

(temp will NOT be updated Create table #temp_Employee (
when update base) JobTitle varchar(100),
--a single hashtag (#) sign EmployeesPerJob int,
must be added in front of AvgAge int,
their names AvgSalary int
--used to store data )
temporarily, physically Insert INTO #temp_Employee
created in the Tempdb SELECT JobTitle, Count(JobTitle), Avg(Age), AVG(salary)
database FROM EmployeeDemographics emp
JOIN EmployeeSalary sal
--can perform CRUD, join, and
some other operations like ON [Link] = [Link]
the persistent database tables group by JobTitle
SELECT * FROM #temp_Employee

3. CTE (Common Table WITH CTE_Employee AS

Expression) (
--create temporary result set SELECT FirstName, LastName, Gender, Salary,
COUNT(Gender) OVER (PARTITION BY Gender) AS TotalGender
which is used to manipulate FROM EmployeeDemographics ED
the complex sub-queries data JOIN EmployeeSalary ES
--created in memory rather ON [Link] = [Link]
than Tempdb database, so WHERE Salary > '45000'
cannot create any index on )
CTE. SELECT FirstName, LastName, Gender, TotalGender
FROM CTE_Employee
WHERE TotalGender = (SELECT MIN(TotalGender) FROM CTE_Employee)

4. Duplicate Table select customerfirstname+' '+customerlastname as [Customer Name] ,

customerphonenumber,
inventoryname,saledate,salequantity,saleunitprice,salequantity*saleunitprice
as [Total Amount] into customerRec
from customer inner join sale on [Link]=[Link] inner
join inventory
on [Link]=[Link]
order by customerfirstname +' '+ customerlastname,inventoryname

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 SQL RANKS
1. ROW_NUMBER() --get a unique sequential number for each row
--get different ranks for the row having similar values

SELECT *,
ROW_NUMBER() OVER(ORDER BY Salary DESC) SalaryRank
FROM EmployeeSalary

2. RANK() --specify rank for each row in the result set

--use PARTITION BY to performs calculationon each group
--each subset get rank as per Salary in descending order
USING PARTITION BY
SELECT *,
RANK() OVER(PARTITION BY JobTitle ORDER BY Salary DESC)
SalaryRank
FROM EmployeeSalary
ORDER BY JobTitle, SalaryRank

NOT USING PARTITION BY

-- get SAME ranks for the row having similar values
SELECT *,
RANK() OVER(ORDER BY Salary DESC) SalaryRank
FROM EmployeeSalary
ORDER BY SalaryRank

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3. DENSE_RANK()
-- if have duplicate values, SQL assigns different ranks to those rows.
-- will get the same rank for duplicate or similar values
SELECT *,

DENSE_RANK() OVER(ORDER BY Salary DESC) SalaryRank

FROM EmployeeSalary
ORDER BY SalaryRank

RANK() DENSE_RANK()

SELECT *, SELECT *,
RANK() OVER(PARTITION BY JobTitle ORDER DENSE_RANK() OVER(PARTITION BY JobTitle
BY Salary DESC) SalaryRank ORDER BY Salary DESC) SalaryRank
FROM EmployeeSalary FROM EmployeeSalary
ORDER BY JobTitle, SalaryRank ORDER BY JobTitle, SalaryRank

-- skip a rank if have similar values -- maintains the rank and does not give any gap
for the values

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4. NTILE() -- can specify required how many group of result, and it will rank accordingly
SELECT *,

NTILE(3) OVER(ORDER BY Salary DESC) SalaryRank

FROM EmployeeSalary
ORDER BY SalaryRank;

Group 1

Group 2

Group 3

USING PARTITION BY
SELECT *,
NTILE(3) OVER(PARTITION BY JobTitle ORDER BY Salary DESC)
SalaryRank
FROM EmployeeSalary
ORDER BY JobTitle, SalaryRank;

Group 1
Group 2
Group 3

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1. Write the query to show the select
invoice number, the customer invoice_num,c.cust_num,c.cust_lname,c.cust_fname,inv_date,inv_amount
number, the customer from customer c, invoice
name, the invoice date, and the where c.cust_num=invoice.cust_num and cust_balance>=1000
invoice amount for all
customers with a customer select invoice_num,c.cust_num,cust_lname+' '+cust_fname as
balance
of $1,000 or more. [Name],inv_date,inv_amount
from customer c join invoice i
on c.cust_num=i.cust_num
where cust_balance>=1000

2. ISNULL(expression, value) --ParcelID is same, but UniqueID is different; can assume that if the ParcelID is
--expression: to test whether is same, the Property Address will be same
NULL, value: to return if Select [Link], [Link], [Link],
expression is NULL [Link],
ISNULL([Link],[Link])
From NashvilleHousing a JOIN
NashvilleHousing b
on [Link] = [Link]
AND a.[UniqueID] <> b.[UniqueID]
Where [Link] is null

-- Update record
Update a SET PropertyAddress =
ISNULL([Link],[Link])
From NashvilleHousing a JOIN
NashvilleHousing b

on [Link] = [Link]
AND a.[UniqueID] <> b.[UniqueID]
Where [Link] is null

3. Split by delimiter SELECT PropertyAddress,

❖ SUBSTRING(string, start, SUBSTRING(PropertyAddress, 1, CHARINDEX(',',

PropertyAddress) -1 ) as Address
length) , SUBSTRING(PropertyAddress, CHARINDEX(',',
❖ CHARINDEX(substring, PropertyAddress) + 1 , LEN(PropertyAddress)) as City
From NashvilleHousing
string, start)
❖ LEN(string)

ALTER TABLE NashvilleHousing

Add PropertySplitAddress Nvarchar(255);
ALTER TABLE NashvilleHousing
Add PropertySplitCity Nvarchar(255);

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 Update NashvilleHousing
SET PropertySplitAddress = SUBSTRING(PropertyAddress, 1,
CHARINDEX(',', PropertyAddress) -1 )
Update NashvilleHousing
SET PropertySplitCity = SUBSTRING(PropertyAddress,
CHARINDEX(',', PropertyAddress) + 1 , LEN(PropertyAddress))

Select OwnerAddress,

❖ PARSENAME('object_name' PARSENAME(REPLACE(OwnerAddress, ',', '.') , 3)

,PARSENAME(REPLACE(OwnerAddress, ',', '.') , 2)
, object_piece) ,PARSENAME(REPLACE(OwnerAddress, ',', '.') , 1)
--numbering works from From NashvilleHousing
right to left

❖ REPLACE(string, old_string,
new_string)

ALTER TABLE NashvilleHousing

Add OwnerSplitAddress Nvarchar(255);
ALTER TABLE NashvilleHousing
Add OwnerSplitCity Nvarchar(255);
ALTER TABLE NashvilleHousing
Add OwnerSplitState Nvarchar(255);
Update NashvilleHousing
SET OwnerSplitAddress = PARSENAME(REPLACE(OwnerAddress,
',', '.') , 3)

Update NashvilleHousing
SET OwnerSplitCity = PARSENAME(REPLACE(OwnerAddress, ',',
'.') , 2)

Update NashvilleHousing
SET OwnerSplitState = PARSENAME(REPLACE(OwnerAddress, ',',
'.') , 1)

5. Remove duplicate records WITH RowNumCTE AS(

Select *,
ROW_NUMBER() OVER (
PARTITION BY ParcelID,
PropertyAddress,
SalePrice,
SaleDate,
LegalReference
ORDER BY UniqueID) as row_num
From NashvilleHousing
order by ParcelID
)
--DELETE
Select * From RowNumCTE
Where row_num > 1
Order by PropertyAddress

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