RESEARCH
INSTRUMENT
PREPARED BY: MRS. DUNE ARLISS R. LUNA
TYPES OF
INSTRUMENT TO
GATHER DATA
- There are many types of instrument
that you can use depending on the type
of research and amount of data you
need.
SURVEY
Contains planned questions which are used to
measure attitudes, perceptions and opinions.
TYPES OF QUESTIONS
1. Recall – asks for specific information such as
years of service, age and address.
2. Recognition – asks for a response to a specific
question where options are given (multiple
choice; dichotomous, rating scale format
3. Open-ended - elicits brief explanations or
impressions from the respondents
INTERVIEW
-an instrument that allows the
researcher to qualitatively gather
data.
- Responses are usually open-
ended.
Stages of an Interview
1. PRE-INTERVIEW STAGE – interview guide
is prepared and respondents are identified
and contacted.
2. WARM-UP STAGE – initial part of the
interview when questions will make
respondents more at ease.
3. MAIN INTERVIEW STAGE – main questions
directly related to the research are asked.
4. CLOSING STAGE – questions are asked to
wind down the interview and respondents
are acknowledged.
QUESTIONNAIRE
❖ More quantifiable
❖ Written questions to get specific
information.
❖ usually dichotomous and
identification; in some cases, open-
ended questions are incorporated in
the questionnaire.
PART OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE
1. PERSONAL INFORMATION – includes
the name(optional), age, date of birth,
address, educational background and
other personal information about the
respondent.
2. BASIC QUESTION SECTION – serves two
purposes:
a. questions determining the right
respondents
b. establish rapport with the
interviewees.
PART OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE
3. MAIN QUESTIONS SECTIONS– includes
the name(optional), age, date of birth,
address, educational background and
other personal information about the
respondent.
4. BASIC QUESTION SECTION – serves two
purposes:
a. questions determining the right
respondents
b. establish rapport with the
interviewees.
OBSERVATION
- Allows the description of
behavior in a naturalistic or
laboratory setting. Usually,
this instrument is used to
cross-validate the results of
other instruments.
TYPES OF OBSERVATION
❖ PARTICIPANT AND NON-PARTICIPANT
Non-Participant – allows the researcher to
observe the subjects without interacting
with them. The subjects are aware of that
they are being observed. This is usually
employed when observing animals and
children.
Participant – allows the researcher to
interact actively with the subjects.
Researchers immersed in a group or
community for a long period of time.
TYPES OF OBSERVATION
❖ STRUCTURED AND UNSTRUCTURED
Structured – occurs when the researcher
has a list of behavior that he/she wants to
observe
Unstructured – occurs when the
researcher allows behaviors to emerge.
These behavior are then documented
through an in-depth narrative account.
TYPES OF OBSERVATION
❖ COVERT AND OVERT
Covert – occurs when the subjects are
not aware that they are being
observed.
Overt – occurs when the subjects are
aware that they are being observed.
EXPERIMENT
- A procedure undertaken scientifically and systematically to make
a discovery and to test hypothesis. An experiment can be
performed in a laboratory or natural setting following:
1. Make observations.
2. Develop the hypothesis.
3. Design the experiment.
4. Conduct the experiment. Replicate the experiment to ensure
reliability of results.
5. Analyze the results.
6. Decided on whether to accept or reject the hypothesis based on
the results.
EXPERIMENT
- A procedure undertaken scientifically and systematically to make
a discovery and to test hypothesis. An experiment can be
performed in a laboratory or natural setting following:
1. Make observations.
2. Develop the hypothesis.
3. Design the experiment.
4. Conduct the experiment. Replicate the experiment to ensure
reliability of results.
5. Analyze the results.
6. Decided on whether to accept or reject the hypothesis based on
the results.