EXERCISE 6
T TEST ( ONE SAMPLE T - TEST)
The height of 12 sports men is 175 cm, 168 cm, 175cm, 170cm, 172 cm, 168 cm, 170cm, 175cm, 165cm,
16Scmand t72cm. Using one sample t-test compare the mean score of sportsmen's height.( test value
as t 70cm)
purpose: one sample t-test compares the mean score of a sample to a known value .The known value
is
usually the population mean.
Aim: To test the mean height of sportsmen.
Proceedure:
Get into SPSS window and open an untitled SPSS worksheet.
2. Click the variable view in the SPSS worksheet and enter variable name, type ofdata , width of the
data, decimal, value , label for the variable names values with possible options scales and
measurement .
3. Click data view, the data entered in variable view appears as column names. Then enter the data for
the column in the sequence until required.
4. Enter the data given and save the data.
S. Go to an.Äe and select compare means, choose t-one sample test .A dialog box of test variable
appears.
6. In the test value box enter the height of sporismeii as 170 cm.
7. Clicks continue and then OK.
Result: Thus the program is executed and verified successfully.
FLOW CHART
Hypothesis
HO: The is no significant difference between the mean height of sportsmen
HI: The is significant difference between the mean height of sportsmen
Flowchart
'ANALYZE
COMPARE MEANS
oy SAMPLE T-TEST
TEST VARIABLE
'TESTVARIABLE
HEIGHT OF SPORTS MEN
OK
OUT PUT
ONE SAMPLE STATISTICS
Menn Stnndnrd Standard Error
Deviation Menn
Ileights 12 170.667 3.2286
ONE SAMPLE TEST
Test value -
Sig (2 tailed) Mean confidence
difference interval of difference
Lower Upper
ileights .7t5 .489 -1.3847 2.7181
Inference :
Since p value 0.489 is greater than 0.05 we accept the null hypothesis and reject the alternate
Ilence there is no significant ditTerencebetween the mean heights of males.
EXERCISE
T TEST (INDEP DENT SAMPLE )
In an aptitude test the marks obtained by 2 different batch students in which the first batch
comprises of 9 students and the second batch has 11 students are given below.
Batch 1 65 78 75 60 65 59 78 69 68 o O
Batch 2 62 70 71 62 60 56 75 64 72 68 66
Examine whether the marks obtained by both the batch students are significantly different at
5% level
Aim: To examine whether the aptitude marks obtained by both the batch 1 a d batch 2 students are
significantly different at 5% level
Proceedure:
l. Get into SPSS window and open an untitled SPSS worksheet.
2. Click the variable view in the SPSS worksheet and enter variable name, type of data , width of
the data, decimal, value , label for the variable names values with possible options scales and
measurement .
3. Click data view, the data entered in variable view appears as column names. Then enter the
data for the column in the sequence until required.
4. Enter the data given and save the data.
5. Go to analyze and select compare means , choose Independent sample T- test .A dialog box of
test variable appears.
6. In the Independent sample T- test a dialog box opens, in which marks are entered in test
variables , group variables as students and defining group 1 as one and group 2 as two.
7. Click continue and them OK.
FLOW CHART
Jlypothcsis
110:The is no significant difference between the marks obtained by batch 1 and batch 2 in the
aptitude test
HI: The is significant difference between the marks obtained by batch 1 and batch 2 in the
aptitude test
Flowchart
'ÅNÅ11fYfE
NS
JNbéPEND , SAMPLE
EST/
jTßT-OAÅIÅBLE / i ROIjp i o;hYIÅBLE DEFINING ciRQÜbk
GROUPI
GROUP .
OUT PUT
ONE SAMPLE STATISTICS
Standard Standard
Students Mean
Deviation Error Mean
BATCH 1 9 68.556 7.16085 2.38695
BATCH 2 11 66.000 5.77927 1.74252
INDEPENDENT SAMPLE E TEST
Test Value = 170
MARKS f sign t Sig(2 Mean Standard 95% confidence
tailed) difference Error interval of
Difference difference
Equal Lower Upper
variances
assumed .440 .516 .884 18 .384 2.55556 2.89010 -3.51631 8.62742
Equal
variances .864 15.318 .401 2.95532 -3.7321 8.84328
not
assumed
Inference ;
Since p value( 0.516) is greater than 0.05 at 5 percent level of significance we accept the null
hypothesis and reject the alternate hypothesis. Hence there is no significant difference between
the aptitude marks obtained between batch 1 and batch 2 students.
EXERCISE/
PAIRED T TEST (INDEPENDENT SAMPLE )
A company arranged an intensive training on sales and marketing for its team of salesmen.
Following data shows a random sample of 10 sales men total sales made (in 1000's) in the weeks
immediatelybefore and the after the training .
Sales men 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Before training 12 23 5 18 10 21 19 15 8 14
After training 18 22 15 21 13 22 17 19 12 16
Test whether there is an evidence of increase in mean sales achieved by sales men after attending the
training program.
Purpose: Paired t-tcst is a statistical technique that is used to compare two population means in the
case of two samples that are connected.
Aim: To test the significant difference between the sales achieved by sales men before and after
training
Proceedure:
1. Get into SPSS window and open an untitled SPSS worksheet.
2. Click the variable view in the SPSS worksheet and enter variable name, type of data , width of
the data, decimal, value , label for the variable names values with possible options scales and
measurement .
3. Click data view, the data entered in variable view appears as column names. Then enter the
data for the column in the sequence until required. Enter the data given and save the data.
4. Go to analyze and select compare means , choose paired T- test
5. In a paired t-test a dialog box appears, enter sales before as variable 1 and sales after as
variable 2.
6. Click continue and them OK.
Result: Thus the program is executed and verified successfully.
FLOW CHART
Hypothesis
HO: The is no significant difference between the sales achieved by sales men before and
after attending the training program
HI: The is significant difference betweenthe sales achieved by sales men before and
after attending the training program
Flowchart
ANALYZE
COMPARE MEANS/
PAIRE
VAI\1öBLE 21
PAIR VARIABLE 1
SÅLES AFTCR
SALES BEFORE! ! TiUMNINCj•
TRAINING
CONTINUE
0K
OUT PVT
PAIRED SAMPLE STATISTICS
Mean Standard Deviation StandardError
Mean
Paired
Sales Be&re 14.50 5.836 1.845
SalesAfter 17.50 10 3.567 1.128
PAIRED SAMPLE STATISTICS
Mean Standard Deviation Standard Error
Mean
Paired
Sales before training 14.50 10 5.836 1.845
Sales after Training 17.50 10 -3.567 1.128
Paired sam le correlation
Standard Deviation Standard Error Mean
Paired
Sales before training &
Sales after Training 10 .841 .002
Mean Standard Standard Lower Upper t df sig
Deviation Deviation
Error
Pair 1
Salesbefore
training & -3.000 3.432 1.085 -5.455 -.545 .2.%4 9 0.002
Salesafter
Trainin
Inference :
Since p value ( 0.002 ) is less than 0.05 at 5 percent level of significance we reject the null
hypothesis and accept the alternate hypothesis. Hence there is significant difference in means of
sales achieved by salesmenbefore and after the training program.
EXERCIS
F TEST (ONE WA ANOVA)
fields for the three variety of
The followingdata shows the yield(in tonnes) recorded in five different
crops sownin a year.
2 3 4 5
Crop/ field 1
20 21 23 16 20
Rice
18 20 17 15 25
Barley
25 28 22 28 32
Maize
sown in
Examine whether there is significant different in the yield of the 3 different variety of crops
the fields in a year .
crops
Aim: To Test whether there is significant different in the yield of the 3 different variety of
sown in a year
Proceedure:
1. Get into SPSS window and open an untitled SPSS worksheet.
2. Click the variable view in the SPSS worksheet and enter variable name, type of data , width of
the data, decimal, value , label for the variable names values with possible options scales and
measurement .
3. Click data view, the data entered in variable view appears as column names. Then enter the
data for the column in the sequence until required.
4. Go to analyze and select compare means and select one way ANOVA (F- test) from the
available options . Thus the given data is saved.
5. A dialog box opens in the window, type ' yield' in the dependent list , 'variety' in factor,
'options' as descriptive and 'post hoc' as Duncan .
6. Click continue and then OK.
FLOW CHART
Hypothesis
HO: The is no significant difference in the
average yield of the 3 different variety of crops
HI: The is significant difference in the
average yield of the 3 different variety of crops
Flowchart
,ANALYZE
COMPARE
ONE WAY ANOVA
(F TEST)
DEPENDENT
i ophioNs vdST
YIELD VARIETY- {fDYSCRlPilVh DUNC+N
CONTINUE
OK
OUT PUT
Yield N Mean Standard Standard Minimum
Deviation Error 95% confidence
interval for mean
Lower Upper
Bound Bound
Variety
i 5 20.00 2.550 1.140 16,83 23.17 16 23
Variety 2 5 19.00 3.808 1.703 14.27 23.73 15 25
Variety 3 5 27.00 3.742 1.673 22.35 31.65 22 32
Total 15 22.00 4.855 1.254 19.31 24.69 15 32
Inference:
Since p value (0.516)is greater than 0.05 at 5 percent level of significance we accept
the null
hypothesis and reject the alternate hypothesis. Ilence there is no significant
difference between
the aptitude marks obtained between batch 1 and batch 2 students.
REGRESSION ANALYSIS
Question:
A Company wants to assess the impact
of R&D expenditure on annual profits. The following
table gives the information of 8 years:
YEAR R&D Expenditure (in thousands) Annual Profit (in thousands)
2012 9
45
2013 7
2014 5
2015 10 60
2016 4
30
2017 5 34
2018 3 25
2019 2 20
Estimate the regression equation and predict the
annual profit for the year,2020 for an allocated
sum of Rs.15,000 as R&D expenditure.
To perform regression analysis and to find ovt eke profit
for the year 2020
Proceedure:
1. Get into SPSS for windows for an untitled SPSS worksheet
2. Click the variable view, then enter the variable name, type of
data, width of the data, decimal
value, label for the variable name, values with possible options, scales and
measurement
3. Click the data view, the variable entered in variable view appear as column
names. Then enter
the data for the columns in a sequence until required.
4. Click file menu and then select save and enter a file name and save the file.
click Analyze and select regression and then select linear
6. A dialog box will appear in that Shift (profit) to dependent box and
then click ok
Result : Thus the required analysis is successfullyinformed
ANALYZE
REGRESSION
LINEAR 0K
PROFIT DEPENDENT VARIABLE
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
OUTPUT:
Model Summa
Model R Square Adjusted R Std. Error of
S uare the Estimate
.80 4.241
1 .951a
a. Predictors: (Constant), expenditure
Coefficientsa
Model 1 Standardized
Unstandardized Coefficients
Coefficients
Std. Error Beta t Sig.
13.128 3.526 3.723 .010
(Constant)
Expenditure .567
4.266 .951 7.519 .000
a. Dependent Variable: profit
Expenditure will be taken as X (Independent variable) and Profit will be taken as Y (dependent)
Since profit to be estimated the regression equation will be like Y on X
From the output regression equation is Y = 13.13+4.27 X
Formula ( y= a+b*x)
To find the profit (y) if expenditure (x) is 15 ( thousands)
Profit (Y) = 13.13 + 4.27(15)
13.13 + 64.05 = 77.18
Profit = Rs.77,180 (77.18 x1000)
Thus the annual profit for the year 2020 is Rs.77,180 for an allocated sum of Rs. 15,000 as R&D
expenditure.
EXERCISE
CORRELATION
Question :
Calculate the Correlation coefficient between the age of husband and the agc of wife from the
following data.
Ageof 35 34 40 43 56 20 38
Husband
Age of Wife 32 30 31 32 53 20 33
Interpret the value of r.
Aim :
To find the correlation coefficient between the age of husband and wifc .
Procedure :
[Link] into SPSS for windows for an untitled SPSS workshcct
2,Click the variable view, then cntcr the variable name, type of data, width of the data, decimal
value, label for the variablc name, values with possible options, gcalcs and mcasurcmcnt.
[Link] the data view, the variable entered in variable view appear as column names. Then enter
the data for the columns in a sequence until required.
4. Click filc menu and then gcJcctsave and cntcr a filc name and gavethc file.
5. Click Analyze and then select Correlate and then select Bivariate
6. A dialog box will appear now Shift the Agc of husband and Age ofwifc into variabJcs box and
Click OK
7. Thus the output appears in the separate output file
Result: The value of Correlation coefficient ( r) is 0.937 .JIcnce there is high corrcJation
between age of husband and age of wife in the given data .
Flowchart :
ANALYZE
CORRELATE
BIVARIATE
VARIAIII„F..S OK
AGE OF
HUSBAND
AGE OF
WIFE
OUTPUT :
Correlations
AGE OF HUSBAND AGE OF WIFE
AGE OF HUSBAND Pearson Correlation 1.000 .93?
Sig. (2-tailod) .002
7.000 7
AGE OF WIFE Pearson Correlation 1.000
Sig. (2-tailed) .002
7 7.000
orrea on ssgr cana o ovo
EXERCISE 9
RANK CORRELATION
Question:
In a recitation program conducted in school Lor5thstandard students ten students participated Toe
students in the recitation contest and were ranked by three judges in the following order
First Judge SecondJudge Third Judge
1.0 2.0 3.0
4.0 6.0 7.0
6.0 5.0 4.0
3.0 4.0 5.0
2.0 7.0 10.0
9.0 10.0 8.0
7.0 9.0 9.0
8.0 3.0 2.0
10.0 8.0 6.0
5.0 1.0 1.0
Use the method of rank correlation coeffcient to determine which pair of judges have the
nearest approach in ranking the competitors?
Aim :
To perform rank correlation and find the relationship between three variables.
Procedure:
[Link] into SPSS for windows for an untitled SPSS worksheet
2. Click the variable view, then enter the variable name, type of data, width of the data, decimal
value, label for the variable name, values with possn)le options, scales and
measurement.
[Link] the data view, the variable entered in variable view appear as
column names. Then enter
the data for the columns in a sequence until required.
4. Click file menu and then select save and enter a file name and
savethe file.
5. Click Analyze and then select Correlate and then
select Bivariate
6. A dialog box will appear now Shift all the three variables
into the variables box and Click OK
and the output appears in the separate output
file
Flowchart:
ANALYZE
CORRELATE
BIVARIATE
VARIABLES OK
FIRST JUDGE
SECOND JUDGE
THIRD JUDGE
Output
Correla!ions
FIRST SECOND
FIRST Pearson Correlation THIRD
[Link] .503
Sig. (2-tailed)
.042
.138 .907
10.000 10
ECOND Pearson Correlation 10
.503
1.000
Sig. (2-tailed)
.138
.001
10 10.000
Pearson Correlation 10
.042
Sig. (2-tailed) 1.000
.907 .001
Correlation is significant 10 10
at the 0.0 level 10.000
ailed .
Result :
Since the rank correlation
and highest 0.867 among coefficient between second
the three coefficients. judge and third judge is
Therefore the second and positive
the third judge are
EXERCISE [Link]
CHI-SQUARE TEST
Question
Firm size Computer used in Computer used in Computer used in
Admin Desi Manufacture
Small 30 24 16
Medium 10 12 18
Large 32 18 10
Test the hypothesis that there is no association between size of the firm and use of compute
Aim :
To examine the significant association between the type of firm and usage of computers in the
Procedure:
l. Get into SPSS windows for an untitled SPSS worksheet
2. Click the variable view, then enter the variabie name, type of data, width of the data, decimal
value, label for the variable name, values with possible options, scales and measurement.
[Link] the data view, the variable entered in variable view appear as column names. Then enter
the data for the columns in a sequence until required.
4. Click file menu click save and enter a file name .Thus the data is saved
5. Click Analyze and select Descriptive statistics and the select Crosstabs.
6. A dialog box will appear, now select the one of the variable(Firm size) in 'rows' and another
one variable(Computer Usage) in 'column'
7. Now click Statistics button and select 'Chi-Square' and click continue
8. Now click Cells button and select 'Expected Frequency' and click continue and click OK
9. Thus the chi-square result is being appeared in the output window
Resu,t :
Flow Chart:
computer usage
Null hypothcnfs : There is no significant diffcrcnce between firm size and
computer usage
Altcrnnte hypothesis : There is a significant diffcrcncc between firm size and
FLOWCHART
ANALYSE
DESCRIPTIVE
STAflSTICS
CROSS TABS
Rows
FIRM SIZE
COMPUTER USAGE
COLUMNS
STATISTICS CHI-SQUARE CONTINUE OK
CELLS EXPECTED
FREQUENCY CONTINUE
OUTPUT
firm size • Computer usa e Crosstabulation
Computer usage
admin design manufacture Total
size small 24 16 70
Expected Count 29.6 222 18.1 70.0
mediu-n Count 10 12 18 40
Expected Count 16.9 12.7 10.4 40.0
large 18 10 60
Expected Count 25.4 19.1 15.5 60.0
Count 72 170
Expected Count 72.0 54.0 44.0 170.0
Chi-SquareTests
Asymp. Sig. (2-
Value df sided)
>eatsorjChi-Square 12.659
0.013
Note : Since 0.013 < 0.05 we
accept alternate hypothesis
Ratio 12.288 .015
ea-by-Linear Association 1.091 296
"o Va5dCases 170
a. O ceCs (80%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected
cant is 10.35.
RESULT:
Since p value (0.013 ) is less than < 0.05 we reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternate
hypothesis. There is significant difference between the firm size and usage of Computers in the