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The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is the national space agency of India, headquartered in
Bengaluru. Established on August 15, 1969, it operates under the Department of Space (DOS), which is
directly overseen by the Prime Minister.
Historical Background
ISRO was preceded by the Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR), set up in 1962
by the recommendation of Dr. Vikram Sarabhai.
Early Milestones: India's first satellite, Aryabhata, was launched in 1975 using a Soviet rocket.
Indigenous Launch: In 1980, the SLV-3 successfully placed the Rohini satellite into orbit, making India
the seventh country with independent orbital launch capability.
Core Infrastructure & Centers
ISRO executes its programs through specialized units spread across the country:
Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC), Sriharikota: India's primary spaceport for launching rockets.
Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC), Thiruvananthapuram: Focuses on launch vehicle
development.
U R Rao Satellite Centre (URSC), Bengaluru: Responsible for designing and building satellites.
Space Applications Centre (SAC), Ahmedabad: Develops sensors and payloads for earth observation
and communication.
Launch Vehicle Systems
ISRO has developed a robust fleet of rockets to cater to various orbital requirements:
1. PSLV (Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle): Known as the "Workhorse of ISRO," it is used for sun-
synchronous and polar orbits.
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2. GSLV (Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle): Designed to place heavier communication
satellites into geostationary transfer orbits (GTO), featuring an indigenous Cryogenic Upper Stage.
3. SSLV (Small Satellite Launch Vehicle): A newer, cost-effective launcher for small satellites.
Major Missions & Scientific Achievements
ISRO has gained international recognition for its high-success, low-cost missions:
Chandrayaan Series: Chandrayaan-1 (2008) discovered water molecules on the Moon.
Chandrayaan-3 (2023) made India the first nation to land near the lunar South Pole.
Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM): Also known as Mangalyaan (2013), it made India the first nation to reach
Martian orbit on its maiden attempt.
AstroSat: India's first dedicated multi-wavelength space observatory launched in 2015.
Aditya-L1: India's first mission to study the Sun, placed in a halo orbit around the L1 point in 2024.
Current and Future Projects (2025 and Beyond)
As of 2025, ISRO is focused on several high-priority missions:
Gaganyaan: India's maiden Human Spaceflight Programme, aimed at sending Indian astronauts
(Gaganauts) into Low Earth Orbit (LEO).
NISAR: A joint mission with NASA scheduled for 2024–2025 to monitor global environmental changes
using advanced radar imaging.
Lunar Polar Exploration (LUPEX): A collaborative mission with JAXA (Japan) to explore the lunar poles
further.
Societal & Commercial Impact
ISRO provides essential services for national development:
Communication: Through the INSAT and GSAT series for broadcasting and telecommunications.
Remote Sensing: The IRS constellation provides data for agriculture, disaster management, and urban
planning.
Navigation: NavIC (Navigation with Indian Constellation) provides independent positioning services.
Commercial Wing: NewSpace India Limited (NSIL) handles commercial launches for international
clients like the European Space Agency (ESA).
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