CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background
The printing sector has become one of the promising businesses, not only used
in the perception of opening, this realm can sometimes encompass the realm of promotion, both of which are.

stickers or t-shirts. One of the techniques that is now commonly used is the printing technique.
offset. Quoted from Wikipedia, the definition of offset printing is a printing technique used in
the inked image is first transferred (or 'offset') from the plate to the sheet
rubber, then to the surface that will be printed.
During the combination with the lithography process, which is based on the properties of water and

non-mixing oil, thus the offset printing technique uses an image loader that
flat (planographic) where the image to be printed takes ink from the ink roller
rollers), in addition, the area that is not printed attracts water, making the area that is not
printed without ink.
The definition of offset printing is often referred to as the chemical printing technique or
chemical printing technique, because in the process offset printing utilizes the repellent properties.

between water and oil. The water referred to is the wetting water used in printing
offset, and oil is likened to the ink used in the printing process.

B. Problem Statement
Based on the background above, the problem formulation to be discussed is:
1. What is the definition of an offset machine?

2. What is the definition of flat printing oroffset printing?

3. What is the printing process with an offset printing machine?

4. What is meant by graphical resolution?
5. What is meant by graphic layering?
6. What is meant by high printing or printing height?
 CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

A. Definition of offset machine

Offset Machine is a printing machine that relies heavily on the process of

precision / accuracy between the 4 basic colors, namely CMYK. In the process of seeking precision
the one that plays a very important role is the Operator who runs the machine. If
the operator does not have the blood/soul of a high fighter to achieve results
maximum.. Because whatever the machine and however much the machine costs, it will not mean anything without
The existence of the 'Fighter' Operator. Because only the spirit of the Operator is never satisfied with the results.

and always seeking the maximum efficiency of machines that can produce optimal results and
satisfying.
B. DefinitionOffset Printing
The flat printing technique, commonly known as offset, is a printing technique where the part that

printing its position level with the non-printing part. Offset printing is
the printing technique that is widely used today. Because this printing technique has proven to be effective.

it has many advantages compared to other techniques. Speed, capability,

and its technological advancements can be said to be the main strength of offset printing. How could it not be,

Offset machines are available in several options. Starting from single color machines like Heidelberg.
GTO 52, Printmaster, Speed Master, Roland, and even large web machines are available.
Offset printing adopts a flat printing technique, where the image area and non-image area are the same.

the height. However, what is offset printing really?

Offset comes from the word set-off (to switch), where the ink layer present on the printing plate
not directly transferred to the surface of the printing material but first given to a blanket
as an intermediary. Due to the aforementioned transition, in the offset printing machine at least
There are three main cylinders, namely the plate cylinder, the blanket cylinder, and the impression cylinder.
And because in offset printing the ink must pass through the blanket first before reaching
The surface of the printing material, so offset printing is included in the indirect printing techniques.

Just like your stamp at home, the offset printing plate also consists of two parts.
that is the image area that will later form the image and the non-image area. The difference is also

on the reference stamp, it is wavy, but not in offset printing, in offset printing
the printing plate used is flat.
Offset printing is also called chemical printing technique, because
in the process, offset printing utilizes the repelling properties between water and oil. Water that
It refers to the wetting water used in offset printing, and oil is analogous.
as the ink used in the printing process. The image area on the offset printing plate
 the non-image area is made of a hydrophilic layer that absorbs water and will repel
ink.
As it is known that water cannot stick to a smooth surface, therefore
the oleophilic surface is made smooth, while the hydrophilic is rough. In the printing process
offset itself, first the plate will be given a layer of water, and because of the properties of that part of the plate

thus the hydrophilic part will be coated with water, while the oleophilic part will remain.
drying. In the next stage, the printing plate will be coated with ink, and because
the hydrophilic part has been coated with water, making it impossible for ink to adhere to it, and because
the oleophilic part can attract ink, so that part will be coated with ink, and
the image will be formed.

C. Printing Process with Offset Printing Machine

Pre-press process:

1. Preparation of paper materials: such as HVS paper, BC, construction, doorslags, matte paper, NCR,
scented paper, duplex, ivory, etc. adjusted according to needs. It can also be print blanks, which are
Printed materials that are in the finished size and shape and are ready to enter the printing process.

2. Computer Settings: the format to be created for the printed items.. size, manuscript, and
the graphic design is determined here, and is usually finished by being printed on HVS paper, paper
calcium, or repro film.

3. Plate Recording: the settings that have been printed are recorded (like copied) onto a paper plate.
or aluminum plates (paper plate/aluminum plate) so that the printed manuscript is also available in
above it, and this printing plate will be installed on the printing machine. Make a matrix for foil or
emboss (if necessary).

The graphic equipment used is known as Repro Machine

Printing Process:

1. The print plate along with the paper material that has been prepared in the pre-press process is then installed in
printing machine, and placed in their respective positions based on their function. printing plate
mounted on the roll located on the machine, while the paper material is placed in the designated area
horizontal under the roll. And the ink is also prepared in its place (color according to
that is desired)

2. After the printing plate, paper material, and ink are ready or installed, the machine is then turned on.
And the printing process took place. The ink comes into contact with the roll that has the printing plate installed, and the ink

also intersects with the available paper materials, resulting in the transfer of the manuscript that
is printed onto the paper material through ink, and the paper comes out one by one containing
The graphic equipment used is known as Printing Machine.

Finishing process, including:

1. The process of cutting or slicing paper, with the aim of dividing several printed sheets.
to become several parts, or it can also just be for tidying up paper.

2. Foil, applying paper with writing or images that are "shiny" like gold, silver,
blue, red, etc.

3. Embossed, decorating printed paper with writing or images, where the decoration is
in the form of paper that is raised or sunk due to pressure.

4. Gloss/matt lamination process, UV gloss/matt, spot UV, etc. The printed paper is coated with
shiny plastic or matte/dull plastic on the outer part, creating an impression
a unique aesthetic.

5. Punches, cutting paper into specific shapes due to machine punch knife cuts.
It can be in the form of a format for envelope folds, boxes, etc.

6. Glue, to connect or unite printed paper such as envelopes.

7. And others such as binding, sewing thread/wire, numbering, folding/insert, wrapping

with plastic, etc. depending on the needs

D. Graphic Solution

In the graphics stage, completion is a final process carried out by the team.
printing related to screen printing and stencils (for manual printing in the 80s-90s) making plates
printing, printed and binding.
In addition, within this resolution team there is a team whose task is to calculate printing costs.
(will be discussed in formulas in the Calculation menu)
Here are some techniques and discussions of graphic resolution activities.
E. Coating or Laminating

Cut to the desired size and place the film with the emulsion side facing up.
on top of a flat, even, and smooth surface, for example on the surface of a table that is provided with
Lay the printed frame with the screen facing up onto the stencil film, and ensure that it is happening
a good contact (really close). next, pour the photo stencil onto the filter
throughout the stencil film clip. Using a soft, rounded edge squeegee to apply
Evenly stencil the photo across the screen. The coating only needs to be done once.
For screens made of stainless steel, it is recommended to use a hard squeegee.
and sharp-edged, and the coating is applied twice to achieve thickness
the ideal.
For coarse screens (T90), generally two passes are required. Clean excess photo stencil.
that is on the screen and before drying, cover the open part of the
screen with stencil photo.
Dry the screen under yellow light or in a dark room with
using warm air blowing. After the photo stencil is dry, then remove the layer.
basic, and if at the time of releasing the base layer there is still sound, then add time
the drying. The bichromate photo stencil can only be exposed after the coating process for 2
jam.
Radiation

Clean all dust and dirt from the surface of the photo stencil, positive film, and glass from
vacuum frame (printing down frame). attach the positive film to the bottom of the stencil.
Place the photo stencil on the vacuum frame equipped with a flexible rubber blanket.
Insufficient exposure will result in a weak photo stencil, as well as
reduce its resistance to solvents.
Development and drying

After the irradiation process, wet the photo stencil on both sides using water.
cold or warm using a soft pressure sprayer. Rinse the stencil sides
while spraying the inside. absorb any remaining water with newspaper or chamois,
Next, dry the screen using a heater at a temperature of 30 degrees Celsius.
Cover the hole with old photo stencil material or with
Autotype blue or with Regular filler.

Estimated sunshine duration

5kw Metal Halide lamp with photo stencil 2-3 minutes, while with photo stencil
bichromate 1-2 minutes
UV fluorescent tube with photo stencil for 8-10 minutes, while with photo stencil
bichromate 6-8 minutes
bichromate 1-1.5 minutes.
Finishing
The final process of printing is finishing.
There are various finishing processes,
among them are:
Cutting: cutting the printed material according to the area we desire.
Example of a cutting machine:

Perforation: to facilitate the tearing of paper, commonly used on ticket prints.

Nominator: assignment of numbers starting from 0001 until completion.
Example of a Numbering Machine:

Wire stitching: uniting the contents and cover, commonly used in book and magazine printing.
Example of wire sewing machines:

Laminating (glossy and matte): coating on prints to make them more durable and attractive.
Hotprint: Applying a heat effect on the material and adhering it to the print with
giving hotprint paper on the print surface
Emboss: gives a 3D effect to certain printed areas.
Special Cut: cutting the mold with an area according to the pond template, and using
special machine/Pond machine.
Example of Pond machine:

Binding and Compilation: to assemble the printed parts of each page until it is properly arranged.

according to the page.

Example of a paper collator:
Block Glue: uniting the cover and inner contents of a printed book using special glue that
heated.
Example of a Glue Block Machine:

or you can also use the DUPLO machine specially designed to speed up /
summarizing binding after the printing process, which generally requires a lot of labor
in this process.
Example of DUPLO finishing machine:

With this finishing process, the printed result will look more beautiful and attractive.
Examples of the finishing process:
Book / magazine: page arrangement (collator), wire stitching, glue block
Receipt: perforation, numbering, arrangement and binding
Invitation: Hotprint and Emboss
Brochure: Glossy / Matte Lamination
This is a little of our knowledge in the graphics industry, hopefully it will be beneficial for us.

Everything and we apologize if there are many shortcomings in our explanation.

F. Print Height
Printmaking is a type of graphic art created through the process of printing.
a print made from material that is scraped or chipped so that its surface will be elevated and
also low (relief). Later, this high part will be coated with printing ink and a roller tool.
rubber. After that, it is printed again on a sheet of paper so that it will form an image.
which corresponds to the mold that has been made earlier.
The materials used for this high print are rubber, hardboard, aluminum, wood, paint.
oil, ink, cardboard, fabric paper. The tools are knife and ruler. High print.
this example can be seen in the making of stamps or seals.

Heidelberg GTO 52 printing machine

 CHAPTER III

CLOSING

A. Conclusion
Offset printing is an industrial process for the mass production of writing.
and the image, especially with ink on paper using a printing machine. It is
an important part of publishing and printing transactions includes within a
the process known as OFFSET Printing.
Many books and newspapers nowadays are usually printed using printing techniques.
offset printing. Usually, the image to be printed is first drawn onto the offset plate.
printing with the help of a laser printer then this plate will be processed by the printing machine into a pattern

the demand that will be imposed on the printed paper. Colors can be obtained with
imposing several color patterns from each offset printing plate at once.
Other common printing techniques include relief printing, screen printing, rotogravure, and

digital-based printing such as ribbon needle, inkjet, and laser. Also known as poly print technique.
for the application of gold and silver effects on surfaces and embossing prints to provide
prominent impression on paper.

B. Saran
Thus, I have written this text. The author is aware of the many shortcomings and is far from
still imperfect. There are many mistakes in this paper. The author also needs criticism and
Suggestions to serve as motivation for the writer to improve in the future. Thank you.
I would also like to express my gratitude to all parties who have helped me until this paper was completed.

finish.

REFERENCES

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