Essential Levelling Techniques in Civil Engineering
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ScribdTranslationsEssential Levelling Techniques in Civil Engineering
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ScribdTranslationsLEVELING APPLICATION
In engineering works
INTRODUCTION
In civil engineering work, mastery of surveying is essential.
Any type of project that is executed needs the application of the same.
A civil engineer must be the one who dominates and manages the situation and the topographic aspect.
of every project
Levelling is a fundamental operation for the engineer, both to be able to
confeccionar un proyecto, como para lograr replantear el mismo. En términos
generic leveling applies to any of the various procedures to
through which elevations or differences between them are determined.
THE MOST COMMON APPLICATIONS ARE:
The leveling has significantly contributed to the development of civilization, since
the constructions of roads, water conduits or canals, the large works of
architecture, among others, both from the modern era and antiquity, are proof
palpable of this, surprising discovery.
Project for roads, railways, and canals that must have slopes that adapt
optimally to the existing topography.
Place construction works according to planned elevations.
Calculation of earthworks volumes.
Investigate the characteristics of runoff and drainage of regions.
Develop maps and plans that show the general configuration of the terrain (contour lines,
elevations, depressions, profiles, etc.
Establish checkpoints by shifting a benchmark.
LEVEL CONTROL IN WORKS:
For major works, use equipment and procedures appropriate to the required precision.
Start from benchmarks (BM) located near the work area for level control of the construction.
LONGITUDINAL PROFILES:
They are the representation of the ground heights along the proposed route. They are used for location, design and
construction of projects along fixed routes, such as roads, railways, canals, sewers, etc.
They allow to know, in the case of roads, the earthmoving that must be carried out, to know the position of a
break, situation and depth of drainage, pipes, channels, etc.
In projects such as drainage and ducts, due to their narrowness, only a longitudinal profile is needed.
TRANSVERSE SECTIONS
They provide the necessary information to estimate the earthworks that need to be carried out.
for the construction of the project (road, canal, etc.)
CONTOUR LINES
The contour maps allow to know the slope of the terrain and its characteristics.
naturals that are presented. The vertical distance between successive curves depends on the scale of
map and the target it is aimed at, the steeper the terrain, the closer together
yes, the contour lines will be there
VOLUME CALCULATION IN EARTHWORKS
The calculation of land volume in the development will be determined by the amount of
cubic meters of soil material that must be removed, whether by means of cuts or fills, is
It is necessary in this calculation to specify separately the volume of decapitation.
That is; the layer that makes up the organic material or vegetation layer. Where it is commonly estimated
a thickness of 0.30 m on the ground surface, so the value to be calculated will be: cut,
filling, uncapping. It is highly recommended to work by specific areas, for example:
lots, sidewalks, streets, etc.
DRAINAGE AND RUNOFF OF REGIONS
It is used in those areas where it is possible to derive water from the natural drainage network.
to relatively flat areas for its infiltration and retention until it is used
for the plants.
The ground must be level or have gentle slopes. The minimum boundaries of
pendant will depend on drainage needs.