- A coil of 200 turns has its plane perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field that decreases
uniformly from 0.50 T to 0.10 T in 0.40 s; the coil area is 20 cm²; find the magnitude of
induced emf using \varepsilon = N A |\Delta B| / \Delta t [1].
- A single-turn loop of area 150 cm² rotates from \theta=0^\circ to \theta=90^\circ in
0.10 s in a uniform B=0.20 T; find the average induced emf using \varepsilon_{\text{avg}}
= B A |\cos\theta_f-\cos\theta_i|/\Delta t [1].
- A rectangular loop 0.20 m by 0.10 m moves at 2.0 m/s into a uniform 0.50 T field with
plane perpendicular to B; find the induced emf while entering and the duration using
\varepsilon = B\,b\,v and t=a/v [1].
## Motional emf
- A conducting rod of length 0.40 m moves at 5.0 m/s perpendicular to a uniform magnetic
field of 0.30 T; find emf across its ends using \varepsilon = B l v [1].
- A rod of length 0.60 m rotates with angular speed 100 rad/s about one end in a uniform
B=0.80 T (perpendicular to plane); find emf between pivot and free end using \varepsilon
= \tfrac{1}{2} B \omega L^2 [1].
- A 0.50 m rod moves at 8.0 m/s making 30° with a uniform B=0.40 T (B perpendicular to
plane of motion; rod ⟂ velocity); find emf using \varepsilon = B l v \cos\theta [1].
- A wheel of radius 0.30 m with a single conducting spoke rotates at 600 rpm in vertical
Earth field B=5.0\times10^{-5} T; find emf between centre and rim using \varepsilon =
\tfrac{1}{2} B \omega R^2 [1].
## Lenz’s law applications
- A 50-turn circular coil (radius 5.0 cm, R=2.0 Ω) is pulled out of a uniform 0.40 T region in
0.20 s; find the magnitude of induced current using I = (N A \Delta B/\Delta t)/R and state
the direction opposing the flux decrease [1].
- A wire loop shrinks area uniformly from 50 cm² to 10 cm² in 0.50 s in a uniform field 0.30 T
normal to the loop; find induced emf \varepsilon = B |\Delta A|/\Delta t and the current
direction by Lenz’s law [1].
- A circular loop radius decreases from 10 cm to 7 cm uniformly in 2.0 s in B=0.25 T
normal to plane; find induced emf magnitude using \varepsilon = B \pi |r_f^2-r_i^2|/\Delta
t ; indicate polarity consistent with opposing area decrease [1].
## Induced charge and power
- A coil of resistance 10 Ω with N=100 and area 1.0\times10^{-2} m² is suddenly removed
from a B=0.20 T region to zero; estimate total charge that flows using Q = (N A \Delta B)/R
[1].
- A square coil of side 0.10 m, 100 turns, total resistance 4.0 Ω, is pulled out of 0.60 T region
in 0.10 s; find induced current magnitude and the mechanical power required if pulled at
constant speed; use I=\varepsilon/R , \varepsilon=N A \Delta B/\Delta t , and P=Fv=I^2R
to infer force for v=a/\Delta t [1].
## Mutual inductance
- Two long coaxial solenoids each of length 0.80 m have n_1=1500 \,\text{m}^{-1},
n_2=1000 \,\text{m}^{-1} ; radius of inner solenoid r_1=1.5 cm (Inside outer); find mutual
inductance using M=\mu_0 n_1 n_2 \pi r_1^2 l [1].
- In the above solenoids, if current in S2 changes at 250 A/s, find emf induced in S1 using
\varepsilon_1 = M\, dI_2/dt [1].
- Two concentric circular coils with radii r_1=2.0 cm and r_2=20 cm, with N_1=50,
N_2=1 ; estimate mutual inductance using M \approx \mu_0 N_1 N_2 \pi r_1^2/(2 r_2)
(small inner loop approximation) [1].
- A long solenoid has n=1000 \,\text{m}^{-1} ; a single-turn loop of area 1.0\times10^{-4}
m² lies coaxially inside; if current in solenoid increases at 10 A/s, find induced emf in the
small loop using dB/dt=\mu_0 n\, dI/dt and \varepsilon=A\,dB/dt [1].
## Self-inductance and energy
- A solenoid of length 0.50 m, area 4.0\times10^{-4} m², and 1000 turns (air core); find its
inductance using L=\mu_0 N^2 A/l [1].
- If the above solenoid carries 2.0 A, find energy stored using U=\tfrac{1}{2} L I^2 [1].
- Find the magnetic energy density for B=0.20 T using u = B^2/(2\mu_0) [1].
- The same solenoid is filled with iron of relative permeability \mu_r=800 ; find new
inductance using L=\mu_r L_{\text{air}} [1].
- Current in a circuit drops from 4.0 A to 1.0 A in 0.20 s with average induced emf 30 V;
estimate self-inductance using L = \varepsilon_{\text{avg}} \Delta t / |\Delta I| [1].
- An inductor L=0.20 H and resistor R=5.0 Ω in series are connected to 12 V; find initial
di/dt and initial back emf using di/dt(0^+)=V/L and \varepsilon_L(0^+)=V [1].
## AC generator
- A 200-turn coil of area 0.020 m² rotates at 25 rev/s in a 0.50 T field; find peak emf using
\varepsilon_0 = N B A\,\omega = N B A (2\pi f) [1].
- Using the above, find instantaneous emf at t=3.0 ms using \varepsilon(t)=\varepsilon_0
\sin(2\pi f t) [1].
- A stationary bicycle drives a 100-turn coil of area 0.10 m² at 0.50 rev/s in a 0.01 T uniform
field; compute the maximum voltage with \varepsilon_0=N B A (2\pi f) (similar to
example) [1].
- A primary coil carries I_p(t)=2.0\sin(100 t) A; a tightly coupled secondary has mutual
inductance M=0.020 H; find the secondary peak emf using \varepsilon_s = M\, dI_p/dt
[1].
## Sliding rod and rails
- A conducting rod of length 0.50 m slides on U-shaped rails of total resistance 2.0 Ω
in a uniform B=0.60 T with speed 3.0 m/s; find induced current and its direction
using \varepsilon=B l v and Lenz’s law; then compute magnetic force F=I l B and
mechanical power P=F v=I^2 R [1].
## Mixed practice
- A 200-turn coil of area 4.0\times10^{-3} m² is in a region where B drops uniformly from
0.30 T to 0 T; for induced emf magnitude at least 0.24 V, find the maximum time allowed
using t_{\max} = N A \Delta B / \varepsilon_{\min} [1].
- A long solenoid has internal field varying as B(t)=0.30\sin(120 t) T with a single-turn loop
of area 5.0\times10^{-3} m² placed perpendicular to B; write \varepsilon(t)=A B_0
\omega \cos(\omega t) and its peak value \varepsilon_0=A B_0 \omega [1].