Programming language

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Segment of a program in the programming languageC.

Programming language is a standardized method, made up of a set

ofsyntactic rulesand semantics, of implementation of asource codethat can
to becompiledis transformed into acomputer program, or used [1]
howscriptinterpretedthat will informinstructionsof processing tocomputer.
[2][Note 1]
It allows a programmer to specify precisely what data the
the computer will act, how this data will be stored or transmitted and, what
actions must be taken according to the circumstances. Languages of
programming can be used to expressalgorithmswith precision.
The set of words (lexemes classified into tokens), composed according to
these rules constitute the source code of asoftwareThis source
[3]
code is afterwards.
translated tomachine code, which is executed by themicroprocessor. [3]

One of the main goals of programming languages is for programmers

have greater productivity, allowing them to express their intentions more easily
than when compared to the language that a computer understands natively
(machine codeThus, [4]programming languages are designed to adopt
a higher level syntax, which can be more easily understood by
human programmers. Programming languages are important tools
for whatprogrammersesoftware engineersI can write more programs
organized and with greater speed.
Programming languages also make programs less dependent on
computers or specific computational environments (a property called)
portability). This
[5]
happens because programs written in languages
programming is translated into the machine code of the computer on which it will be
executed instead of being directly executed. An ambitious goal of theFortran, a
one of the first programming languages, it was this independence from the machine where
would be executed.
[6][7]
 Index

1History
2Interpretation and compilation
3Concepts
o 3.1Structured programming
o 3.2Modular programming
o 3.3Object-oriented programming
o 3.4Linear programming
4Classification
o 4.1ACM classification
o 4.2As for the paradigm
. 4.2.1Imperative Paradigms
. 4.2.2Declarative Paradigms
o 4.3As for the type structure
. 4.3.1Strongly or Weakly Typed
. 4.3.2Dynamically or Statically Typed
o 4.4As for the degree of abstraction
o 4.5Regarding the generation
5Dialects and implementations
6List of languages
7Notes
8References
9Bibliography
10See also
11External links

History
Watercolor portrait ofAda Lovelacepossibly made byAlfred Edward Chalonaround1840.

Grace Hopperin1984.

The first programming language work was created byAda Lovelace, large
friend ofCharles BabbageThe [8]
project of the first programmable mechanical calculator
was designed byCharles Babbage que, [9]
após gastar fortunas e um longo tempo, não
successfully realized the project. The programming languageADAwas baptized in
[10]

tribute to this first programmer. [11]

One of the first programming languages for computers was

probablyPlankalkülcreated byKonrad ZusenaNazi Germany, but that [12]

had little or no impact on the future of programming languages.

The first compiler was written byGrace Hopperin 1952, [13]
for the language of
programmingA-0The first widely used high-level programming language
[14]

it was usedFortrancreated in 1954. [14]15 In 1957 it was createdB-0, successor of the A-0, that
give rise toFlow-Matic(1958), immediate predecessor ofCOBOL, from 1959. The[16]
COBOL was a widely accepted language for commercial use. [16]

languageALGOLwas created between 1958-1960. ALGOL-60 had a great influence on

[17]

project of many later languages. [18]

The languageLispwas created in1958 has become widely used in research in

area ofcomputer sciencebut most prominently in the area ofIntelligence
ArtificialAnother
19
language related to the field of AI that emerged in 1972 is the
languagePrologue, a language of the logical paradigm. [20]
Aobject-orientedé outro marco importante na história das linguagens de
programming. The languageSimula 67introduces the concept of classes. [21]
A
languageSmalltalk expands the concept of classes and becomes the first language
The given input does not contain any translatable text.[23]

of programming that provided full support for object-oriented programming. The [24]

languageC++(originally known as C with classes) popularizes the orientation

to objects.[25]
Various programming languages have emerged since then. Among these include-
ifC#, [Link],
26
Java, Object Pascal, Objective-C, PHP, Python,
[27]
SuperCollider, language D e[28]Ruby. [29][Note 2]

Interpretation and compilation

The process of compilation.

A programming language can be converted, or translated, into code of

machine forcompilationor interpreted by a process calledinterpretation.
In both cases, the translation of source code to machine code occurs. 30

If the method used translates all the text of the program (also called code),
to only then execute [Note 3]
the program is said to have been compiled and
that the mechanism used for the translation is a compiler (which in turn does nothing
but it is more than a program). The
[31]
compiled version of the program is typically
stored, so that the program can be executed an indefinite number of
times without the need for new compilation, which makes up for the time spent in
compilation. This happens with languages likePascaleC. [32]
If the program text is executed as it is being translated, how
em JavaScript, BASIC, PythonorPerl, in a translation process of consecutive excerpts
of its immediate execution, then it is said that the program was interpreted and that the
the mechanism used for translation is an interpreter. Interpreted programs are
generally slower than compiled ones, but they are also generally more
flexible, as they can interact with the environment more easily. 33

Although there is this distinction betweeninterpreted

languagesandcompiled, the things
they are not always that simple. There are compiled languages for machine code
virtual (being thisvirtual machinejust another software that emulates the machine
virtual running on a real machine), such asJava(fill for [34]

aJava platform ) eC#(fill out for theCLI platform ). And there are also others
[35] [36]

ways of interpreting in which thesource codesinstead of being interpreted line-

the line has 'compiled' blocks for memory, according to the needs, the
that increases the performance of programs when the same modules are
called several times, a technique known asJIT.
As an example, we can mention the Java language. In it, a compiler translates the code.
Java for the intermediate (and portable) code of the JVM. The original JVMs interpreted
this code, according to the machine code of the host computer, however
currently they compile, according to the JIT technique, the JVM code to code
host.
The translation is typically done in several phases, with the most common being thelexical analysis,
asyntactic analysis(orparsing) , acode generationand aoptimizationIn [37]compilers
It is also common to generate intermediate code. [Note 4]

Concepts
Structured programming
Structured programming is a form of computer programming that
it predicts that all possible programs can be reduced to just three
structures: sequence, decision, and repetition.[38]One of the first to advocate for
structured programming wasHaskell B. Curry [39][Note 5] Having, in practice, been transformed
In modular programming, structured programming guides programmers to the
creation of simple structures in your programs, using subroutines and functions.
It was the dominant form of software creation between linear programming and the
object-oriented programming. Although [40]
it has been succeeded by programming
object-oriented, one can say that structured programming is still
significantly influential, since a large part of people still learn
programming through it. However, object-oriented programming has surpassed the use of the
structured languages in the market. [41]
Modular programming

Niklaus Wirthin2005Creator of the languagePascalamong others.

Modular programming is a form of programming in which the development of

programming routines are created through modules that are interconnected with each other
through a common interface. It was [42]
originally presented by Information &
Systems Institute, Inc. at the National Symposium on Modular Programming in 1968, with
the leadership of Larry Constantine. Examples of languages that guided his project
for this aspect are the languagesModula-2, [43][44]
developed byNiklaus Wirthe
aModula-3. [45]

Object-oriented programming
Object-oriented programming, also known as Object-Oriented Programming
Objects (OOP), or in English, Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is
umparadigm of analysis, design, and programmingof software-based systems in the
composition and interaction between various software units calledobjects. O
extensive use of objects, particularly in conjunction with the mechanism ofinheritance,
characterizes the object-oriented programming style. In some contexts,
Not applicable

it is preferred to useobject-oriented modeling(UML), instead of programming. From

In fact, the 'object-oriented' paradigm has conceptual foundations and origins in the field of
study of cognition, which influenced the field of artificial intelligence and linguistics in
field of abstraction of concepts from the real world. As a method of
modeling is considered the best strategy, and the most natural, to eliminate the 'gap
"semantic", recurring difficulty in the process of modeling the real world, in the domain
of the problem, in a set of software components that is the most faithful in its
representation of this domain. It would facilitate communication between the modeling professional and the
target area user, to the extent that the correlation of symbolism and concepts
abstractions of the real world and the modeling tool (concepts, terminology,
symbols, graphics, and strategies) was as obvious, natural, and accurate as possible. The
object-oriented analysis and design aims to identify the best set of
objects to describe a software system. The operation[47]
of this system is
gives through the relationship and exchange ofmessagesamong these objects. In
object-oriented programming, a set of is implementedclasseswhat defines
the objects present in the software system. Each class determines the behavior
defined in themethods) and possible states (attributes) of their objects, just like the
relationship with other objects. 42

Linear programming
In mathematics, Linear Programming problems are optimization problems in
the objective function and the constraints are all linear. Linear Programming is a
The number 48

important area of optimization for various reasons. Many practical problems in

Operational research can be expressed as linear programming problems.
Certain special cases of linear programming, such as network flow problems.
multicommodity flow problems are considered important enough that
there has been a lot of research generated in specialized algorithms for their solutions.
Several algorithms for other types of optimization problems work by solving
LP problems as sub-problems. Historically, ideas from linear programming
inspired many of the central concepts of optimization theory, such as duality,
decomposition, and the importance of convexity and its generalizations.

Classification
Programming languages can be classified and subclassified in various ways.

Classification of ACM
AACMmaintains a classification system with the
[49]
following subitems:

Application languages, or application programming languages

Languagescompetitors, distributedandparallel
Data flow languages
Design languages
Extensible languages
Languages ofassemblyis ofmacro
Microprogramming languages
Non-deterministic languages
Non-procedural languages
Languagesobject-oriented
Specialized application languages
High-level programming languages
[Note 6]

Regarding the paradigm

See main article:Programming paradigm

Different programming languages can be grouped according to the paradigm they follow.
to address its syntax and semantics. Paradigms are divided into two main
groups:imperativeanddeclarative. [50]
Imperative Paradigms
Imperative paradigms are those that facilitate computation through changes of
state. They
50 are divided into:

The procedural paradigmIn this paradigm, programs are executed through

successive calls to separate procedures. Examples of languages from this paradigm
are theFortranand theBASIC.
The paradigm of block structuresThe 50striking feature of this paradigm is the
nested scopes. Examples of languages of this paradigm are theAlgol 60, PascaleC. [32]
 The object-oriented paradigmThis paradigm describes languages that support the
interaction between objects. Examples of languages in this paradigm areC++, language
[25]
D,
[51]
Java, PythoneRuby.
[27] [29]

The paradigm of distributed computingThis paradigm supports that more than one routine
can execute independently. An example[52]
of a language of this paradigm is the
languageAda.
Declarative Paradigms
Declarative paradigms are those in which a program specifies a relation or function.
[50] They are divided into:

The functional paradigmLanguages of this paradigm do not include any provision for
assignment or mutable data In[53]functional programming, the mapping between the values of
Input and output are achieved more directly. A program is a function (or group of
functions), typically composed of other simpler functions. Examples[54]of languages
from this paradigm are the languagesLisp, SchemeeHaskell
[55] [56] [57]

The paradigm of logical programmingThis paradigm is based on the notion that a

the program implements a relationship instead of a mapping. Examples [58]
of languages
of this paradigm are thePrologand the languageGödel.
[59] [60]

Regarding the type structure

Programming languages can be defined in two orthogonal ways regarding their
type structure.
Strongly or Weakly Typed

Frankly typed, likePHPe Smalltalk, where the variable type changes dynamically
according to the situation.
Strongly typed, likeJava, RubyePythonwhere the variable type, once assigned, is
keeps the same until it is discarded from memory. [61]

Dynamically or Statically Typed

Dynamically typed, likeSNOBOL, APL, Awk, Perl, PythonandRuby, where the type of
variable is defined at runtime. [61]

Statically typed, likeJavae C, where the variable type is defined at runtime

compilation.[62]
As for the degree of abstraction

Low-level programming language refers to a programming language that

Here are the characteristics of computer architecture. Thus, it uses only instructions that
will be executed by the processor, in contrast to thehigh-level languagesthat they use
of instructionsabstractIn this sense, low-level languages are directly
related to computer architecture. As examples, we have Binary and Assembly
Low-level languages are divided into two categories: first generation and second.
generation

1. First generation language, or1GL, it is machine code. It is the only language that
aroundmicroprocessorcan run natively. Themachine codecan be written
directly by ahexadecimal editorCurrently, it is rare for a programmer to work
with machine code directly, preferring the use of Assembly language. [63][64]
 [Link] second-generation language, or2GL, it is the languageAssembly. It is considered of
low level because although it is not a native language ofmicroprocessorstill
uses only the real instructions of the processor. In this way, the Assembly language does not
contains no type of abstract instruction, where each instruction is directly converted
for the equivalent instruction in machine code byinstaller. [65][66]

Mid-level programming language, Note 7

that has symbols that can be
directly converted to machine code (goto, mathematical expressions, assignment of
variables), but also complex symbols that are converted by a compiler.
Example:C, C++

High-level programming language, it is a language with a level

ofabstractionrelatively high, far from themachine codeand closer tolanguage
humanIn this way, high-level languages are not directly related to
computer architecture. A programmer of a high-level language does not need to
know characteristics of the processor, such as instructions and registers. These
characteristics are abstracted in high-level language. [67]

High-level language is understandable by humans and not directly executable by the machine.
at the level of algorithm specification, such asPascal, Fortran,
[32]
ALGOL,JavaeSQL. [66]

Examples

ASP
ActionScript
C/C++
C#
Pascal/Object Pascal
Euphoria
Java
JavaScript
Lua
MATLAB
PHP
Python
R
Ruby
Tcl
Basic/Visual Basic
Por se tratar de uma classificação subjetiva, isto é, sem limites bem definidos, não é possível
to claim that "certain language may be more human than another." Despite this, for reasons
of practicality and objectivity, the classification generally limits itself to 'high-level language' and
low-level language
Regarding the generation

The classification of programming languages into generations is an issue that presents

divergences from author to author. According to Maclennan,
[68]
languages are divided into five.
generations with the following characteristics:
 First generation - These are languages where their control structures are apparently
machine-oriented. Conditional instructions are notnestedand depend heavily
of unconditional deviation instructions like theGOTO. A typical language of this generation is the
languageFortran. [68]
Second generation - These are languages where control structures are structured from
to minimize or eliminate the use of GOTO instructions. The second generation developed
improved and generalized several control structures of first generation languages. A
one of the great contributions of this generation was its name structures, which were
hierarchically nested. This allowed for better control of namespaces and a
efficient dynamic memory allocation. A typical language of this generation is theAlgol 60. [68]

Third generation - These are languages that emphasize simplicity and efficiency. A
the typical language of this generation is the languagePascalThe [32] data structures of this generation
show a displacement of the machine for the application. The control structures are more
simple and efficient. [68]
Fourth generation - This generation is essentially synonymous with languages with
data abstraction. Most languages of this generation focus on modularization and on
encapsulation. A typical language of this generation is the languageAda. [68]

Fifth generation - In this generation, Maclennan groups various paradigms such as orientation
object and the functional paradigm, logical paradigm.68
Henri Bal and Dick Grune already present a classification in generations in a different way,
emphasizing more the aspect of the application. Six generations are listed. [69]

First generation- machine language.

Second generation- assembly languages(assembly).
Third generationProcedural languages.
Fourth generationApplication languages.
Fifth generation - Languages focused onArtificial intelligencelike logical languages
(Prologue) and functional languages (Lisp).
Sixth generation - Neural networks.

Doris Apleby and Julius J. VandeKopple divide languages into four generations that coincide.
with the first four generations listed by Henri Bal and Dick Grune. [50]

Dialects and implementations

Lista de linguagens

Books about various programming languages

There areseveral programming languagesaccording to theTiobe Index, the 20 most popular

are [41]
 1. C
[Link]
[Link]
4.C++
5.C#
[Link] Basic .NET
7. JavaScript
[Link]
9.R
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
17. PL/SQL
[Link]
[Link] Basic
[Link]

[Link]

What is a language of
programming and what types
do they exist?
A programming language is a set of symbols and codes
used to guide the programming of structures in the development of
web.

Knowing how it works aprogramming languageand how we relate to it by

The use of software allows us to improve our productivity and gain advantages.
competitive against the competition.
Over the years, programming languages have increased their power and flexibility to
execute complex tasks required by innovation andthrough new information technologies
and communication(ICT).

All machines and devices require a programming language to fulfill

its functions. By knowing it, you can achieve your goals in less time. Do you want
Want to know more? Keep reading to learn about this topic that is as interesting as it is necessary.

In this article you will see:

What is a programming language?

What types of programming languages exist?
What are programming languages for?
What programming software exists?

What is a language of
programming?
It is a formal language that, through a series of instructions, allows a programmer
write a set of orders, consecutive actions, data andalgorithmsto create programs
that control the physical and logical behavior of a machine.

Programmer and machine communicate through this language, allowing to specify, with
precision, aspects such as:

what data a software must operate;

how this data should be stored or transmitted;
what actions the software should perform, according to each variable circumstance.
To explain better (and with fewer words), programming language is a system of
structured communication, made up of sets of symbols,keywords,
rulessemanticssyntactic structures that allow understanding between aprogrammeris a
machine.

It is important to emphasize that it is a common mistake to use programming language and language of
computation as synonyms. But why should we not confuse them?
Well, it is because the programming language follows a set of rules that allow
express the instructions that will be interpreted by theprogrammerAlready the language of
computation includes other languages that format text, but we cannot consider it
a programming in itself.

Therefore, not all computational languages are programming languages, but all languages
of programming are computational.

What types of language of

Does programming exist?
The language ofprogrammingit is the foundation for the construction of all digital applications used
In everyday life, they are classified into two main types: low-level and high-level language.
Keep reading to learn all about them!

Low-level programming language

They are completely machine-oriented languages. This language serves as an interface and creates
an inseparable link between hardware and software.

In addition, it exercises direct control over the equipment and its physical structure. To apply it
adequately, it is necessary for the programmer to know the hardware very well. This category
can be divided into two types. Check it out below.

Machine language
It is the most primitive of languages and is a collection of binary digits (0 and 1) that the
computer reads and interprets and it is the only language that computers understand.

Example: 10110000 01100001

It's hard to understand what he says, right? Therefore, the Assembly language in us
it allows to better understand what this code refers to.
Assembly Language
Assembly language is the first attempt to replace machine language with a
closer to that used by humans.

A program written in this language is stored as text (like in high-level programs

level) and consists of a series of instructions that correspond to the flow of executable requests
by a microprocessor.

However, these machines do not understand Assembly language. Therefore, they must be
converted into machine language by a program called Assembler.

It generates compact, fast, and efficient codes created by the programmer who has full control.
from the machine.

Example: MOV AL, 61h (assigns the hexadecimal value 61 to the 'AL' register)

High-level programming language

They aim to facilitate the programmer's work, as they use instructions that are easier to
will be understood.

In addition, high-level programming languages allow you to write code using the languages that
knows (portuguese, spanish, english etc.) translating them subsequently to the language of the machine
by translators or compilers.

Translator
They translate programs written in a programming language into the language of
computer machine and are executed as they are translated.

Compilador
It allows you to translate an entire program at once, making it faster and can
to be stored for later use without the need for a new translation.
What are programming languages used for?
programming?
Generally, a programming language is used for programming. However, everyone has a
scope and form of communication different.

In summary, the low-level language allows internal communication of the machine and each
Instruction has its exclusive operation code.

High-level language facilitates the acquisition of the instructions that the programmer provides to the
machine. While the professional inputs data in the known language, the machine absorbs them in the
machine language through translators or compilers, allowing:

reduce programming time;

understand the task to be performed more easily;
allow the programmer to disconnect from the internal operation of the machine, among others.
In other words, low-level language is close to machine languages.
while high-level language is closer to understanding and human language.

What programming software

do they exist?
Forsoftwarefrom programming we understand the set of all tools that allow the
programmer create, write code, debug, maintain and package projects.

Below are some of the different programs through which the project must go to be
administered.

Code or text editors

When writing the codes, they complete themselves by marking the syntax errors and the refactoring.
Compilers
As mentioned above, they convert the typed code into machine language, generating
an executable binary code.

Scrubbers
They are used to optimize development time and help fix errors through
monitoring the execution of a program, the values of certain variables and the
reference to objects in memory.

Linkers
This program takes objects generated in the early stages of the compilation process and
necessary resources from the library, remove the processes and data that are not needed and link it
code to the aforementioned library to increase its size and extension.

Interpreters or translators
As you read this article, the translator (or interpreter) loads the typed code and converts it
instructions for the program to be executed.

IDE
The IDE (Integrated Development Environment) is a
computer application that provides a series of services that facilitate programming of
software, such as:

autocomplete functions;
a source code editor;
database connection management;
 integration with version control systems;
device simulators;
a debugger to speed up the software development process, among others.
Without programming language, programming would be impossible because there would be no
rules (semantic and syntactic), expressions (such as the structure and meaning of all)
elements that compose them) or an established way of how programmer and machine
they should 'talk' to each other.

In addition, some of the functions that allow the programmer to create this language are: create
a site and make it work, develop applications for operating systems and many others.

Currently, knowledge and use of the digital and computational world are two of the main
weapons of any company.

For this and much more, it is extremely important that you are at the forefront and have a hunger for
knowledge. If you want to learn more, read our article abouthow to use NGINX!

Share it

htps://[Link]/br/blog/linguagem-de-programacao/

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Clear your doubt Mark as completed Note

ArtgosMore ChannelTop 10 most used programming languages in the market

Although there is a great variety of programming languages, some may be more

suitable for certain businesses or companies. Caution is needed, as you may become a
master in a specific language, but if it is not in high demand in the market
Work, this means that you may have difficulties finding a job in the field.

Thus, if you are looking for alternatives to meet the needs of

job market, check out this article on 10 of the most used programming languages
currently. This way, you can choose some to learn and be able to ensure
a good position - and a good salary!

1. JavaScript
JavaScript is an interpreted programming language. It was originally
implemented as part of web browsers so that scripts could be
executed on the client side and interacted with the user without the need for this
script to go through the server, controlling the browser, performing asynchronous communication
and changing the content of the displayed document.

OJavaScriptis still widely used in web applications and has gained ground in
desktop/mobile, being widely used to create interactivity. Although it is a
the oldest language compared to most of the ones that will be listed here, JavaScript
It is quite in demand and part of this success is due to its simplicity.

2. Python

Considered the easiest language to learn, thePythonremains one of the

most popular in the market, even though it was released almost 30 years ago (in
 1989). It is one of the most readable codes and is widely used for development.
web emachine learning.

3. Java

The most requested programming language by far is theJavaAt the top of most of the
specialized indices measuring popularity, Java is characterized by being portable,
that is to say, it is possible to compile a program in Java easily for all kinds of
device. It is also worth mentioning that Java is the most used language for creating
Android applications.

Another positive point of Java is its scalability, that is, the ability to adapt its
program as it grows in number of uses, in addition to its
backward compatibility, since code written in an old version continues to be
recognized by the current versions.

4. C#
Another variation of the C language that is quite popular in the market. However, it is declining.
out of use compared to previous years. Like C++, it is more complex to
learning that other languages like Python and JavaScript. On the other hand, it is still a
a highly requested language in the field of game development, becoming
essential for those planning to enter this market.
5. PHP
Used mainly in web applications, the PHP language is useful for including functions.
to a page that HTML is not capable of supporting. The language is also used
for integration between information from your page and MySQL database, for example.
Sites like Yahoo and the web version of Facebook are maintained in PHP.

C++

One of the main reasons why C is one of the most popular languages as well
is given by the very popularity of its variants. C++ is a more current version of C -
although it is already of a certain age - and is widely used in development of
heavier software, such as integrated systems (CRM), applications that promote
interaction between client and server or computer games, among others.
7. TypeScript
Created by Microsoft,TypeScriptis proving to be a common choice among the
[Link] developers. It is not, in fact, a completely
new, but rather a superset of JavaScript.

With TypeScript we have resources that better support the use of Programming
Object-Oriented, which is based on four fundamental principles:
encapsulation, inheritance, abstraction, and polymorphism, which we will see in more detail.
detailed below. OOP has always been a problem when applied in JavaScript,
due to its syntax not allowing to write classes, for example, so clearly, besides
da fraca tipagem de dados. O TypeScript oferece então uma forma de corrigir ou
to circumvent these problems, adding functionalities that when compiled
they will result in JavaScript code again. However, now the developer will deal
directly with a simplified syntax, clearer and widely supported by
modern code editors.

8. C
Perhaps the most well-known among programming languages - especially for its
C++ and C# variants -, the C language is also one of the oldest ever released. Its
The main advantage is also in the ease of exporting the program to another type of
device. It is worth noting that the C language has been adopted by giants from an early stage
like Microsoft and Linux, among others.

Despite being old, learning C brings good advantages to the developer, as it works in
almost all types of systems and does not require much from the machines. Because of this little
performance requirements, the C language is widely used to create software for
small devices and gadgets that feature the Internet of Things (IoT).

9. Ruby
I am looking for work in a [Link] is the perfect language to achieve
a position in the area. Used in the construction of globally recognized services such as the
Airbnb and Twitter, the Ruby language is characterized by its easy-to-read syntax,
allowing a developer to write less code so that their applications
let's function.

Through the Ruby on Rails web framework, the language allows for the launch of
web applications at a much faster speed than in other languages. The downside
 Ruby is that it is a difficult language to scale, that is, complicated to maintain
as its application grows in the number of users, since it uses a lot
processing to compensate for errors in the code.

10. Go
Go is a programming language created by Google and released as open source in
November 2009. It is a compiled language focused on productivity and
concurrent programming, based on work done in the operating system called
Inferno. The initial project of the language was done in September 2007 by Robert
Griesemer, Rob Pike and Ken Thompson. Currently, there are implementations for Windows,
Linux, Mac OS X and FreeBSD.

Although the language has been around for over 10 years, only recently has it
heard more about her, especially with her use being adopted by software
commonly and widely used like Docker and Kubernetes, developed in
language.

The structure of the Go language is very similar to C, but its learning curve is more
simple. Go was a language created to make the most of computers with
multi-core resources, thus facilitating the efficient compilation of code and
naturally cooperative with the abstractions of current operating systems.
Which programming languages are most requested by
Does the market intend to learn?

Now that you already know some of the most popular programming language options requested by the market, what
DeLas believes that it will grow in the coming years and thinks it is a safe bet to increase its
Employability? In which area do you intend to develop your skills? Share with us soon
down!

Source:StackOverflow Developer Survey Results 2019.

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ArtgosMore ChannelTop 10 programming languages most used in the market

Although there is a wide variety of programming languages, some may be more

suitable for certain businesses or companies. Caution is needed, as you may become a
master in a specific language, but if it is not in high demand in the market
work, this means that you may have difficulties finding a job in the field.

Therefore, if you are looking for alternatives to meet your needs

job market, check out this article on the 10 most used programming languages
Currently. In this way, you will be able to choose some to learn and ensure
a good position - and a good salary!

1. JavaScript
 JavaScript is an interpreted programming language. It was originally
implemented as part of web browsers so that scripts could be
executed on the client side and interacted with the user without the need for them
script to pass through the server, controlling the browser, performing asynchronous communication
and changing the content of the displayed document.

TheJavaScriptit is still widely used in web applications and has been gaining space in
desktop/mobile, being widely used to create interactivity. Although it is a
the oldest language compared to most of the ones that will be listed here, JavaScript
it is highly sought after and part of this success is due to its simplicity.

2. Python

Considered the easiest language to learn, thePythoncontinues to be one of the

most popular in the market, even though it was launched almost 30 years ago (in
1989). It is one of the easiest codes to read and is widely used for development.
web emachine learning.

3. Java
 The most requested programming language by far is theJavaAt the top of most of the
specialized indices in measuring popularity, Java is characterized by being portable,
that is, it is possible to compile a Java program easily for all types of
device. It is also worth remembering that Java is the most used language for creating
Android applications.

Another positive point of Java is its scalability, that is, the ability to adapt its
program as it grows in number of uses, in addition to its
backward compatibility, since code written in an old version continues to be
recognized by the current versions.

4. C#
Another variation of the C language that is quite popular in the market. However, it is declining.
out of use compared to previous years. Like C++, it is more complex to
learn that other languages like Python and JavaScript. On the other hand, it is still a
a highly sought-after language in the field of game development.
essential for those planning to enter this market.

5. PHP
Primarily used in web applications, the PHP language is useful for including functions.
a uma página que o HTML não é capaz de suportar. A linguagem também é utilizada
 for integration between information from your page and MySQL database, for example.
Sites like Yahoo and the web version of Facebook are maintained in PHP.

6. C++

One of the main reasons why C is one of the most popular languages as well
is given by the very popularity of its variants. C++ is a more current version of C -
although it is already of a certain age - and is quite used in development of
heavier software, such as integrated systems (CRM), applications that promote
interaction between client and server or computer games, among others.

7. TypeScript
 Created by Microsoft,TypeScriptis proving to be a common choice among the
[Link] developers. It is not, in fact, a completely different language.
new, but rather a superset of JavaScript.

With TypeScript, we have resources that better support the use of Programming
Object-Oriented, which is based on four fundamental principles:
encapsulation, inheritance, abstraction, and polymorphism, which we will see in a more
detailed below. OOP has always been a problem when applied in JavaScript,
due to its syntax not allowing to write classes, for example, so clearly, besides
due to weak data typing. TypeScript then offers a way to correct or
to work around these problems, adding features that when compiled
will result in JavaScript code again. However, now the developer will deal with
directly with a simplified syntax, clearer and more widely supported by
modern code editors.

8. C
Perhaps the most well-known among programming languages - especially for its
Variants of C++ and C#, the C language is also one of the oldest ever released. Its
The main advantage is also in the ease of exporting the program to another type of
device. It is also worth noting that the C language was adopted early on by giants
like Microsoft and Linux, among others.

Although old, learning C brings good advantages to the developer, as it works in

almost every type of system and does not require much from the machines. Because of this little
due to performance requirements, the C language is widely used to create software for
small devices and gadgets that feature the Internet of Things (IoT).

9. Ruby
One is looking for a job in a startup, theRubyit's the perfect language to achieve
a position in the area. Used in the construction of services worldwide recognized as the
Airbnb and Twitter, the Ruby language is characterized by easy-to-read syntax.
allowing a developer to write less code for their applications
let's function.

Through the Ruby on Rails web framework, the language allows for the launch of
web applications at a much higher speed than in other languages. The downside
from Ruby is that it is a difficult language to scale, that is, complicated to maintain
as your application grows in the number of users, since it uses a lot
processing to compensate for errors in the code.
 10. Go
Go is a programming language created by Google and released in open source in
November 2009. It is a compiled language focused on productivity and
concurrent programming, based on works done in the operating system called
Inferno. O projeto inicial da linguagem foi feito em setembro de 2007 por Robert
Griesemer, Rob Pike, and Ken Thompson. Currently, there are implementations for Windows,
Linux, Mac OS X and FreeBSD.

Although the language is already over 10 years old, it has only recently started to
heard more about her, especially with her use being adopted by software
commonly and widely used like Docker and Kubernetes, developed in
language.

The structure of the Go language is very similar to C, but its learning curve is more
simple. Go was a language created to make the most of computers with
multi-core resources, thus facilitating efficient code compilation and
naturally cooperative with the abstractions of current operating systems.

Which programming languages are most requested by

Does the market intend to learn?
Now that you know some of the most popular programming languages in demand in the market, which
she believes that she will grow in the coming years and thinks it is a sure bet to increase her
employment? In which area do you intend to develop your skills? Share with us soon
below!

Source:StackOverflow Developer Survey Results 2019.

Check it out too

Introduction to JavaScript Course

Course

ht[Link]
Python Course

Course

Java Course
 Course

Clear your doubt Mark as completed Note

Start your career now

programmer for only
R$49,90/mês
Still in doubt? Try the platform for free for 7 [Link] a test
free

What are Languages of

Programming
ForGabriel Andrade
▶ Click here to open the audio player.

Always open.

We can imagine the computer as a super calculator,

capable of making calculations much faster than us, but for that
we must tell the computer what needs to be calculated and how
must be calculated. The function of programming languages is
exactly this, that is, to serve as a means of communication between
computers and humans.
There are two types of programming languages: low-level
level as dealto level. Computers interpret everything as
numbers in binary base, that is, they only understand zero and one. The
low-level languages are interpreted directly by the
computer, having a quick result, however it is very difficult and
it is uncomfortable to work with them. Examples of low languages
binary language and Assembly language are at the same level.

Example of code in Assembly:

MOV r0, #0C ;load base address of string into r0

LOAD: MOV r1,(r0) ;load contents into r1
CALL PRINT; call a print routine to print the character in r1
INC r0 ;point to next character
JMP LOAD ;load next character

As can be noted, it is a quite complicated language.

High-level languages are easier to work with and to

understand, the actions are represented by keywords
(for example do, print, etc.) usually in English, were made
thus to facilitate memorization and logic. They are not
interpreted directly by the computer, it being necessary
translate them into binary language using a program
compiler called

When we program in a high-level programming language

first we create a common text file containing
the logic of the program, that is, it is where we tell the computer how
it must be done what we want. This text file is called
source code, each keyword within the source code is
instruction call. After we create the source code we must
translate this file to binary language using the compiler
corresponding to the language we are programming in. The
compiler will generate a second file that we call
executable or program, this generated file is interpreted
directly from the computer.

There are some programming languages that do not require

of compilers, like thePHP, a language dedicated to production
the dynamic websites, like InfoEscola. The instructions in PHP
they are compiled and executed at the same time.

Example of PHP code (high level)

print Well coming visitors do InfoEscola!");

print (" Let's go to count until 50:);
for($x=1;$x<=50;$x++) {
print $x;
print " ";
}

if(4 == 2) {
print End do world! 4 é same a 2!
} else {
print Ufa! 4 é different of 2
}
?>

Each programming language is different from the other, containing

own keywords. Examples of high-level languages
areC++JavaC#, Delphi (Pascal), PHP, Visual Basic, etc.
Text originally published in[Link]

PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES: WHAT ARE THEY

MAIN SKILLS AND HOW TO MASTER THEM
June 25, 2019
17 minutes to read

Reading time 16 min

Working with technology is the dream of many young people who have an affinity for the field. After all, good

opportunities in large companies are plentiful — in addition to above-average salaries

market. Do you identify with this scenario? Then you should know that having mastery of

programming languages are fundamental for success incareer.

However, you probably know that there are several existing languages to meet the demand.
of companies and make so many systems and applications a reality. With that, questions arise about

how to learn them in the best way and what the market expects from technology professionals.
Thinking about this, we prepared this guide for you to understand what the main languages are.

programming that exists today, how is it possible to learn about the trends in the field and
how to master them with mastery. Shall we go?

The history of programming languages

A história das linguagens de programação é bastante longa e teve seu início há muitas décadas —
and it is also not our intention to recount it in detail on this occasion. However, it is

interesting to know a brief overview of humanity's first steps in contact with the

technology to understand your purpose.

First of all, it is worth noting that its history is directly related to the emergence of

first intelligent machines: through them, the intent has always been to transform the sequences

logics in resolutions for problems. This leads us to the French Joseph-Mariae Jacquard, who
created a loom capable of replacing man in his production process.

It was while observing this machine that Ada Lovelace created algorithms interpreted by the first

computer of history (developed by Charles Babbage). Thus, the concept began.

programming language and, gradually, the scholars in the field realized that they would be

several of them are necessary to solve different problems.

As you may have seen in the movie The Imitation Game, Alan Turing was also very
important in understanding the importance of intelligent machines, providing even more foundation

for the functional computer that we know today. At that time, the languages worked with

codes of 0 and 1, which made the lives of professionals complicated.

In the 1950s, Assembly emerged, the language that is closest to machines, but that,
still, it already made it easier for people to understand. Its creation sparked the interest of these
scholars, who saw the opportunity to humanize even these codes. Soon, they came to Fortran,

Lisp and Cobol.

Already in the 1970s, some languages were created that are still used today, such as

C (which we will get to know later). From this point, many others were derived from C,

paving the way for the technological evolution that made it possible toIndustry 4.0what we live

today.

The main types of programming languages

Now that you understand a little more about the emergence of programming languages,

the time has come to discover what are the main ones found in the market

currently. Stay alert, as theprofessional of the futureYou should know at least one of them.

Java

This object-oriented language appeared around 1995, promising to be fast, secure,

reliable and cross-platform. This is because programs created in Java do not remain in code

native to the platform. Instead, they are compiled to an intermediate form called

bytecode is executed through a virtual machine.

In this way, a programmer who develops a system in Java performs this process only once.

time, being able to execute it later on any platform that offers support for it

language.

When you need to access your virtual bank account from a computer or even
some applications of the Federal Revenue of Brazil are in contact with the biggest examples of
application of this technology.
A myth that circulates widely in the technology market is that this programming language is

hard to learn. However, the difficulty often arises due to the concepts of orientation to
objects that may not be clear to professionals. Understanding this particularity, the sky
it is the limit for the professional.

JavaScript

According to aStack Overflow surveyJavaScript is the programming language

most used by the sample programmers, exceeding 69%. With it, it is possible to do with
that all the functions developed create life in front of the users - that is, it deals with all the

visual interactions with the platform or system.

You know when you open a photo album and you can interact with the pages, as if

were handling a book? Or, then, when you navigate a map, zooming in or

expanding it to access better images? These are referential examples of the

JavaScript.

Python

Although it has been around for decades, Python has gained popularity in recent years. This language

its main objective is to enhance the readability and productivity of the system, with codes

easy to maintain and low amount of special characters.

If you dream of working at Google one day, know that programming in Python is a requirement.

primordial - at NASA as well, out of curiosity. Besides being a high-level language, it includes

with an immense library and good frameworks, making the professional's life easier.

C Language

If you have ever started a technology course, you have certainly come into contact with C. It is quite

common in the academic environment, as it gives rise to various programming languages,

like C++ and C#. It is with it that the student learns the logic of creating algorithms, because it is

intuitive and easy to learn. It is not necessary to set up a local environment on the machine to

execute it - after all, most operating systems already use it as a base.

Many say that it is possible to do almost everything in C, even though it is not the ideal language for

some applications. One of its characteristics is modularity: there are several blocks in which the

functions are not interconnected. The most well-known example of use is the operating system

Linux.

PHP

When we talk about websites, PHP is certainly one of the most sought-after languages. Have you heard of it?

Facebook and WordPress, aren't they? They are the best examples you can find.
market today of its applications. Due to its open source code, many professionals have already contributed

to improve it.

PHP is also rich in frameworks, which assist in the development of software in such a way

to simplify them. Among the most used in the market are:

Laravel;
Symphony;
Zend;
Phalcon;
CakePHP
Yii;
CodeIgniter.

SQL

Structured Query Language (more commonly known as SQL) has as its main function

to manipulate databases in an agile and uncomplicated way. What happens is that each one
These databases have a standard syntax, which is enhanced by each programmer for their benefit.
Por essa razão, a portabilidade é um pouco mais difícil. Mesmo assim, é bastante usada pelos

professionals.

SQL has some subtopics:

DML: to access and manipulate the information of databases, they are commonly used
SELECT, INSERT, DELETE, and UPDATE commands;
DDL: in order to alter the structures in which the data is inserted, the professional responsible for
database system (known as DBA) uses the commands CREATE, ALTER, and DROP;
In this case, GRANT and REVOKE are the commands used to assign or revoke privileges of
access to users.

Ruby

Do you need a language that focuses on simplicity and productivity? Ruby emerged with

this proposal. Furthermore, it seeks to provide flexibility to programmers, who can

change various parts of the code - either by adding or removing some fragment.

By using symbols (such as @ and $) and not needing variable declarations, the

professionals can easily identify the role of each function. The result is a

language whose reading is quite natural, and writing is simplified.

The Ruby on Rails framework is quite beloved by programmers. In fact, it brings together several

professionals in theRails Girlsevents aimed at encouraging women of different ages to

learn technology.

4 steps to learn programming

There are several languages to be part of your professional routine, aren't there? Many
they will be part of the specifications for various job openings in the country for the next few years. However, before

Before you start thinking about what your favorite is, you need to learn how to program. Do you know how?

start studying the area? Take a look at these steps we have listed below.

Choose your specialty

To start the career on the right foot, it is necessary to have a plan and, of course, focus.

Indeed, choosing the area in which you wish to work within the field of Computing is essential.
You can be a data analyst, technical support, software developer, among many others.

possibilities.

When it comes to programming, you can take some specialty paths, such as the

that you will get to know next.

Backend

When you choose backend as a specialty, you will work with the part of the software that
stays on the server, ensuring the integrity of the data and all its functioning, in accordance with the

suggested business rule. The programming languages used by these professionals are
PHP, Java, JavaScript, Python, Ruby, and C#.

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Frontend

The professional who chooses this specialty works with the visual aspect of systems,

working on the codes that run in the browser. It doesn't necessarily need to perform,

the backend function. However, it is important to have a notion of software architecture, a

since your codes will communicate with what was developed on the server.
The most used languages by frontend developers are JavaScript, CSS, and HTML. They
They also work with frameworks such as Angular, [Link], and React.

Fullstack

By now, you must already imagine that the fullstack developer is a complete professional,

who performs well in both the frontend and the backend, right? Well, he is quite

valued by the job market, as he/she knows the technologies and their architecture in depth.

2. Take a Computer Engineering course

Learning so many concepts and applications is much easier when you have a partner to

motivating him and guiding him on this journey for knowledge, right? That's why choosing a

course as complete as theComputer Engineeringmakes all the difference in your education

and your professional development.

During the five years of the course, you learn a lot about market trends, the challenges
from the area and, of course, the programming languages. These are some of the topics that are part of the

curricular grade:

software engineering;
software and application development;
artificial intelligence
graphics computing;
control and automation;
system software;
game design;
telecommunications;
control and automation.

Teachers will certainly be the first mentors you have during this journey,

directing to the best theorists in the field and showing how the work functions in practice.

You can still enjoy the atmosphere of thecollegeand all the resources available to

study a lot — as is the case with laboratories and libraries.

3. Learn the basics of logic and algorithms

Recognizing patterns and solving problems are two qualities of a good programmer. But,
To do this well, one must have an understanding of logic and algorithms, so that your work is effective.

in an efficient and correct function, following the instructions defined at first. Manipulate data
it is another practice that requires this knowledge.

Invest in learning English

This tip actually applies to any professional who wants to stand out in the market.

Knowing other languages, especially English, puts you ahead of the competition.

providing good job opportunities and higher salaries. Learning the technical part of
language is a rich resource to include in the resume.

This not to mention that many study materials have not yet been (or perhaps will not be) translated.

for Portuguese — from textbooks to web forums that discuss how to resolve
problems with applications. Understanding these technical messages can help a lot when you

needs quick and direct assistance to understand how a language works.

Moreover, most companies standardize the writing of codes in English, so that there is
organization and all collaborators can understand what has been done. This also helps those who

programmer who wants to learn the language by observing the lines produced by professionals

more experienced.

How to master programming languages

Learning a programming language is not one of the easiest tasks, as you could.
understand. But to be that professional sought after by companies, it is necessary to master the

technology you are going to work with — and this mission will not be so difficult after these tips
what you are going to learn now.
Practice whenever you can

You must have heard a lot that 'practice makes perfect', right? This saying is so
spread in society because it is true and applicable in various sectors of our

lives. To truly master a programming language, it is necessary to work with it the

maximum possible, getting familiar with their particularities and gradually learning the

tricks to circumvent any complications.

To do this, you can build system mockups, put into practice an idea that optimizes.

the routine production or even creating software for an existing or imaginary business.

Don't give up in the face of difficulties

Mainly in the first encounters with programming language, you will face

some difficulties during the execution. This is normal, do not despair. The important thing is
not to give up in the face of challenges and to insist until your functions work in the best way

possible, running well on the system.

Keep the focus on one language

Here, we don't mean to say that you can only deeply understand one language. It would be great if

to master several of them, especially when it comes to the job market and competition. But,
At first, it is necessary to focus only on one to learn everything about it — in the future.

Next, you can move on to the next one, expanding your knowledge.

Talk to professionals in the field

Talk to those who already understand the programming language you intend to work with.
can provide good insights for your learning. After all, they have already experienced many challenges in

your professional routine and can give tips on how to handle these situations well.
With them, you can clear all your doubts and learn those peculiarities that the

language presents, but they are not well explored in teaching materials — it becomes easier
understand from everyday examples, right?

Job market for a programmer

With so many technological resources available today, companies find themselves facing numerous

possibilities of growth andinnovationThat's why we hardly find any

a business that does not require a good programmer to turn ideas into an application

practice.

Due to this demand, it is easy to understand the reason for the salaries offered to these professionals.

they are so high. To give you an idea, interns already start with an average of R$1,800 —

que sobe para a faixa de R$4 mil a R$7 mil quando são contratados. Já um programador sênior
can earn up to R$20 thousand, depending on the specifications of the position.

The same Stack Overflow survey we mentioned earlier reveals interesting data.

about the programming market: only 5% of professionals in the field are looking for a

job — while others already work independently or are connected to a

company. This is because, each year, various job openings arise that are often even difficult to get.

to fill in this relationship of high demand and low quantity of qualified people.

Outro dado revelador sobre a área é que a presença de programadoras mulheres tem crescido nos

recent times. Although they are still a minority,they represent about 23% of

technology professionals and 15% of enrollmentsin courses that involve Computing. The
the trend is that these numbers will continue to increase in the coming years.

Furthermore, there are several opportunities for programmers abroad, mainly

Germany, Ireland, Portugal, and the United States. This demand is explained by the trust that these
countries benefit from Brazilian professionals and salaries — although they are advantageous for

those who work still represent savings for employers. Have you thought about conquering a
vacancy of these?

How to do well in the market?

Whether abroad or in their country of origin, a good programmer has characteristics in

common, which give it a fundamental role in companies. We will see some next.
of these qualities that will make you stand out.

Working in a team

A programmer can work alone most of the time, focused on their black screen with
green letters. But, at the end of the day, he needs to know what the team is doing, because his task,

many times, it depends on steps that are the responsibility of another person.

In a technology-focused team, everyone must be on the same page, aware of what the

colleagues are working to resolve any issues that arise in the final product. That's why

agile methodologies suggest daily and weekly meetings to check the progress of the

tasks.

Have patience to try

Patience is a quality that can be developed during the undergraduate studies to contribute to

a complete formation and, consequently, professional success. Learning something

programming language, errors can occur frequently, making it necessary to have

calma para solucioná-los. Isso você leva para outras situações da rotina na área.
Being self-taught

In college, with the support of the professors and the entire academic community, there are moments when

that the student needs to be self-taught to truly learn a subject. In the market for

the same happens at work.

A programmer can have access to the best books and the most renowned authors in the field.
However, there will be situations in which only the famous 'getting hands-on' will be effective to
the understanding of the theme.

There is respect for deadlines and quality

Deadlines are necessary especially when working with interrelated deliveries, where

one task depends on the other. Still, one cannot overlook the quality of what is done.

to avoid harming the results further down the line. The ideal is to find the balance between these
two fronts.

Just look at how many opportunities there are for those interested in programming languages! If you are

worried about the skills necessary to do well in the market, don't forget to count

with a quality institution that cares about your professional development. This
it is already the first step to achieve a successful career.

If it is this support that you need,learn about the Computer Engineering coursefrom ESEG.

Know the benefits of studying at a college that provides a solid education and

high employability for its students.

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2 thoughts on 'Programming languages: which are the
main ones and how to master them

1. video editor said:

November 20, 2020 at 6:55 PM

congratulations on the article, it helped me a lot

Responder

2. Bmpavandisse:

January 7, 2021 at 1:07 am

This page is useful, my thanks!

I have a question for You:

What was the First Programming Language or Programming in the Earliest Dates

Valved Centers (Data Processing Center) invented in 1939 (EDVAC),

1943 (US-EDSAC), 1946 (ENIAC), 1952 (IBM), because in those times there were no

languages known today! and how they informed the machine about their

components, its internal network, its power source, etc... so that it could generate

your binary codes (data) and transform them into information and register them in
papers (cutting) and/or video (monitor) ????

By Bmpavan

..

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12 high-demand professions to keep an eye on in the coming years

Programming languages: what are the main ones and how to master them
 In the end, what does a computer engineer do?

htps://[Link]/linguagens-de-programacao/

The importance of programming language?

An example is that the programming language allowed for interoperability.
between NASA systems and space robots, using Java.
This leads us to the fact that the programming language, whether high level or low level,
allows software to communicate with hardware to execute
predefined tasks in instructions, which are manually operated by a
human being, could possibly lead to error.
Thanks to programming language, we can use math to
operate machines and programs.