BOLIVARIAN REPUBLIC OF VENEZUELA

MINISTRY OF POPULAR POWER FOR EDUCATION

U.E.N CARMEN BARRAGAN DE CHIRINOS

BARQUISIMETO-LARA STATE

PREPARATION OF AN INSECTICIDE FROM NEEM (AZADIRACHTA

INDICATIONS FOR THE PRESERVATION OF PAPRIKA (Capsicum Annuum)
The Parish El Cuji Sabana Grande Sector

BARQUISIMETO-LARA

SCHOOL YEAR 2018-2019

Authors:

Eusibeth Lugo

Valeria Peña

Abel Castañeda

Tutor:

Endy Garrido

SABANA GRANDE, June 2019

 INDEX

DEDICATION
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER

THE PROBLEM

Problem Statement .......................................... 2

Research Objectives ………………………………………………… 3
General Objective ………………………………………………………………3
Specific Objectives ................................................3

Justification ……………………………………………………………………………...3
II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Background ................................................................. 4

Theoretical Bases............................................................. 8
Legal Bases 9

III METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK

Nature of the Research.................................................. 10 Type

of research………………………………………………………….. 10
Hypothesis...................................................... 11

Technique and Data Collection Instrument………………………………. 11

Data Analysis Technique…………………...………………….….…………………… 11
 INTRODUCTION

For decades, there has been a constant search for an alternative that
replace the use of synthetic insecticides, which are highly potent and
that although they serve a purpose, their effects are highly dangerous both
to animal populations, like humans and consequently to the environment. In
In this sense, there are many institutions and scientists who have dedicated themselves to...
recommended the use of some plants to process natural insecticides, such as
it is the case of neem seed, whose component is identified as
azadirachtin produces antihormonal and antifeeding effects in insects
pests, turning it into an element that applied to crops inhibits the
reproduction of insects without causing harm to crops, users, and the environment.
Based on the above, this research was carried out with the aim of
I started to develop an insecticide from Neem (Azadirachta indica) for the
preservation of Paprika (capsicum anneuum group) in the El Cují parish
Barquisimeto 2018-2019. Thus, the research was structured in five (3)
chapters. Chapter I, related to the problem statement,
objetivos, justificación e importancia, alcances y limitaciones del estudio. El
Chapter II, represented by the Theoretical Framework, containing the background or
previous studies, theoretical bases, legal and hypotheses. Chapter III, referring to the
Methodological Framework, describing the nature of the research, sample,
Procedure, techniques and data collection instrument and technique of
analysis

Lastly, the bibliographic references are reflected, as well as the

concerning the annexes.
 CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM

Statement of the Problem

Nowadays, there is a great diversity of insecticides, which fulfill the

requirements for what have been designed, whose main purpose is to eradicate
those insects that are not beneficial and even the insects that become
as pests and undesirable elements in gardens and farming areas. However, these
types of insecticides that exist today according to Ahmed (2012), 'they have a
high degree of effectiveness, but just as they provide some benefits in the
eradication of pests can also cause serious damage to both users
and to the environment

Since the common insecticide is made with chemicals and others

components are harmful to the environment, health, and even to themselves
plant or fruit. These harmful properties that arise from chemicals damage the
ozone layer and pollution in some cases. According to Ahmed, he emphasizes:

The study of new pest control methods is essential. Plants, in

together, they produce more than 100,000 known low molecular weight substances
also as secondary metabolites. These are usually non-essential
for the basic metabolic process of the plant. On the other hand, Dixon (2001) points out
Nowadays it is known that these secondary metabolites play an important role in
the defensive mechanism of plants" Therefore, in recent years, there is a
returning to the use of plants as a source of insecticides and pesticides
insurance for the environment and human health Ottaway (2001) states:

Due to the need to find a new natural alternative for control

of insects, pests and thus replacing synthetic pesticides appear the
botanical insecticides offering safety for the environment

Environment and an efficient agronomic option at an affordable low cost

Currently in the country, Venezuelans are searching for solutions for

the scarcity of resources, they have resorted to planting some fruits and vegetables to
self-consumption, but due to the overpriced products for the
pest control, Cermeli (2014) states that "since insecticides
highly expensive, which are not easily found, it becomes optional the
use of plants as a way to preserve crops," of which there is evidence
that through certain compounds of some plants it is possible to generate
a natural biological insecticide, such as can be obtained from the Neem seed,
which according to Quarters (2004): "the Neem plant has an alkaloid obtained from
its seed, which according to its mode of extraction provides a type of
insecticide that produces repellent effects in insects, inhibitor of
nutrition or oviposition, growth and reproduction regulator, what
it implies a potential for extermination and preserving the proliferation crops of
insects especially their fruits

Based on the above, there is a need observed in the field

agricultural solution for the preservation of crop fruits through
a low-cost product that does not pollute the environment and that directly
it does not affect the farmer, this research aims to offer a biological compound
natural or natural insecticide based on the use of an alkaloid that is found
in the Neem seed, whose properties ensure favorable results for
domestic or large-scale cultivation, that is, large areas of planting. Therefore and
The purpose of conducting the study, the following questions arise that will serve as
guidance for achieving objectives Do you think our product is very
accessible? How necessary do you believe our product is? Do you intend to continue
using our insecticide?

Research objectives

General

Develop an insecticide from neem (Azadirachta indica) for the

preservation of melon (cumis melon) in the El Cuji parish, Sabana sector
great Barquisimeto-Lara

School year 2018-2019

specific

Diagnose the need for said insecticide for the crops

 Determine if there are side effects after
use the Neem-based insecticide

•Conduct an interview with farmers who have used the

insecticide

Justification

The realization of this research is based on the need to

search and contribute from the perspective of learning in science
solutions alternatives to problems affecting humanity. In this sense, the
theme of using insecticides that do not harm the user and the environment
constitutes a topic that allows from the perspective and research practice
scientific approaches are addressed with purposes of significant utility for the environment and the
health. In this sense, chemical insecticides being the most widely used at a global level
global according to Reyes (2006), are a calamity in several ways, since
they drastically reduce insect populations. Those that survive their
effects become stronger, more voracious, and without competitors, they multiply
much higher than what is normal for their species, which with the use
indiscriminate use of chemicals has created a strong vicious circle, that is to say that the
Insecticides need to be more concentrated and more destructive to overcome the
resistances of the, while their effects become more harmful to the
environment, and even more so for human beings, among which are included the
people who manipulate it (farmers, gardeners, consumers). In front of
that reality, joining the group of people, scientists, and students who with their
contribution aims to reduce the consequences of using synthetic insecticides,
and in this particular case, of carrying out research projects
innovative, different from other projects carried out by allowing to demonstrate the
knowledge in a scientific practice (experiment) with results that generate
significant contributions, is what justifies the present theoretical-practical study at a level
educational or institutional, in addition to complying with an aspect of
important evaluation for the completion of this high school stage. For
On the other hand, the project is considered important due to its originality in combining.
the knowledge about a plant that is easy to locate (growing in the region)
to offer a natural insecticide and experimentally demonstrate on a
fruit like melon, whose cultivation is easy and common in local farms, in addition to
that its decomposition easily attracts insects, which is a requirement
for the experimental demonstration. From a social point of view, their contribution
focuses on the conveniences and benefits both ecological and health-related,
those who use it in their work. Economically, it constitutes an alternative for
offer their preparation and application procedures at a very low cost due to
the required raw material (natural) and other required material.

CHAPTER II

REFERENTIAL FRAMEWORK

Background

After reviewing the literature and electronic sources, some were found.
references of experiences and studies related to the preparation and use of
natural insecticides of plant origin, which serve as support for the present
research, highlighting the following: In the international context,
Rivera et al. (2014), at the Experimental Station of Medicinal Plants 'Dr.
Juan Tomás Roig conducted a research titled The effect of
botanical origin pesticides on the aphid carolinaia cyperri ainslie. Sayings
authors start from the hypothesis that the fight against pests has always been
difficult for the man who has tried several methods based on this task,
among them, the use of natural substances.

Compared to synthetic products, these natural substances are still

little exploited. Under the conditions of Cuba, the species Mentha spicata L.,
belonging to the Lamiaceae, is mainly affected by the insect
Carolinaia cyperi Ainslie, from the order Homoptera. An experiment was conducted with 2
treatments, each treatment was repeated 3 times and included a control. Both
products proved to be effective in controlling this aphid, after 6
applications with a weekly frequency. The applied methodology consisted of
an entomological inspection of the foliage of Mentha spicata L. (spearmint) which
was in the areas of the Experimental Station of Medicinal Plants,
planted in beds distributed in plots with a random block design and
the presence of a pest was detected. Samples were taken from the leaf area of the
plant where the insects were found and sent to the laboratory
provincial plant health department Havana province for study and identification of
the species.
 Aqueous extracts of plants were prepared based on the literature.
-Aqueous extract of Melia azederach L. (paradise), -Aqueous extract of
Nicotiana tabacum L. (tobacco) + Allium sativum L. (Garlic); subsequently it
made the application. The applications of the aqueous extracts of plants
(botanical origin pesticides) had a weekly frequency, a
pre-assessment, the others were done 48 hours after each application. In the
the counting of living aphid specimens was carried out, for the sampling of
for each treatment, leaves at 3 developmental stages were selected: leaves
young leaves, formed leaves, and old leaves. In the end, they were able to conclude that the
pesticides prepared from Melia azedarach L. and from the mixture of Nicotiana
tobacco L. and Allium sativum L. exerted control over Carolinaia cyperi Ainslieen
Spearmint L, after 6 applications. From which it can be evidenced the
effectiveness of these natural products (extracted from plants) to combat
insects that act as pests affecting crops, their contribution to the present
The study focuses on the fact that natural products when processed for their
methodological use can have positive effects such as what
intends to carry out in this proposal. In the same vein, they carried out
a study for the Institute of Fundamental Research in agriculture
Tropical 'Alejandro de Humbolt' in Havana - Cuba, entitled The
Nim bioinsecticides in the control of insect pests in economic crops.
The objective of the research was to understand the behavior of the different
finished products OleoNim (oily formulation), NeoNim 60 (formulation to
(base of concentrated extract) and aqueous extracts of CubaNim SM (seed
ground), FoliarNim HM (ground leaf) and CubaNim T (Nim cake). To demonstrate
the effectiveness of bioinsecticides derived from Neem was tested
validation on the control of various insects that are pests in crops
of agricultural interest. These tests were conducted based on the presence of
infestation levels in the different crops that would allow

demonstrate the effectiveness of Nim bioinsecticides in pest control

insects. In conclusion, they established that the products derived from Nim
they are effective in combating important agricultural pests, without showing
phytotoxicity in crops, with an impact on the control of D. hyalinata, since with
the applications of OleoNim 80 (10 ml/L) showed maximum efficiencies of 100
% y NeoNim 60 maintained indices above 95. These results constitute
a contribution to the current ongoing research as they demonstrate and validate
the properties of Neem seed for its preparation as an insecticide
natural and extermination of insects. In the Regional context, at the level of studies of
Bachelor's degree specifically at the EU Militarized School Colonel José María
Several studies related to the present project were conducted in Camacaro.
including: Álvarez et al. (2016), in their research
titled 'Comparative Study of the Insecticidal Effect of Greater Nettle (Urtica'
dioica) and the chemical insecticide Biomel for papaya crops (carioca
papaya) in Duaca, Lara state. Period 2015–2016, aimed to
compare the effect of the insecticides Urtica dioica and the chemical Biomel for the
papaya crops. This research was of the experimental field type, whose
resultados permitieron concluir que el uso de insecticida químicos es efectivo en la
eradication of pests, but it generates contamination in crops
especially in fruit, while the organic source like nettle
mayor, además de efectivo en eliminación y reproducción de plaga, no causa
damage to the environment or to the farmer. The contribution generated from this experience to
This project consists of the effectiveness of natural products.
used as an insecticide in the cultivation of fruits, a situation that is intended to be
demonstrate with the Neem seed. In the same level of study and school,
Acosta (2016) conducted his research titled 'Natural Insecticidal Effect of
ocimum basilicum (basil) over the lycopersicon esculentum (tomato) cultivated
in an urban garden of

municipality of Palavecino, state of Lara," whose objective was to study the effect
of natural origin insecticide (basil) on the tomato crop or plant. The
the study was experimental fieldwork, starting from the preparation of the insecticide and
your application under observation. The results evidenced the positive aspects of the
effects of the product, regarding: abundance in the number of leaves, a
high percentage of fruits and low or nearly zero presence of pests, which allowed
recommend the frequent use of this natural insecticide in gardens with crops of
fruits. This experience validates the purpose of the present research, for
how much objectively demonstrates the positive effects derived from the
natural products as insecticides on fruit crops, as is sought
to demonstrate in the preservation of melon. Likewise, Andrade (2016) in his
Research work "Evaluation of the allelopathic effect of garlic extract (Allium
(sativum) on onion crops (allium cepa) as an agricultural technique
ecological in the urban garden 'El Palaciero' in Palavecino, state of Lara. Period
2015–2016. Methodologically, the research is confined as
quantitative of experimental field, given the subjection and application of the
insecticida en el ámbito natural del cultivo a ser observado. Phase completed
experimental, the results showed economic feasibility and growth
of plants like onion under the allelopathic effect (one plant on another) of
allowing low-cost onion cultivation, quality, and protection
pests in their growth. Previous investigations serve as a foundation
to the present project, as they demonstrate knowledge and the effectiveness of the
components of certain plants as insecticides in preservation of
crops and their fruits; likewise, the feasibility of the elaboration and the
methodology for its application, which becomes a theoretical support of
practical trend for this study.

Theoretical Bases

Annually, one third of food production is destroyed.

due to crop and stored product pests, for which it is done
essential to study new pest control methods: One must create
new alternatives for the total elimination of the use of contaminating pesticides
or if one wants to minimize its application, to achieve crop quality and not
allows for the destruction or degradation of soils due to these

In recent years, there has been a resurgence in the use of plants as sources of
safe pesticides for the environment and human health. Since according to
Sánchez (2002) "without a doubt, natural insecticides from extracts
vegetables constitute a very interesting alternative for insect control
Peña (2010) affirms, If substances can be created
synthetically by ourselves, why not do them taking into account
plants whose properties have already been made, created as a result of the centuries by
through natural selection, it must be much easier to produce these substances
pesticides from plants as carried out by scientists
industrial...

Certainly, it is much easier to obtain these substances from plants.

only that there is a major mishap because the plants have many
more elements that need to be investigated due to their combinations with
other reactive substances.

Theory that underpins the research

The present study is based on the Biological Theory presented by the

botanical Quarters (2004), called the Active Principle, which constitutes it
element Azadiractin, which "is structurally similar to the hormone of the
insects called Ecdysone (molting hormone), which controls the process of
metamorphosis of insects" p.231, that is when they go from larva to pupa and to
adult or the growth changes. Therefore, it is established that neem is a
plant that has a high insecticidal power, and the greatest amount of this potential
it is found in the seeds, in which the main ingredients are: The
Azadirachtin and its derivatives generally cause an inhibition of
growth and alter the metamorphosis. These substances cause a disorder
hormonal at different stages in the development of the growth process of
insect. Azadirachtin can also reduce the fertility of females and
cause partial or total sterility of the eggs. The oil, an important part of the
neem products, inhibit egg deposition and lead to Notebook of
Investigation No. 59 23 an alteration of the behavior of several insects.
On the other hand, for the botanist Quarters (2004), most of the effects
antihormonal and anti-nutritional properties of neem are due to azadirachtin. In fact
it is considered that 72 to 90% of the biological activity of neem is due to the
content in azadirachtin. Some authors have demonstrated a reduction in the
synthesis of ecdisone upon applying the active principle that supports this study.

Legal bases

The present research project is based on two laws.

specific: Organic Law of the Environment (2006) and the Comprehensive Agricultural Health Law
(2008). Organic Law of the Environment (2006). TITLE VI ON RESEARCH AND
ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION: Guidance, promotion and encouragement of studies and
research for informational purposes.

Article 75 The National Environmental Authority will guide, promote and

will promote studies and basic and applied research on the environment,
according to the laws that regulate the matter. It will also promote, support and
it will consolidate projects with institutions, national universities and
international, peoples and indigenous communities, communal councils and
organized communities with an environmental vocation. Orientation of studies
and research.

Article 76 The studies and investigations referred to in Article

the previous ones will be primarily directed towards the knowledge of ecosystems and the
biological diversity, in order to understand its potentialities, benefits
environmental and limitations, with the aim of guiding the sustainable use of the
populations with economic potential and preserve the species.

This law, through the cited articles, allows for articulation and support in
consolidate, promote in educational institutions, the purpose of the projects
research like this, which will provide valuable information such as
contribution of its results that benefit the environment and natural resources that
they shape it for agricultural activity, such is the case with fruit crops and their
preservation.

Comprehensive Agricultural Health Law (2008). Agroecological projects

Article 50. For the purposes of applying agroecology, the National Executive,
through its competent bodies and entities, in co-management with the councils
communes, towns, indigenous communities and any other form of
organization and community participation that are developed, will carry out the
necessary diagnostics that allow for the detection of the existence of some
agricultural health problem caused by the use of a production model
ecologically sustainable agriculture. In that sense, they will propose the formulation and
execution of projects with an agroecological perspective in relation to the case
raised, aimed at ensuring an agricultural production respectful of
our environmental and cultural environment.

In the same way as the previous one, the foundation and legal basis of health law
integral agriculture, is within the power of participation that as
students generate projects related to crops (fruits) and procedures
(use of natural products) that contribute to the environment and a diet
optimal (agroecological).
 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK

The present chapter refers to the field of the methodology in which we

develop a research, that is, where its nature is defined and of
where its orientation starts on how it will be carried out through the selection of
methods and procedures that will be applied. Therefore, as stated
some authors, corresponds to the context in which the research is classified
according to how the phenomenon is described or explained; others in the way of observing the fact, of
control the variables or simply the strategy adopted for the collection
of the data. In light of the above, this research project is
framed within the positivist paradigm using an approach
quantitative and hypothetical-deductive method. It is important to highlight that the research
quantitative according to Hernández, Fernández and Baptista (2005), is 'a process
methodical and systematic aimed at the search for solutions of
scientific problems or questions through the production of new
"knowledge," which constitutes the solution or answers to such
questions. Likewise, for Márquez (2006) the "quantitative research
it allows to describe or explain the phenomenon; as well as in the way of observing the
fact, to control the variables or simply the strategy adopted for the
"collection of numerical expression data". In such a way that they are identified to
through numbers the results obtained from the diagnosis conducted.

Nature of Research

Regarding the nature of this research, it is

framed within the quantitative positivist paradigm, which according to Marquez is
defined as "an activity aimed at problem-solving. Where

its objective is to find answers to questions through the use of

scientific processes and numerical records, that is, quantifiable data.
it will be carried out by employing the hypothetical deductive method, which is a
process that allows the researcher to follow a series of steps which
he will define a phenomenon that he wants to know or propose several different hypotheses
in order to explain it. As Van Dalen stated, quoted by Márquez, which
indicates that a Theory of this type consists of: "a set of propositions
hypotheticals in which the supposed existing relationships between the
phenomena

Preparation and Preservation.

Number of seeds

Seed color

Method

Means of preservation

-Peso en Kg

Maturation (yellowish-green)

Pressed and crushed -dark bottles

Dependent: Preservation of the melon

Effectiveness of the compound.

Low concentration

High concentration

Quantity of 2kg per 1 liter of water

Quantity of 5kg per 1 liter of water

Hypothesis

Yes, it is possible to replace toxic chemicals with elements

biodegradable materials for the preservation of melon So... the result
the effect of using this product will eradicate the proliferation of
mosquitoes on melon fruit, avoiding the risk of environmental contamination
and of the users.
Phase I Procedure: Field

Collection of seeds from a population of Neem trees when they

they are in the foliage period with green seeds

-yellowish; this collection method is manual, directly from the

trees.

For the preparation of the insecticide, 4000g of seeds will be used, before
make the seed mixture

-water, the seeds will be placed and wrapped in a towel, leaving them
submerged in abundant water for 12 hours (at night).

After the resting period, the towel will be removed and the procedure will continue with the
pressing method (as its name indicates, it consists of pressing the towel)
more than can be) and crushed seed, in order to extract the maximum amount of
substance.

Placing the aqueous extract of Neem in a dark jar, avoiding its

exposure to sunlight.

Phase II of Laboratory

Having the substance or aqueous extract of Neem, the next step is to locate a
box control group, in which the fruit (melon) will be placed; these boxes
they are classified as A without protection, B outdoors and with little spraying and C
with constant application of the prepared or substance. The spraying period with the
the substance will take place in 9 to 10 days; having a natural area as the location
(farm) or residence of one of the researchers. The experiment will be conducted as follows:

a) In box A, a melon will be placed without any protection, that is, outdoors, and
without receiving spraying of the substance.

b) In box B, a melon will be placed, also outdoors, to which will be applied

a common spray once a day, the concentration amount will be
approximately 2 kilograms of seeds diluted in 1 liter. c) In box C: is
It will place a melon, but the application for this box will be more concentrated, it is
to say 5 kilos of seeds in 1 liter of water, with a spraying period of every 10
hours per day, during daylight hours.

Techniques and Instruments for Data Collection

 For information gathering, as a data collection technique we
will utilize direct and objective observation of each box during the procedures
of sprays; then the data will be recorded on a sheet or instrument of
observation. This type of observation is also called Non-observation
Participant, who according to Balestrini, "the observer does not engage in a way
directly with the events of interest otherwise remains on the sidelines and
choose non-intervention trying to generate high degrees of objectivity, This
technique will allow obtaining and recording reliable data that provide a high
degree of accuracy in the research, in this case the effectiveness of preservation that
offer the insecticide. Also as a tool to facilitate collection,
the collection and classification of information will use the collection sheet
data previously indicated, with the help of worksheets, for a better
organization of the consulted sources. Regarding the observation instrument
for data collection, it consists of the aspects to observe: day and
fecha de observación, n° insectos (número de insectos presentes), Hora 1R
(first spraying hour), Hour 2R (second spraying hour).

Regarding the validation of the instrument, it will be subject to the method of

expert judgment, which according to Hernández and others (2001), 'validity refers to'
degree to which a measuring instrument really measures the variable(s) that it
they intend to study”, to determine this characteristic, one can take into account
different types of evidence related to the content, the criterion and the
builder, which in this case corresponds to the responsible teachers of the
evaluation of school projects, with the aim of verifying clarity,
precision and objectivity of the items, in relation to the proposed objectives.

Data analysis techniques

According to what Balestrini expressed, the analysis and interpretation of the

results refer to "first process the results and then
descifrarlos”,en este particular lo observado, se pretende reducir y sistematizar
any type of information, so the following procedure will be adopted: -
daily record in the observation collection instrument for each
box, for a period of ten (10) consecutive days. - the recorded data is
they will total and tabulate in tables for each box of the experiment, where
present the absence or approximate quantities of insects. The items
corresponding to this tabulation are: D = days of observation. R1 =
spraying (2kg /1lt - 2 times a day). R2 = sprayed (5kg / 1lt 2 times a day). Pi =
Presence of insects/amount F = frequency or amount of insects. After
this process will involve the graphical representation in bars with his
descriptive interpretation. Based on the expressed results, we will proceed to
objectively create a body of conclusions and recommendations.
 References

Álvarez et al. (2018). Comparative study of the insecticidal effect of nettle

nettle (Urtica dioica) and the chemical insecticide Biomel for papaya crops
(carioca papaya) in Duaca, Lara state. Period 2018–2019. Project of
Research. UEN. Carmen Barragán de Chirinos Barquisimeto - Lara state

Ahmed L. (2016). La India Agrónoma. Ediciones Iberoamericana, Argentina

Andrade (2018). Evaluation of the allelopathic effect of garlic extract (allium

sativum) on onion crops (Allium cepa) as an agricultural technique
ecological in the urban garden "El Palaciero" in Palavecino, Lara state. Period
2018–2019. Research Project. UEN. Carmen Barragán de Chirinos
Barquisimeto - Lara state

Acosta (2018). Natural insecticidal effect of ocimum basilicum (basil) on

the lycopersicon esculentum (tomato) grown in an urban garden of the municipality
Palavecino, Lara state. Research Project. UEN. Carmen Barragán of
Chirinos Barquisimeto - Lara state.

Quarters, H. (2004). Botanical Study of plants with pesticide effects.

University of Chile, Chil

Reyes I. (2006). Diversity of Neem use. Research work of the

University of Havana, Cuba

Lugo, E. (2018) The link is available:[Link]

[Link]

[CONSULTA: 10/04 AL 05/06–HORA DE 06PM A 09PM]

Annexes