Examples

1. OPEN CHANNEL FLOW

2
3
Example 1.1 Geometric Elements of Open Channel flow

bed

4
Example-1.2: Uniform flow
Calculate the uniform water depth (normal depth)
of an open channel flow to convey a discharge of
10m3/sec with Manning’s roughness coefficient ,
n=0.014 , channel bed slope , S0=0.0004.
a) If the channel is rectangular with bed
width of B=4m
b) If the channel is trapezoidal with B=4m,
side slope 2H:1V T
Solution
For Rectangular Channel, From manning's equation

𝟏𝟎 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟒 𝒏𝒐𝟓/𝟑
= 𝟐/𝟑
𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟒 ∗ 𝟒𝟖/𝟑 𝟏 + 𝟐 ∗ 𝒏𝒐

𝒏𝒐𝟓/𝟑 Criss cross and multiply the exp by 3/5

0.173622= on both sides
𝟏+𝟐∗𝒏𝒐 𝟐/𝟑

no=0.34975* 𝟏 + 𝟐 ∗ 𝒏𝒐 𝟐/𝟓

0.34975* 𝟏 + 𝟐 ∗ 𝒏𝒐 𝟐/𝟓

0.34975* 𝟏 + 𝟐 ∗ 𝑨𝒏𝒔 ^(𝟐/𝟓)

𝑛𝑜 = 0.4525
6
ii) For Trapezoidal Ch.

𝟓/𝟑
𝟏𝟎 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟒 𝟏 + 𝒎𝒏𝒐 𝒏𝒐
= 𝟐/𝟑
𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒 ∗ 𝟒𝟖/𝟑 𝟏 + 𝟐 ∗ 𝒏𝒐 𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐
𝟓/𝟑
𝟏 + 𝒎𝒏𝒐 𝒏𝒐
0.173622 = 𝟐/𝟑
𝟏 + 𝟐 ∗ 𝒏𝒐 𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐
𝟐
𝟎. 𝟑𝟒𝟗𝟕𝟓 ∗ (𝟏 + 𝟒. 𝟒𝟕𝟐 ∗ 𝒏𝒐 ^( ))
𝒏𝒐 = 𝟓
𝟏 + 𝟐 ∗ 𝒏𝒐
𝟐
𝟎. 𝟑𝟒𝟗𝟕𝟓 ∗ (𝟏 + 𝟒. 𝟒𝟕𝟐 ∗ 𝑨𝒏𝒔 ^( ))
𝟓
𝟏 + 𝟐 ∗ 𝑨𝒏𝒔 7
 Exercise-1.1: Uniform flow
A concrete lined trapezoidal channel with uniform flow
has a base width of 5m and a discharge of
30m3/sec. And , the side slopes are equal at
2H:1V. The Manning’s roughness coefficient n can be
taken as 0.015 and the bed slope S0=0.001.
Calculate the normal depth , the mean velocity
and the regime of the flow in the open channel?
Ans:1.63m, 2.5m/se, 0.557

15m

2
 Exercise 1.2
A 2.6 m wide rectangular channel is lined with
rough concrete (n = 0.015). The bed slope of
the channel is 0.0004. If the normal depth of
flow is 1.25 m, calculate the
(a) conveyance of the channel, (b) discharge,
(c) Froude number of the flow, and (d) the
average bed shear stress.

9
 Exercise 1.3 :Bottom Width
A Concrete lined trapezoidal channel has a side slope of
1H:1V , manning's roughness of n=0.015 and bed slope of
0.0004. Find the bottom width B of the channel necessary to
carry 100m3/s of discharge at a normal depth of 2.5m?
𝐀 𝟐/𝟑 𝟏/𝟐
Hint: 𝐐 = 𝐑 ∗ 𝐒𝐨
𝐧
1
B=?
𝑸𝒏 𝑩+𝒎𝒚𝒐 𝒚𝒐 𝟓/𝟑
= 𝐀𝐑𝟐/𝟑 = 𝟐/𝟑
𝑺𝒐
𝑩+𝟐𝒚𝒐 𝟏+𝒎𝟐

10
Example-1.4: Circular Channel
A circular channel 2.5m in diameter is made of
concrete (n=0.014) and is laid on a slope of 1 in
200.
a) Calculate the discharge if the normal depth is
1.5m? Ans : 12.176m3/se
b) Calculate the depth of flow for a discharge of
15m3/s? Ans: yo =1.70m

D
Y

11
Solution
𝐲 𝟏.𝟓
= = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎 , Read from Table 2A-1
𝐃 𝟐.𝟓

𝐀𝐑𝟐/𝟑
= 𝟖/𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟎𝟗𝟒𝟎
𝐃

Q=0.20940*(1/200)^0.5*(2.5)^(8/3)/0.014
=12.17607m3/s
12
The angle Subtended by the water
surface

𝟐 ∗ 𝟏. 𝟓
= 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 −𝟏 𝟏− = 𝟑. 𝟓𝟒𝟒𝟑𝟏 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏 = 𝟐𝟎𝟑𝒐
𝟐. 𝟓

b) For Q=15m3/s

𝟏𝟓 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟒 𝐀𝐑𝟐/𝟑
= 𝟖/𝟑 = 0.257965
𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓 ∗ 𝟐. 𝟓𝟖/𝟑 𝐃
𝒚
From Table 2A-1 and by interpolation , = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟗𝟑𝟗𝟐
𝑫
y=1.73m
13
Example 1.5 : Compound Channel
For the Compound Channel shown
below, determine the discharge for the
depth of flow y=1.2m using partial area
method and whole section method?
Take , n=0.02 , So =0.0002
Ans: Q par=3.396m3/se , Qw=3m3/se
17m

Y
7m 7m
0.9m

3m
14
Solution

15
. 16
 Composite Channel
B) A rectangular channel has a bed width of
of B=2m , depth y=3m and laid at a slope of
So=0.003. The channel has a coefficient of
roughness 0.013 and 0.025 for the sides and
the bed of the channel. Find the discharge
passing in the channel?

n1=0.013 n1=0.013
Y
n2=0.025

B
17
Solution
For the bed , n1 =0.025 , P1=2m
For the sides , n2 =0.013 , P2=2*3m=6m
2 3
𝐧 3 2
𝐏 𝐧
𝐢=1 𝐢 𝐢
𝐧𝐞𝐪 = 2 3
𝐏𝐓

𝟑 𝟐/𝟑
𝟐 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟓𝟐 + 𝟔 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟑𝟑/𝟐
= = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟔𝟒
𝟖𝟐/𝟑

18
Exercise 1.3 Compound and Composite Channel
A compound channel shown below with 6m wide at the
top of the main channel and 10m wide at the top of
the flood channel has constant bed slope for both with
So =0.002. Assume the flow is steady and uniform and
the Manning coefficients do not vary along the channel.
But, it differs across the channel.
a) what is the equivalent manning roughness coefficient?
b) what is the total flow rate passing through the
channel using partial areas and whole section
method?

19
 Exercise-1.4 : Compound Channel
A compound channel is necessary , when the flow
goes over the top of the trapezoidal channel as it
moves to the flood plains so that the section allows
to carry more discharge . If the flood channels are
10m wide and have side slopes of 3H:1V and the
manning roughness coefficient n=0.035 and for bed
n=0.015. Take So for MC =1/200 , So for flood
CH=1/500 . Find the discharge for a flood level of 4m?
Example 1.6: Economic X-section If m is given

A slightly Rock Brick lined (n=0.017) trapezoidal

channel carrying a discharge of 25m3/s is to have
a longitudinal slope of 0.0004 and side slope of
1.5H:1V . Analyze the dimensions of an efficient
and economical trapezoidal section?
Solution: m=1.5
For most eff and economical Trapezoidal section
with the given slope , m

A   2 (1  m 2 )  m  y 2 𝐀= 𝟐∗ 𝟏 + 𝟏. 𝟓𝟐 − 𝟏. 𝟓 𝐲 𝟐
 
𝐀 𝟐 𝟏/𝟐 A=2.1056*y2
𝐐 = 𝐑𝟑 𝐒𝐨 21
𝐧
 Cont...
𝟐.𝟏𝟎𝟓𝟔∗𝒚𝟐 𝒚 𝟐/𝟑
𝟐𝟓 = ∗ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟒 𝟏/𝟐
, y=2.83m
𝟎.𝟎𝟏𝟕 𝟐

𝐁 = 𝟐𝐲 𝟏 + 𝐦𝟐 − 𝐦

𝐁 = 𝟐 ∗ 𝟐. 𝟖𝟑 ∗ 𝟏 + 𝟏. 𝟓𝟐 − 𝟏. 𝟓 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟏𝟒𝒎
Remark: For a given depth y but If m is not given.
To find the most economical cross section
3
Use 𝑚 = and A 3 * y2
3
P  2y 3
P
B
3
3 22
m
Example 1.7: If m is not given
A trapezoidal channel carrying 11.5 m3/s clear water
is built with concrete (non-erodible) channel having
a slope of So=0.0016 and n= 0.025. Proportion the
dimensions for most economical Section?
Solution
For most efficient and economical Trapezoidal Channel
𝐀 𝟐 𝟏/𝟐
Section , using , 𝐐 = 𝐑𝟑 𝐒𝐨
A 3*y 2 𝐧
2 3 𝟐
B *y 𝟑𝒚𝟐 𝒚 𝟑
P  2y 3 3 𝟏𝟏. 𝟓 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟔𝟏/𝟐
𝐧 𝟐
P y By try and error , y=2.03m
B
3 R
2 B =2.3m
3
m 23
3
Solved Examples
2. Energy and Momentum
Principles
in Open Channel Flow

24
Example-2.1: Critical depth and Specific Energy

Calculate the critical depth and the

corresponding specific energy for a
discharge of 5m3/s in the following channels:
(a) Rectangular channel, B = 2.0 m
(b) Triangular channel, m = 0.5
(c ) Trapezoidal channel, B = 2.0 m, m = 1.5
(d) Circular channel, D = 2.0 m
Solution
(a) Rectangular Channel
5.0
qQ B  2.5 m 3 s m
2.0
 2.5 
13

 
2
13
yc  q g2
   0.860 m
 9.81 
Ec
Since for a rectangular channel  1.5 , Ec  1.290 m
yc
(b) Triangular Channel  2Q 
2 15

yc   
2 
From Eq. (2.14)  gm 
26
  2  5  2 1/ 5

 2
 1.828 m
 9.81 0.5 
Ec
Since for a triangular channel  1.25, Ec  2.284 m
yc
(c) Trapezoidal Channel
5.0  1.5
32 32
Qm
   0.51843
9.81  2.0
52 52
gB
Using Table 2A.2 the corresponding value of
myc
c   0.536
B
yc  0.715 m
Ac  2.0  1.5  0.715 0.715  2.197 m2
27
 Vc  5.0 2.197  2.276 m s
Vc
2
2 g  0.265 m
2
Vc
Ec  yc   0.715  0.264  0.979 m
2g
(d) Circular Channel
Q 5.0
Zc    1.5964
g 9.81
Zc D2.5  0.2822
2 .5
From Table 2A.1 showing Z c D vs y D, the
corresponding value of yc D by suitable linear
interpolation is yc
 0.537, yc  1.074 m
D 28
 yc Ac
Also, from Table 2A.1 for  0.537, 2  0.4297
D D
Hence  
Ac  2.0  0.4297  1.7187 m
2 2

Vc  5.0 1.7187  2.909 m s

V c
2
2 g  0.431 m

2
V
Ec  yc  c
 1.074  0.431  1.505 m
2g

29
Exercise
Show that the critical specific Energy
for Circular channel is given by

30
EXAMPLE 2.2 A rectangular channel 2.5m wide has a
specific 3energy of 1.5m when carrying a discharge of
6.48 m s . Calculate the alternate depths and
corresponding Froude numbers?
Solution

V2 Q2 𝒚=
𝟑
𝟏. 𝟓𝒚𝟐 − 𝟎. 𝟑𝟒𝟐𝟒𝟑
E  y  y
2g 2 gB2 y 2 𝟑
𝟏. 𝟓 ∗ 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝟐 − 𝟎. 𝟑𝟒𝟐𝟒𝟑

1.5  y 
6.48
2

2  9.81 2.5 y 2
2
By iterating, for any y value

y1  1.296 m
0.34243
 y
y2 y2  0.625 m
𝟏. 𝟓𝒚𝟐 = 𝒚𝟑 + 𝟎. 𝟑𝟒𝟐𝟒𝟑 31
Solving this equation by trial and error, the alternate
depths y1 and y 2 are obtained as y1  1.296 m and
y2  0.625 m .
V 6.48 0.82756
Froude number F  
gy 2.5 y  9.81y
32
y
At y1  1.296 m , F1  0.561 <1 ;and
at y  0.625 m , F2  1.675 > 1
2
The depth y1  1.296 m is in the subcritical flow
region and the depth y2  0.625 m is the supercritical
flow region.

32
 3
EXAMPLE 2.3 A flow of 5.0 m s is passing at a depth
of 1.5 m through a rectangular channel of width 2.5
m. The kinetic energy correction factor  is found to
be 1.20. what is the specific energy of the flow? what
is the value of the depth alternate to the existing
depth if  =1.0 is assumed for the alternate flow ?
Given Solution
Q=5m3/s Q 5.0
V1    1.33 m s
y= 1.5m
B= 2.5m

A 2.5 1.5 

1
V1
2
 1.20 
1.33
2
 0.1087 m
2g 2  9.81

33
Specific energy
2
V
E1  y1  1
1
 1.5  0.1087
2g
 1.6087 m
For the alternate depth , y 2

y2 
5.0
2
 1.6087 sin ce  2  1.0
2  9.812.5 y2 
2

i.e. 0.2039
y2  2
 1.6087
y2
By trial and error y2  0.413 m

34
Exercise 2.1
A rectangular channel 8m wide conveys a
discharge of 15m3/s and a depth of 1.2m.
a) Calculate the critical depth, critical
velocity, Critical Slope and minimum
specific Energy? Take n=0.013, So=0.001
b)State whether the flow is Subcritical or
Supercritical?
c) Determine the Conveyance and Section
factor?
35
 Exercise 2.2
Consider a system with a specific discharge of 3 m2/s. The
depth, y1, upstream of the step is 0.54 meters. The upward
step height is Z=0.2 meters. Assume Rectangular Channel.
A)Determine the upstream Froude number, Fr,1.
B) Determine the downstream specific energy, E2.
C) Determine the downstream depth, y2.
D) Determine the absolute change in the water surface from
location 1 to location 2.
E) Determine the downstream Froude number, Fr,2.
F) Using an E-y diagram, illustrate schematically the shift
in flow condition
Ans: 2.41, 1.91 m , 0.59 m Supercritical, 0.25 m, 2.11
36
Example 2.4: Momentum Application
A hydraulic jump is formed in 5m wide outlet at short
distance of the control gate. If the flow depth just u/s
and d/s of the sluice gate are 10m and 2m
respectively and outlet discharge is 150m3/s.
Determine
a) The flow depth d/s of the jump?
b) The thrust force on the gate?
c) Head loss in the jump?
d) Power lost due to the jump?
e) The length and height of the jump?
f) The Percentage of energy lost due to the jump and
the efficiency of the jump? 37
Free body Diagram

F1 Fg
Yo
Q =10m
y2=?
F2 y1=2m

y2 1
 ( 1  1  8 F12 )
y1 2

38
 Solution
For Rectangular channel ,Vo = Q/B*yo =150/(5*10)=3m/s
V1 = Q/B*y1 = 150/(5*2) =15m/s
𝑽𝟏 𝟏𝟓
Froude Number , 𝑭𝟏 = = = 𝟑. 𝟑𝟖𝟔 > 𝟏 ,
𝒈𝒚𝟏 𝟗.𝟖𝟏∗𝟐
Supper critical flow. So, jump will be formed
𝒀𝟐 𝟏
A) = −𝟏 + 𝟏 + 𝟖 ∗ 𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟔𝟓 , y2 =8.63m
𝟐 𝟐
B) Net force =Rate of change of momentum
𝑭𝑿 = 𝒎 𝑽𝟐 − 𝑽𝟏 = 𝝆𝑸 𝑽𝟐 − 𝑽𝟏
F1-F2-Fg =Q(V2-V1) V2= Q/A2 and
P1A1-P2A2-Fg= Q(V2-V1) V1= Q/A1
(½)*y1A1 - (½)*y2A2-Fg =(Q2/A2 - Q2/A1)
𝝆𝑸𝟐 𝝆𝑸𝟐
𝜸𝑨𝟏 𝒚𝟏 + − 𝜸𝑨𝟐 𝒚𝟐 + = 𝑭𝒈
𝑨𝟏 𝑨𝟐
39
 𝒚𝟏 𝟏𝟎
A1=5*10=50m2 𝒚𝟏 = = =5m
𝟐 𝟐
𝒚𝟐 𝟐
A2 =5*2=10m2 𝒚𝟐 = = = 𝟏𝒎
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏𝟎𝟎 ∗ 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟐 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 ∗ 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟐
𝜸𝟓𝟎 ∗ 𝟓 + − 𝜸𝟏𝟎 ∗ 𝟏 + = 𝑭𝒈
𝟓𝟎 𝟏𝟎
Fg =56.5m3*9.81KN/m3 =554.4KN

hlf

 E  2
y  y1 3
𝟑
.......... .......... .......... .......... ......( 2)
𝟖.𝟔𝟑−𝟐
C) 4 y1 y2 ∆𝑬 = = 𝟒. 𝟐𝟐𝒎
𝟒∗𝟐∗𝟖.𝟔𝟑

D) Power lost due to the jump, P =*Q*E

P=9.81*150*4.22= 6,209.73KW
E) The length and height of the jump?
hj=(y2-y1) =8.63-2=6.63m ,
Lj = 6hj =6*6.63=399.78m

40
F) The Percentage of energy lost due to the jump and the
efficiency of the jump?
∆𝑬 𝟒.𝟐𝟐
%age of energy lost= ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟑𝟏. 𝟑𝟑%
𝑬𝟏 𝟏𝟑.𝟒𝟔𝟖
E1 =2+ 152/2*9.81 =13.468
v2 = 150/5*8.63 =3.476m/s

E2= 8.63 + 3.4762/2*9.81 = 8.807m

Efficiency of the jump,
𝟑/𝟐
𝐄𝟐 𝟖𝐅𝟏𝟐 +𝟏 − 𝟒𝐅𝟏𝟐 + 𝟏
=
𝐄𝟏 𝟖𝐅𝟏𝟐 𝟐 + 𝐅𝟏𝟐

E2/E1 =(8.807/13.468) =65.39%

41
Example 2.5: Channel Transition Applo
EXAMPLE 2.5.1 A rectangular channel has a width of
2.0 m and carries a discharge of 4.80m3/se
with a depth of 1.60 m. At a certain section a small,
smooth hump with a flat top and of height 0.10 m is
proposed to be built. Calculate the likely change in
the water surface. Neglect the energy loss.
Solution
Let the suffixes 1 and 2 refer to the upstream and
downstream sections respectively as in Fig. 2.9.
4.8
q  2.40 m 3 s m
2.0
2
2.40 V1
V1   1.50 m s ,  0.115 m
1.6 2g
42
 2
V V22 Q2
E1  y1  1
E2  y 2   y2 
2g 2g 2 gB 2 y22

E1 =E2 +Z , then E2  E1  Z

43
 F1  V1 gy1  0.391 , hence the upstream flow is
subcritical and the hump will cause a drop in the
water-surface elevation.
E1  1.60  0.115  1.7515 m
At section 2,
E2  E1  Z  1.715  0.10  1.615 m
 2.4
13
2

yc   
  0.837 m
 9.81 
Ec  1.5 yc  1.256 m

44
 The minimum specific energy at section 2, E c 2is
less than E2 , the available specific energy at that
section. Hence y2  yc and the upstream depth y1
will remain unchanged. The depth y 2 is calculated by
solving the specific-energy relation
2
V
y2   E2
2
2g
𝒚𝟐 = 𝟑 𝟏. 𝟔𝟏𝟓 ∗ 𝒚𝟐𝟐 − 𝟎. 𝟐𝟗𝟑𝟓

y2 
2.42
 1.615 𝟑 𝟏. 𝟔𝟏𝟓 ∗ 𝑨𝒏𝒔^𝟐 − 𝟎. 𝟐𝟗𝟑𝟓
2  9.81 y 2
2
i.e. = = = .............
y2  1.481 m
45
EXAMPLE 2.5.2 In Example 2.5.1, if the height of the
hump is 0.5 m, estimate the water surface elevation
on the hump and at a section upstream of the hump.
Solution
Form Example 2.7 : F1 =0.391, E1 =1.715 m and
yc  yc 2  0.837 m .
Available specific energy at section 2  E2  E1  Z
E2  1.715  0.500  1.215 m
Ec 2  1.5 yc 2  1.256 m
The minimum specific energy at section 2 is greater
than E2 ,the available specific energy at that section.
Hence, the depth at section 2 will be at the critical
depth. Thus E2 = E c 2 = 1.256 m. The upstream
depth y1 will increase to a depth y '1 such that the
new specific energy at the upstream section 1 is
46
 E '1  Ec 2  Z
2
V'
Thus
E '1  y '1   E c
1
2  Z
2g
q2
y '1  2
 1.256  0.500  1.756
2 gy'1

y '1 
2.42  1.756 y '1 
0.2936
2
 1.756
2  9.81 y ' 2 y '1
1

𝟐
𝒚′𝟑𝟏 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟓𝟔 ∗ ′
𝒚𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟐𝟗𝟑𝟔
𝟑
𝒚′𝟏 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟓𝟔 ∗ 𝒚′ 𝟐𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟐𝟗𝟑𝟔 =1.648m
47
Solving by trial and error and selecting the positive
root which gives y'1  y2 , y '1 = 1.648 m.
The nature of the water surface is shown in Fig. 2.13

48
Choking
In the case of a channel with a hump, and also in the
case of a width constriction, it is observed that the
upstream water-surface elevation is not affected by
the conditions at section 2 till a critical stage is first
achieved.
EXAMPLE 2.5.3 A rectangular channel 3
is 3.5 m wide
and conveys a discharge of 15.0 m s at a depth of
2.0 m. It is proposed to reduce the width of the
channel at a hydraulic structure. Assuming the
transition to be horizontal and the flow to be
frictionless determine the water surface elevations
upstream and downstream of the constriction when
the constricted width is (a) 2.50 m and (b) 2.20 m

49
Solution
Let suffixes l and 2 denote sections upstream and
downstream of the transition respectively. Discharge
Q  B1 y1V1
15.0
V1   2.143 m s
3 . 5  2 .0
V1 2.143
F1  Froude number    0.484
gy1 9.81 2.0
The upstream flow is subcritical and the transition will
cause a drop in the water surface.

E1  y1 
V1
2
 2.0 
2.143
2
 2.234 m
2g 2  9.81

50
Let B2 m = minimum width at section 2 which does
not cause choking.
Then Ecm  E1  2.234 m
2 2
ycm  Ecm   2.234  1.489 m
3 3
 Q 2

Since ycm   2 
3

 gB2 m 

15.0
12 12
Q  2
 2

B2 m  3   3
 2.636 m
 gyc 2   9.81 1.489 

51
(a) When B2 =2.50 m
B2  B2 m and hence choking conditions prevail. The
depth at the section 2  y2  yc 2 .The upstream
depth y will increase to y ' .
1 1

15.0
Actual q 2   6. 0 m 3
s m
2.5
2 13
 q2   6.0 2 13
yc 2        1.542 m
g  9.81 
Ec 2  1.5 yc 2  1.5 1.542  2.3136 m
At the upstream section 1:
E '1  Ec 2  2.3136 with new upstream depth of y '1
such that q1  y '1 V '1  15 3.5  4.2857 m3 s m .
52
 2
V'
Hence y '1  1
 2.3136
2g

y '1 
 4.28571
2
 2.3136
2  9.81 y '1 2

0.9362
y '1  2
 2.3136
y '1
Solving by trial and error and selecting a root that
gives subcritical flow, y'1  2.102 m
(b) when B2 =2.20 m
As B2  B2 m choking condition prevail.
Depth at section 2  y 2  yc 2
15.0
q2   6.8182 m 2 s m
2.20
53
  6.8182 
2 13

yc 2     1.6797
 9.81 
Ec 2  1.5 yc 2  2.5195
At upstream section 1 : New upstream depth= y '1 and
E '1  Ec 2  2.5195 m
q1  V '1 y '1  15 3.5  4.2857 m s m
3

q'12
Hence y '1  2
 2.5195
2 gy'1
y '1 
 4.2857
2
 2.5195
2  9.81 y '1 2

0.9362
y '1  2
 2.5195 y'1  2.350 m
y '1
54
Exercise-2.2 channel Transition
A) A rectangular channel 2.50 m wide carries 6.0 m3/sec of
flow at a depth of 0.50 m. Calculate the height of a flat
topped hump required to be placed at a section to cause
critical flow. The energy loss due to the obstruction by the
hump can be taken as 0.1 times the upstream velocity
head. Ans: Z =0.29m
B) A rectangular channel is 3.50 m wide conveys a
discharge of 15.0 m3/sec at a depth of 2.0 m. It is proposed
to reduce the width of the channel at a hydraulic structure.
Assuming the transition to be horizontal and the flow to be
frictionless determine the water surface elevations
upstream and downstream of the constriction
when the constricted width is a) 2.50 m and b) 2.20 m.
Ans B2min= 2.63m , a) y1’ =2.1m , b) y1’=2.35m
PROBLEMS
3
2.3 A rectangular channel 5.0 m wide carries 20 m s
of discharge at depth of 2.0 m. The width beyond
a certain section is to be changed to 3.5 m. If it is
desired to keep the water-surface elevation
unaffected by this change, what modifications are
needed to the bottom elevation?
2.4 Find the alternate depths corresponding to a
3
specific head of 2.0 m and a discharge of 6.0 m s
in (a) trapezoidal channel, B = 0.9 m, m = 1.0,
(b) triangular channel, m = 1.5, (c) circular
channel, D = 2.50m. (Use the trial and error
method. For Part (c) use Table 2A.1.)
56
2.7 A trapezoidal channel has a bottom width of 6.0 m
and side slope of 1:1. The depth of flow is 1.5 m at
3
a discharge of 15 m s . Determine the specific
energy and alternate depth.

2.18 A triangular channel has an apex angle of 60

and carries a flow with a velocity of 2.0 m s and
depth of 1.25 m. (a) Is the flow subcritical or
super-critical? (b) What is the critical depth? (c)
what is the specific energy? (d) What is the
alternate depth possible for this specific energy?

57
2.20) 500 ft^/s of water flow in a rectangular open
channel that is 20 feet wide and 8 feet deep. After
passing through a transition structure, the width of
the rectangular channel narrows to 15 feet and the
bed raises as shown.
The velocity in the contracted section is found to be 6
ft/s.
(a) What is the water depth in the narrow channel?
(b) What are the velocity heads in each section?
(c) Draw and label the total and piezometric (water
surface) head lines.
(d) How much does the bed elevation increase in the
contracted section?

58
2.19 Fill the missing data in the following table
connected with critical depth computations in
rectangular channels:

2.20 Fill the missing data in the following table

connected with critical depth computations in
triangular channels:

59
60
3. GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW
(GVF)

61
 Example 3.1 GVF type
A rectangular channel with bottom width of 4m and
bottom slope of 0.0008 has a discharge of 1.5m3/s. If a
GVF in this channel, the depth at certain location is
found to be 0.3m. Assuming n=0.016.
Determine the type of GVF profile?
Example 3.2 Water surface profile of GVF
Find the slope of the water surface profile of a rectangular
channel 15m wide and 3m deep. The slope of the channel
bed is 1/5000 and the total discharge is 29m3/se. Assume
C=65. Is the depth increasing or decreasing in the direction
of flow?
 Example 3.3 Flow Profile
A rectangular channel 4.5m wide having
a bed slope of 0.0009 carries water at a
depth of 1.4m. If the channel terminates
in an abrupt drop in bed, what type of
flow profiles u/s of the drop is expected
to be formed? Assume n=0.016
Example 3.4 Length of WSP
A rectangular channel with bed width of 2.5m
has a discharge of 10m3/se laid at a slope of
0.001 and maninng’s roughness of n=0.015. If
the U/S water depth is 2m and D/S depth is
1.6m. Estimate the length of water surface
profile between the two sections?
Neglect energy losses. Ans : 398.65m

65
 Example 3.5 Direct step method
A trapezoidal Channel having a bottom slope of
0.001 is carrying a flow of 30m3/se. The bottom
width is 10m and side slopes are 2H:1V. A
control structure is built at the D/s end w/c raises
the water depth to 5m. Take n=0.013
a) Compute the water surface profile and the
length of GVF Profile to a depth of 1.2m U/s of
the structure? Ans, L =4010.2m
b) What will be the length of water surface profile
to a depth 5% greater than normal depth?
 Example 3.6 Direct integration method
A very wide river has a depth of 3m and having a
bed slope of 0.0005. Estimate the length of flow
profile produced by a weir that caused water
surface increased as much as 1.5m at u/s of the
weir. The river has manning's roughness of
n=0.035
Ans, L =8,711m
 Example 3.7 Graphical integration method

A trapezoidal concrete lined canal has a constant bed slope of

So= 0.0015 , B=3m and m=1.
A control gate in the canal increases the depth immediately
u/s of the gate to 4m . If the discharge is carrying a flow of
19m3/se and manning's roughness of n= 0.017 and energy
correction factor is =1.10.
a) Compute the water surface profile and the length of GVF
Profile to a depth 5% greater than normal depth ?
Ans, X =1,816m
Example 3.8 Euler's Method

A trapezoidal channel with b = 16 m and m = 2 is laid on a

slope of 0.0025 and carries a discharge of 30 m3/s. The
depth produced by a dam immediately upstream of it is 2.50
m. Compute the resulting flow profile. Take  = 1.12 and n
= 0.025.
Determine the depth of flow 100m upstream of the dam
using the Euler method?
Solution
Euler mothod : h1 = 2.50 m A1 = 27.50 m2, P1 = 17.18 m, R1
= 1.601 m, R12/3 = 1.368, Sf1 = 0.000397, B1=16 m and x
= 100 m.

69
Cont...

70
Exercise 3.1
A weir is installed across a rectangular open
channel thereby raising the flow depth from
1.5m in a normal flow to 2.5m at the weir.
The width of the channel is 10m and it is laid
to a slope of 1 in 10000. Find an approximate
length of the back water curve considering the
average velocity, average depth and average
slope midway between the two sections?
Take the manning's coefficient equal to 0.02
71
Exercise 3.2
A trapezoidal channel having a bottom slope of 0.001 is carrying a
flow of 30 m /s. The bottom width is 10.0 m and the side slopes are 2H
3

to 1V. At the downstream end, a control structure raises the water

depth to 5.0 m. The Manning n for the flow surfaces is 0.013, α = 1.0,
and the elevation of the channel bottom at the downstream end is 0.0.
Determine the water-surface levels at 1, 2, and 4 km upstream of
control structure?
Use Standard Step Method

72
4. RAPIDLY VARIED FLOWS
(RVF)

73
Example 4.1 Hydraulic Jump
A 3-m wide rectangular channel carries 15 m3/s of water at a 0.7 m
depth before entering a jump. Compute the downstream water
depth and the critical depth?

15
q  5 m 3 /s.m
3
2
5
dc  3  1.366m
9.81
q 5
V1    7.14m / s
d1 0 . 7

Fr1 
V1
gd1

7.14
9.81 0.7
 2.72
d2 1
0.7 2
  
1  8(2.72) 2  1

d 2  2.365m

74
Example 4.2 Hydraulic Jump

Given
d2
B=3m
Q=15m3/se d1=dn
So = 0.004
n=0.01 𝑨 𝟐/𝟑 𝟏/𝟐
𝑯𝒊𝒏𝒕: 𝑸 = 𝑹 𝑺𝒐
𝒏
dn = Depth can calculated from manning equation
 Q 1 23
a)  Rh S
A n
A  BD  3D d2
P  2D  B  2D  3
2 d1=dn
15 1  3D  3

   0.004
3D 0.01  2 D  3 
D  d n  d1  1.08m
15
V1   4.63m / s
3d1
V1 4.63
Fr1    1.42  1  the flow is supercritical
gd1 9.81 1.08

b)
d2
1.08 2

1

1  8(1.42) 2  1 
d 2  1.7m
 c)

d2

d1=dn
15 15
V2    2.94m / s
3d 2 31.7 
 4.632   2.942 
E  1.08    1.7    0.032m
 2g   2g 
Example 4.3 Hydraulic Jump
Water discharging into a 10-m-wide rectangular
horizontal channel from a sluice gate is observed to
have undergone a hydraulic jump. The flow depth and
velocity before the jump are 0.8 m and 7 m/s,
respectively. Determine (a) the flow depth and the
Froude number after the jump, (b) the head loss and
the energy dissipation ratio, and (c) the wasted power
production potential due to the hydraulic jump?

78
Solution

79
Cont...

80
Cont...

𝐏 = 𝛄𝐰 ∗ 𝐐 ∗ 𝐡𝐋

81
Example 4.4 Hydraulic jump from Spillway

below

82
Exercise 4.1
The loss of Energy head in a hydraulic jump is
4.25. The Froude number just before the jump is
7.50. Determine
a)Discharge per meter width of the channel?
b)The depth before and after the hydraulic jump?
c)The Froude number after the jump?
d)Percentage loss of energy head due to the jump?
e)The length of the jump?

83
Exercise 4.2
The trapezoidal channel has a bottom width of B =
1.80 m, side slopes of m = 2, and it carries a
discharge of 8.5 m3/s. A hydraulic jump occurs in
this channel. The flow depth just before the jump is
y1 = 0.30 m. Determine the depth after the jump.

84
Exercise 4.3

Q=A1*V1=A2*V2=A3*V3 , Then, V2=7V1 and V3=2.33V1

85
86
Example 4.5 FLOW OVER A RECTANGULAR NOTCH OR WEIR

1) Determine the length of a rectangular notch which

discharges 250 litres of water per second working
under a head of 0.75 m? Take coefficient of
discharge as 0.6
• From,

87
Example 4.6 Head OVER A RECTANGULAR NOTCH OR WEIR
2) A rectangular notch of length 0.3 m is used for measuring a
discharge of 50 litres per second. An error of 1 mm was made in
measuring the head over the notch. Determine the percentage error in
the discharge if coefficient of discharge is 0.62. Also find the
percentage of accuracy?

Given
L = 0 3 . m, Q = 50 l /s =0.0 5 m3/s,
dH = = 1 mm =0 .001 m and

Cd = 0.62

88
Con’t.....

89
Con’t......

90
91
92
 Discharge Coefficients for Weir
1. For long (broad crested weir)
𝐇𝐝 𝟎.𝟎𝟐𝟐 𝑯
𝐂𝐝 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟔𝟏 if 𝒅 ≤ 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎
𝐁 𝑩
𝐇𝐝 𝑯𝒅
𝐂𝐝 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟖 + 𝟎. 𝟓𝟐𝟏 if 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎 ≤ ≤ 𝟎. 𝟑𝟓
𝐁 𝑩

2. For Short (narrow crested weir)

𝐇𝐝 𝑯𝒅
𝐂𝐝 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟎 + 𝟎. 𝟒𝟗𝟐 if 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓 ≤ ≤ 𝟏. 𝟓
𝐁 𝑩

3. For Sharp Crested weir

𝐇𝐝 𝑯𝒅
𝐂𝐝 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟗𝟖 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟗𝟕 if <𝟐
𝐏 𝑷
94
95
Exercise 4.4 Broad Crested weir
1) A 0.80-m-high broad-crested weir is used to
measure the flow rate of water in a 5-m-wide
rectangular channel. The flow depth well
upstream from the weir is 1.8 m. Determine the
flow rate through the channel and the minimum
flow depth above the weir.

96
Sharp crested weir
2) The flow rate of water in a 10-m-wide horizontal
channel is being measured using a 1.3-m-high sharp-
crested rectangular weir that spans across the channel.
If the water depth upstream is 3.4 m, determine the
flow rate of water? Answer:66.8m3/s
H=3.4-1.3=2.1m and H/P=2.1/1.3=1.615

𝐇𝐝
𝐂𝐝 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟗𝟖 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟗𝟕 =0.7429
𝐏

𝟐
𝐐 = 𝐂𝐝 𝐁 𝟐𝐠 ∗ 𝐇 𝟑/𝟐 =66.76m3/s
𝟑

97
Triangular weir
3) The flow rate of water flowing in a 5-m-wide channel
is to be measured with a sharp-crested triangular weir
0.5 m above the channel bottom with a notch angle of
80°. If the flow depth upstream from the weir is 1.5 m,
determine the flow rate of water through the channel.
Take the weir discharge coefficient to be 0.60.
Answer: 1.19 m3/s

𝟖 𝛉 𝟑/𝟐
𝐐= 𝐂𝐝 𝟐𝐠) 𝐭𝐚𝐧 ∗ 𝐇𝟏
𝟏𝟓 𝟐

98
Sluice Gate with Drowned Outflow
Water is released from a 3m-deep reservoir into a 6m
wide open channel through a sluice gate with a 0.25m
high opening at the channel bottom. The flow depth
after all turbulence subsides is measured to be 1.5m.
Determine the rate of discharge?

99
Solution

100
Figure: Discharge coefficients for drowned and free discharge from
underflow gates
101