Unit I

Fundamentals of Cloud Computing

Cloud Computing :
Cloud Computing referred to the accessing and storing of data and provide services related to
computing over the internet.
It is a remote service on the internet
It manages and access data online instead of any local drives.
The data can be anything like images, videos, audios, documents, files etc .

Cloud Computing Service Provider’s :

Cloud computing is in huge demand so, big organization providing the service like Amazon
AWS, Microsoft Azure, Google Cloud, Alibaba cloud etc. are some Cloud Computing
service Provider.
History of Cloud Computing :
In this, we will discuss the history of Cloud computing. And also cover the history of client server
computing, distributed computing, and cloud computing.
 Before Computing was come into existence, client Server Architecture was used for the data and
control of client. If a single user want to access some data, firstly user need to connect to the
server and after that user will get appropriate access. But it has many disadvantages. So, After
Client Server computing, Distributed Computing was come into existence, in this type of
computing all computers are networked together with the help of this, user can share their
resources when needed. It also has certain limitations. So in order to remove limitations faced in
distributed system, cloud computing was emerged.
 During 1961, John MacCharty delivered his speech at MIT that “Computing Can be sold
as a Utility, like Water and Electricity.” According to John MacCharty it was a brilliant
idea. But people at that time don’t want to adopt this technology. They thought the
technology they are using efficient enough for them. So, this concept of computing was
not appreciated much so and very less will research on it. But as the time fleet the
technology caught the idea after few years this idea is implemented. So, this is
implemented by [Link] in 1999.

 This company started delivering an enterprise application over the internet and this way
the boom of Cloud Computing was started.

 In 2002, Amazon started Amazon Web Services (AWS), Amazon will provide storage,
computation over the internet. In 2006 Amazon launch Elastic Compute Cloud
Commercial Service which is open for Everybody to use.

 After that in 2009, Google Play also started providing Cloud Computing Enterprise
Application as other companies will see the emergence of cloud Computing they also
started providing their cloud services. Thus, in 2009, Microsoft launch Microsoft Azure
and after that other companies like Alibaba, IBM, Oracle, HP also introduces their Cloud
Services. In today the Cloud Computing become very popular and important skill.
Advantages :
 It is easier to get backup in cloud.
 It allows us easy and quick access stored information anywhere and anytime.
 It allows us to access data via mobile.
 It reduces both hardware ad Software cost, and it is easily maintainable.
 One of the biggest advantage of Cloud Computing is Database Security.
Disadvantages :
 It requires good internet connection.
 User have limited control on the data.

it is the Client requesting something and the Server serving it as long as it is in the
database.
Cloud Computing Terminologies
1. Virtual Desktop Infrastructure
Virtual Desktop Infrastructure is a technology that takes the responsibility to host the
desktop operating system on a virtual machine. It is also popularly known as Server-based
computing.

2. Virtual Machine
Virtual Machine, also known as VM, is the software that reproduces a computer that can run
an operating system or applications.

3. User Interface
User Interface is the process of how a client and system communicate.

4. Software Stack
Basically, Software Stack is a set of applications that combine and work together to achieve
a common goal. The components work in a particular process in this framework.

5. SaaS
SaaS stands for Software-as-a-Service, and it represents the software applications that a
vendor hosts, and it will sell on the basis of subscription to the users.

6. Service Level Agreement (SLA)

It is the documented based agreement done between the customer and the Cloud Service
Provider. It will have contractual terms like availability, service level, and performance.

7. Public Cloud
Public Cloud is an infrastructure that a cloud vendor hosts and any user worldwide can
access.

[Link] Cloud
Private Cloud is the infrastructure system that specific users in the zone use. The
organization itself mainly hosts it. But sometimes, a third-party Cloud provider can also host
it.

9. Personal Cloud
It is the classic term for rebranding. In Cloud, the term “Personal Cloud” is a secondary
method to describe NAS devices. A NAS is a system that is connected to the network for
clients’ dedicated data storage tasks.
10. Pay-as-you-go
In the following teams, the user will be charged depending on the consumption.

11. PaaS
PaaS stands for Platform-as-a-Service. Here the cloud service provider will offer the
required environment for creating, managing, and deploying the applications with the
Internet.

12. On-Premise
The following term refers to infrastructure or stands for the software that runs on the user
premises.

13. Middleware
It means the software that serves as a connection between applications and their components.

14. Load Balancing

Load Balancing is the equal distribution of workloads over the resources, such as servers, to
ensure that no server will fail.

15. Internal Cloud

If an IT department of an organization offers the creation of a private cloud model, then it is
termed as Internal Cloud, and it is strictly used for in-house activities.

16. Infrastructure
This term describes all IT Resources, both physical and virtual, that support an IT
Government.

17. IaaS
IaaS stands for Infrastructure-as-a-Service. It has a virtual environment that is offered to the
users by the cloud vendor.

18. External Cloud

It is a popular Cloud Service where the bills are heavily charged, and thus it offers
customization as per the requirements.

19. Elasticity
The cloud storage system’s capability to adapt to users fluctuating workload demands.
20. Google Cloud Platform
It also is popularly known as GCP, and it is offered by tech Giant Google who is in the
Cloud Computing Market.

21. Data Migration

Shifting the data between various formats, servers, storage systems, or warehouses. The
following term is used chiefly for delivering the data off to the Cloud.

22. Consumption Model

The cloud pricing model gives the user bills on how much service they utilize rather than the
block of time.

23. Cloud Provider

An organization that offers access to use cloud computing services by paying the fee.
Example Azure, GCP, and AWS

24. Cloud Computing

It is the delivery of IT services on-demand on a shared network of computing resources.
Currently, the top 3 offerings are

 IaaS
 PaaS
 SaaS

25. Cloud Backup

It describes backing up the data on a remote cloud server. The stored information can be
accessed from a network of interconnected resources that raises to form an introductory
cloud.

26. Big Data

Big Data holds a massive amount of structured and unstructured data that arises from a wide
range of sources.

27. BaaS
BaaS stands for Backend-as-a-Service, and it offers tools and services for mobile developers
and Web developers to build their cloud backend for the applications.

28. Azure
Azure is a cloud platform developed by Microsoft, and it is considered a competitor for
AWS.
29. Application Programming Interface (API)
It is popularly termed API, and it is a tool that permits the user to gain access to the
information or functionality from an offered service and incorporate it into their applications.

30. AWS
AWS stands for Amazon Web Services, and it is Amazon’s cloud computing platform. It
offers more than three dozen cloud services to users. AWS is the most popular, and number
one ranked cloud service provider.

Characteristics of Cloud Computing

Following are the characteristics of cloud computing as identified by NIST(National Institute of

Standard and Technology):

 On-demand self-service: A consumer can provision for cloud computing services without
interaction with service providers.
 Broad network access: Cloud Computing resources can be accessed from a range of
devices like desktops, laptops, smartphones etc.
 Resource pooling: Clouding Computing creates a shared pool of resources that can be
accessed by a consumer as and when required.
 Rapid Elasticity: Rapid Elasticity refers to the scalability of resources according to the
demand.
 Measured Service: The usage of cloud resources can be monitored, controlled and
reported for billing and access control.
Cloud Deployment Models: Or

04 Community Cloud
1. Public Cloud: The owners of Cloud resources are the third-party service provider. They
have the responsibility to manage the services and are popularly known as Public Clouds. It
will deliver users with resources such as servers, service, and storage over the internet.

2. Private Cloud: The organization builds its own cloud resources inside its premises/
environment in the Private Cloud. Sometimes the private Cloud can be hosted by a third
service provider.

3. Hybrid Cloud: Private Cloud and Public Cloud combine together and make Hybrid
Cloud. Hybrid Cloud provides flexibility and more deployment features to the business.

4. Community Cloud
It is a type of private cloud for users with specific demands. It has several stakeholders. It is
managed by the organization or by a third party provider.

Benefits of Deployment model:

 In Payroll processing:
Processing time and hardware requirements are reduced as well as elasticity enabled for
future expansion.
 In Astronomic data processing:
Energy costs and hardware requirements are [Link] is simplified.
 In Central Government:
IT expertise consolidate and hardware requirements are reduced.
 In Local Government:
IT expertise consolidate and hardware requirements are reduced.
The goals of cloud computing:
 Scalability
Cloud computing allows users to scale up or down the amount of resources and storage
needed, without the need to invest in physical infrastructure.
 Cost reduction
Cloud computing can help users cut costs by eliminating the need for onsite datacenters,
which require a lot of time-consuming IT management.
 Business continuity
Cloud computing makes it easier and less expensive to back up data and recover from
disasters.
 User benefit
Cloud computing allows users to benefit from existing technologies without needing to
be an expert in each one

Cloud Services Types/ Cloud delivery models

1. Infrastructure-as-a-Service: In IaaS, the users can rent IT infrastructures like servers,

Virtual Machines, Storage, networks, operating systems from the cloud vendor.
With IaaS, the users do not have to worry about any hardware and virtualization software.
IaaS is the most flexible service, but still, it requires more effort into maintenance.

2. Platform-as-a-Service: PaaS provides a demanding environment for developing, testing,

delivering, and management of applications. The PaaS vendor will take the responsibility of
deploying and running.
And the developer is responsible for the application. The flexibility will get lower by using
PaaS, but the management of the environment is the vendor’s responsibility.

3. Software-as-a-Service: Software-as-a-Service: SaaS will centrally host and manage the

software services for end-users. They will provide the software on the internet, and it is
dependent on the subscription.
The famous examples are Microsoft One Drive, Office 365, Word Press. The main aim of
SaaS is to reduce operational costs.

Advantages of Cloud Computing

1. Expense or cost: Cloud Computing will minimize the massive cost of purchasing
hardware and software for an organization.
2. Speed: The user can access resources in minutes and quickly in some clicks.
3. Scalability: The user can increase and decrease the resources according to the
requirements.
4. Reliability: The process of Backup and recovery is less expensive.
5. Security: Cloud vendors provide users with a range of policies, technologies, and
controls. It helps to strengthen and protect data security.
6. Productivity: On Cloud, the developers can focus on productivity and do not have to
worry about hardware or patching in the background environment.

Cloud computing benefits

 Cost savings: You only pay for the resources you use, and you don't need to invest in
hardware, software, or a data center.
 Scalability: You can quickly scale up or down your resources and storage to meet
business needs.
 Accessibility: You can access your data and applications from any device with an
internet connection.
 Security: Cloud computing offers advanced security features like encryption, threat
monitoring, and granular permissions.
 Data loss prevention: Cloud providers offer backup and disaster recovery features.
 Faster time to market: You can quickly develop and deploy applications without the
need to manage physical hardware.
 Better collaboration: Cloud storage makes data available to everyone, anytime.
 AI and machine learning: Cloud computing platforms often offer integrated AI and ML
services.
 Reduced maintenance: You don't need to spend time and money on fixing potential
issues related to downtime
Uses of Cloud Computing
1. Create Cloud-Native Application
The user can quickly add, deploy and scale the web, mobile application, and API. The user
has the advantage of cloud-native technologies and approaches like containers, Kubernetes,
DevOps, and many more.

2. Store, Back-up, and Retrieve Data

The user can protect their data and, in a cost, efficient manner at a vast scale. And by
transferring the data on the Cloud, the user can access it from any location and from any
device.

3. Stream Audio and Video

With Cloud, the users can connect with their listeners at any moment. It is possible on any
device with high-definition video and audio clarity.

4. Deliver Software on Demand

It is popularly known as Software-as-a-Service. On-demand permits users to offer the latest
software versions and updates to customers. It is possible at any time and anywhere.

5. Test and Build Applications

The cost and development time of applications can turn down with the help of the Cloud. It
can be easily scaled up and scaled-down.

6. Analyze Data
The administrators can merge data across teams, divisions, and regions on the Cloud. They
can use cloud services such as Machine Learning Tools and Artificial Intelligence Tools to
understand more complex and informed decisions.

7. Embed Intelligence
Users have the facility to use intelligent models to help and engage the users with valuable
insights received from data.

Risks Related to Cloud Computing

1. Security and Privacy: Security and Privacy are among the biggest worries for the users
while accepting Cloud Computing. As infrastructure and management are head by a third-
party provider, it is risky to store or hand over sensitive and crucial information in the Cloud.
Although Cloud vendors have high security to the data, it will be a loss for the business if a
data breach occurs.
2. Lock-In: It is a challenging task for the users to switch from one cloud service provider to
another.
3. Isolation Failure: There is a risk of failure in isolation mechanisms such as separation in
storage, memory, and routing between various tenants.
4. Management Interface Compromise: In Public Cloud, the customer management
interfaces are accessible via the internet.
5. Insecure or Incomplete Data Deletion: Sometimes, in the Cloud, there is a possibility
the requested data might not get deleted. And the reasons are as follows: Extra copies of data
are stored, but they are not available during the deletion time.
The disk in which data is held of various tenants might erase.

Cloud computing challenges

Data security and privacy

When working with Cloud environments, data security is a major concern as users have to
take responsibility for their data, and not all Cloud providers can assure 100% data privacy.
No identity access management, lack of visibility and control tools, data misuse, and cloud
misconfiguration are the common reasons behind cloud privacy leaks. There are also
concerns about malicious insiders, insecure APIs, and neglect or oversights in cloud data
management.
Multi-cloud environments
Multi-cloud environments present issues and challenges such as – configuration errors, data
governance, lack of security patches, and no granularity. It is difficult to apply data
management policies across various boards while tracking the security requirements of
multi-clouds.

Performance challenges
The performance and security of cloud computing solutions depend on the vendors, and keep
in mind that if a Cloud vendor goes down, you may lose your data too.
Interoperability and flexibility
when you try to shift applications between two or multiple Cloud ecosystems,
interoperability is a challenge. Some of the most common issues are:

 Match the target cloud environment’s specifications by rebuilding application stacks

 Managing services and apps in the target cloud ecosystem
 Working with data encryption during migration
 Configuring networks in the target cloud for operations

High dependence on network

When transferring large volumes of information between Cloud data servers, a lack of
sufficient internet bandwidth is a common problem. There is a risk of sudden outages, and
data is highly vulnerable. To help prevent business losses from sudden outages, enterprises
should ensure there is high bandwidth without sacrificing performance.

Lack of knowledge and expertise

Hiring the right Cloud talent is another common challenge in cloud computing. There is a
shortage of working security professionals with the necessary qualifications in the industry.
As the workloads are increasing, so are the number of tools launched in the market.
Enterprises need good expertise in order to efficiently utilize these tools and look out for the
best fit.

Reliability and availability

High unavailability of Cloud services, as well as lack of reliability, are the major concerns in
these ecosystems. In order to keep up with ever-changing business requirements, businesses
are forced to seek additional computing resources. If a Cloud vendor gets hacked, the
sensitive data of organizations using their services gets compromised.

Password security
Account managers manage all their cloud accounts using the same passwords. Password
management poses a critical problem, and it is often found that users resort to using weak
and reused passwords.

Cost management
Although Cloud Service Providers (CSPs) offer a pay-as-you-go subscription model for
services, hidden costs are charged as underutilized resources in enterprises, making the costs
can add up.

Lack of expertise
Cloud computing is a highly competitive field, and there are many professionals who lack
the required knowledge and skills to be employed in the industry. There is also a huge gap in
supply and demand for certified individuals and many job vacancies.

Control or governance
Good IT governance means the right tools are used and assets get implemented as per
procedures and agreed-on policies. Lack of governance is a common problem in cloud
computing, and companies utilize tools that do not align with their vision.
 Compliance
When it comes to having the best data compliance policies, cloud Service Providers (CSP)
are not up-to-date. Organizations run into compliance issues with state laws and regulations
whenever a user transfers data from internal servers to the cloud.

Cloud computing roles and boundaries include:

 Roles
Cloud provider: Responsible for securing the cloud's infrastructure, including network,
physical, and hypervisor security
Cloud consumer: The end-user who pays for services provided by the cloud provider
and sets up service contracts
Cloud service owner: A person or organization that legally owns a cloud service
Cloud resource administrator: A role associated with cloud computing
Cloud security engineer: Ensures that cloud systems are secure, comply with regulatory
standards, and are free from vulnerabilities
Cloud administrator: Maintains the functionality and infrastructure of cloud networks
 Boundaries
Shared responsibility model
A framework that defines the security responsibilities between the cloud service provider
and its customers
Cloud security architecture
Organizes security measures to make them easier to implement and more consistent

Popular Cloud Computing Vendors

In IaaS and PaaS, there are only a few popular and giant cloud providers. The list is as
follows:

 Amazon Web Services

 Microsoft Azure
 Google Cloud Platform
 IBM
 Alibaba
 Digital Ocean
 VMware
 Rackspace

Advantages of Cloud Computing

 It is cost effective
 It is based on pay per use method
 Improved security
 It is much more reliable and manageable
 It is flexible, scalable and also environment-friendly as it reduces carbon footprint
Drawbacks of Cloud Computing

 Security and privacy issues while using services from third party providers
 As it is an internet based service, it faces the risk of downtime i.e. internet breakdown or
connection problems
 It is prone to cyber attacks
 Vendor lock-in – It is a situation when a consumer wants to switch to other vendor’s
services but cannot easily shift without paying a considerable cost.

What is Cloud Federation?

Cloud Federation, also known as Federated Cloud is the deployment and management of
several external and internal cloud computing services to match business needs. It is a multi-
national cloud system that integrates private, community, and public clouds into scalable
computing platforms. Federated cloud is created by connecting the cloud environment of
different cloud providers using a common standard.

Federated Cloud

The architecture of Federated Cloud:

The architecture of Federated Cloud consists of three basic components:

1. Cloud Exchange
The Cloud Exchange acts as a mediator between cloud coordinator and cloud broker. The
demands of the cloud broker are mapped by the cloud exchange to the available services
provided by the cloud coordinator. The cloud exchange has a track record of what is the
present cost, demand patterns, and available cloud providers, and this information is
periodically reformed by the cloud coordinator.
2. Cloud Coordinator
The cloud coordinator assigns the resources of the cloud to the remote users based on the
quality of service they demand and the credits they have in the cloud bank. The cloud
enterprises and their membership are managed by the cloud controller.
3. Cloud Broker
The cloud broker interacts with the cloud coordinator, analyzes the Service-level agreement
and the resources offered by several cloud providers in cloud exchange. Cloud broker finalizes
the most suitable deal for their client.

Federal Cloud Architecture

Properties of Federated Cloud:

1. In the federated cloud, the users can interact with the architecture either centrally or in a
decentralized manner. In centralized interaction, the user interacts with a broker to mediate
between them and the organization. Decentralized interaction permits the user to interact
directly with the clouds in the federation.
2. Federated cloud can be practiced with various niches like commercial and non-commercial.
3. The visibility of a federated cloud assists the user to interpret the organization of several
clouds in the federated environment.
4. Federated cloud can be monitored in two ways. MaaS (Monitoring as a Service) provides
information that aids in tracking contracted services to the user. Global monitoring aids in
maintaining the federated cloud.
5. The providers who participate in the federation publish their offers to a central entity. The
user interacts with this central entity to verify the prices and propose an offer.
6. The marketing objects like infrastructure, software, and platform have to pass through
federation when consumed in the federated cloud.
Benefits of Federated Cloud:
1. It minimizes the consumption of energy.
2. It increases reliability.
3. It minimizes the time and cost of providers due to dynamic scalability.
4. It connects various cloud service providers globally. The providers may buy and sell
services on demand.
5. It provides easy scaling up of resources.

Challenges in Federated Cloud:

1. In cloud federation, it is common to have more than one provider for processing the
incoming demands. In such cases, there must be a scheme needed to distribute the
incoming demands equally among the cloud service providers.
2. The increasing requests in cloud federation have resulted in more heterogeneous
infrastructure, making interoperability an area of concern. It becomes a challenge for cloud
users to select relevant cloud service providers and therefore, it ties them to a particular
cloud service provider.
3. A federated cloud means constructing a seamless cloud environment that can interact with
people, different devices, several application interfaces, and other entities.

Federated Cloud technologies:

The technologies that aid the cloud federation and cloud services are:
1. OpenNebula
It is a cloud computing platform for managing heterogeneous distributed data center
infrastructures. It can use the resources of its interoperability, leveraging existing information
technology assets, protecting the deals, and adding the application programming interface
(API).
2. Aneka coordinator
The Aneka coordinator is a proposition of the Aneka services and Aneka peer components
(network architectures) which give the cloud ability and performance to interact with other
cloud services.
3. Eucalyptus
Eucalyptus defines the pooling computational, storage, and network resources that can be
measured scaled up or down as application workloads change in the utilization of the software.
It is an open-source framework that performs the storage, network, and many other
computational resources to access the cloud environment.