SCHOOL OF POLYTECHNIC ENGINEERING OF THE COAST

FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

COMPUTING

BROCHURE OF SOLVED PROBLEMS AND

PROPOSALS
ELECTRONICS I
(Draft 1.0)

PROFESSOR:

ING. GOMER RUBIO ROLDAN

Content
INTRODUCTION 6
ASSIGNMENT N°1 7
ELEMENTS OF TWO TERMINALS: CUTTERS AND HOLDERS 7
Exercise 1 7
Exercise 2 10
Exercise 3 13
Exercise 4 18
Exercise 5 22
Exercise 6 24
Exercise 7 26
Exercise 8 28
Exercise 9 31
PROPOSED PROBLEMS 36
HOMEWORK N° 2 46
TERMINAL ELEMENTS: OPERATION POINTS 46
Exercise 1 46
Exercise 2 50
Exercise 3 54
Exercise 4 57
PROPOSED PROBLEMS 60
DUTY N°3 64
ELEMENTS OF TWO TERMINALS: TRANSFER FUNCTIONS 64
Ejercicio 1 64
Exercise 2 70
Exercise 3 75
Exercise 4 82
Exercise 5 88
Exercise 6 93
Exercise 7 96
Exercise 8 102
Exercise 9 106
Exercise 10 111
Exercise 11 118
PROPOSED EXERCISES 123
HOMEWORK N°4 129
RECTIFIERS AND CAPACITOR FILTERS 129
Exercise 1 129
Exercise 2 131
Exercise 3 134
Exercise 4 138
Exercise 5 141
Exercise 6 144
Exercise 7 146
Exercise 8 152
Exercise 9 156
Exercise 10 159
Exercise 11 162
Exercise 12 169
Exercise 13 171
Exercise 14 173
PROPOSED PROBLEMS 177
DUTY No. 5 186
BJT TRANSISTORS: OPERATING REGIONS 186
Exercise 1 186
Exercise 2 188
Exercise 3 191
Exercise 4 193
PROPOSED PROBLEMS 198
ASSIGNMENT No. 6 207
BJT TRANSISTORS: OPERATING POINTS 207
Exercise 1 207
Exercise 2 208
Exercise 3 212
Exercise 4 218
Exercise 5 220
Exercise 6 221
PROPOSED PROBLEMS 227
ASSIGNMENT No. 7 232
BJT TRANSISTORS: VOLTAGE REGULATORS 232
Exercise 1 232
Exercise 2 234
Exercise 3 238
Exercise 4 240
PROBLEMAS PROPUESTOS 242
DUTY No. 8 244
BJT TRANSISTORS: SMALL SIGNAL AMPLIFIERS 244
Exercise 1 244
Exercise 2 250
Exercise 3 252
Exercise 4 255
Exercise 5 258
PROPOSED PROBLEMS 260
HOMEWORK N° 9 264
OTHER DEVICES WITH THREE AND FOUR TERMINALS 264
Exercise 1 264
Exercise 2 266
Exercise 3 268
Exercise 4 269
Exercise 5 273
PROPOSED PROBLEMS 275
HOMEWORK No. 10 277
IDEAL OP-AMP AND ITS BASIC APPLICATIONS 277
Exercise 1 277
Exercise 2 279
Exercise 3 281
Exercise 4 283
Exercise 5 285
Exercise 6 287
Exercise 7 290
PROPOSED PROBLEMS 292
Rectifier annexes 296
 INTRODUCTION

This brochure aims to guide the Electronics I student in the different

topics of the subject.

The text includes numerous exercises on the various topics covered in Electronics.
with their respective solution and other proposed problems, those exercises were
collected from brochures, past exams, books, and the internet.
 HOMEWORK N°1

ELEMENTS OF TWO TERMINALS: CUTTERS AND CLAMPERS

Exercise 1

Considering real diodes. In the following circuit, determine:

a) The output voltage.

b) The output voltage graph.

Data:

V1 = 1 + 14sin ( ) [Vp]

Vd = 0.63[V] (silicon)

The real diode was replaced by an ideal diode with a source of 0.63 [V] in this case.

Exercise taken from the book: 'Electronics Problems with OrCAD PSPICE'.
Solution:

Output voltage For the analysis, replace each real diode with an ideal diode and a source of
DC voltage, corresponding to the threshold voltage, as shown in figure 2.3. From this
In this way, 4 combinations will be obtained (3 possible conditions), as shown in the table.
2.1:

I D1 D2 0

-13 ≤ Vi ≤ -6.63OFF ON-6.633

-6.63 ≤ Vi ≤ 12.63OFF OFF

12.63 ≤ Vi ≤ 15 ON OFF 12.63

Table 2.1
Case 1:-13 ≤ Vi ≤ -6.63

D1: OFF
D2: ON
For this case, the voltageV0= -6.63 [V], note that when the D1 is OFF its source
the voltage disappears.

Case 2:-6.63 ≤ Vi ≤ 12.63

D1: OFF
D2: OFF
For this case, the only voltage that acts is that of the alternating voltage source.V0=
WeNote that when D1 and D2 are OFF, their voltage sources disappear.
Case 3:12.63 ≤ Vi ≤ 15

D1: ON
D2: OFF
For this case, the voltageV0 = -6.63[V]Note that with the D2 in OFF mode, its
voltage source disappears.

Plot the input and output voltage to see how much the wave has been clipped.
Exercise 2

For the given circuit, plot the output voltage assuming that all the diodes are
ideals
Solution:

-50≤ We≤ ??

I<0

+15 +15
2 = < 0 Vi<-15V
3( 3+1) 5

Vo = I1-5

Vo = +15
- 5= -10 Vi - 10
5 5 = , -50 ≤ Vi < -15
5

When the Zener do not work open

= , −15 ≤ Vi < 0
3

= , 0 ≤ Vi < 20
2

We analyze when the Zener 2 is fixed:

 −20 −20
I>0 1 = 3
0 Vi > 20V
2( 2+1)

Vi - 20 Vi + 10
Vyo = 10 + =
3 3

Vi + 10
= , Vi ≥ 20V
3
Exercise 3

For the following circuit:

a) Graph Vo(t)
b) Size the heat sink for the diode (D1,D2,D3,D4) that has the highest power.
request
Solution:

Redrawing the circuit:

Negative semicircle:
-x ≤ Vi ≤ -10

(1 1005) (10-0.7)(1 1 )
Vo = + = 0.33Vi + 3.08 V
(1 1005 )+1 (1 1 ) +1005

-10 ≤ Vi ≤ -3

(1 1005⫫1005) (10−0.7)(1 1005⫫1 ) (-10+0.7)(1 1005⫫1 )

Vo=( + +
1 1005⫫1005 )+1 (1 1005⫫1 )+1005 (1 1005⫫1 )+1005

Vo = 0.25Vi
-3 ≤ Vi ≤ 0

( 1005⫫1005⫫1005⫫1 ) ( 10 minus)( 0.71 1005⫫1005⫫1) ( -10+0.71 )( 1005⫫1005⫫1 )

Vo=( + + +
1005⫫1005⫫1005⫫1 +1 ) (1 )
1005⫫1005⫫1 +1005 (1 )
1005⫫1005⫫1 +1005
(0.7-3)(1 1005⫫1005⫫1 )
(1 1005⫫1005⫫1 )+1005

Vo = 0.2Vi - 0.45 V

Positive Semicircle:

0≤Vi≤6
 ( 1005⫫1005⫫1005⫫1 ) (10 to the power of 0.7)(1 1005⫫1005⫫1
(-10+0.7)(1
) 1005⫫1005⫫1 )
V o= ( + + (1 1005⫫1005⫫1 )+1005 +
1005⫫1005⫫1005⫫1 +1) (1 1005⫫1005⫫1 )+1005
(0.7-3)(1 1005⫫1005⫫1 )
(1 1005⫫1005⫫1 )+1005

Vo = 0.2Vi - 0.45 V

The range of understood of -3≤Vi≤6; Vo=0.2Vi-0.45 V

6 ≤ Vi ≤ 10

( 1005⫫1005⫫1005⫫1005⫫1 ) (6+0.7)(1 1005⫫1005⫫1005⫫1 ) (0.7-3)(1 1005⫫1005⫫1005⫫1 )

V o= ( + +
1005⫫1005⫫1005⫫1005⫫1 +1) (1 1005⫫1005⫫1005⫫1 )+1005 (1 1005⫫1005⫫1005⫫1 )+1005

Vo = 0.16Vi + 0.73 V

10 ≤ Vi ≤ x
( 1005⫫1005⫫1005⫫1 ) (6+0.7)(1 1005⫫1005⫫1 ) (0.7-3)(1 1005⫫1005⫫1 )
V o= ( + + +
1005⫫1005⫫1005⫫1 +1 ) (1 1005⫫1005⫫1 )+1005 (1 1005⫫1005⫫1 )+1005
(-10 + 0.7)(1 1005⫫1005⫫1 )
(1 1005⫫1005⫫1 )+1005

Vo = 0.2Vi + 1.24 V
Exercise 4

In the following circuit:

a) Calculate the output of the circuit analytically.

b) Draw the output corresponding to the input signal.

Data = 0.63 [V]

Figure 2.8 Holder circuit with real diode.

Exercise taken from the book: 'Problems of electronics with orcadpspice'.

Solution:

a) Circuit output

Replace the diode D1real due to its approximation with an ideal diode and a voltage source, the
the resulting circuit is the one shown in figure 2.9.

To analyze the circuit, consider two possible situations:

-D1On the generator current V1will be linked only by the V mesh1-C1-D1-V2well the branch
D1V2it will have less (much less) opposition to the current weight than R1.

-D1Off K current of V1it circulates only through the branch corresponding to R1

When the diode D1is in conduction, the scheme to be analyzed corresponds to figure 2.10. It
The capacitor charges almost instantly to the maximum voltage.

Applying LVK to the mesh we have (D1On):

 −⁡ + ( 2− ⁡ )=0

Being:

( 2− ⁡ )= 2.37 [V] (2.9)

The diode will be conducting when the voltage at the anode is equal to that of the cathode. That is to say,
yes > −⁡ 2+

Once the capacitor is charged with the maximum voltage of the source, which would only happen when it returns
reaching that maximum, a recharge of the capacitor will occur to maintain its voltage
constant. This voltage is obtained by solving for it. from the equation and substituting for the value
maximum voltage of the source

= + ( 2− ⁡ ) [2.10]

The rest of the time, when the source voltage does not meet the inequality above
indicated, the diode will be in cutoff, being in the circuit to be analyzed in this case the one shown in the
figure 2.11 (very slow download).
Applying the LKV to the mesh that includes R we have (D1off)

+ −⁡ = 0 (2.11)

Substituting (2.10) into (2.11)

 + ⁡ + ( 2− ⁡ )− =0

Substituting⁡ for sin (wt) and solving for )

=⁡− (− −) + sin ) ⁡
( wt= ( sin( wt-) 1 − )2+ [2.13]

Substituting the values of wt:

Wt= 0 → =− − + = -11.37 [V]

π
Wt= → =− + =-2.37 [V]
2

Wt=π− − + = -11.37 [V]

2π
Wt= → -2 − + = -20.37 [V]
3

Vin:

Vout:
Exercise 5

Using ideal diodes, design a clamp that performs the function indicated in the figure.

Vi

I DESIGN Vo

Vo
Solution:

-1
τ=R (
= 100 1μF =) 10 degrees= 100

We assume that the is >> to T and the

the capacitor does not discharge

1) When the diode conducts

Vo=-10V

2) Diode does not conduct

Vo=30V
Exercise 6

Para el circuito dado cuantifique el voltaje v2 y v3 indicando los valores (componentes dc y ac).

Use the characteristic curve of the diode provided. Justify your answer.

V2 C V3

4Ω 10Ω
I

10Ω
50Ω 100Ω
100 kHz
V1

DATA:
Vi=14 ( ) Mv
V1=5 V
C=800⁡

Id (mA)

m=0.44

Q(0.73 V, 11.2 mA)

Solution:

RT C

12.85Ω

50Ω 100Ω

− 1
= * 10 + V1 = 0.71V - 0.71V + 1 = 10.71V + 0.29V 1
10 + 4

( +) 0.295 =(10SIN
= 0.71(14IWSIN ωt) ) ( )V
ωt+ 1.45

40
= + 10 = 12.85Ω
14
EN DC

á 1.45 V

1.43
á = = 22.9⁡ A
12.85
THE GRAPH POINT Q(0.73 V, 11.2 mA) 2⁡( ) = 1.43 − 12.85( 0.012 − 0.73 )= 0.557⁡

EN AC: If m≈0.44

1
= = 2.28 Ω
0.44
5000
10 *( 150
)
2( )= 5000 = 6.87⁡ ( ) ⁡
( 150 ) + 12.85 + 2.28
Exercise 7

Determine the waveform of the output voltage for the network in figure 1.5

Figure 1.5

Exercise taken from:

[Link]
Solution:

The diode will be in the conduction state in the positive region of V.i(especially upon noticing the
contribution of V= 5V). The network will then appear as illustrated in figure 1.6:
Vo= Vi+ 5V.

Figure 1.6Vowith the diode in a conductive state

Substituting Id= 0 in Vo = 0 for the transition levels, we obtain the network in figure 1.7
VI-5Vcd.

Figure 1.7 Determination of the transition level for the trimmer in figure 1.5

Vi< -5V, the diode is in an open circuit state while for Vi-5V the diode is in
short circuit state.
Exercise 8

Determine Vofor the network of figure 1.64

Figure 1.64 Trimmer

Exercise taken from

[Link]
Solution:

The polarity of the source and the direction of the diode strongly suggest that the diode is
you will find in the "driving" state in the negative region of the input signal. In
this region the circuit will appear as shown in figure 1.65, where the terminals
defined for Vothey require that Vo= V = 4 V.

Figure 1.65 Vo to the negative region of Vi.

The input voltage must be greater than 4 V for the diode to be in the state
cut-off. Any input voltage lower than 4 V will result in a diode in
short circuit.

In the open circuit state, the network will be as shown in figure 1.67, where
Vo= Vi.

Figure 1.67 Determination of the diode in the off state.

Upon completing the graph of Vo the wave shape of figure 1.68 is obtained.
Figure 1.68 Scheme for the example.
Exercise 9

Graph the voltages V1, V2, and V3 if the following chart is given with the following data:
R1= 1000 kΩ
R2= 1000 kΩ
P1=P2= 100 kΩ
Vcc = 12V
Solution:

Applying Thevenin's Theorem

Then:
D1 leads and: Vx < Vcc
D2 leads and: Vx > Vcc

In addition:
If D1 conducts V2 > V1⇒ V+ < V-⇒ V3 = -Vcc
If D2 conducts V2 < V1⇒ V+ > V-⇒ V3 = +Vcc

Where:
Rx = (R1 + ⁡1 1 (1000K + 50k)∥⁡50k = 47.72 k
P⁄ )2∥⁡P⁄ 2
2 ) ∥⁡P⁄2 (1000K + 50k)∥⁡50k = 47.72 k
Ry = (R2 + P⁄ 2 2

Vi. P⁄ 1 2 50
= =( ) Vi = 0.045 Vi
R1 + P1 1000 + 100

Voo. P⁄ 2 2 50
= =( ) 12 = 0.54 V.
R2 + P2 1000 + 100

V3 = - Vcc yes 0.045 Vi < 12

V3 = -Vcc yes 0.045Vi > 12

In conclusion:
If D1 drives⇒ V3 = -Vcc⇒ Vi < 266.67V.
If D2 leads⇒ V3 = +Vcc⇒ Vi > 266.67V.

( ) √ = ⁡( 2⁡ ) ⁡√ = ⁡ 2220 = 311.12 V.
If D1 Drives

Vy - Vg - Vd1 Vy - Vd1
V1 = ( ) + =( ) + ⁡ (1− ⁡ )
+ + +

0.54 - 0.7⁡ 47.72

V1 =( ) 47.72 + V(1− ⁡ ) = -0.08 + 0.5V
2(47.72) 247.72

( Vi=)⁡ −0.08 + 0.0225 Vi

V1 = -0.08 + 0.50.045
V1 ( )= ⁡ −0.08 +0.0225
( ⁡⁡ ⁡311.12) = 6.92 V.
V1( N/A=) ⁡ −0.08 -0.0225
( 311.12= ⁡)−7.08 V.
V2 = V1 + 0.7
V2Â( Â ) Â = 7.62 V
V2 (IY= -6.38
) V

If D2 Drives

V ⁡ - Vy - Vd2⁡⁡
V2 =( ) +
+
⁡ Vy + Vd2
V2 =( )+ −⁡( )
+ +

47.72 0.54 + 0.7

V2 =( ) V + 0.54− ⁡ ( ) 47.72
2(47.72) 2 slipper 47.72

V2 = 0.5Vg - 0.08 = 0.5g0.045Vi - 0.08

V2 = 0.0223Vi - 0.08
(
V2=(0.0225) * 311.12) - 0.08 = 6.92 V.
V2( is= ⁡
) −(0.0225 ⁡311.12) − 0.08= ⁡ −7.08 V.
V1 = V2 + Vd2 = V2 + 0.7
V1( )= 7.62 V
(
V1O-6.38 )V

Graphs:

Vi vs. T

Vivs. t

I 311.12

266.67

2.73 ms 5.60 ms t (ms)

V3 vs. T
V1 vs. T

7.62

6.92 6.62

0.62 6.08

-0.08 t (ms)

7.08

V2 vs. T

6.08

0.62 5.92
t (ms)
-0.08 2.73 ms 5.60 ms
6.38
 PROPOSED PROBLEMS

Exercise 1

Determine Vo for each network, for the shown input

V Ideal Ideal

+ 2V + + R2 +
R1 2.2kΩ
We 2.2kΩ Vo We Vo

- - - V1 -
5V
Exercise 2

Determine Vo for each network, for the shown input

R1

10kΩ +

+ Yes1 Yes Vo

We
V1 V2 -
5.3 V 7.3 V
-
Exercise 3

For the circuit shown below, the input voltage Vi is a triangular wave that has
a peak-to-peak value of 60V±30V). Assume that the diodes are ideal.

Graph the waveform of Va and Vb, if:

a) D1, D2, D3 are general-purpose diodes

b) D1, D2, D3 are Zener diodes with Vz = 6V
Exercise 4

If RL and R are both 100ΩWhat is the range of Vi for the load voltage to be
maintained at 6.2V?

Considere las siguientes especificaciones del Zener: Vz = 6.2V, Rz = 0, Pz = 0.5W

Exercise 5

Determine the output voltage waveform (Vo). The diodes are ideal.
Exercise 6

Draw the output voltage waveform (Vo). Consider the ideal diodes.
Exercise 7

In the given circuit determine:

R=3K
+ +
R=1K VZ=15V
We R=6K
R = 5K Vo

R=2K
VZ=10V

a) Between which values of Vi does the Zener diode work only with Vz=10v?
b) For what values of Vi does the Zener diode turn on with Vz=15v?
c) What is the maximum value of Vo and what value of Vi does it correspond to?

Vi = 60 sin wt
Exercise 8

Draw Vo for each network in the figure for the given input

a)

+ +
Ideal
R
I Vo

- -

b)

I I
Ideal
R

V
5V
Exercise 9

Draw Vo for each network in the figure for the given input. Would it be a good approximation?
Should the ideal diode be considered for both configurations? Why?

a)

+ +
Yes
R
I Vo

- -

b)

+ +

Yes R
We Vo
E
- 20 V -
Exercise 10

For the given circuit, plot the output voltage Vo for steady state. Assume that the diodes
they are ideal.

V1=20senwt [V] [f=1KHz] C=100 Vz1=30V Vz2=12V V2=6V

 ASSIGNMENT N° 2

ELEMENTS OF TWO TERMINALS: OPERATING POINTS

Exercise 1

In the following circuit, calculate:

a) The operating points of the diodes D1y D2

b) Voy Vx.

V2 V3
12 V 12 V

R5
R1 70Ω
20Ω
D1 R3 R4 D2 Vo
Vx
10Ω 10Ω

C1
R2
100Ω R6
30Ω

Vac

Exercise taken from: Electronics I Exam ESPOL.

Solution:

0.75 - 0.65
= =2
50A
2 − 1.9
= = 2.5
40A

DC Analysis

15R2
ℎ= ⁡= ⁡12.5v
1+ 2

ℎ= 1 || 2⁡⁡ = 16.67

25R6
ℎ2 = ⁡= ⁡⁡70.5v
5+ 6

ℎ2= 5 || 6⁡⁡ = 21
I assume D1 is a diode and D2 is a Zener.

Id1=Id2=I

12.5 − 0.65 − 1.9 − 7.5

= 39.41A
ℎ1+ + 3+ 4+ 2+ ℎ2

1= 0.65 + R2 1= 0.72v

2= 1.9 + R2 2= 1.998v

15(100||45.5) 10.05(100||20)
= ⁡ 20+(400||45.5+ ⁡ 45.5+(100||20) = 11.8 v
 9.95(70||30) 25(30||41.17)
= ⁡ 41.17+(70||30) + ⁡ 45.5+(30||41.17)= 8.32 v

AC Analysis

20
2= = 0.59A
4+ +( 5 || 6)

20°
1= = 0.69A
3+ +( 1 || 2)

1( )= 1= 1.38⁡ V

2( )= 21.48 V

1= + = 0.72 ± 0.00138

= 2( 5| 6)= 12.39⁡V

= 1( 1| 2)= 11.50 V
Exercise 2

For the shown circuit, determine:

a) Operating points of the diodes D1y D2

b) Graphs V1(t) y V2(t) with their respective values
c) If C is short-circuited 2and assuming that VD1= VD2= 0.7, determine the value of V2for state
stable

Exercise taken from: Electronics I Exam ESPOL.

Solution:

a) DC Analysis

The diodes, when directly polarized, are replaced by the equivalent.

28.06
=⁡ =⁡ = 2326Ω
1 2
78 (A )
6 − 0.6
1 =⁡
( )
= 0.044 A
120 + 2.56
= 0.6+ ⁡ 1 1 ;⁡ 1
( )v
= 0.71
 6-0.6
2 = ⁡ 300+2.156= 0.0134(A) 1
= 0.044; = 0.71(V)
1

2
= 0.6 + I 2
= 0.63(V)
2 2
= 0.0134 A ;( ) = 0.63(V)
2

b) Graph 1( )⁡ 2( )

Using the graphs of both for the DC analysis:

1∞ = -294 0.0134;
( ) = 1.98
1 V ( )
In addition 2= 0(V)

Yes 1 = 2 =0.7 2short-circuited, Calculate 2

The diode 1 = 2 =0.7

Just like before 2it is still zero 2= 0(V)

The 6(V) source is enough to power the diodes, but let's make a circuit:
1
−⁡ 2 − 4= 0: 1
= ⁡ 2 = 0.7I = 0
The one that indicates that for the 2no current flows.
Analysis Ac

Let's calculate the

1 1
1
= =
2
= 2
1.54 × 10−2 Ω
1
2
= = 7.95∙10-5Ω
2 3

Req1=2.5||120||300 = 2.58 [Ω]

Req2=100||8=⁡7.407[Ω]

Note the importance of voltage dividers:

∗
= ⁡4+ WhereReq3[( 3+ 2.5e) R | | 1 = 1.99Ω
3
3

( )(
1.99)
⇨ = 50 : = 16.6₴Seчwт V
[ ]
5.99

Much faster than making meshes, right?

∗⁡2
Likewise: =⁡ ; = 12.50( )
2.56+⁡ 2
Exercise 3
For the following circuit, calculate the operating points of Z.1y Z2and graphic:

Vac = 40mvp

Exercise taken from: Electronics I Assistants ESPOL.

Solution:

DC Analysis

Z1Diode
Z2Zener

Rd=0.8−0.7 = 1
1

Rz=10.25-10 = 1
1

⁡ ((1 + )|| 2 )
Vo=(100− )( 2 ||( + 4)
+
( 2|| ( + 4+) 1+ ( 1+ )|| 2 + + 4

Vo= 39.78

Id=100− −
1.48A Iz= −
= 0.98A
1+ +4

= + ⁡ (0.7) + (0.1)(1.48)

= 0.848v

= + ⁡(10) + (0.25) (0.98)

= 10.25v
 = o ⁡+⁡⁡⁡2 = 2 = 0.497A
2

= o ⁡+
⁡⁡⁡2

AC Analysis

1 1 1
⁡2( | |3 | ( | + 4 ) ) (40)( 80+ 60(0,25+30)
+ )
= = 1 1 1 =(40)(16,07)642,8
= 39.75V
( 2 || 3 | | ⁡ 4+) + ( + + ) + 0,1 16,07+0,1 16,17
80 60 30,25

−
=

=
+ 4

=
Exercise 4

Find the expressions for Vo, ID, Vdand the power.

Exercise taken from: Electronics I Teaching Assistants ESPOL.

Solution:

R1

18 V R3

R2
3v

R5
R4

18( ( +
3 4||) ( + 2 + ) ) 3( 1 || ( + +2 5) ) ( 1|| ( 3+ 4))
+ +
( ( 3+ 4 ||) ( 2+ +5 +) ) 1 ( 1 || ( + +2 )+5 ) + 3 4 ( 1 || ( +
3 4) +
)+ 2

−
=
+ +2 5

= +

=
AC Analysis

( 3| | 4| | ( + + 2 ) )
=
3 | | 4 | |( + 2 + ))+ 1

2
=
+ +2

=
⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡2
=
2
 PROPOSED PROBLEMS

Exercise 1

Given the following circuit and the characteristic curves for both diodes, determine:

a) The operating point of each diode.

b) Calculate and plot the voltage Vo.

V1 V2
10 V 9V

R2 R4
0.5kΩ 0.4kΩ

C1 R1 D1

0.1kΩ Vo

R3 R5 R6
V3 0.75kΩ 0.1 kΩ 0.4kΩ
10mV peak
1kHz D2
0°
Exercise 2

For the following circuit present:

a) Operating point of the diodes D1 and D2

b) Graph Vo vs t
c) Asuma D1=D2 Vi = 0.5Sin wt (V)

R1

2kΩ
D2 D1

I R2
3kΩ R3
4kΩ

V1 V2
10 V 15 V
Exercise 3

For the following circuit, consider that all passive elements are in ohms. Determine:

a) Operating points of each of the semiconductors

b) Graph vovs t
Exercise 4

For the given circuit determine:

a) Operating points of the diodes D1yD2.
b) Graph V1(t) y V2(t) with their respective values.
c) If C is short-circuited 2and assuming that Vo1=Vo2Let 0.7v determine the value of V.2for state
stable.

+6v

R2 R3
120Ω 300Ω

C1 R1 C2 D2 C3
+V2
4Ω V1
R5
D1 R4 8Ω
We 100Ω

Vi = 50 * e^(wt (v))
f=100kHz C1=C2=100 μF C3=200 uf

Io (mA)

78
70
60
50
40
30
20 You (v)
10
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
 ASSIGNMENT N°3

ELEMENTS OF TWO TERMINALS: TRANSFER FUNCTIONS

Exercise 1

Considering ideal diodes, plot I vs V, for -60 < v < 60 volts.

D1 R2

3kΩ
I
Z2
+ R3 R4 16 V
V R1 1kΩ 6 kΩ
- 3kΩ
Z1
10 V R5
6kΩ

Exercise taken from: Electronics I Tutoring ESPOL.

Solution:

-60≤⁡⁡ < _______

1 Open circuit
1 Short
2 Short

=0

-60≤ <0

I= [ ]
3

0≤ < _______

Vi R2

3kΩ
R1 Vz1 Vz2
3kΩ R3
1kΩ R4 R5
6kΩ 6kΩ

6
=
3+6
 =2
3

1→ Off until 1 <10 → 1= → <10

2
3
< 10

<15

2→ Off until 2 <10 → 2= → <16

2
3
< 16

2V<48

= 24
∴ 0< <15

1=
3
[ ]
1 =
3

2=
6
12
2= ( ) [ ]
6 3
1
2= [ ]
9

I= 1+ 2

I= +
3 4
4
I= [ ]
9
15≤ < _______

(6 ||1 ) ( 3 ||6 )
= + 10
3 + (6 ||1 ) ( 3 ||6 +1)

=6 +20
27 3

2 →Off until 2< 16 → 2=

6
< 16 → +20< 16
27 3

6
27
<28
3

< 42

⁡⁡∴ 15 ≤ ≤ 42

⁡ 1 =[ ]
3

− 0 1 6 20
2= =[ − −]
3 3 27 3

7
2= - 20 [ ]
27 9

I= 1+ 2

7
I= + - 20
3 27 9
∴ I= 16 - 20 [ ]
27 9

42≤ < _______

3
3
= 4 + 10 2
10 5
4 2

=1 +76
5 10

− 1 1 76
2= =( −5 − 10)
3 3

4 76
2= - [ ]
15 30

1= [ ]
3

I= 1+ 2
 4
I= + -76
3 15 30

I=3 - 76 [ ]
5 30

1 1 2 I[ ]

-60≤ <0 CA CC CC 0
3
0≤ <15 CC CA CA 2 4
3 9
6
15≤ <42 CC source CA
27
+20 16
27
- 20 16
= -60
3 9 27

42 ≤ <60 CC source source 1

+76 3
+76
5 10 5 30
Exercise 2

Graph the transfer function Vovs Vifor -20 < Vi<20 V. Consider ideal diodes

R1 Z2

1kΩ Vo
5V

R2
1kΩ
We R3 R4
1 kΩ 1kΩ

D1

Z1 Vdc

8V 12 V

Exercise taken from: Electronics I Exam ESPOL.

Solution:

-20≤ < _______

R1

1kΩ

We R2 R3
1kΩ 10Ω R4
1kΩ

Vdc

12 V

Due to still small, the diodes remain in the same state, that is:

1 off

1 y 2they function as diodes therefore:

=8V

Now the zener⁡ 1it will try to light up like a diode:

=0

- =0

( − )-12v = 0

= -4v

< -4
 2 || 3
= ( )=
2 || 3 + 1 3

1
= 1 || 2 || 3= K
3

4
= 4 =( + 12 )
+ 4

1 +36
= ( + 12) (1)=
3 +1 4
3

In the following case, the 2tends to fade away:

+36
2=
4( )

2 =0 → -36v, which is outside the range.

8≤⁡⁡ < _______

For + small assume 1off. The 12v power supply makes the conductor lead to 1y 2like diodes.
To verify that 1this is Off:

When =0:
4
= 12V, 1= 0→ = = 4= 12( )=8V
4+ 2|| 3

= - =4 → 1OFF

While 1this off, at the source will be floating:

= 4= 8V

1 it turns on when =

=8 → - = 8 → 12-8
( - V =) 8 → =4

4≤ < _______
 1
2 || 3 -8
=( − 8) =( − 8 ) = 2
3
1+ 2|| 3 3
2

1
= 1 || 2 || 3= K
3

4 -8 1 +28
= 4= ( + 12 ) =( + 12) 1 =
+ 4 3 +1 4
3

Then the 1It tends to turn off. We need to find out when.

1 =0

+28 48− −28 20−

2 = 12- 12- = =
4 4 4

2 20−
1= =2 =
2 4( )

1 =0 → 20v which is already out of the interval.

Exercise 3

In the following circuit graph Vovs Vifor -50 < Vi< 50

Data:

Vz1 = 5 [V]

Vz2 = 8 [V]

R1 Z1
+ +
1kΩ
R2 Z2
1kΩ
Vin
V1 Vout
10 V
R3
1kΩ
- -

Exercise taken from the book: 'Electronics I Theory and Problem Solving.'
Solution:

Negative semicircle (Considering Z1 as Zener)

-50 < Vi< _________LKL

10
= 5 [V]
2

=1 ⁡∥1 = 0.5

Z2always functions as a diode

Z1works like a zener

5-5 −
1= ⁡ = ⁡3 0
1.5X
2

2
− 0
3

< 0 degrees

V2
Rth Rth2
I Vo
0.5kΩ 0.5kΩ
5V
 + 5 - 10 = 2I1− 2

− 5 = 2I1− 2

10 = 2I1− 2

1= 2I2− 10

− 5 = 2 2I(2- 10− 2)

3
− 5 + 20 =
2
+ 15
2= ⁡
3

0= 1 2

+ 15
0= ⁡
3
Positive semiperiod

0<Vi<________
 1= 0>
2

>0

Then Z1It works like a diode, but up to what value of V?iDoes it do it?

1
0⁡ =( 10)
2ʥ

0= 5V

1= 0− =5-V

1 >0

5 - V0

<5

0= 5V
5<VI<________

= 10 − 1 2

2= ⁡ − 1

− 10
1=
2
− 10
= 10 + (1 )
2˥
+ 10
=
2

= 1a ∥ 1a = 0.5a
10 − 1I 2− 0
=0

+ 10 1
0= ( )( )
2 1.5
 + 10
0= ( )
3

The zener functions as a diode and if we want it to act as a zener, then 2< 0

2= 10 − 0

+ 10
10 - ( )<0
3
30 - V+ 10
( )<0
3
20 - V
( )<0
3
+10
Vi>20 works as a zener; which gives me the result 0= ( )5 < Vi < 20
3

20 < Vi < ________

I R1
Vo
1kΩ

R3
R2 1kΩ
1kΩ

V1
10 V

0=
2

10 + 2− 0= 0

2= 0- 10

− 20
2= − 10 =
2 2

28

− 20
8
2
 − 20 is greater than 16

> 36

0= 20
; < Vi < 36
2
36 < Vi < 50

− 18
= 18V + 1 ( )
2َ
39 + V- 18
=( )
2
+ 18
=( )
2

=1 ⁡∥1 = 0.5

+ 18 1
0= ( )( )
2 1.5
+ 18
=( ) ; 36 < Vi < 50
3
Exercise 4
Graph Vo vs. Vi
Ideal diodes0 ≤ Vi ≤ 50

Solution:
Assume that D1 and D2 are in conduction (ideal semiconductor diodes) Vd1 = Vd2 = 0

Vi - 7 = 2I1 - I2 2 I1 - I2 = Vi - 7
7 = 2I2 - I1 (2) - I1 + 2 I2 = 7

3 I2 = Vi + 7
I2 = (Vi + 7) / 3

I1 = - (7 - 2 I2)

I1 = [2(Vi+7)/3]–7

I1 = (2Vi + 14 - 21) / 3

I1 = (2Vi–7)/3

Vd1 = 0 --> I1 > 0

2Vi - 7 > 0 2Vi -7>0 ----> Vi> 7/2

3

Vd2 = 0 --> I1 - I2 > 0

2Vi + 7 > 2Vi - 7

3 3

14 > Vi ; Vi < 14

For0 ≤ Vi < 7/2:

Assume that I1 = 0 and find the highest value
Vi = 2 I1 - I2 ; I2 = Vi

7 = 2 I2 - I1 ; I2 = 7/2

Vo = I2 (1)

Vo = 7/2 ; Vi = -7/2

If Vi = -7/2 V The diode Z1 would be fixed at +7V

Z1 is an open circuit of0 ≤ Vi < 7/2

Then:0 ≤ Vi < 7/2Vo = 7/2 Z1: abierto ; Z2: corto

≤ < -> Z1: corto ; Z2:

short

Vo = I2 (1k)

Vo = (Vi + 7)/3

7/2 ≤ Vi < 14 Vo = (Vi + 7) / 3

≤ < -> Z1: corto ; Z2:

open, fixed at 10V
I determine Vi for when Z2 starts to act as a voltage regulator.

Vi - 17 = 2 I1 - I2

17 = 2 I2 - I1

Iz2 = 0 -> I1 = I2

Vi - 17 = I2 -> Vi = I2 + 17 = 34V

17 = I2

Vo = Vi/2

14 ≤ Vi < 34Vo = Vi/2

Short Z2: Open

> : ≤ ≤

Vi - 17 = 2 I1 - I2

(2) 17 = - I1 + 2 I2

Vi + 17 = 3 I2 ----> I2 = (Vi + 17)3

I1 = 2 I2–17

I1 = 2[(Vi + 17)/3] - 17 = (2Vi + 34 - 54)/3

I1 = (2Vi–17)/3 Vo = (Vi + 17)/3

34 ≤ Vi ≤ 50Vo = (Vi + 17) / 3

 We D1 D2 Vo
Vi > 7/2 On - Vi > 7/2 On - Vi < 14
0 ≤ Vi < 7/2 Open Short 7/2
7/2 ≤ Vi < 14 Short Short (Vi+7)/3
14 ≤ Vi < 34 Short Open Vi/2
34 ≤ Vi ≤ 50 Short Source (Vi+17)/3
Exercise 5

Graph the transfer function Vo vs Vi

1kΩ

1kΩ
+ +
10V D2 +
10 V 1kΩ Vo
I -

- 10V D3 -
1kΩ D4

D1
Solution:

Negative cycle:

30mA

Vo
1kΩ
- + - 20mA
20V 1kΩ 10mA

+ +
- +
10V 10 V 1kΩ
I + -

Vi+ 10 + 30 = 0

Vi= -40

-50 ≤ Vi < -40 → Vo-10

-Vo≤ Vi < 5

Vo
1kΩ

1kΩ
+
+
10 V 1kΩ
I - I2
I1
-

Vi-10 = 2I1I2

+ 10=-I1+2I2

+10
Vi+ 10= 3I2 → I2=
3

-10
I1= 2( ) -10 → I1= 2 -10
3 3
 +102 -10
I2I10 → >
3 3

VI+ 10 > 2Vi10

20 > VI

Vi< 20 → D4(0, 1)

I1< 0 SHORT

2 -10
<0
3

Vi< 5

-10
Vo I2R =
3

-10
-40 ≤ Vi< 5 → Vo=
3

5 ≤ Vi< 12.5

Vo
1kΩ
1kΩ
+
+
10 V 1kΩ
We - I2
I1
-

1kΩ

I2-I10

I1< 5(1) = 5mA

I10

Vi-10 = 3I1I2

+ 10=-I1+2I2

+20
Vi+ 20 = 5I2 → I2=
5

-10
I1= 2( -10 I1= 2 -10
5 5
2 -10
0
5

2Vi - 100 →Vi5V

+202 -10
I2I1 → >
5 5

30 >VI → Vi < 30 V

2 -10
I15 → <5
5

30 >VI → Vi < 30 V

2 -10
<0
3

2Vi - 10< 25

I1<25+10
2

+20
I1< 12, 5 5 ≤ Vi< 12.5 → Vo=
5

12, 5 ≤ Vi<25

Vo
1kΩ

I + 1kΩ
I1 10V I2
-
-

5V+

Vi-10 - 5 = 2I1-I2

+ 10=-I1+2I2

+5
Vi+ 5= 3I2 → I2=
3

-5
I1= 2( -10 I1= 2 −20
3 3

+52 −20
I2I1 → > →Vi+ 5 > 2VI-20 →25 > Vi
3 3
 +5
I210mA → 10 →Vi< 25
3

2 −20
I1>0 → 0 →Vi<10
3

2 −20
I1>5 → 5 →Vi<125
3

+5
12, 5 ≤ Vi<25 → Vo=
3

Vi25

Vo
1kΩ

I + 1kΩ
I1 10V I2
-
-

-5V+

Vo= 10 V ← V ≥ 25i<50

Vo (V)

20

10

-60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 5 10 17.5 20 30 40 50 Vi (V)

-5

-10
Exercise 6
Graph the transfer function Vo vs Vi.

1kΩ
Vo= 16 + Vi
1kΩ
Z1 -40 ≤ VI≤ 40
8V 1kΩ
+ +

We 10V Z2
1kΩ Vo

- -
5V Z3
Solution:

8mA
1kΩ
+
1kΩ -

8V
+ 1kΩ +

We I2 1kΩ Vo
I1
5V
- -

ViI1+ 8 - (I1I2) + 5 = 0 -I2- 5 -(I1I2= 0

Vi+ 8 +5= 2I1I2 5 = -2I2+ I1

Vi+ 13 = 2I1I2 I2= 5−⁡

2

I1–I2greater than 0

Vi+ 13 = 2I1+ 5−⁡ 2Vi+ 21 = 3I1

2

I1= 2 +21
3

I1<-8

2Vi+ 21 < -8 Vi<−29-14.5

2

Ii=2 +21
3

I1<-8

2 +21
< -8
3

2Vi+ 21 < -24

Vi< −4522.5V
2

I1= 5I1+2I2

Vi+ 13 = 10 + 4I2I2

Vi+ 13 = 10 + 3I2
Vi+ 13 = 3I2

Ii=2 +21
3

+32⁡ +21
I1I2>0 - >0
3 3

Vi+ 3 - 2Vi-21 is greater than 0

-Vi-18 > 0

-V1<18

V1< -18

Vo (V)

40

20

-60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -18 -10 5 10 14.5 20 30 40 50 Vi (V)

-20

-40
Exercise 7

Graph 0vs for -20 < < 20

Ideal diodes
Solution:

Assume that 1= 2= 3= 0short circuit

I1

I2
I2

− 1 = 2I1− 2

-5 =− 1+ ⁡ 2

− 6=I1

1= V-6

2= -5+I1= 5+ ⁡ -6
 2= ⁡ − 11

For what 1= 0I10

− 6 > 0V 6

2= 0I10V6

3= 0I2< 0

− 11 < 0V < 11

∀6 ≤ ⁡ < 11

0= 5+ ⁡ (11st)

0= 5 + (V- 6)

6≤ ⁡ < 11 0V - 1
I1
11 6
I2

0 10 5

for all 11≤ ⁡ < 20

− 1 = 2I1

−1= 0
I1
11≤ ⁡ < 20⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ 0V - 1

20 11 I2

0 19 10
For all minus 20≤ ⁡ <6

Assume the diodes 1⁡ ⁡ 2they are about to

to take notice

+ 10 - 1V + 4V = 2I1− 2

+ 13 = 2I1− 2

-5 = -I1+ 2

1 about to drive in 1= 0

+ 13 = -I2 = 5 - 13

-5 = 2

= ⁡ −8V

For all minus 8≤ ⁡ <6

1 :⁡ ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ 2 :⁡ ⁡ó⁡
-8≤ ⁡ <6

0= 5

-20≤ ⁡ < −8

1: ijpy + 10v

2: ijpo + 4v

3:
 + 10− 1+ 4= 0

0 = + 13

-20≤ ⁡ < −8⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ 0 = + 13

-8 -20

0 5 -7
Exercise 8

For the circuit, determine the transfer function Vovs Viin the range of -30 < Vi < 30
Solution:

-30 < vi < -13

+13
V o= − 13
3

−26
V o=
3

+13
I <0 → < 0 Vi < -13V
3

-13 < Vi < -5

Vo=Vi
Vz2< 0→ Va-Vb → Va<Vb
Va<-5
Vi<-5V
Additionally, Z1 is opened because Vo=Vi.
Produce a C.A.

-5 < Vi < 7

Vo-5V
Circuit valid until: Z1:
drive as a source.
Va-Vb< 12
Vi+ 5 < 12
Vi< 7V
7 < Vi < 27

−7
Vo= ( 2−
) 5
4

Vo=2 -34
4

-17
Vo=
2

Circuit valid until D2 drives

−27⁡
VD2< 0 → Vo-Va< o → <0
4
Vi<27 V

27 < Vi < 30
Applying meshes:
Vi-7 = 4I1–I2
-5 = -I1+ 2I2

VI-27 = 7I2
−27
I2= →Vo1 = −27
7 7
−27
I1=( 2) + 5 →Vo2 =2 -19
7 7

Vo= Vo1+ Vo2

Vo = 3 -46
7
 VI D1 D2 Z1 Z2 Vo

-30<Vi<-13 c.c. c.a c.c. 8V − 26⁄

3
-13<Vi<-5 c.c. c.a c.c. c.a Vi

-5 < Vi<7 c.c. c.a c.a c.c. -5V

7<Vi<27 c.a. c.a 12V c.c. − 17⁄

2
27<Vi<30 approximately c.c. 12V c.c. 3Vi− 46 ⁄
7
Exercise 9

For the circuit in the figure, graph the transfer function Iovs ViConsider that the source

-30 < Vi< 30 [v]

Data:

D1------ Vz1= 3 [V]

D2------ Vz2= 5 [V]

D3------ Vz3= 8 [V]

Exercise taken from the book: 'Electronics I Theory and problem-solving.'

Solution:

-30 < Vi< _________

D1it is in the on state like a regular diode

D2it is in on state like a common diode

For the D3behave like a generator ≤ -8[V]

If D3 is on as a zener then: ≤ +8

Whether D3 is off or on, the equation will be:

0 = ⁡; − 30 ≤ ≤0
3

For the analysis of the positive semi-period with small voltages D1y D2they remain off and
they do not act as zener. I assume that D3it is also off

D1off

D2off

D3off
Given that R3it's in the air Io= 0

Then Vibegins to rise in value:

D is turned on1when Viis equal to 3 [V]

The ignition of D1does not affect the

behavior of the R branch3

Now Vo= 3 [V]; diode D3 will have VD3=

0-3[v]= -3[v]

D1about zener

R3continues on air

After Vi continues to rise

its positive value. The diode D2
it will have a voltage like a zener:
VDZ2= Vi- 0 ; for voltages
Vi≥⁡5 turns on the D2
D1 = as Zener

D2 = like a zener

Now I can calculate Io:

( − 5)
=⁡ ⁡
3

5≤ ⁡ ⁡ ≤_______

( − 5)
=⁡ ⁡
1 5
I will now analyze what happens with the Zener D.3

3 =⁡ −5−3

3 =⁡ −8

For Vi≥⁡The diode 3 D3 lights up as a common diode.

Finally the range:5 ≤ <8

For Vo = Vi - 5[v]

( − 5)
=
3

≥8

This indicates to us that

although D3 started operating
in the circuit as a diode
common this did not affect the
current equation
Exercise 10

Graph 0 vs , 1 vs , 2 vs yes0 ≤ < 50

Ideal diodes
Solution:

Positive cycle (I assume that 1 : )

I assume that, in addition to 1 : , 2: the minimum current I that it needs, so that 1
drive.

− 10= 2I1 − 2

10= − 1 + 2I2

+ 10= 3I2
I1 I2
+ 10
2 =
3
2V− 10
1 =
3

< 20 2⁡ : ⁡

<5 1⁡ : ⁡
0≤ ≤5

+ 5− 10= 2I1 − 2

−5 =2I1 − ⁡ 2

10 =2I1 − ⁡ 2

+ 15= 3I2

+ 15
2 =
3

2V
1 =
3

1 =0

−5 =−⁡ 2

10 =2I2

⁡ 2= 5

= -5+ 5= 0

0≤ ≤ 5 V=5 0

1 =0

2⁡ = ⁡ −5 A
 5≤ ≤ 20

1:

2:

+ 10
0=
3

2 = − 20

10− 2V
1 =
3

20≤ ≤ 50

1:

2: ⁡

− 18= 2I1 − 2

18= 2I1 − 2

18 = 2

= 36

20≤ ≤ 36

0=
2

2 =0

1 =−
2
36≤ ≤ 50

+ 18
0=
3

2V− 36
2 =
3

18− 2V
1 =
3
0≤ ≤5

5 20
+ 10
0=
3 0 5 10

5 20
10− 2V
1=
3 0 -10
0

− 20
2 = 5 20
3

0 -5 10

20≤ ≤ 36

20 36

0= 10 18
2 0

20 36
1 =−
2 0 -10 -18

36≤ ≤ 50

+ 18 36 20
0=
3
0 18 58/3

18− 2V
1 = 36 50
3

0 12 64/3

2V− 36
2 = 36 50
3

0 -18 -27/3
Exercise 11

For the given circuit, plot the characteristic Vs v. Justify your answer with calculations.
corresponding.

D
Vi+

Vz
R1 5V

1kΩ R2
I 1kΩ

+ V1
1mA 1V
-

−7 ≤ ⁡ ≤7

I (mA)
8

0 V (v)
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8
-2

-4

-6
Solution:

Negative Cycle:
Vi+

I2 -
+ 5V
+
V
R1 R2
- + - + 1kΩ
1kΩ
1V
- I1 + V1
1V
-

1− 6− 2I1 + 2 − = 0
−2I1 + 2 = ⁡ + 5

2− 1=1
2=1+ 1

-2I1 + 1 + 1 = ⁡ +5
1=− −4

2 =1− −4
2 =− −3

For the zener to be fixed: 1 > 0⁡⁡ ⇒ ⁡⁡ − − 4> 0

< -4v

For the diode to conduct: 2 > 0⁡⁡ ⇒ ⁡⁡ − − 3> 0

< −3v
 -4v≤ ⁡ ≤ −3v⇒ ⁡⁡ ⁡ ⁡ ⁡ ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ =0

−7 ≤ ⁡ ≤ −4v⇒ ⁡⁡ = − −4

-4v≤ ⁡ ≤ −3v⇒ ⁡⁡⁡ =0

Positive Cycle

D1
Vi+

I2 D2

+
V
v R1 R2
- + - + 1kΩ
1kΩ
I1 1V
+ V1
1V
-

= ( 1 + 2 )1− 1+ 1i2 + 1
= 1 + 2i2 ①
1= 1 + 2 ②
1y2
1 =⁡ − 1
2 =2−

D1Drive: i20 → 2-V I>0 → Vi< 2

D2Drive: i1>0→ Vi1 is greater than 0, therefore Vi1

1≤ ⁡≤ 2
 R3
1kΩ

+
1V
-

(V_i− 1)/1= ⁡⁡ ⟹ ⁡⁡ = V_i− 1

1≤ < 2⇒ ⁡⁡ = ⁡ − 1⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ ≠

≥ 2v

Vi+

+
V
R1 R2
- + - + 1kΩ
1kΩ
1V
- + V1
1V
-

=
2
2≤ ≤ 7⁡⁡ ⇒ ⁡⁡ = ⁡ ⁡⁡⁡⁡ ≠
2
 I
4

0 I
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8
-1

-2

-3

-4

-7 ≤ Vi ≤ -4 v I = -Vi - 4

-4 ≤ Vi ≤ -3 v I=0

1 ≤ Vi ≤ 2 v I = Vi - 1

2 ≤ Vi ≤ 7 v I = Vi / 2
 PROPOSED EXERCISES

Exercise 1

Given the following circuit, for: -40 < Vi < 40

Graph Vo vs Vi.

Ideal diodes.

R1 R2

1kΩ 1kΩ

Z1 Z3
15 V
+
+
10 V
R3
I 1kΩ Vo
- R4
1kΩ -
Z2
5V
Exercise 2

Graph Vo vs Vi for -40 < Vi < 40 assuming ideal diodes

R3
1kΩ Z4
5V

+ Z3
10 V
I
- R4
1kΩ +
Z2
10 V Vo
-
R1 R2

1kΩ 1kΩ

D1 Z1

5V
Exercise 3

In the circuit given below:

Assume the ideal diodes

a) Write and graph the transfer function Vo as a function of Vi (0≤ ≤ 40)

b) Graph Vo if Vi = 40sin(wt), indicating all voltage levels
Exercise 4

In the circuit below:

a) Plot the transfer function Vo vs Vi for0 ≤ ≤ 2Vr

b) Prove that the maximum value of Vi for which D2 stops conducting is:
Vi(max) = Vr + [R/R'](Vr - Vx)
If Vi=20sin(wt), graph Vo

Vx=1V; Vr=10V; R=1K; R’=2K; Los diodos son IDEALES

Exercise 5

In the following circuit, determine Vo vs. Vi for-60 ≤ ≤ 60

Exercise 6

For the following circuit, determine the transfer function Vo vs Vi, in the indicated range.
-20≤Vi ≤ 20
 ASSIGNMENT N°4

RECTIFIERS AND CAPACITIVE FILTERS

Exercise 1

Calculate y VIPfor the development of the figure.

=10 %
= 48

Exercise taken from:[Link]

Solution:

= 48 ∙ 2√=33.94V
2 2
= 33,94–0,7= 33,24V
0,1⁡∙
= - = 33.24 - ⇨
2 2
=31,657V
= 3.1657V
= 31,657 95.93 mA
0,33

= → 3.1657= 95,93∙10 -3 ⇨ C=3.03∙ 10-4 F=303 F

∙ 100∙

= = =95,93 47,965mA
2 2

VIP = 48∙√267.88V
Exercise 2

IN THE STEADY STATE, THE SWITCH IS CLOSED. CALCULATE C min TO OBTAIN r%≤5% =AND á
300 [Link] IDEAL DIODES.

S1A

D1 C2 R1
11.3Vpk
60Hz
0°
C1 D2
Solution:

D1 C2
11.3Vpk
60Hz
0°
C1 D2

r%≤5%

á = 300 A

á = (11.3 2)2
√

á = 31.87⁡

( )
% = = ( ) =
( ) ∗ 2√3 23√

0.05= − +
á á (
∗ 2√3∗ 0.05=) á −
( )23 √ 2

0.0866 ( á + =) á −

0.0866 á + 0.0866 = á −

( 1+ 0.0866=) á (1 − 0.0866

(1−0.0866)
= á = 26.89 V
(1+0.0866)

= 32+26.89⁡⁡29.38 V
2

1 = 29.38 0.0979 k
300

= 98D
 = á ∗ ( 1)

CONSIDERING THAT THE SIGNAL IS DUPLICATED:

(26.9-16)=(32-16)⁡ ( 1)
10.9=16⁡ ( 1) ω 1 =42.9

(42.9 )
1 = * = 1.99
0
120 180

1
= 1 = 60 = 16.67⁡

16.67
1= 4
− 1.992.18

2 = 16.67− 2.18= 14.49⁡

Then:

14.49∗ 10-3
=− 26.9
98∗
32

− C=852⁡
= á ∗

2
−
= á ∗

2
− 120
=
á

2
=−
∗
á

BY ANOTHER METHOD

r≤6.5% 2 ≈T

THEN C=− 16.67

26.9 = 980μF
98∗
32
Exercise 3

Design an unregulated DC power supply using a bridge rectifier with real diodes.
of silicon and capacitive filter, with the following specifications:

Vo= 9 Vdc+- 0.5 (V)

Imax= 500 (mA)

Vi= 120 Vrms60 Hz

Calculate:

a) Peak current of the diodes

b) Peak inverse voltage of the diodes
c) Transformer turns ratio
d) Range of load resistance variation

Exercise taken from the book: 'Electronics I Theory and problem solving.'
Solution:

Before calculating the requested values, analyze the output voltage waveform as a function of
the given data and find the percentage of curl.

á =⁡ + ⁡ = 9.5 V
2

=⁡ − ⁡= 8.5 V
2
Where Vrpp = 1 V

1 2√3
= ⁡ = ⁡ = 0.29 V
23√ 6

% =⁡ X 100%

0.29
% = ⁡ X 100%
9

% = 3.22%

D1 D2

T1

RL
120 Vrms C1
D3 D4

c) = 120√ 2= 170V

= 9.5 + 1.4 = 10.9V = ⁡ á +2

1 170 1
= ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡
= 15.6 → ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡
2 10.9 2
b.) In any semicircle we will have the mesh

=⁡ –⁡
hec ⁡

= 10.9–0.7

= 10.2V

a.)

=⁡ where T = period of the complete rectified wave

1

1 1
= ⁡ = ⁡ = 8.33
120

Y 1it is the time that the diode conducts, being the average current received by the load.

= ⁡ ( )
To find the value of the time wt, replace the voltage at that point; so when v= ,
we can find 1 What is the time it takes for the signal to go from zero to where
=⁡ á 1

8.5
≫⁡ 1 = ⁡ sin-1 = sin-1 = 63.47°⁡
á 9.5

So = 90° 1− ⁡⁡ 1 What is the time that the diode conducts

1= 90°− 63.47° = 26.53°

180
= = 0.5 ( ) = 3.4A
1 26.53

d.) To calculate the we must take into account the maximum current that must flow from the
source to the load, and the values at which the voltage oscillates, = 0.5A , = 9.5V y
= 8.5 V

9.5
=⁡ = ⁡⁡= 19 ∩
0.5

8.5
=⁡ = ⁡⁡= 17⁡ ∩
0.5

Of the 2 values for we see that = 17⁡ ∩ it is not appropriate since =⁡ = ⁡ 9.5 =
17 17
0.56 Aand we are exceeding the maximum value of therefore ⁡ ≥ 19 ∩
Exercise 4

For the following circuit, determine the value of R such that % ripple = 2%; Graph Vo.

120 Vrms 4:1

+V0

60 Hz

Also determine the conduction angle and the current through the conducting diodes.
Graph the current signal.
Solution:

1
=
2

2
=
1

= ( )= ⁡

á =⁡ −2

á = − ( . )= . ⁡

1 á − í
% =( )
√3 á + í

1− 3(%rigid)
√
í = á ( )
1+ 3(%rigid)
√

−√ (. )
í = . ( )= . ⁡
+√ (. )

á + í
=
2

. + .
= = . ⁡
 Vo (V)

28.6

27.64

26.685

t
T/2

√ (
1− 3% )
= sin−1( )
√ (
1+ 3% )

√ (
1− 30.02 )
= sine-1 ( ) = 68.91
√ (
1+ 30.02 )
Exercise 5

Design an unregulated DC power supply, 12 y2 , using a capacitive filter and a bridge

full wave rectifier. Consider:
VMAX13.5 Volts at the load.
VAK0.7 Volts in each diode.
VPRIMARY120 Volt RMS power supply.
F= 60 Hz.

The design must specify:

a) Relationship of turns 1
of the transformer.
2
b) Value of the capacitor.
c) Percentage of curling.

Exercise taken from the book: 'Electronics I Theory and problem-solving.'

Solution:

=⁡
1 2
a)
2 1

14.9 2
= − 2(0.7) =⁡
1202√ 1

1
13.5= − 1.4 = 11.39
2

= 14.9 V

b) Calculate C

+⁡
= = 2

12 13.5+ ⁡
= = = 6 ∩ 12 =
2 2

V =V ( ) − . =⁡

( ) =⁡ = .
 10.5
1 = ⁡ sin-1 ( ) 180° 8.33 g
13.5

1 = 51.057°141°⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ 2

= °− . ° = .

= . °

−
= ° −⁡ =⁡

. .
= °− . ° = ⁡⁡ −
.

= ° = ⁡

% of curl

1 −⁡
⁡ ⁡
% = (⁡ )⁡X⁡100%
√3 +⁡
⁡ ⁡

113.5 − 10.5
% = (⁡ )⁡X⁡100%
√ 3 13.5+ 10.5

% = ⁡7.21%
Exercise 6

A man turns to an electronics I student for help with a problem since he has
lost the charger for his phone. The student checks the phone and reads the following data from the
battery: 3.6Volts, 950mA.

The student proposes a design knowing that it has a transformer core, wire
for the winding, germanium diode rectifier bridges, resistors, capacitors,
Zener of different values but with a power of 3.6W

a) Diagram of the proposed circuit

b) Calculate the values of: Maximum voltage in the secondary, turns ratio, current of
peak of the diodes, capacitor value.
c) Value of the resistance Rsaverage.

Note: For its design, consider a ripple of 5% and an average voltage in the capacitor of 7.
Volts.
Solution
Is

IZ

From IL

IDCT=IpT1 7
Vp= VRMS ∗ 100 = 7 R=1.45 = 4.83

Vmin=Vmaxsin( wt1)
%r= Vmax+⁡Vmin C= −7.08
6.4
2 4.83ln( ⁡)
6.4=7.6sin( wt1) 7.6⁡
Vmax-Vmin
VRMS= C=8.53 m
23√
Wt1=sin-1(67..46) = 57°
5=VRMS ∗ 100
7 T1=90 -57 =33
VRMS0.35 V
T2180 - 33 = 147°
0.35(2 √3= Vmax - Vmin T17.08 ms
14 = Vmax + Vmin T21.58 ms
Vmax= 7.6 V ( )( )
Ip= 0.958.33
1.58
Vmin= 6,4 V
Ip= 5.01 A
Vs = 7.6 + 0.6 = 8.2 V
− 2
C=
N1 1202 √ ln( ⁡)
⁡
=
N2 8.2 R: system load (no
N1 only Rl)
= 20.6
N2
ILprom1.45 A
Exercise 7

Design a series regulated power supply that provides a fixed output voltage. 0 = -5 Volts and
a maximum output current| maximum value of 500mA The following is available
information:
Supply voltage 120 VRMS and frequency 60 Hz.
Transformer turns ratio N1/N2 = 15
Silicon diode bridge (Vak=0.7 Volts
Darlington configuration transistors with B=50 and Veb=0.7 V.
Maximum Zener power is 1 Watt and a minimum Zener current of
8mA.

DETERMINE:
a) The design diagram using the number of transistors and resistors that
consider necessary.
b) The range of the polarization resistance R and the value of the zener voltage at
use in your design according to the specified requirements.
c) With a curling percentage of 5% and using the equivalent resistance
What the capacitor sees (Req=Vdc/IdcDetermine the value of the capacitor 'C' in microfarads.
d) Graph a VNRvs t (Consider the sign).
e) Peak current value and peak reverse voltage.
f) The thermal resistance of the heatsink for the transistor Q1if necessary.

pq1[w]

°C
30 150

Exercise taken from: Electronics I Exam ESPOL.

Solution:

Ic1 Ie1
Vnr Q1
Vo=5V
a) Ic2
D2 I don't care
D1 Q2
120 Vrms N1:N2 R
60 Hz - -
Vo Vs D3 - Go Ib2
0° D4 C RL
+ +
+

-
Vz IL=500mA
+

b)
1
=⁡
2

1202√
= = 11,313
15

− − =0

= 11,313 − 2(0,7)

= 9,913 ( )

1 −
%r= [ ]
√3 +
9,913 −
( 0.053) √=
9,913 +

( 0.053) √[9,913+ ] = 9,913 −

(
0.0869,913 +)0.086V = 9,913 −

[1+ 0.086= ]9,913− 0.852

9,061
= = 8,343(v)
1,086

− +2 + 0 =0

( ) 6.4(v)
= 5+ 20,7=

147
 2 + = ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ ∴ ⁡ = − 2

− (−) −
= = =

−
= − 2

<
=
⟹ {
=
1 =0

1 = ( + 1)2 2 1 = 0 →⁡ 2 =0

−
−0<

9,913− 6.4
− 0 < 156.25

9,913− 6.4
<
156,25

∴ > 22,483

>
=
{
=
2=

= 1 =( +I 2

500A
2 = = 0.192A
(50+ 1)2

−
− >

8,343 − 6,14
− 0.192A > 8⧍A

8,343 − 6,14
>
8,192A

∴ < 237,182

( )<
22,483Ω < 237182 (Ω)

148
c)

9,913+ 8,343
= ⁡⁡ ∴ ⁡ = = 9,128(v)
2

= 1+ 2+ ( )

1 2 − ( ) − (− )
= 1( )+ 2( )+( )
1+ 1 2+ 1

50 50 −
= 500A ( +) ( ) 1+
51 51

1 9,128 − 6.4
( (
= 490,196A + 0.980 ) )+
1+ 1 237,182+22,483
2

500 2,728
( (
= 490,196A + 0.980 ) )+
51 129,832Ω

= 490,196 + 9.607 + 21,011

= 520,814A

9,128v
= ⁡⁡ ∴ ⁡⁡ = 17,526Ω
520,814A

= −2 ⁡⁡ ∴ ⁡⁡′ =

-1 ( -1 (
8,343
w 1= )= ) = 57,311
9,913

1=− 1= 90 − 57311 = 32,689

2
8.33
2= − 1= 180 − 32,689 = 147311 ( )
110

2= 6.817

− 2 -6.817 10-3
=
8,343
ln ( )− ln ( (
) 17,526Ω )
9,913

-3(2.55mf
C= 2.55x10 F= )

149
 Vnr
d)

-8.43

-9.913

e)

1=

180
= = 520,814A ( )
1 32,689

∴⁡ = 2867,830⁡ = 2.867⁡

− − =0

= 11,313− 0,7 = 10,613 V

f)

50
1 = ( 1 )( )∴ ⁡ 1= 490,196 = (500 )
51

1 = − 0= 9,913 − 5 = 4,913(V)

1 (
= 4,913V )(
490,196 ⁡ )⇒ ⁡⁡ 1 = 2,408(w)

− = 1

150− 30 ℃
= + 1 [ + ]⁡ ∴ ⁡⁡= = 24 ( )
5
= 30+ 2,408 (24+
)( 35 )

⇒ = 172.072 >( )150°⇒ ⁡

= + +

150
 −
⇒ = 24 + 0 +
1

150− 30
= − 24 = 49,833 − 24
2,408
℃
⇒ = 25,833

RESULTS.

22,483Ω <( ) < 237,182( )

⁡⁡c)⁡⁡ =( )17,526 Ω ⁡;⁡⁡ ( )2 = 6.817 ⁡; ⁡⁡ = 2,255
e)⁡⁡ ()
= 2.867 ⁡⁡;⁡⁡⁡ = 10,613(V )
℃
{ )⁡ = 172.072℃; R = 25,833

151
Exercise 8

An Electronics I student needs to build a power supply to power several devices that
he has at home. The first thing he does is check the feeding characteristics of them.
and note them down (Eq1: 10.2 , 0.5W // Eq2: 10.2 , 0.25W // Eq3: 10.2 , 0.75W). Thinking about
its design is conditioned that the ripple voltage for the unregulated stage will be (8% // 6% //
4%) and that the rectification will be full wave bridge type with silicon diodes. It will also use
Zener regulation to obtain the regulated voltage as it has several
(Vz=12V;0.5w//Vz=12V;0.25w//Vz=12V;0.75w//Vz=10.4V;0.5w//Vz=10.4V;0.25w//Vz=10.4V;0.75
w; everyone with Iz_min=10[mA]). Know that you can get transformers of various powers;
but conditioned to voltages in the secondary of (Vs=12.2V // Vs 12V // Vs=11.8V). In the end, he decides
that to calculate the value of the capacitor, you will use the average load seen by the unregulated source.
Make a diagram and indicate and justify all the values of the chosen and used elements for it.
design.

152
Solution:

1. 10.2 0.5W, 8% Vz=12V/0.5w/Izmin=10mA/Vs=12.2V

2. 10.2 0.25W, 6% Vz=12V/0.25w/Izmin=10mA/Vs=12V
3. 10.2 0.75W, 4% Vz=12V/0.75w7Izmin=10mA/Vs=11.8V
Vz=10.4V/0.5w/Izmin=10mA
Vz=10.4V/0.25w/Izmin=10mA
Vz=10.4V/0.75w/Izmin=10mA

1 −
% =
√3
∗ 100% Vℹ️3= V͎L͎I͎3− 23r = 15.2 −√ 2 30.04
3 √ (
= 15.06Vp )
+

= -23rd
√ + VAI2= V 2− 23rd √ =( 16.7 )
√ =216.9 − 2 30.06

= − √23r Vi1= VYRL1− 23r = 17.2 √ (

√ 1− 2 30.08 = 16.9Vp )

2 16.6ms
180° 8.3ms 2= (8.3180° ) ( 2 + ωt1)
T2 x
= -1 ( )

1= 2− wt1

1+ 2=

2= 2+ ωt1

ωt3= -1 ( 15.06) = 82.2° = (8.3180° ) 90°

( + 82.2° = )7.9
15.28 23

153
 -1 (16 .7)
ωt²= 16.9
= 81.2° 22 = (8.3180° ) 90°
( + 81.2° = )7.9

-1 (16 .9)
ωt1= 17.2
= 79.3° 21 = (8.3180° ) 90°
( + 79.3° = )78s

2
3 10.22
3 = = = 138Ω
3 0.75

2
2 10.22
2 = = = 416Ω
2 0.25

2
1 10.22
1 = = = 208Ω
1 0.5

23 7.9 ∗ 10-3
3=− 3
=− = 6.187∗ 10-3 = 6187
15.06
3 ln ( )
3
138ln( )
15.2

22 7.9 ∗ 10-3
2 =− =− = 1.595 ∗ 10-3 = 1595μF
2 16.7
2 ln ( )
2
416ln( )
16.9

21 7.8 ∗ 10-3
1=− =− = 2.131 ∗ 10-3 = 2131μF
1
1 ln ( )
1
208ln( ) 16.9
17.2

Rs1: 17.2-10.4 6.8 = 70Ω

= 97m
1

16.9−10.4 6.5 = 67Ω Rs=100

= 97m
1

17.2− 10.4 6.8V

= = 115Ω
I like you 59/10

16.9− 10.4 6.5V

= = 110Ω
I feel 5.9
0.5 0.5
Is1max = IL1 + Iz1max = + = 97
10.2 10.4

Is1min=IL1+Iz1min=100.5.2 + 10 A = 59A

154
Rs2: 16.9-10.4 6.5 = 134Ω Rs=150
= 48.5
2

16.7 − 10.4 6.3V

= = 130Ω
I2 48.5
16.9− 10.4 6.5V
= = 188Ω
I2i 34.5/10

16.7 − 10.4 6.3V

= = 183Ω
I₂I₁ 34.5/10

Is2max=IL2+Iz2max=0.25+ 0.25
= 48.5A
10.2 10.4

0.25
Is2min=IL2+Iz2min=10 .2
+ 10A = 34.5A

Rs3: 15.2-10.4 4.8 = 33Ω Rs=40

= 145.6
3

June 15− 10.4 4.66V

= = 32Ω
I3NL 145.6
15.2− 10.4 4.8V
= = 58Ω
I3I 83/10

15.06 − 10.4 4.66V

= = 56Ω
I3i 83/10

Is3max=IL3+Iz3max=0.75+ 0.75
= 145.6A
10.2 10.4

0.75
Is3min=IL3+Iz3min=10 .2
+ 10A = 83 A

155
Exercise 9

Vmax=30V Vmin=24V Rs=60Ω Pzmax=3.5W

a) Calculate the variation range of RL if it is desired that Izmin be 2mA. Assume that the Zener diode
it is ideal with Vz=15V
b) Assuming that the Zener diode has the characteristic shown in the figure and that RL=300Ωcalculate
the ripple voltage (peak-to-peak) at the output Vo

156
Solution:

for 30V
Izmax=3.5 = 233 A Ismax=30 minus 15 = 250A
15 60

Irmin=250-233=17mA
Irmax=250-2=248mA

15
RLmin=248 = 60.48Ω 15
RLmax=250−233 = 882Ω

For 24V

15
RLmin=148 = 101.35Ω RLmax=∞

Respuesta:
101.35 <RL<882

b) With RL=300Ω

= 15−14.75 = 5Ω ℎ = 530−14.75 + 14.75 = 15.92V

0.05 65

Rth=60||5=4.615 ohm Vo = 15.68V

157
 24− 14.75
ℎ = 5+ 14.75= 15.46V
65

= 15.46∗300 = 15.23V
304.62

Vr(p-p) = 15.68 - 15.23

Vr(p-p)=0.45V

158
Exercise 10

For the following circuit:

Is
Vo
120 Vrms
37/45 60 Hz
IL
From

I [mA]

12 11.3 V [V]

100

a) Determine the range of variation of RL if it is desired that the minimum Iz be 3 mA; assume that
the zener diode is ideal with Vz=12 V
b) Assuming that the zener diode has Pmáx= 4W and the characteristics given in the figure and
that RL= 350 calculate the Vrpp (Peak-to-Peak Ripple Voltage) at the output Vo.
c) Find RL to obtain a Vrpp= 0.5 V, assume the given characteristic.

159
Solution:

a)
á = ( á)

á
á =

á = = . ⁡[ ]

= +

45
()−
37 + =
100

=
( 45 )−
37 +
100

í = 37−
+ á
100

í = −
= . ⁡⁡[ ]
+ .

á = 45−
+ í
100

á = −
= . ⁡⁡[ ]
+ −

. ⁡[ ] < < 47.43[ ]

b)
− .
= −= ⁡[ ]

= á − í

160
 á = 12 + 7 á

á = + ( . ) = . ⁡[ ]

í = 12 + 7 í

í = + ( − )= . ⁡[ ]

= . − . = . ⁡[ ]

c) 0.5= 14.31− í

í = 13.81[V]

13.81= 12+ 7 í

í [ ]
= 258.57⁡

í = 37−
+ á
100

í = −
= . ⁡⁡[ ]
+ .

á = 45−
+ í
100

á = −
= . ⁡⁡[ ]
+ . −

. ⁡[ ] < < 23.59[ ]

161
Exercise 11

A. Design an Unregulated Power Supply with Multiple Outputs:

V01 = + 22 volts; I01dc= | 1 | [A].

V02-10 volts; I02dc= | 1 | [A].

There is a transformer that has 4 equal taps on the secondary and one
turns ratio N1/N2 = 3.53; silicon diodes and capacitors of various values are requested
determine:

Circuit diagram
Capacitor values.
Peak current and reverse voltage for diodes.
Curl percentage for each output.

Note: Use half of the secondary as your reference. And supply voltage 120 Vrms

The unregulated source must be used to design a regulated source with multiple outputs.
de :

V'01= + 15 volts; I’01= | 0.5 | [A].

V’02- 5 volts; I'02= | 0.5 | [A].

There are zener diodes of various voltage values and 0.5 watt power, and with Ichange= 2 mA, so
request to determine:

o Circuit diagram
o Resistances for regulation.
o Zener values.

162
Solution:

a) UNREGULATED source

Circuit Diagram

D1 VNR1
Vo1
C1 RL1
I01
T1 D2
V1
120 Vrms Vs/2
60 Hz Vp
0° Vs/2 VNR2
Vo2
D4 C2 RL2

D3 I02

Since no Zeners are present in the circuit, THERE IS NO REGULATION.

22
1 = = 22Ω]
1

N1
=
N2

10
2 = = 10 Ω
[]
1

1202√N1
=
N2

= 1202√ [ ]

163
 = . ⁡[ ]

POSITIVE SOURCE

For the positive semicircle only D1, D3 conduct.

1⁡ á = −
2
48.075
1⁡ á = − 0.7⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ á = . ⁡[ ]
2

1⁡ á + 1⁡ í
= 01 = ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ í = . [ ]
2
Curl Percentage

1 1 − ⁡1
%⁡ = ( ) 100% true = . %
√3 1 + ⁡1

Load

⁡1 = ⁡1 ⁡ ( 1)

20.664
1 = -1 ( )= -1 ( ) = 62,312º
23.337

1= 90º − 1 = 90º − 62,312º = 27.688º

2 = 180º − 27.688º = 152.312º Conversion of Degrees to

152.312º0.00833 Seconds
2 =
180º
º
2 = 7.052⁡

Download

⁡ 0
= =
⁡ 01

Capacitance

2 7.052 to the power of 10−3

1=− =⁡−
⁡ () 22l( 20.664 )
23.337

= . ⁡[ ]

164
 Peak Current Reverse Voltage for Diodes

1= ⁡ = −⁡ 1

180º = 48.075− 0.7

=
1
= . ⁡[ ]
180 degrees
=
27.688º
= . ⁡[ ]

Only D2, D4 conduct for the positive semicircle.

2 á = −
4
48.075
2 á = − 0.7⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ á = . ⁡[ ]
4

2 á + 2 í
= 01 =
2

í = . [ ]

Curl Percentage

1 2 − ⁡2
%⁡ = ( ) 100% pure = . %
√3 2+ ⁡2

Load

⁡2 = ⁡2 ⁡ ( ′1 )

2 8.682
′1 = -1 ( )= -1 ( ) = 50,093º
2 11.318

′1 = 90º − ′1 = 90º − 50,093º = 39.907º

′2 = 180º − 39.907º = 140.093º

′2 = 140.093º 180º
0.00833

′2 = 6.487⁡ Conversion of Degrees to Seconds

′ T'2
 Download

⁡ 0
= =
⁡ 01

Capacitance

2 6.48710-3
=− =⁡−
⁡ () 10l( 8.682 )
11.318

= . [ ]

Peak Current Reverse Voltage for Diodes

′ ′1 = ′ ⁡ ′
= −⁡ 4
2
′ 180º
′ = = 24.034− 0.7
′1
180 degrees = . ⁡[ ]
=
39.907º
= . ⁡[ ]

b) REGULATED source

VNR1 Rs
Vo1
DC SOURCE Is
Z1 RL
NO
Iz1 IL
REGULATED

1= − ( )
POSITIVE SOURCE
VNR1− Table 1
To regulate: 1= −⁡
Vo = Vz
15
Vz= 15 [V] ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ = 0.5 = 30Ω

⁡ 0.5
⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡
= = = 33.33[ A]
15
 For the Zener to turn on So that the Zener does not burn out

> <
− 15 − 15
− 500mA > 2mA − 500mA > 33.33 mA

20.664− 15 23.336− 15
> 502mA > 533.33 mA

5.664 8.336
> >
502mA 533.33 mA
< 11.282Ω > 15. Ω

. Ω< < 11.282Ω

Conclusion: There is no value that allows the Zener to be regulated.

VNR' Rs
Vo2
DC SOURCE Is
NO Z RL
REGULATED
From IL

11.318 /8.682

Negative source
′ 1= − ( )
In order to regulate:
′ − ′ Table 2
Vo = V'z ′ 1= −⁡
′ ′
V’z = -5 [V] 5
′ = 0.5 = 10Ω

167
So that the Zener turns on So that the Zener does not burn out

> <

′ −5 ′ −5
− 500 mA > 2mA − 500mA > 33.33 mA
′ ′
8.662− 5 11.318− 5
> 502mA > 533.33 mA
′ ′
3.662 6.318
> >
502mA 533.33 mA
′ < 7.294Ω ′ > 11.846Ω

Conclusion: There is no value that allows the Zener to be regulated.

168
Exercise 12

In the Electronics laboratory, an unregulated power supply is required with the following
specifications:

Vexit-24 ± 1.5 V
Alimentación= 110Vrms 60Hz
RL=12Ω
Germanium diodes for rectification = 0.3

Design the font according to the specifications:

Find:
Transformer turn ratio
Peak current of the diodes
Required capacitor value
Curly percentage
Graph the voltage Vc(t)

169
Solution:

Vomax= –VD
2
Vs= 2(V omax+ VD)
Vs= 50.4

1 1102 √1
= = =2.18
2 50.4 2

Ip = IDC= 2180 4.04

1 88.91

%r=1 −
x 100% =1 25.5−22.5x 100% = 3.6%
√3 + √ 325.2+22.5

IDC = = 24 = 2A
12

Wt1= sine-1 = 1.08

T1= 90-wt1= 88.91 T2= 180 - T191.09o

1
180
120
t2 T2

t2=4.2 ms

− 2
C= = 2.8mF
⁡

170
Exercise 13

Using the unregulated DC source from exercise 12.

a) Design the regulatory block using a Zener diode with a maximum power of 2
Watts, Izmin= 0.5A, and an output voltage of -12 Volts
b) Find the range of Rx for the zener to be able to regulate

171
Solution:

Pzmax =2W Izmin =0.5A

Izmax = = 0.16ª

min−⁡ | −22.5 −|-12|

|
Rzmax = = = 7Ω
+ 0.5+1

Iodc = = 12 = 1st
12

max −⁡ | 25.5 |−|-12|

Rzmax = = 27 Ohms
+ 0.16+0

The zener does not regulate

172
Exercise 14

An Electronics I student needs to build a power supply to power several devices that
he has at home. The first thing he does is check the feeding characteristics of these
equipment, which are as follows:

Team 1 Team 2 Team 3

Voltage (V) 10.2 10.2 10.2

Power (W) 0.5 0.25 0.75

Thinking about its design, the ripple voltage for the unregulated stage is also conditioned.
each team

Team 1 Team 2 Team 3

Curl percentage 8% 6% 4%

It must also be the design made with full wave bridge diode regulators.
silicon. Zener diodes will be used in the regulation stage to obtain a regulated voltage. The
The student has two types of Zener diodes, one of 12 V and another of 10.4 V, both turn on.
with a minimum current of 1 mA. The secondary voltages are also conditioned within the
transformers to any of the following: 12.2 V, 12 V, and 11.8 V. As additional information for the
The calculation of the capacitor will use the charge seen by the unregulated voltage source. Request:

a) Make the diagram of the regulated voltage source that feeds the three devices.
(b) Clearly show the selected electronic devices for the power supply design
including the maximum power that the Zener diode should withstand.

173
Solution

The diagram of the source for the 3 devices that will be connected in parallel is drawn.
RL position

For the calculation of Rs, the secondary voltage is first chosen; in this case, I decide to choose 12.2 V.
This voltage is RMS, therefore the maximum voltage is 17.2 V in the secondary.

As a silicon bridge diode rectifier, two diodes will turn on for each cycle.
the voltage drop across the rectifier bridge is 1.4 V (Each silicon diode generates a
drop of 0.7 V
This tells us that the maximum voltage after the diode bridge is 15.8 V. Now for the calculation
For the minimum voltage we will use a ripple of 8%.

−
% = 23√
+
2

15.8−
0.08= 23√
15.8+
2
Solving the equation
= 11.96 V

Now that we have the maximum and minimum voltages of the unregulated stage of the power supply, we can
perform the calculations for the regulation stage. Let's remember that with the power and the voltage
we can calculate the current that each device will consume

174
 Team 1 Team 2 Team 3

Current (mA) 49 25 74

If we add all the currents, it will give us the total current that the source must deliver to the load.
that is 0.148 A.

In addition, the zener current is set at 0.015 A and the voltage at 10.4.1V (You can decide where
It is desired that the Zener diode operates as long as this value meets the requirements.

Is
V = 10.4 V (Zener Voltage)

0.015 A 0.148 A
Vmax = 15.8 V
Vmin = 11.36 V

Using Kirchhoff's node law, the value of Is can be obtained.

= + = 0.015+ 0.148= 0.163A

As we have the maximum and minimum voltages that the unregulated voltage stage provides us.
we can find a range for the resistance Rs

15.8− 10.4 11.36− 10.4

= = 33.12 ohms = = 5.52 ohms
0.163 0.163

Therefore, the resistance Rs must be within this range. A resistance of 6 Ω is chosen.

Once this resistor is chosen, it must be checked that it will deliver the currents for it to
the teams and the zener diode function.

15.8− 10.4 11.36− 10.4

= = 0.9A = = 0.15 A
6 6

1A voltage of 10.4 is chosen because it is the one that is closest to the value of the equipment.

175
With this we can observe that the zener diode will operate at the minimum voltage, as well as that with
From these values we can determine the maximum power that the zener diode must withstand:

= (10.40.75
)( = 7.8
)

Then a zener is chosen that can withstand a power of 10 W. Finally, we must

find the value of the capacitor C that gives us the maximum and minimum voltage values

= sin-1 ( ) = 45.97°

= 90 − ⁡ = 44.02° Capacitor charging time

The period of a rectifier of

+ = ⁡∴ = 135.98°
a complete wave is 180°

135.98°→
Rule of three to find the value
360°→ 16.6
in seconds of td
= 6.27⁡

By obtaining the discharge time of the capacitor, one can finally find the capacitance C.
with the following formula.

−
=
⁡ ln( )

In this exercise, as the statement says, 'for the calculation of the capacitor, the charge observed will be used.'
due to the unregulated voltage source, then R is equal to Rl (the load resistance)

= 70.2 ∴ = 2700μF

176
 PROPOSED PROBLEMS
Exercise 1

In the following circuit, determine

a) With the switch open, analyze how the capacitors charge each half-cycle, at least.
during 4 half-periods
b) With the switch closed, a signal of 20±2 V is desired in R1 for a current Idc = 1 (A)
c) What should the value of Vp and C be?

Vi = Vp Sin wt

F = 60 hertz

Ideal diodes.

C1 D2 SW

T1 200µF
D1 C2 R1
I 1µF 200Ω
2:1

177
Exercise 2

For the following, it is requested to calculate:

a) The average voltage of the capacitor Vc if its ripple percentage is 5%

b) The capacitance C
c) The maximum and minimum currents of the zener
d) The peak current of the diodes

Consider Vak = 0.7V

R1 You

50Ω Vo
D1
D2
Vac T1
110 Vrms RL
C1 Z 200Ω
60 Hz
4.7
0° 180 : 10
D3 D4

178
Exercise 3

Given the following circuit, determine:

a) Calculate C1 to obtain Vdc1 = 60(V) Idc1 = 1(A)

b) Calculate Ipico for D1 and D2
c) Vrpp2 at the output V2, if Vc2=8(Vpp)

Vrms1= 50(v)
Vrms2= 20(v)
Vrms3= 20(v)
Vrms4= 50(v)
Vz= 15(V)
Rz = 3 ohms
R1= 50 ohms
R2= 300 ohms

D1
V1
Vrms1

D2
C1 R1
1µF
Vrms2

Vrms3

D3
V2
Vrms4 C2 Vz R2
1µF
D4

179
Exercise 4

In the given multiplier circuit:

a) Analyze your operation

b) Calculate the maximum voltage across each capacitor
c) Calculate the peak reverse voltage of each diode
d) If Vi=110sinwt, calculate Vo (Maximum Value)

180
Exercise 5

In the following circuit:

a) Analyze the charge of the capacitors

b) Plot Vo vs wt

181
Exercise 6

A regulated voltage is desired with the following specifications:

Pz = 1W; Vdc = 15V; IL = 400mA

a) Determine the value of Rs and its maximum power dissipation

b) Determine the range of variation through the Zener

182
Exercise 7

Design a DC source with the following specifications:

a) Vdc=25 3V; para ILmax

b) IL(current) 500mA

SUGGESTIONS FOR THE DESIGN:

Use a transformer, a full-wave rectifier with ideal diodes, a filter.

capacitive

Specify the nominal values of all the elements to be used.

a) I(max diode), I(peak)

b) PIV of the diodes
c) Vdc of the capacitor
d) Transformer ratio N1:N2
e) RL Range

183
Exercise 8

Zener regulator

RS

SOURCE OF
DC VOLTAGE NO RL
REGULATED
Vmax=50v
Vmin=30v

Vz = 20 V

Iz max = 150 mA

RL = 100 Ω up to 2 kΩ

Given the specifications of the Zener diode and the variations of the load, it is known in advance
it is impossible for the Zener diode to regulate throughout the entire variation of the load.

It is then desired to find an appropriate Rs that will protect the Zener diode from damage for
that the diode can regulate over a wide range of given RL.

Therefore, it is requested to find the minimum possible Rs so that the Zener diode complies with the
specified; likewise, it is desired to find the range of RL in which the Zener diode will regulate.

Finally, it is necessary to determine the maximum power that the chosen resistance Rs will dissipate.
by you.

184
Exercise 9

+
120V (RMS) R=3K
VO
60Hz
R1
C

In the given circuit determine:

a) The capacitance value to obtain a DC voltage VDC= 38V.

b) The maximum current (IPthat will circulate through the diodes.

185
 ASSIGNMENT N° 5

BJT TRANSISTORS: OPERATING REGIONS

Exercise 1

Calculate the minimum value of β for the transistor in the figure to saturate.

Vcc
Rc 10 V
3kΩ

Q1
Rb

I 100kΩ
2N2222A

VBB
3V

Data:
|VBE| = 0.7V
|VCE(sat)| = 0.2V

Exercise taken from: Electronic I Tutorials ESPOL.

186
Solution:

= -

= -β

= - min⁡ () −

= ( )

⁡
= −⁡
−

= 142

→ 1 is in a Saturation zone

187
Exercise 2

From the following circuit:

a. Find the operating points of each transistor and indicate in which region they are located. (β=
100)

b. Demonstrate that the zener is functioning. Calculate the power consumed.

Exercise taken from:[Link]

188
Solution:
Assume that the zener is operating

We calculate a among the resistances 1 y 2

15(R 2 ) 15(50)
= = = 5(v)
2+ 1 150

1 = − 0.7= 5− 0.7 = 4.3(v)

14.3
1 = = = 1.43(A)
1 3( )

We assume 1 = 0 therefore 1 = 1

We demonstrate that our assumption is correct.

5
= = = 0.1(A)
2 50

11.43(A)
= = 0.0143(A)
100

0.0143 ( ) 0.1 ( ⁡⁡
≪ ) ⁡ ⁡ ⁡ á ⁡⁡

Now we will assume that 2 = 0 therefore 2 = 2

1 = 15 − 1 − 1 ( 5−) 4.3= 3.55(v)

= 15 − 1.43

2 = 15 − 0.7− 1 − 1 = 15 − 0.7− 3.55− 4.3= 6.45(v)

189
 6.45
2
2 = = = 3.22( )
2 2( )

23.22(A)
= = 0.0322( )
100

0.0322 ( ) 1.43
≪ ( ⁡⁡
) ⁡ ⁡ ⁡ á ⁡⁡

2 = 15 − 1 − 2 ( − 1.7=
− 1.7= 15− 6.45− 3.221 ) 3.63(v)

Therefore, the two requested points are:

1 = ( 1; 1 )= (1.43( ); 3.55(v)

2 = ( 2; 2 )= (3.22( ); 3.63(v)

Finding themselves both in a linear zone

ZENER "ON" >0

How

= 2 = 3.22(A)

= ∗ = 1.7(3.22 ( ))= 5.47( )

Therefore, it is proven that the zener is operating.

190
Exercise 3

The transistor with β=100 feeds a load of 1k from a 15v battery. Calculate the
power dissipated by the transistor in the following two cases:

a) V=0 v
b) V=30 v

R1
1kΩ

V Q1
R2

100kΩ Vcc
2N1711 15 V

Exercise taken from: Electronics I Tutoring ESPOL.

191
Solution:

If operating in cutoff: Ic=Ib=Ie=0

− + 100lf+ =0

Yes: = 0v

= = 0 −→⁡⁡ < 0.7− −−→ − −−→ = 0w

If: = 30v

= = 30⁡⁡ > 0.7− −−→ ⁡

30− 0.7
=⁡ = 0.293A
100

= (
= 1000.293A =) 29.3⁡ ⁡

29.31( )= 29.3v > 15v − −−→ ⁡ ⁡ ó

= 0.7 (0.293=)0.21 increase in debt ratio

192
Exercise 4

For the given circuit, plot the signals at points A, B, C with respect to the signals.
V1 yV2 ⁡with voltage and time values.

Data

1
= 100
2
} ∶ ⁡ { = 0.7
3
=0
4

193
Solution:

The DC analysis of the circuit is performed.

For = [0,1]

The transistor 1 that is operating as a diode remains OPEN all the time, already
that the 20V power source sends a current opposite to its emitter current and it
INVERSELY POLARIZES; therefore the transistor 1 it can be withdrawn.

Además 2 =0; 4 =0
∴ ⁡⁡⁡⁡ 4 =( 4 +I 4

4 = 4 4

∴ ⁡⁡⁡⁡
4 ⋀= 0⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡
4 ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ =0

Yes 4 = 0 → the transistor 4 it is in court

Now: 1− 33I 2 − 2 =0
5− 0.7 = 33I 2

2 = 5-0.7 = 0.13
33

2 = 0.13⁡A

194
 2 = 2 2 = (100)(0.13)

2 = 13â ¬A

2 =( 2 +1 ) 2 ( 0.13=
= 101 )( 13.13
)

2 = 13.13⁡ A

As 1⁡ ( ⁡⁡
) → ⁡⁡⁡ 3 = 2

3 = 13αA

Therefore, the voltage across the resistor of930 ∩ it will be

930 ( )(930= 12090

= 13 ) V

But this value is not possible. The DC source of the circuit is 20 V and unless the circuit is a
voltage multiplier, the voltage drops across the circuit elements are less than 20V.

Since there are no voltages of 1290 V in the circuit, this signifies that the transistor Q2is
saturated and therefore a current of 13mA does not flow, but a much smaller current that
it is determined considering that VCE2= 0 v.

20− 10I 3 − 3 − 930I 3 − 2 =0

20− 10I 3 − 3 − 930I 3 −0=0

Assuming that the transistor 3 it is in the active zone

20− 103 + I 3 − 3 − 930I 3 =0

( +1
20− 10100 )3 − 0.7− 930I 3 =0

19.3
19.3= 1940I 3 ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ → ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ 3 = 1940

3 = 0.01 A

3 = 3 3 =(100 0.01=
)( 1)

3 =1 A
195
 3 =( 3 +1 ) 3 ( 0.01=
= 101 )( 1.01
)

3 = 1.01A

How 3 = 2 = 0.01 A

2 = 0.01 A

∴ ⁡⁡⁡ 3 ⁡20−
∶ 10I 3 − − 1I 3 =0

20− 103 + I 3 − − 3 =0

20− 10(101)(0.01)− 1=

3 = 8.9V ≡ ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ 3 = -8.9 V power source

∴ ⁡⁡⁡ 3
= -8.9 V Reduction potential of the Nernst equation −⁡
() ⁡ ⁡ ⁡ ⁡

3 = -8.9 V

Response for the first interval

1: ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡;⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ 2: ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡;⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ 3: ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡;⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ 4:

Luego:

= 2 =0 ; = (1 )I 3 ; = 20 − (10 )I 3

= (1 )(1⁡ ) ; = 20 − (10 )(1.01 )

= 1V ; = 9.9 V

For ∈ [1,2] Gege

1= ⋀
0V⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡
2 = 0V

Yes 1 = 0V

→⁡ 2 = 0⁡ → ⁡ 2 = 2 = 0 →⁡ 2⁡ ⁡ ⁡

→⁡ 2 = 0 →⁡ 4 = 4 = 4 = 0 →⁡ 4⁡ ⁡ ⁡

196
 How 2 = 3 = 0⁡ → ⁡ 3 = 3 = 0 →⁡ 3⁡ ⁡ ⁡

1⁡ ⁡

Under these conditions:

= 20V ; =0V ; = 20V

For ∈ [2,3]

1= 0 V∴ ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ 2 = 2 = 2 = 0⁡⁡⁡ → ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ 2⁡ ⁡ ⁡

How 2 = 3 = 0⁡ → ⁡ 3 = 3 = 0 →⁡ 3⁡ ⁡ ⁡
How 3⁡ it is in court→ 3 = 4 = 0⁡⁡⁡ ∴ ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ 4⁡ ⁡ ⁡
Like this:
= 20 V ; = 0V ; = 20 V

For ∈ [3, ∞]

= 20V ; =0V ; = 20V

197
 PROPOSED PROBLEMS
Exercise 1

If V1And V2they have the following waveform, plot the waveforms of Vi and Vo. Consider
ideal diodes.

198
Exercise 2

Graph VThevs t Si VXes:

199
Exercise 3

Graph VThevs t. Conβ1 =β2 = 100 y = 0.7⁡

200
Exercise 4

Find the value of RCfor:

a ) V CE10V
b) Saturation edge.

201
Exercise 5

Graph VO1, VO2, VO3through time.

202
Exercise 6

Graph VO1in time

203
Exercise 7

For the circuit shown below, determine the state of the transistors.

15 V

Re2
Rc1 2kΩ
5kΩ
Q2
Rb1
100kΩ
Q1
Rc2
2.7kΩ
Rb2
50kΩ
Re1
3kΩ

Data:
|VBE| = 0.7V
β = 100

204
Exercise 8

For the following circuit. Determine the state of the transistors.

Rc
15 V 5kΩ
R1
83kΩ Vo
Q2
C3

1µF
R2 2N2222A
39kΩ

R3 15 V
53kΩ
Q1

I R4 2N2222A
10kΩ

Re
2kΩ

Data:
|VBE| = 0.7V
β1=β2=100

205
Exercise 9

The three bipolar transistors in the circuit shown are identical, and for this exercise, we
They can be characterized by a piecewise linear model. It is known that Q2 is in saturation.

a) From the three states of the transistor (cut-off, saturation, active), deduce in which of them
find Q1.

b) Calculate the range of values of Rd for which Q3 is active.

c) For RD= 60 [Ω] Q3 is in saturation and its VBE=0.7 V. Calculate the values of the currents.
IC2e IC3.

d) Check that Q2 and Q3 are saturated.

Vcc
5V
Rb
Ra 0.4kΩ
1.7kΩ
Q3
Rc
6kΩ

Rd

Q2
Q1

Data:
β = 100
|VBE| = 0.7V
|VCE(sat)| = 0.2V

206
 ASSIGNMENT No. 6

BJT TRANSISTORS: OPERATING POINTS

Exercise 1

Determine the operating points Q1 and Q2. Consider VSaturation = 0.3 [V].

R4 V1
2kΩ 5V

Elements Values
Q2
R1 40KΩ
R2 0.5KΩ
Q1 R3 1KΩ
R1 R3 2N2222A R4 2KΩ
1kΩ R5 2KΩ
40kΩ
2N3702 R5 Q1 β1=100
2kΩ Q2 β2=100
R2 +V1 +5VDC
0.5kΩ +V2 -5VDC
V2
-5 V +V3 -15VDC

V3
-15 V

Exercise taken from the book: 'Electronics I Theory and Problem Solving'.

207
Solution:

Define the currents in the circuit and obtain the following graph:

Upon observing the transistors, we notice that in transistor 2 there is a 5-volt source which
it will feed a current contrary to the emitter by inversely polarizing it, therefore we can
conclude that transistor 2 is in cutoff region.

it is in a cut zone therefore it is open and its currents = = =

When calculating 2 we have:

2 ( )= 10(v)
= 5 − -5

So:
2 = ( 2; 2 )= (0; 10(v))

Now for the calculation of 1 we removed from the circuit 2 since it is in a cutting zone.

3 = -15 + 0.7= -14.3(v)

3 -14.3
1 =− =− = 14.3( A)
3 1( )

We assume 1 = 0 therefore 1 = 1

1 = 14.3(A)

1 14.3(A)
= = 0.143(A)
100

0.143( )≪ 14.3( A) progress note valid

208
 1 = 15 − 2 + 3 ( 0.5−
= 15 − 14.3 ) 14.3= −6.45(v)

It is concluded that 1 ⁡it is saturated.

Another way to conclude was by observing the voltage of R2; if it was greater than that of the source, it could be
reach the same conclusion, because no resistor should have a higher voltage than that of the
source.

2 =− 1 ∗ 2 = −(14.30.5
) = −7.15 > -15

Which in effect is fulfilled, reaching the same conclusion that 1 is saturated.

1 = ( 1; 1)= (14.3( A); 0.3(v)

Exercise 2

209
For the following circuit, determine the operating points of the transistors Q1y Q2.

Data:
β1 = β2 = 100
C1, C2, C3 ideal

Exercise taken from: Electronics I Exam ESPOL.

Solution:

210
To simplify the problem:

1.- +12V can be added to the circuit power supplies.

2.- It can be assumed 1⁡ ≅ 0 because: 2 ≅ 0 because:

( 4 + 5 )( 1 + 1 ≫) 2 e 6( 2 )
+1≫ 3

( 0.5 + 17.5 100

)( + 1 ≫ )90% 2100( + 1 ≫ 8 )

( 2)
= 30 18V→ 1=
−0.7
= ⁡ 18-0.7
0.5 +⁡17.5
= 0.961 mA≅ 1
1+
4+⁡
2
5

(
30− 8 0.961A − ⁡) (
− 18 0.961A= 0 )

1 =5.14V

1 = (0.294 ⁡ ⁡; 5.014V

(
30− 8 0.961A ) 2 and a half
+ 0.7− () 2 − 30 = 0

2 =3.49mA 2 = +1 2 3.45 mA

2 =30 − 2nd I 2 − 3.5F 2

1 10.945 V 2 = (3.41 A; 10.945 V

211
 Exercise 3

From the following circuit:

a) Calculate the operating points of each of the transistors according to each one of
the values of Vi.
b) For each value of Vi, indique el status de cada uno de los diodos (encendido/apagado) y
calculate the value of Vo.
c) Graph Vovs t for the VIdice.
Veb= Vbe0.7 volts
We

D1 D2
Q1 Q2
B=100 B=100

D4
D3 R6
R1 100Ω
100Ω

R2 R3 R4 R5

5kΩ 5kΩ I 5kΩ 5kΩ

+5V -5V

R7
-10V 1kΩ -10V

10

NOTE: Remember that everything you assume has to be

t
demonstrated
-3

Exercise taken from: Electronics I Exam ESPOL. 212

Solution:

Q1
B=100
Apply Thevenin.

R1
100Ω Th

-10V
R2 R3
5kΩ 5kΩ 5 5
=ℎ110 ( ) + 5( )
5+ 5 5+ 5
-10V +5V
=ℎ15 + 2.5 = 7,5V

ℎ1 = 2 3= 555 = 2.5R

Q2
B=100

R6
Th 100Ω

10V

R4 R5
5kΩ 5kΩ
5 5
=ℎ2-10 ( ) − 5( )
5+ 5 5+ 5
-5V -10V =ℎ2-5 − 2.5 = −7,5V

ℎ2 = 5 4= 55 = 2.5R

213
 I

D1 D2
+ Vce1 - Q2
B=100

D4
D3 R6
R1 100Ω
100Ω
Rth2
Rth
Vo

R7
-10V Vth 1kΩ Vth2 -10V

Assume thatQ1 ∧ Q2 linear zone

1= 10 − (
1 0.1− ) −
0,7 1 ℎ− 7,5= 0

10− 0,7 − 7,5= 1 [ ℎ+ (+ 1 (0,1

) ) ]

1.8
1= = 142.857
( )
2.5+ 101(0,1)

1= 1= ( 142,7 )= 14,285

1 =( +1 ) 1= ( 142.857
101 )( )
= 14,428 A

2= -10 + ( 0,7
1 0.1+ ) + 1 ℎ+ 7,5= 0

2[( )( +
+ 10.1 ) ℎ2 = 10 ]− 0,7− 7,5

1.8
2= = 142.857
( 1010.1
)( ) + 2.5

2= 2= 100(142.857 =) 14,285 A

214
 2= 2= 101(142.857 =) 14,285

Observe that: 1= 2 ⁡⁡ → ⁡⁡ 1= 2=

10− 1 1− − =

(
= 10 − 0,1 14,428 A− )0,75−

Si = 0V → = 7,807

= -3V→ = 10.807

1= 2

= 142.857

= 14,285A

= 14,428A

→ 0 no para⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡u = +10Vu

= 3V→ = 4.807

= 10V→ = −2,192V → los2transistoresesaturan

con =0⇒ 1∧ 3" "

why = 14,285 > 0

+ 1− 2− 0= 0⁡⁡ ∴ ⁡⁡
0 = =0

con =3⇒ 1∧ 2" "⁡

why = 14,285 > 0

+ 1− 2− 0= 0⁡⁡ ∴ ⁡⁡
0 = =3

con = -3 ⇒ 1∧ 3" "⁡

because = 10,285 > 0

+ 1− 2− 0= 0 ∴ ⁡⁡ = 0 = −3V

215
 con = 10 ⇒ 1 OFF= 4
D3
Web
R1
100Ω I go
R7
Rth 1kΩ

-10V 10− 0.1k (1)− =0

Vth1
= 10− 0.1k (1)

7,5 + ℎ1 1+ − =0

= 8.2+ 2.5 1

10− 0.1k 1= 8.2 + 2.5 I1

1.8= 2.5kI + 0.1I 1 (1)

Como 3 ON→ ⁡⁡⁡⁡ 0= 7

0 = 8.375 ( 1=)(8.375(V)
)

1= 1+ 1

0= 1+ 1− 1 (2)

= 0,75+ ( )10− 0,1

1= 1

+ 0.1I 1= 9.25 (3)

2.50 0.11.8
[ 1 1-1| 0 ]
0 10.1 9.25

= 0.370 A
{ = 8.375
= 8745A

=ℎ17,5V R ℎ1 = 2.5

=ℎ2−7,5V R ℎ2 = 2.5

216
 = 142,285 μA
1= 2={ = 14,285⁡ A
= 14,428 A

0 Diodes 'ON' Diodes 'OFF'

⁡ = 0V→| | 7,807V 1 ∧ 2 ⁡⁡
= ⁡ 0V 1∧ 3 2∧ 4
⁡ = 3V→| | 4.807V1 ∧ 2 ⁡⁡
= ⁡ 3V 1 ∧ 3 2∧ 4
⁡ = -3V→| =| 10.807V 1 ∧ 2 ⁡⁡ ⁡ −3V 1∧ 3 2∧ 4
⁡ = 10V→| | -2,192V1 ∧ 2 ⁡⁡
= ⁡ 8.375V
ó 2∧ 3 1∧ 4

Vo(t)

8.37

t
-3

217
 Exercise 4

Calculate the value of in the circuit of the figure:

V1
12 V

R1
R2 680Ω
200Ω

Q1

BJT_PNP_RATED
R3
620Ω
Vled
LED

β= 100

Exercise taken from:[Link]

218
bipolar transistor
Solution:

Apply Thevenin to the left side of the circuit:

V2
12 V

R2
200Ω

Q1
R1

680Ω
BJT_PNP_RATED V1
R3 12 V
620Ω
Vled
LED

Assume ≅ 0 because:

2( )
+ 1>>

200 ( + 1 ≫
) 620

( + 1 ≫) 620
200100

20200≫ 620

12− (200−)⁡ − 5.72 = 0

12− (200−)0.7 − 5.72 = 0

5.8− (200=) 0

− ( 200=) -5.58

= 27.9 A = ⁡

The value It is positive because it is an outgoing intensity; if it were incoming, it would be negative. Now
we will check if the active assumption is correct, for that the value of it would have to be
negative.

=2V
12-5, 5-2=4.5V⇨ -4.5
200Ω 5.5V

219
Exercise 5

From the following circuit:

a) Calculate the operating points of the transistors 1, 2, 3
b) Calculate⁡ , ,Δ ⁡
c) Calculateℎ , ℎ

= 10 ∥ [ 1 + 4.7∥ 4.7 ∥ 2 ]( 1 + 1)

3.9∥ 15∥ 2.2

= 0.5 ∥ 3 +
( 3 + 1)

4.7 ∥ 4.7∥ 2
Δ 1=
4.7 ∥ 4.7∥ 2 + 1

2.2∥ 3.9∥ 15∥ (0.5+ 3 )⁡( 3 + 1)

Δ 2 =
( ( 10+1) + 1) ∥ 4.7 ∥ 4.7∥ 2
1

0.5
Δ 3=
0.5+ 3

ℎ = 2

2 2
ℎ =( ) 2 =
( 2+1 2

220
Exercise 6

For the following circuit:

a.-) Find the operating points of Q1, Q2, and Q3IC , V

( CE ; knowing
) that:

Q1 : β1 = 50
Q 2 : β2 = 40
Q 3 : β3 = 50

b.-) Calculate Av, Zi, Zo.

Calculate hie, hfb of the transistor Q2

221
Solution:

a.-) Operating Points

The DC analysis is performed.

222
 For transistor 1

1 = 50

-10I 1 − ()
− 4.7 1 + 10 = 0

-10I 1 − 0.7− 4.7( ) 1 + 10 = 0

It is known that 1 =( 1 +I 1

1 = 1 1

Replacing in (1)

-10I 1 − 0.7− 4.7(() 1 + I 1 + 10 = 0⁡⁡

-10I 1 − 0.7− 4.7(I) 1 + 10 = 0

9.3
249.7 1 = 9.3 → ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ 1 = 249.7 = 0.0373

1 = 0.0373⁡

1 =( 1 +1 ) 1 = 51( )0.0373= 1.90

1 = 1.90 A

1 = 1 1 = 50( 0.0373=) 1.865

1 = 1.865 A

1 (
= 20 − 4.71.90 )

1 = 11.07⁡

For transistor 2

2 = 40

-10I 2 − ()
− 4.7 2 + 10 = 0

223
 -10I 2 − 0.7− 4.7( ) 2 + 10 = 0

It is known that 2 =( 2 +I 2

2 = 2 2

Replacing in (1)

−10I 2 − 0.7− 4.7( () 1 +I 2 + 10 = 0

-10I 2 ( )( )
− 4.741 2 = -9.3

9.3
202.7 2 = 9.3⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ → ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡
= 0.046 2 =
202.7

2 = 0.046 A

2 =( 2 +1 ) 2 = 41( )0.046= 1.881

2 = 1.881⁡ A

2 = 2 2 = 40( 0.046=) 1.835

2 = 1.835 A

By L.V.K

2 − 10 + 2.2I 2 + 4.7 2 = 10

2 = 20 − 2.2I 2 − 4.7 2

2 = 20 − 2.2(1.835) − 4.71.881

2 = 20 − 4.037− 8.841

2 = 70.122 V

224
 For transistor 3

3 = 50

As can be seen if the capacitor is opened

there is a polarization H

= =15 = =⁡?
15 ????

( 15 = 0)
10+ 10− 3.9+

20
= = 1.05
3.9+ 15

= 1.05 A

15
( 1.05A
= 15 )( )

15 = 15.87⁡

= 15 − 10
= 15.87− 10

= 5.87⁡

()
153.9
= 15 ∥ 3.9 = = 3.09Ω
15+ 3.9
The following remains:

-10+ 1.5I 3 + 3 − 3 − =0

-10+ 1.5I 3 + 0.7− 3.09I 3 − 5.87= 0

It is known that 3 =( 3 +I 3

3 = 3 3

-10+ 1.5.3 3 + 0.7− 3.09I 3 − 5.87= 0

-10+ 1.5(50)I 3 + 0.7− 3.09I 3 − 5.87= 0

71.91I 3 = 15.17

15.17
3 = = 0.211
71.91

3 = 0.211 A
225
 3 =( 3 +1 ) 3 = 51( )0.211= 10.761

3 = 10.761A

3 = 3 3 = 50( 0.211=) 10.55

3 = 10.55A

Malla 2:
10− 0.5I 3 − 3 − 1.5I 3 + 10 = 0

20− 0.5(10.761)− 1.5(10.55)= 3

3 = -1.21 V

3 = 1.21 V

226
 PROBLEMAS PROPUESTOS

Exercise 1

Find the operating points, VO, V1.

227
Exercise 2
Find the operating points and graph VC1

228
Exercise 3

In the following given circuit:

a) Calculate the operating point of the transistor, if the varies with ICas indicated in the
characteristics.
Silicon transistor │VBE=0.6

229
Exercise 4

Determine the operating points of the transistors Q1 and Q2.

12 V

0.1kΩ 100kΩ Q2

Q1 2N2222A
10kΩ

2N2222A 100kΩ 0.5kΩ

12 V

1kΩ

Data:
β1 = β2 = 100
|VBE| = 0.7

230
Exercise 5

In the following circuit:

Find the operating point of transistors Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, Q5.

15 V

R1 R2
8kΩ 8kΩ R6
3kΩ Z1
Q1 Q2

Q5

7V 2N2222A 2N2222A 7V
R3 R4 Vi2
Vi1 0.5kΩ 0.5kΩ 2N3702
R5 R7
2.5kΩ 4kΩ

Q3 Q4

2N2222A 2N2222A

Data:
β1 = β2 = β3 = β4 = β5 = 100
|VBE| = 0.7V
|VZ1| = 6.7V

231
 ASSIGNMENT N° 7

BJT TRANSISTORS: VOLTAGE REGULATORS

Exercise 1

Consider the following circuit and calculate:

a) V0.
b) The maximum current in the load.
c) Rsminy Rsmáx. for the regulator to function correctly.

Data:

β1 = 60

β2 = 80
8 < Vi < 10
Izmin= 2mA
Pzmax= 0.5W
PQ1 max= 5W
Vak = VBE = 0.7V
D1

Q1
We Vo

C1 Rs
1µF RL
Q2

D2

D3

Z1
6.9V

Exercise taken from: Electronics Lesson I

232
Solution:

Assume that:

> 0 2 0 >0

a) LVK:
+ −3 −2 −2 − 1
=0
1
=6.9-2(0.7)
5.5V as < → 1 1OFF

b) How 1OFF 1 =
1
= ; = −⁡
5W=( − ⁡ )
5
= ⁡ 10−5.5 = 1.11A
+1 61
= ( )= 1.11(60)→ = 1.13A

c) =1 (1 + 1 )(
2+1 ) 2

2 =⁡ 1.13
( 6181 )(
0→
) 2 ON

2
= 0.229 A

1
= 1.13A ⇨ 2
= 0.229A
1 = 0 A⁡ ⇨ 2
=0 A

= 2
+ 0.7 6.9
− 3⁡ −⁡
= − 2
Where: =

= = 8−0.7-6.9 = 0.4

= − ⁡2
2mA= 0.4 = 0.229mA
= 0.179

=⁡ − ⁡2
2mA= 0.4 -0.229mA
= 0.179

= ⁡=⁡ −⁡
2
10−0.7-6.9
=⁡ 72.46mA=

= 72.46A = 0.0331
∴ 33.1 < < 179

233
Exercise 2

For the following circuit. Calculate:

a) Vo
b) Power in Q1
c) Power in the zener.

Consider
VEB= 0.7V
β1= β2= β3= 40
Vz3.3V

Q1
Vi = 16V
Vo
We
16 V R1 -
1kΩ R2 R4
Q2 100kΩ 500Ω
You

Q3
Vx

R3
50kΩ

3.3V

Ejercicio tomado del libro:“Electrónica I Teoría y solucionario de problemas”.

234
Solution:
Vx=3.3+0.7=4
Assume that 3 << 2 ⇨ 3 ≈ 2 Vx/50K = 0.08mA
Vy=100k(0.08mA)=8V
Vo=Vx+Vy12V

= / = 24mA
1 =⁡ 2 + = 24.08A
24.08
2 =⁡ =⁡1
( +1 ) 2 2
41
2 = 14.3248HeYA

2= 40(0.0143A= 0.5729A
)
( )
2 = 41 0.0143A= 0.5863A

1 = + 3
2
3 = 1 −⁡ 2
16 − 16 −(12+2 0.7( ) )
3 =⁡ − 0.0143248A = ⁡ − 0.0143248A = 2.5856A
1 1
3 = 0.0646 Value that is not << 0.08, therefore the approximation does not work, we recalculate.

3 = 50
150
= ⁡ 31

Apply Thevenin at the base of 3:

3 = 2 || 3 = 1003

235
 Vi = 16V
Vi
16 V R

Q3

Rth3

VTH3
3.3V

−ℎ30.7− 3.3 3
−4
3 =⁡ = ⁡100
ℎ
3

− 12
3 =
100
− 12 2V − 24
3 =⁡ 3 = 40 ( ) =⁡
100 5F

1 =⁡ 2 +
= = 2V symbol
0.5F
− 12
2 =⁡ 3 + 3 = +
100 50

− 12
1 =⁡ + 0.08 + 2V
100
1 = 2.01 V table − 0.04
1 2.01V table− 0.04
2= 2 =⁡ = 1.195710-3⁡ − 2.3795,10-5
( + 1) 412

1 = 2 + 3 = 1.195710-3 − 2.3795.10-5 + 0.4V − 4.8

1 = 0.4011V − 4.8

236
 1 − 2(0.7)
1 =⁡ ;⁡ 1 =⁡ −⁡ = 16−
1

1 = 14.6 −
14.6 - Vo = 0.4011Vo - 4.8
Vo = 13.8462V

1 = 16 − 13.8462 = 2.1538V
1 2.01(13.8462−)0.4= 27.7408A
=
1= 1 1 = (27.7408A 2.1538=
)( )
59.8559
(
= 3= +1 3 )
13.8462− 12
= 41 [ ] = 0.7569A
120
= =(3.3
)( 0.7569 = )2.4977

237
Exercise 3

I 0 of
The following diagram corresponds to a regulated linear voltage source with ( ) current
output from 0 to 2 amperes. Determine:
a) V0 maximum andV0 minimum.
b) Power of Q2 maximum.
c) Maximum D3 power.
D1 D4
Vac TX1 Vnr = +20Vdc
C1 Vo
120 Vrms
2N3055A
60 Hz R1
0° 3300µF 270Ω Q2 Io
D2
BD137
Q1
50kΩ C2 C3
R2 POT R3 1kΩ
D3
15V 0.1µF 470µF
0

DATOS: Diodos de sillico, transistores con beta= 100

Exercise taken from Electronics I Tutorials.

238
Solution:

Vnr = +20Vdc D4

I Vo
R1
270Ω Q2 -
I 0.7
+
I'
Q1 -
50kΩ 0.7 C2 C3
R2 POT + R3 1kΩ
D3
15V 0.1µF 470µF
I''

I Z 18.22mA

20 15
I 18.52mA V0 min
270

I0 0 15 RA I RBI
15 I 0 I ED 15  R R I B
I' 0.3mA A
V0 0
50k I BD 0 RA 50K
I' I '' RB 0

I0 2
I0 I ED
I EB 2
I BD 0.196mA
 1  2
 101 2
VRB 15V
V0 max I '' I I' 0.3 0.196 0.104mA
BD
V0 15 1.4 13.6V
15 RA I '  RBI ''
RB 50K
RA 0

239
PQ2 VCEI E PZ VZI Z
    2 12.8 Watts
PQ2 6.4    18.22mA  0.27 Watts
PZ 15

Exercise 4

Find Vo, IR, IBAnd IZ.

β= 50

240
 Exercise taken from: Electronics Lesson I

Solution:

0 = − 0.7= 12− 0.7 = 11.3(v)

− 20− 12
= = = 8(DaA)
1

0
= = = 11.3( )
1
11.3(A)
= = = 0.22(A)
( + 1) 51

= − = 8 − 0.22 = 7.78(A)

241
 PROPOSED PROBLEMS

Exercise 1

Design a series regulator of 12[V], 1 [A], starting from an unregulated DC source that varies
between 16 and 18 volts.

Transistor
VEB= 0.7V
β = 50

Zener
Iz max = 5mA
Pz max= 1W

Source N.R.
16 and 18 V
Q1
Wine Vout

ADJ
R
RL

DZ

242
Exercise 2

Design a voltage source that operates at 9[V] and a maximum current of 1[A]; for the design
use a series voltage regulator with two transistors in DARLINGTON configuration.

Consider:
Unregulated source

Vmáx= 15V
Vmin= 13V
Pz max= 0.5W
Iz min= 1mA

β1 = β2 = 70

Rs
Source
N.R.

R
Q2

Q1
Dz

RL

243
 HOMEWORK No. 8

BJT TRANSISTORS: SMALL SIGNAL AMPLIFIERS

Exercise 1

Perform the DC analysis and calculate the Voltage Gain literally for the following circuit.
Consider VBE=0.7.

244
Solution 1:
Exercise taken from:[Link]
A transistores/[Link]

Considering that capacitors at low frequencies behave like a circuit

open, it is obtained:

From the circuit, it is deduced:

0.5mA I B I c IE (1.1.1)

VE R1EI R10 .5mA  0.5V (1.1.2)

VB 0.7 VE 0.7 0.5 1.2V (1.1.3)

VC R2I B VB R2I B 1.2V (1.1.4)

From the Bipolar Transistor, it is necessary to:

IB Ic (1.1.5)

If equation 1.1.5 is substituted into equation 1.1.1, it results in:

0.5mA
IB (1.1.6)
1

By substituting the previous equation into equation 1.1.4, we obtain:

0.5mA
VC R2  VB 1.7V (1.1.7)
1

Finally,

245
 VCE Vc VE 1.7 0.5 1.2V (1.1.8)

AC Analysis

Considering that capacitors behave like a short circuit and the source of
DC current behaves like an open circuit, it is obtained:

When replacing the Bipolar Transistor with its small signal model:

If we assume that r approaches infinity, we get:

Finally, we obtain:

It follows from the circuit:

246
 (1.1.9)
Vo ( R 2//RL)gmVbe

Rin R1//r//gm1
(1.1.10)

Rin
Vbe Vin
Rin 50 (1.1.11)

If equation 1.1.11 is substituted into equation 1.1.9, the gain is obtained:

Vo (R 2//RL)gmRin
Wine Rin 50 (1.1.12)

247
Solution 2:

= 1 ⁡//⁡ = 2 ⁡⁡//⁡⁡ ⁡ = ⁡⁡
= ⁡ −⁡ =⁡−

=⁡ ⁡⁡ = ⁡⁡
−⁡ +⁡
⁡

⁡ ⁡ ⁡( )2 ⁡( ⁡⁡//⁡⁡ ⁡)
=⁡ ⁡ =⁡ ⁡=⁡− +⁡
=⁡−
+⁡ +⁡

1⁡⁡≫⁡ ⁡⁡⁡⁡ → ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ =⁡

248
Solution 3: HYBRID AC ANALYSIS

= ⁡ −ℎ ⁡ ⁡( 2 ⁡//⁡⁡ ⁡)
ℎ =26⁡
⁡

⁡ =⁡ ⁡ℎ ⁡
1⁡/⁡/⁡⁡ℎ ⁡ +⁡ ⁡/⁡/⁡⁡ℎ ⁡
⁡ ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ =⁡⁡)⁡ ⁡ℎ
1
= (⁡
+⁡1 ⁡/⁡/⁡⁡ℎ 1⁡/⁡/⁡⁡ℎ

⁡⁡ ⁡( ⁡/⁡/⁡⁡
=⁡−⁡ℎ
⁡⁡ )⁡
= −⁡⁡ℎ ⁡⁡( ⁡/⁡/⁡⁡
⁡⁡ )⁡
1 1
→
+⁡1 ⁡/⁡/⁡⁡ℎ
( ⁡ (+⁡1 ⁡/⁡/⁡⁡ℎ ⁡
)⁡⁡ ⁡⁡ℎ
1⁡/⁡/⁡⁡ℎ 1⁡/⁡/⁡⁡ℎ
)⁡⁡⁡⁡ℎ

249
Exercise 2

For the following circuit:

a) Calculate the input impedance Zi

b) Calculate the output impedance Zo
c) The profit Vo/Vi.

Considerℎ = 100

250
 Exercise taken from: Electronics I Exam.

Solution:

26.2
= = 2.85(Ω) = 0.00285( Ω)
( )

24(R2 ) 24(2)
= = = 8(v)
1 + 2 2+ 4

= − 0.7= 8− 0.7 = 7.3(v)

7.3
( )= = = 9.12(A)
4 + 8 0.8( )

3 || 1||2
Δ =− =− =− = -1.65
+ + 4 0.00285+ 0.4

= 1 || | (2 | + 4 )
(ℎ | | ( 0.4101 = 1.32Ω
+ 1) = 4| 2| 2.85+ )( )

= 3 = 1Ω

251
Exercise 3

Calculate , , ∆ Selector 1= 2= 100

252
 Exercise taken from the book: 'Electronics I Theory and problem solving'.
Solution

DC Analysis

V1

25 V

Vth
R12
15kΩ

1kΩ Q1

2N1711

12.33kΩ

It is necessary to know the value of = 26⁡

( )

It is assumed that the transistors are in the linear region

It can be assumed 1 = 0pdeToβte 1 (+ 2 ≫) 2

And because of Q's configurations1y Q2they are equivalents, the same can be assumed for 2

33
=( ) 25 = 8.16
68+ 33

= − 0.7= 8.16− 0.7 = 7.46

7.46
= =⁡ = 605.02 [μA]
1 +⁡ 2 330+ 12

26 26⁡⎠V
= = ⁡⁡
( ) 605.02[μA]

253
AC Analysis

= 1 ∥ 2 ∥ [ (ℎ + 1) + 1 ⁡]⁡

[
= 68 ∥ 33 ∥ 42.97100 +( 1 + 330 ) ]

[
= 68 ∥ 33 ∥ 4669.97⁡ ]

= 3.85

= 4 = 33.

Δ = ⁡Δ 2 ⁡Δ
1

2∥ 15∥ 10 6
Δ 2= −⁡ = −⁡ = −⁡ = ⁡ −16.08
2+ 3 42.97 + 330 372.97

∥ 1 1 12 ∥ 1 15∥ 3.85 3.06

Δ 1 =⁡ =⁡ = ⁡⁡ = ⁡⁡ = 8.20
2+ 1 2+ 1 42.97 + 330 372.97

Because:

1 = 3 ∥ 4 ∥[ 2 (ℎ 2 + 1) + 3 ⁡] = = 3.85

Δ = ⁡Δ 2 ⁡Δ
1 ( )(
= -16.088.20 )= 131.856

254
Exercise 4
Design a transistor amplifier with the following specifications:

Av = -10
Zi= 10 K
Zo 1k

255
 Exercise taken from Electronics Notes I.
Solution:

DC Analysis

15V = 100
15
R3
R2 1
= 15 − 0.7
Q1 2 +⁡ 1⁡

= 6.8 [ ]

= ⁡ = 3.4[ ]
4
R1 R4
= = 33.6 μA
+1

AC Analysis

26V
=⁡

= 0.773a

( 2020
)( )
= 1 ∥ 2 =⁡ = 10
20+ 20

= 5 ∥ 3 = 1 ∥ 100 = 1

256
 3 ∥ ⁡
Δ =⁡− ⁡ = ⁡ −129.87

Circuit:

257
Exercise 5
From the following circuit:

a) Calculate the input impedance ZI

b) Calculate the output impedance Zo
c) The profit Vo/VI.

258
Solution:

26v
1 = = 19.69(Ω) = 0.01969( Ω)
( )

22(R2 ) 24(22)
= = = 4.6(v)
1 + 2 22+ 824

= − 0.7= 4.6− 0.7 = 3.9(v)

3.9
1( )= = = 1.3( )
4 + 8 3( )

26
2 = = 24.29(Ω) = 0.02429( Ω)
( )

22− 0.7
2( )= 1000
= 1.07( )
10+ (
+1 )

= 1 || | (2 | 1 + 4 )( ) 22| 0.02+
+ 1= 82| | | ( 1101 = 14.84(Ω)
)( )

0 = 0| | 6 ( | 10)| =( )9.90(Ω)
= 1000

6|| 0| 8
Δ 2 =− =−
+ 2

3|| || 2( + 1)
Δ 1 =− =−
+ 1 + 4

0 0
= =
Δ Δ 2

Δ =Δ 1 ∗Δ 2

= || 2( + 1)

259
 PROPOSED PROBLEMS

Exercise 1

In the given circuit:

a) Calculate the operating points of the transistors.

b) Calculate Zi
c) Calculate Zo
d) Calculate ∆V (Vo/VI).
e) If Vi=10Sen (wt) [mV] Graph Vo.
Transistor data:
T1; VBE=0,6 y B=100
T2; VBE=0,6 y B=130

260
Exercise 2

In the following circuit, calculate the gain Vo/V1

Q1: hie1=0.524k, hfe1 = 100

Q2: hie2=9.42k, hfe2 = 100

Vcc

R3 12 V
R2 1.3kΩ
2kΩ
Vo
Q2
Q1 RL
C1

2N1711
2N1711
R1
0.1kΩ R4
1.8kΩ

V1 R5

3.9kΩ
R6
3.9kΩ

261
Exercise 3

For the following circuit shown, calculate:

d) The gain Vo/Vi.

e) Calculate input impedance Zi and output impedance Zo.

R7 12 V
12 V 10kΩ

R6 C3

R3 700kΩ
8kΩ Q2
R1 C2
90kΩ RL
10kΩ
Q1
C1
So
We
R2
20kΩ R4
0.5kΩ
Zi

Consider β1 = 90 and β2 = 100

262
Exercise 4

For the following circuit. Determine:

a) Equivalent circuit in AC.

b) Literal expression for the impedances Zb1 and Zi.
c) Literal expression for the gain Vo/Vs.
d) Literal expression for the impedances Ze and Zo.

Vcc

Rc1

Rb1
Vo
Q1
Rs
Rc2 RL
Vx So
Vs
2N2222A
Rb2
Q2
Zi Re1
Zb1

Re2 He

Data:
Q1: hfe1, hie1
Q2: hfe2, hie2

263
 HOMEWORK N° 9

OTHER THREE- AND FOUR-TERMINAL DEVICES

Exercise 1

The circuit in the figure represents a power control circuit that uses a thyristor as
control element of a resistive load.
Determine the value of V necessary to produce the thyristor firing. Assume that it opens the
switch, once the thyristor is triggered. Calculate the minimum voltage value what causes the
turned off of it.

Data:
≔ 300V R1= 500Ω = 20 ohms

SCR: ≔ 2V ≔ 100 ∙ 10-3 ≔ 0.75V : 10∙ 10-3

Exercise taken from:[Link]

Power-Solved-1
264
Solution:

Apply Kirchhoff's laws to the loop of the door of the circuit in the previous figure and obtain the
next value for the voltage in the source:

V:= + ∙ V=5.75V

When the thyristor is triggered, the voltage between anode and cathode will not be null (ideal switch), but
that falls a tension given by = 2V

−
≔⁡ ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ = 14.9A

This current must be less than the holding current for the thyristor to switch to
turned off, therefore:

< ∙ + = 0⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ ≔ ∙ + ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ = 4V

265
Exercise 2

From the following circuit:

a) Calculate C1 so that SCR1 triggers at 60°

b) Calculate the driving time of the SCR1 in milliseconds.

Q1 Data:
η= 0.5
RBB= 8K
VV= 1V
VD= 0.5 V

Exercise taken from: Electronics I Exam ESPOL.

266
Solution:

Equivalent Circuit to UJT

UJT "OFF" NOTE:
V1 The UJT is going to turn on
15 V
if the voltage exceeds
of shooting is equal to +
Rb2

D1

50 V
Rb1

=8= 1 + 2
1
= = 0.5

1 ( )( 8=
= 0.5 ) 4
15(4f)
= = 7.5
8

Equivalent circuit UJT 'ON'

−
∆ = ln ( )=
−
15− 0
501 ⁡ln( ) = 2.77
15− 8
⇨ C = 72.6nF

b) t=180°-60°=120°
t = 8.33 - 2.77 = 5.56ms

267
 Exercise 3

Determine the value of RE for the circuit to oscillate.

R0 R2

10Ω 2kΩ
RE
15V
Vi SCR1
Q1
220 Vrms
60 Hz
0° Q2

12V
C1
1µF

1kΩ
Data Q1:
Yes, β=300

Q2 Data:
η= 0.7
RBB= 10
VD= 0.5 V
RB1ON= 10Ω
Ip1 µA
Iv= 3 mA

Exercise taken from: Electronics I Exam ESPOL.

268
Solution:

= ∫ =∫

∆ = Delta V ∆ = Delta V

ON

Rbc
3kΩ

R2
10Ω 15 V

R1
C1 1kΩ
0.5 V
1µF

Range of RE for the circuit to oscillate

< 3A

15− 12.7 15− 12.7

< = = 2.3M(Ω)
1μA

15− 12.7 15− 12.7

< = = 0.7 (Ω)
3A

0.7 (Ω) < < 2.3M(Ω)

269
Exercise 4

In the circuit of the figure, for a turn-off time of the thyristor, = 15determine if it
it will be able to produce the optimal switching of it for the adopted capacity value.

DATA:

E=100v 0 = 5 ohms C= 5∙10-6

Exercise taken from:[Link]

Power Solutions-1
270
Solution:

For this circuit it is verified that:

−
− (1− 0∙ )
≔ ∙ 0∙ +⁡

Knowing that Vc(0)=Vc=-E and observing the following curves.

It can be stated that the voltage across the capacitor is the same as that which exists at the ends of the
thyristor varies exponentially from an initial negative value until a value is reached
nominal of the battery (+E). The time for which the voltage across the capacitor is negative is
will be called tq.

The value of this time interval is very important since if it is sufficiently

large will allow the transition from conduction to cutoff of the thyristor, that is, only if the time value
is greater than the time value, the switching
off of the thyristor will occur.
Setting the voltage across the capacitor to zero for a time :

≔ 0.693R0 ∙

−
− (1− 0∙ )
0:=-E 0∙ +⁡ = 1.732,10-5

271
Like the value of time is greater than the value of , the thyristor will turn off without any
difficulty.

The equivalent circuit assuming = 0 es:

≔ 15 ∙ 10-6 >⁡

272
Exercise 5

¿Por qué no funciona un foco ahorrador en un regulador de intensidad de luz?

273
Solution:

A normal bulb is a resistive load, so they can be controlled by a dimmer, which is a

device that reacts to voltage drop and therefore to current limitation.

A saving bulb is an inductive load, since it has a device in its ballast.

that increases the voltage to excite the gas and make it shine. Being an inductive load, it does not
it can be controlled by a light intensity regulator.

274
 PROPOSED PROBLEMS
Exercise 1

In the following circuit, calculate the:

a) RA value to obtain a steering angle of 120° (firing angle of 60°)

b) Graph the voltage across the Load (R = 5[Ω]) vs t, between 0° and 360°.
c) Graph the voltage of capacitor Ca vs time, between 0 and 360°.

Load
RA
5Ω 1kΩ

V1 20v 5kΩ
Q3
120 Vrms SCR Ca
60 Hz 0.1µF
0°
2N3702
Q1
7v

2N2222A

22Ω

|VBE| = 0.5 [V]

275
Exercise 2

For the given circuit, calculate:

a) The value of RE to have a driving angle of 120°. Check that the circuit
oscillate.
b) Calculate the average value of the voltage across the RL load.

Data:

Vi: f = 60 Hz; D1: VAK (ON)= 0.7 [V]

UJT: RBB= 10[KΩ]; VD = 0.5[v]; Ip= 1[µA]; IV= 6[mA]; Vv = 1[v]
BJT: B>>1; VEB= 0.7[V]
SCR: VAK (ON)= 1[V]

RL

10Ω
R3 VD1
5kΩ RE R1
10kΩ 20v
We R4
220 V peak 10kΩ
Q1
60kHz D1
0° S5227J

2N3702
15v Q2 SCR
2N6027 2N1599
C1
1µF
R2
22Ω

276
 HOMEWORK N° 10

IDEAL OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER AND ITS BASIC APPLICATIONS

Exercise 1

Determine the closed-loop gain considering that it is an ideal Opamp.

R2 1k

+Vcc=+15V
V1 R1= 1k Vo

100k
+

R1= 1k
-Vcc

Exercise taken from the brochure "Problems of Electronics II."

277
Solution:

I2
R2 1k

I1

+Vcc=+15V
V1 R1= 1k Vo

0V
-

0V +

R1= 1k
-Vcc

1 = 2

1− 0 0−
=
1 2

⁡
2
=−
1

1
=−
1 1.5

= -1
1

278
Exercise 2

The circuit in the figure shows a typical application of the operational amplifier. The model
used to characterize this operational amplifier is the following: Input impedance
in infinite operational mode, differential mode gain Ad, common mode gain 0, and
output resistance ro. With these data, obtain the expression for the impedance Zo.
+Vcc=+15V

Vs Rs

-
Vo
So
+

-Vcc=-15V

R2
R1

Exercise taken from the brochure "Electronics Problems II".

279
Solution:

Equivalent circuit in Real Opamp:

Vs Rs

- ro I
Zi Vd
To the Vd
+ So

R2
R1

Rs

If Vs= 0⟶ Av Vd = 0 : Zo = ro
- ro Vo
Zi Vd

+ So

R2
R1

Zo = ro

280
Exercise 3

Demonstrate that in the amplifier of the figure:

= 4(V−
2 )⁡
1

Exercise taken from the brochure 'Electronics Problems II'.

281
Solution:

STAGE 1:

0− 1 1− 2 −1
= +
R R

3 2
− 1( )+ = −
R R

2
= 3V1−

STAGE 2:
1− 2 2 − 2 −
= +
2
1− 2 2 − [3V1− ] 2 −
= +
R R
1111
=( 2 − 1) ( + + + )
R R R
= 4(V−
2 )⁡
1

282
Exercise 4

Demonstrate that in the amplifier of the figure:

2 2
=( 2 − 1)⁡(1 + +
1
2)

Exercise taken from the brochure 'Problems of Electronics II'.

283
Solution:

STAGE 1:

0− 1 1− 2 −1
= +
2 1

1 1 1 2
− 1( ++)+=−
2 1 1

1 1 2
= 1( + + 1) −
2

STAGE 2:
1− 2 2 − 2 −
= +
1 2
− [ 1( + + 1) 1− ] 1 2
1− 2 2
2 2 −
= +
1 2
1 1 2
1− 2 2− 1 ( + + 1) + ] 2 −
2
= +
1 2
1 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 2
− = +− −+− + −
1 2 1 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= 2 (+ + + ) − ( + + 1+ )
2 1 2 1 2
1 1 1 1
=( 2 − 1) ( + + + )
2 1 2
2 2
=( 2 − 1)⁡(1 + + 2)
1

284
 í í

í í í

í
Solution:

Vs

Vs
+

Vo

Vs = Vo

Vo = 3[Vp]

286
Ejercicio 6

Determine the transfer function for-10 ≤ ⁡ ≤ 10assuming that

VZ1= VZ2=4,3[V] ; VD1= VD2=0,7[V]

Exercise taken from:[Link]

operational-with-transfer-functions 287
Solution:

The first part of the circuit is simply a voltage limiter, that is, as long as the
voltaje de entrada esté dentro de cierto rango, lo diodos estarán apaga dos y por lo tanto el
The output voltage will vary linearly according to the input voltage. But when the voltage at
the diodes are outside these ranges, the voltage at the output will be limited by the voltage at the
diodes.

In this case, for very high voltages, the zener located higher up will turn on at
inverse while the other will light up directly, as long as the voltage across them is
equal to or greater than 0.7V + 4.3V = 5V.

For very low voltages, the same happens, but the diode that lights up in reverse would be the one that
One is lower and the other would turn on live, as long as the voltage across them is equal.
the least a -0.7 + -4.3 = -5V.

To find the aforementioned voltage ranges, we turn on both diodes and realize that
that the input voltage must be divided between two resistors of the same value 5K, which means
to say that to reach the limit voltages over the diodes 5V and -5V, the input voltage must
it is worth double 10V and -10V.

Once the ranges are established, we know that when the input voltage is greater than 10V or
below -10V the input voltage to the amplifier will be limited to a certain value. Analyzing the
In the second part of the circuit, it must be within a certain input voltage range that both diodes
they will be turned off so that the circuit behaves like a simple inverting amplifier of
gain -20K/10K = -2, which corresponds to the slope of the transfer function.

To find the ranges of the previous case, it is necessary to take into account that the voltage at the input of
amplifier is 0V because its positive terminal is grounded. Since this is a
inverting amplifier, if the input voltage is positive, the output is negative and vice versa.

So if the input voltage is sufficiently positive, the diode on the left-hand side will
it will turn on when the voltage at its cathode is less than or equal to -0.7V, which happens when the
The output voltage is -1.4V, as there are two 10K resistors, the voltage is divided into
equal parts. If the input voltage is sufficiently negative, the diode will turn on.
right hand when the output voltage is greater than or equal to 1.4 V.

288
So we already know that as long as the output voltage is between 1.4 and -1.4, the slope of the
The transfer function is -2. This corresponds to the input voltage range between -0.7 and 0.7.

Now, when the output voltage is greater than 1.4V or less than -1.4V, there is an active diode and
then the gain of the amplifier is -1 until the input voltage is greater than 10V
or lower than -10V, when the voltage limiter keeps it constant.

Then the following transfer function is obtained.

289
Exercise 7
(To verify the solution)

Find you.

Exercise taken from the Electronics I assistant.

290
Solution:

Vo V1 V2
Vz R
I Inyou V2 V Z
1
R2 R2
V2 Vz R1
In 1  VZ
V1 IR1 R2
R
V1 Vz
1

R2 We 36v
Vz 6.2v
R1 30k
R2 10k
If R3=1k

30
In you 6.21
10
Vo 24.8v

291
 PROPOSED PROBLEMS
Exercise 1

Find the output voltage VO as a function of:

a) V1(V2=0)
b) V2(V1=0)
c) V1Y V2

R1 Vx R2

V1 Vo

R3 R4

R5

V2

292
Exercise 2

For the circuit:

a) Determine Vo in terms of Vi.

b) Calculate Vo and graph as a function of y = 5⁡Sec(2 80t) [V].

R1
We
1kΩ Vo

R5
1kΩ
R6
1kΩ
R3
3kΩ
R2 R4

3kΩ 3kΩ

293
Exercise 3

a) Find the expression for the output voltage V0 in terms of the voltages V1, V2 and the
resistors
b) Calculate the value of resistor R to achieve that the minimum gain of the circuit can be
10, using a 10K potentiometer in place of Rp.

V1
Vo

R
Rp

V01
R R

V2

294
Exercise 4

For the given circuit:

a) Find an expression for V0

b) Find an expression for V01
c) If Vi1=1[v] and Vi2=2[v] for 0<t<1[sec]. Also, the function is periodic, plot V01 vs t and
V0vs t. (Graph 2 periods)

2R R 2R

R1
Vi1 R
1kΩ V01
Vo
R
Vi2
R

295
 Annex rectifiers (SOLUTION TO BE VERIFIED)

Given a full-wave single-phase rectifier bridge with load RTHE.

Calculate the following:
Current in the load I1, for initial conditions ωt = 0.
b) Average current in diodes.
c) Effective current in diodes.
d) Effective current in the load.

Datos: R = 2,5 Ω; L=6,5mH; E=10 V; VP=120V; f =50Hz

Exercise taken from:[Link]

296
Solution:

Let's assume that the current in the load is continuous. If we are not correct
obtendremos un valor para dicha corriente igual a cero, y tendremos que volver a hacer los
calculations for a discontinuous current.

= 2V√= 2(120)
√ = 169.7V ω= 2πf = 2π50= 314.16 rad/s
Z=√ 2+ 2 2= 3.228 Ω φarctan( )39.24°

Formulas to apply;

If we apply initial conditions such that:

−( )
1= Senφ 1+ – for 1 greater than or equal to 0
)
1+ −(

E 7.43

And substituting the equation [E 7.41]

= Youωt-φ) + ( (− )
1+ − )

E 7.42

If we apply initial conditions such that:

−( )
1= Youφ 1+ – for 1≥ 0 E 7.43
−( )
1+

Substituting in [E7.42] and simplifying:

2
= [ (ωt− φ + )⁡ −( )
]-
)
1+ −(

For 0 ≤ωt ≤ π e greater than or equal to 0

Since they will conduct for half a semicycle, the effective current in the diodes will be:

297
 1
( )=√2 ∫ 0 ( )2

The effective current in the load will be obtained from the effective voltage in the diodes.
for a complete period:

2 2
=√( ( )) +( ( )) = 2√ ( )

The average current in the diodes will be:

1
( )= ∫0
2

a) Using equation [E 7.43] we calculate the value of the current in the load.ωt = 0
1 27.7A
The assumption of the principle will be true, since 1 > 0
b) We obtain the average current in the diodes through the numerical integration of ic in
the equation [E 7.44]

( )=19.6 A

c) The effective current in diodes is determined through numerical integration.

of ( )2within the limitsωt = 0 y π:
( )=28.74A
d) We now calculate the effective current in the load:
=√ 2I ( )40,645A

298