Boundary Layer Dynamics and Friction Factors
Translated by
ScribdTranslationsBoundary Layer Dynamics and Friction Factors
Translated by
ScribdTranslations4.2.1-SPEED AND THICKNESS PROFILES OF THE LAYER.
In the boundary layer, the velocity distribution is monotonically increasing, starting from zero at the surface.
contact of the fluid with the object, until reaching the value of the uniform speed of the
external current. In a certain position (between the leading edge and the trailing edge), it
define the boundary layer thickness δ, as the position (normal to the section) where it is reached
speed of the outer current. Due to the asymptotic nature of the velocity distribution, it
it is usually experimentally defined the thickness of the boundary layer, by the position where it is reached
99% of the speed of the external current.
δ(x) = y / theoretically: u = U; experimentally: u = 0.99.
The displacement thickness δ* is defined as the additional thickness that the object should have.
in a certain section, in order to consider a single non-viscous region.
Both the thickness of the boundary layer and the displacement thickness depend on the geometry and the
Reynolds number. Thus, for flow over a flat plate (and in general for objects that oppose
small frontal area), the thickness of the boundary layer is very small, and therefore the thickness of
displacement, so the effect of displacement and the distribution can be disregarded
pressures along the plate can be determined with Euler's equation of inviscid flow,
as if the boundary layer did not exist.
For objects that present a large frontal area to the flow, although the boundary layer remains
relatively small, there are separation points of the boundary layer, which originate its
detachment from the surface and the formation of a turbulent wake, of high vorticity and of
non-stationary character. There is no analytical solution, and only with certain models of
turbulence and with numerical techniques, it is possible to solve the problem.
4.3-LAMINAR BOUNDARY LAYER AND TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER OVER A
ROUGH FLAT PLATE.
The figure below represents a fixed plate with an affiliated leading edge.
submerged in a uniform flow at infinity, whose speed at infinity is
constant and parallel to the plate. The fluid in contact by adhesion remains fixed, and
the successive layers experience a slowing down. As the current advances through the
plate, but fluid layers are affected by this braking.
The thickness δ of the boundary layer drawn in the figure (see the curve in it–
the boundary of the boundary layer-) is conventionally defined as the distance
from the surface to the point where its speed differs from the speed
corresponding to the ideal fluid in a 1 percent. The figure where it takes place
transition, that is to say, where the laminar flow begins to become unstable and
turbulence begins to develop within the boundary layer. The figure
It also indicates where the boundary layer becomes distinctly turbulent, increasing
more and more downstream the thickness of it.
The conclusions of this study are universal and their importance lies in that,
As we have already said, in this boundary layer only the
viscosity phenomena in low-viscosity fluids (air and water).
Figure: increasing thickness of the boundary layer. At the distance x₁ is laminar and to the
distancex₂ turbulent.
In the laminar boundary layer, the velocity distribution is close to that marked by
the Poiseuille flow, that is a parabolic distribution; although the solution
it can be obtained by integrating the Prandtl equations: it is the so-called
Blasius solution.
In the turbulent boundary layer, the velocity distribution has non-linear profiles.
parabolic, with average speeds very close to that of the outer region, and of
impossible analytical resolution.
4.3.1-FRICTION AND RESISTANCE COEFFICIENT.
It is the force that resists the movement of two surfaces in contact that slide over each other.
They act tangentially to the surface at the points of contact of the two bodies.
It opposes the movement or possible relative movement of the contact points.
The friction factor or Darcy-Weisbach resistance coefficient (f) is a parameter
dimensionless that is used influid dynamicsto calculate the pressure loss in
apipedue to thefriction.
The calculation of the friction factor and the influence of two parameters(Reynolds number,King
relative roughness, εrIt depends on the flow regime.
For rough turbulent flow, the 2nd equation of Karmann-Prandtl is used:
In turbulent rough regime, the friction factor depends only on the relative roughness.
Another equation that can be used in rough turbulent flow is that of Swamee and Jain.
Alternatively to the above, the coefficient of friction can be determined graphically.
by means of theMoody diagram. Well entering with the Reynolds number (laminar regime)
or with the Reynolds number and the relative roughness (turbulent regime)
Once the coefficient of friction is known, the pressure drop in a
pipe due to friction using the Darcy Weisbach equation: