MACHINE DESIGN SECTION
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MEA1912/EMEA1912: Engineering Graphics Lab
PROJECTION OF STRAIGHT LINES
1. Draw the projections of a line, PQ 80 mm long, inclined at 30ᵒ to the horizontal plane and 45ᵒ to the
vertical plane. The point P is 20 mm above HP and 15 mm in front of the VP. Find the inclination
with PP.
2. The plane of line AB is 40 mm long and inclined at 30ᵒ to the VP. The line is 60 mm long. The end A
is 15 mm above the HP and 20 mm in front of the VP. Draw the Projections of the line. Find its true
inclination with the VP, HP and PP.
3. The projections of a line measure 80 mm in the HP and 70 mm in VP. The mid-point of the line is 45
mm infront of the VP and 35 mm above the HP. One end is 10 mm in front of the VP nearer to it.
The other end is nearer to the HP. Draw the projection of the line and find its true length and
inclination with the VP and the HP.
4. A line PQ 65 mm long has its end P 20 mm above HP and 25 mm infront of VP. The end Q is 50 mm
above HP and 65 mm infront of VP. Draw the projections of line and find its inclinations with HP and
VP.
5. A line AB is 80 mm long and the end A is 15 mm above HP. The other end B is 10 mm infront of VP.
The line is inclined at 30ᵒ with HP and 45ᵒ with VP. Draw the projections of the line when it is in first
quadrant.
6. A line AB, 60 mm long, is inclined at an angle of 45ᵒ to HP and 30ᵒ to VP. One of its end point A is in
HP as well as VP. Determine its apparent inclinations.
7. A line CD is 65 mm long, has its end point C 15 mm above HP and 10 mm infront of VP and end point
D 45 mm above HP and 50 mm in front of VP. Determine true inclination of the line CD with HP and
VP.
8. The top view and the front view of the line EF, measure 60 mm and 50 mm respectively. The line is
inclined to HP by 30ᵒ. The end E is on the HP and 10 mm in front of VP. Other end F is in the first
quadrant. Draw the projections of the line EF and find its true length and inclination with V.P.
9. A line AB has its end A 15 mm above the HP and 20 mm infront of the VP, end B 40 mm above the
HP and 50 mm infront of the VP. The distance between the end projectors is 45 mm. Draw the
Projections of the line and find out true length and true inclinations with HP, VP and PP.
10. A line AB 60 mm long is inclined at 30ᵒ to the HP and 45ᵒ to the VP its midpoint C is 30 mm above
the HP and 40 mm infront of the VP. Draw its Projections.
11. A line AB 70 mm long is inclined at 45ᵒ to the HP and its top view makes an angle of 60ᵒ with the VP.
The end A is in the HP and 15 mm infront of the VP. Draw its front view and finds its true inclination
with the VP and the PP.
12. A line AB has its end A 20 mm infront of the VP and end B 55 mm above the HP. The line is inclined
30ᵒ to the HP while its front view makes an angle of 45ᵒ to the reference line. Draw its projections
when its top view is 50 mm long. Find the true length and its inclination with the VP.
13. The end view of a line PQ is 50 mm long and makes an angle of 30ᵒ with the HP. The point P is 15
mm above the HP and 55 mm infront of the VP, the point Q is closer to the VP. Draw the plan and
elevation of the line if the length of the line is 70 mm.
14. A rope that forms a straight line AB has its one end A tied to a hook on the ground 25 mm in front
of the vertical wall. The other end B is tied to a pole which is 65 mm in front of vertical wall and the
rope is inclined at 30ᵒ to both the vertical wall and the ground. Draw the projections of the line
joining the rope and find the length of the rope.
MACHINE DESIGN SECTION
MLCHNCAL ENGINELRINGDEPARTMENT, AMU
MEA1910/EMEA1910: Engineering (Graphics
Isometric Projection
Q.1. A hexagonal prism of base side 20 mm and height 40 mm has a square hole of side 16 mm at the
centre. The axes of the square hole and hexagonal prism coincide. One of the faces of the square
hole is parallel to a face of the prism. Draw the isometric projection of the prism with hole.
Q.2. Asquare pyramid of 30mm base sides and 50 mm long axis, is centrally placed on the top ot acube ot 50
mm long edges. Draw isometric projection of the pair.
Q.3. Aregular pentagonal prism of base edge 30 mm and altitude 60mm is mounted centrally over ablock of 80
mm diameter and 25 mm thick. Draw isometric projection of the combined solids.
Q.4. Draw the isometricprojection of frustum of a cone of diameter 30 mm at smaller end, 50 mm at larger end
and the altitude is 70 mm. its larger end rest on the horizontal plane.
.
Q.5. Aright circular cone of 30 mm basediameter and 36 mm height rest centrallyon the top of a square block of
s0mm side and 25 mm thick. Draw the isometric projection of combine solids.
Q.6. Acone of base diameter S0mm and height 60 mm is placed centrally on an equilateraltriangular prism of
side 100 mm and 20mm [Link] the isometricprojection of the combination.
Q.7 Asphere of diameter 40 mm rest centraly on top of a cube of side 50 mm. Draw the isometric projection of
combined solids.
Q.8 Asquare pyramid of side of 50 mm base and 75 mm height stand centrally on a circular block of 100 mm
diameter and 50 mm thick. The base edges of the pyramid are parallel to VP. Draw the isometric projection
of combined solids.
Q.9 Orthographic views of different objects are shown From Figure 1 to 11. Draw the isometric projection for
each of them.
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Intersection of Surfaces
1. A cylinder of 50 mm diameter and 70 mm axis is completely penetrated by another of
40 mm diameter and 70 mm axis horizontally. Both axes intersect & bisect each other.
Draw the projections showing the curves of intersections.
Figure 1
2. A square prism of 30 mm base sides and 70 mm axis is completely penetrated by
another square prism of 25 mm sides and 70 mm axis, horizontally. Both axes Intersect
& bisect each other. All faces of prisms are equally inclined to VP. Draw projections
showing curves of intersections.
Figure 2
3. A cylinder of 50 mm diameter and 70 mm axis is completely penetrated by a triangular
prism of 45 mm sides and 70 mm axis, horizontally. One flat face of prism is parallel to
VP and contains axis of the cylinder. Draw the projections showing curves of
intersections.
Figure 3
4. A cylinder of 80 mm diameter and 100 mm axis is completely penetrated by a cone of
80 mm diameter and 120 mm long axis horizontally. Both axes intersect & bisect each
other. Draw the projections showing curve of intersections.
Figure 4
5. A cylinder 50 mm diameter and 70 mm axis is completely penetrated by a square prism
of 25 mm sides. and 70 mm axis, horizontally. Both axes Intersect & bisect each other.
All faces of prism are equally inclined to HP. Draw projections showing curves of
intersections.
Figure 5
6. A square prism of 30 mm base sides and 70 mm axis is completely penetrated by
another square prism of 25 mm sides and 70 mm axis, horizontally. Both axes Intersect
& bisect each other. Two faces of the penetrating prism are 30° inclined to HP. Draw
the projections showing curves of intersections.
Figure 6
2024-25
EXAMINATH.
SEMSTIR
LIECL. ODD
ENGINEERING GRAPIICS LAIL
MEA1912/ MEA191o
Duration: 1 Mours
Maimen Mark: 20 Credits: 02
Note:
questiont,
Awer an
cnce(he bvo missing.
dimensions if title.
Asme sutale write
reqwircd to draw piargins and by nnothcr
nc
ou are Complctely penctrated
70 mm axiS is
30 mm basc sides and fgure. Both axes
Asquare prism with axis, horizontally as shown in
sides and 70 mm
square prism of 25 mm penctrating prism is 30°
inclined to HP as
One cdge of the
intersect & bisect each other. intersections.
Draw the projcctions showing curves of
shown in figure.
OR
mm long, rests with its
basc on H.P such
ofbase 20 mm and axis S0
Abexagonal prisn, edge perpendicular to V.P,
1'
faces is parallel to VP It is cut by a plane
that one of its rectangular corner of the top face of the
prisn. Draw
passing through the right
inclined at 45° to H.P and truncated prisn.
view and develop the lateral surface of the
the sectional top
50 u
20 nm
20
2024-25
[Link]. ODD SEMESTER EXAMINATION
ENGINEERNG GRAPHICS LAB
MEA1912/ MMEA1910
Masimum Marka: 20
Note:
Credits:02 Duration: 1- Hours
Answer any one of the ro question
Assume suitable dimeasions ifmissing
Jou are p required to drew BT pins
and write tisfe
PORSisarhombus baving diagonat P2 k0wm and OS =40 mm and they are perpendicular
to cach olher. The plane of the shonk incined with HP. such that its top iew P
to be square, The top vicw ofPR mal-sot hthe VP.
Draw its projections.
OR
1 The front and top vicws of a muchine nrt pre shown, Draw its isometric view.
E
25 15
60
2024-25 E X A M I N A T I O N
SEMESTER
ENGINEERING
ODD GRAPHICS LAB
[Link].
MEA1912/ MEAI910
Duration: 1÷ Hours
Maximum Marks: 20 Credits: 02
Note:
questions.
Answer any one
of thetwo
dimensions ifmissing.
Assume suitable margins and write
title.
required to draw
You are not isometric view.
shown. Draw its
of an object are
1 The front änd top views
60
100
OR
1 A line AB, 90 mm long is
inclined at 30° to the H.P. lts end A is 12
mm in front of the V.P. Its front view mm above the H.P and 20
measures 65 mm. Drawthe top view
its inclination with the V.P. of AB and
determine
b= G8
2023-24
EXAMINATION
SEMESTER)
II Semester [Link]. (EVEN
MEA1912/MEA1910, Engineering Graphics
Duration: Hours
Maximum Marks: 20 Credits: 02
Answer the following questlon(s).
Assume suitable data if missing. of the drawing sheet.
your Faculty No., Enroment No. Section and Serial No. ot the right bottom corner
Write
end O is 60 mm above the H.P. The line is
1 A line PQ has its end P 15 mm infront of the V.P. and
an angle of45° to the XY line. Draw its projcctions
inclined 30 to the H.P. while its front view makes V.P. and P.P.
when its top view is 50 mm long. Find the true length and its inclination with
OR
PThe pictorial view of amachine part is shown in figure 1. Draw the following views with first angle
projection method.
(a) Elevation (b) Plan (c) Left end view
2023-24
ISemester BTECH. (04d SEMESTER) EXAMINATIoN
MEA1910 Engineering Graplhics lab
Maximum Marks 20 Credits: 02
Duration: 1-Hours
Answer the following question(s).
Assume suitable dota ifmissing.
Write your facuty No., Enrotnent No. Scion and Seriat No. ot the rtghr bottom corner of the drowirg sheet.
1. Draw the isometric view of the following fgure. Drawings are to ba drawn lo a scale of 1:1 and
properly dimensioned
PL AN
300
80
OR
1 A regular pentagonal lamina of 30 mm side restson ground on one of ts sides, Such that it is
inclined al 45 to the HP and the side on which it rests is inclined at 30to the VP. Draw its
projedtions.
2023-24
IISemester [Link]. (EVEN SEMESTER) EXAMINATION
MEA1912/MEA1910, Engineering Graphics
Maximum Marks: 20 Credits: 02
Duration: ; Hours
Answer the following question(s).
Assume suitable data if missing.
Write your Faculty No, Enrolment No. Section ond Serial No. ot the right bottom corner of the drawing sheet.
1.
Draw the isometric view of the following figure. Drawings are to be drawn to a scale of 1:1 (full size) and
properly dimensioned. Need not to draw orthographic view.
30-4204
ASR
-304
-I00
-o c+
OR
1' Figure below shows a hexagonal pyramid of side of base 30 mm and height 60 mm. It is truncated
as shown in the figure. Develop the lateral surface of the frustum.
30
ENGINEERING DRAWING VIVA QUESTIONS
Projection of Planes
Q1. What do you mean by an oblique plane?
An oblique plane is inclined to both the horizontal plane (HP) and the vertical plane
(VP). It does not appear in its true shape in the principal views and requires auxiliary
views for accurate representation.(University of Wyoming Pressbooks)
Q2. Describe the strategy to draw projections of an oblique plane.
• Draw the top view (TV) and front view (FV) based on given inclinations.
• Use auxiliary planes to project the true shape of the oblique plane.(Wikipedia)
Q3. What is an auxiliary plane?
An auxiliary plane is an imaginary plane used to project the true shape and size of
inclined surfaces that are not parallel to the principal planes.
Q4. How will you classify auxiliary planes?
• Auxiliary Vertical Plane (AVP): Perpendicular to HP and inclined to VP.
• Auxiliary Inclined Plane (AIP): Perpendicular to VP and inclined to HP.(Indian
Institute of Technology Guwahati)
Q5. What do you mean by AIP?
AIP stands for Auxiliary Inclined Plane, which is perpendicular to the VP and inclined to
the HP.
Q6. What do you mean by AVP?
AVP stands for Auxiliary Vertical Plane, which is perpendicular to the HP and inclined to
the VP.
Q7. What do you mean by PP?
PP stands for Picture Plane, the plane onto which the object is projected in perspective
drawing.
Q8. How are auxiliary planes represented?
Auxiliary planes are represented with reference lines (e.g., X₁Y₁) and are drawn at the
given inclination to the principal planes.(Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati)
Projection of Solids
Q1. What is the difference between a frustum of a solid and a truncated solid?
• Frustum: Formed by cutting a solid with a plane parallel to its base.
ENGINEERING DRAWING VIVA QUESTIONS
• Truncated Solid: Formed by cutting a solid with a plane inclined to its
base.(Brainly, CompareWords)
Q2. What do you mean by a right solid?
A right solid has its axis perpendicular to its base, resulting in symmetrical and uniform
cross-sections.
Q3. What is the difference between a prism and a pyramid?
• Prism: Has two equal and parallel bases connected by rectangular faces.
• Pyramid: Has a polygonal base and triangular faces converging at a single apex.
Section of Solids
Q1. How are cutting planes represented?
Cutting planes are represented by a line with long and short dashes, often labeled and
accompanied by arrows indicating the direction of sight.(What Is Piping)
Q2. What is the significance of the section of a solid?
Sections reveal internal features of a solid that are not visible in external views, aiding in
understanding complex interiors and facilitating manufacturing processes.(McGill
University)
Development of Surfaces of Solids
Q1. What do you mean by the development of a solid?
Development is the process of unfolding a 3D object into a 2D plane, showing all its
surfaces in true size and shape.(Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati)
Q2. Classify the methods of development of solids.
• Parallel Line Method: Used for prisms and cylinders.
• Radial Line Method: Used for pyramids and cones.
• Triangulation Method: Used for transition pieces like hoppers.(University of Asia
Pacific)
Q3. What are the methods for the development of a sphere?
Spheres are developed using approximate methods like the zone method and the lune
method.
Q4. What do you mean by antidevelopment?
Antidevelopment refers to the reverse process of development, where a 2D pattern is
folded to form a 3D object.
ENGINEERING DRAWING VIVA QUESTIONS
Q5. What is the parallel line method and when is it used?
This method involves projecting lines parallel to the axis of the solid and is used for
prisms and cylinders.
Q6. What is the radial line method and when is it used?
This method involves projecting lines radiating from a central point and is used for
pyramids and cones.
Q7. What is the triangulation method and when is it used?
This method divides complex surfaces into triangles for development and is used for
transition pieces like hoppers.
Q8. What are approximate methods and on which solids are these used?
Approximate methods are used for developing solids like spheres, where exact
development is not possible.
Q9. What is the zone method?
The zone method divides a sphere into horizontal slices (zones) for approximate
development.
Q10. What is the lune method?
The lune method divides a sphere into vertical slices (lunes) for approximate
development.
Isometric Projections
Q1. What is the difference between an isometric view and an isometric projection?
• Isometric View: A pictorial representation where dimensions are not scaled.
• Isometric Projection: A scaled drawing where dimensions are reduced to 82%
to account for foreshortening.
Q2. What are the advantages of isometric projections?
They provide a clear 3D representation of objects, making it easier to visualize complex
components.
Q3. How will you draw the isometric projection of a sphere?
In isometric projection, a sphere is represented as a circle since all axes are equally
foreshortened.
Q4. Define isometric projection.
Isometric projection is a method of visually representing three-dimensional objects in
two dimensions, where the three axes appear equally foreshortened and the angles
between any two axes are 120 degrees.
ENGINEERING DRAWING VIVA QUESTIONS
Q5. What are the advantages of isometric drawing over isometric projections?
Isometric drawings are quicker to produce and easier to interpret, though they may not
be to scale like isometric projections.
Q6. How will you draw orthographic projections of a regular tetrahedron?
Draw the top view as an equilateral triangle and project the front and side views using
perpendicular projectors, ensuring accurate representation of all edges.
Q7. What do you mean by isometric axes?
Isometric axes are three axes spaced 120 degrees apart, used as the basis for isometric
drawings.
Q8. What do you mean by isometric planes?
Isometric planes are planes that are parallel to any two of the three isometric axes,
appearing as parallelograms in isometric drawings.(GeeksforGeeks)
Additional Questions
Q1. How many planes exist?
In orthographic projection, there are three principal planes:
• Horizontal Plane (HP)
• Vertical Plane (VP)
• Profile Plane (PP)
Q2. Draw the FV/TV of a line/plane for different cases of inclination with the x-y
plane.
This involves drawing the front view (FV) and top view (TV) of lines or planes inclined at
various angles to the x-y plane, using projection techniques to accurately represent
their orientations.
Q3. 1st angle view and 3rd angle view with symbol and explanation.
• 1st Angle Projection: The object is placed in the first quadrant; the layout is: Top
View below Front View.
• 3rd Angle Projection: The object is placed in the third quadrant; the layout is:
Top View above Front View.(Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati)
Q4. What is isometric projection and orthographic projection?
• Isometric Projection: A pictorial representation showing three dimensions in
one view.
ENGINEERING DRAWING VIVA QUESTIONS
• Orthographic Projection: A method of representing three-dimensional objects
in two dimensions, using multiple views (typically front, top, and side).
Q5. Draw isometric projection, left elevation, right elevation, plan, and elevation of
cylinder, frustum, and pyramid.
This involves creating various views of these solids using projection techniques to
accurately represent their dimensions and shapes.
Q6. What is a sectional view? Draw a sectional view of an object.
A sectional view shows the interior of an object as if it has been cut along a plane.
Drawing this involves indicating the cutting plane and representing the internal features
accordingly.
Q7. What is oblique projection?
Oblique projection is a method where the front face of the object is parallel to the
projection plane, and the third axis is drawn at an angle (commonly 45°) to represent
depth.(University of Asia Pacific)
Q8. Will the radius of a sphere change in isometric projection and isometric view or
not?
In isometric projection, dimensions are scaled, so the radius appears reduced. In
isometric view, dimensions are not scaled, so the radius remains the same.
Certainly! Here's the continuation and completion of your viva-style notes:
Difference between Isometric, Dimetric, and Trimetric Projections
Projection Angles
Foreshortening Usage
Type Between Axes
Equal along all three 120° between Commonly used for its
Isometric
axes each axis simplicity and uniform scaling
Two angles
Equal along two axes, Used when two axes require
Dimetric equal, one
different along the third equal scaling
different
Used for more realistic
Different along all three All angles
Trimetric representations, though
axes different
complex to construct
*In isometric projection, all three axes are equally foreshortened, making it easier to
measure dimensions directly from the drawing. Dimetric projection has two axes with
ENGINEERING DRAWING VIVA QUESTIONS
equal foreshortening, and trimetric projection has all three axes foreshortened
differently, providing a more general but complex representation.* (Wikipedia)
Types and Uses of Different Lines in Engineering Drawing
Line Type Appearance Purpose
Visible (Object) Represents visible edges and
Thick continuous line
Line outlines
Represents edges not visible in
Hidden Line Thin dashed line
the current view
Thin line with alternating long Indicates centers of circles or
Center Line
and short dashes symmetrical parts
Dimension Line Thin line with arrowheads Indicates the size of an object
Extends from the object to the
Extension Line Thin continuous line
dimension line
Connects a note or dimension to
Leader Line Thin line with an arrowhead
a feature
Section Thin diagonal lines, typically at Represents surfaces cut by a
(Hatching) Line 45° cutting plane
Cutting Plane Indicates the location of a cutting
Thick dashed line with arrows
Line plane
Indicates that a portion of the
Break Line Zigzag or wavy line
object is not shown
Thin line with long dashes and Represents alternate positions of
Phantom Line
two short dashes moving parts
*Hatching lines, also known as section lines, are used to indicate the surfaces that have
been cut in a sectional view. They are typically drawn at a 45° angle and spaced evenly.*
(What Is Piping)
How Many Planes Are Required to Define a Solid?
To fully define a solid in engineering drawing, three principal planes are used:
ENGINEERING DRAWING VIVA QUESTIONS
1. Horizontal Plane (HP): Represents the top view.
2. Vertical Plane (VP): Represents the front view.
3. Profile Plane (PP): Represents the side view.
These three planes are mutually perpendicular and provide comprehensive information
about the object's dimensions and shape.
What is the Bottom Plane?
The bottom plane refers to the lower surface of an object or the base on which it rests.
In projections, it is typically represented in the top view (plan) as the area in contact
with the horizontal plane.
Why is Engineering Drawing Important?
Engineering drawing is crucial because:
• Communication: It serves as a universal language for engineers and technicians
to convey ideas and specifications.
• Documentation: Provides a detailed record of designs for manufacturing and
maintenance.
• Visualization: Helps in visualizing components and assemblies before actual
production.
• Accuracy: Ensures precise measurements and reduces errors in manufacturing.
• Standardization: Follows standardized conventions, making it easier to interpret
drawings globally.