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[Link] (Sem–9) Landscape Architecture – II (BACH-908, [Link]: 74102, S17-

173).
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a 3-hour university exam.

Q1 (a). Fill in the blanks / Short Notes

(2×5 = 10 Marks)

i. Pleaching

Definition:
Pleaching is the horticultural technique of interlacing the branches of trees or
shrubs to form a continuous hedge, archway, or shaded walkway. The stems are
trained along a framework until they graft together naturally.

Uses:

Forms shaded avenues and green tunnels.




Provides privacy and aesthetic beauty.




Used in formal landscapes such as royal gardens.

Example:
Pleached lime trees in Hampton Court Gardens, London.

ii. Topiary
Definition:
Topiary is the artistic trimming and shaping of plants (mostly shrubs) into
geometric or naturalistic forms like animals, spirals, or cones.

Purpose:

Adds visual interest and decoration in formal gardens.




Reflects human control over nature.

Common Species:
Buxus sempervirens (Boxwood), Duranta repens, Thuja occidentalis.

Example:
The gardens at Versailles Palace exhibit intricate topiary art.

iii. Rills

Definition:
Rills are narrow, shallow water channels used as decorative elements to guide and
distribute water throughout gardens.

Function:

Adds sound, reflection, and movement.




Symbolizes purity and life.

Example:
Found in Alhambra Gardens, Spain and Mughal Shalimar Bagh, where water flows
gently through the central axis.
iv. Char Bagh

Definition:
“Char Bagh” literally means Four Gardens. It is a quadrilateral garden layout
divided by walkways or water channels into four sections, inspired by Persian and
Islamic paradise gardens.

Symbolism:

Represents four rivers of paradise (water, milk, honey, wine).




Central pool often symbolizes the fountain of life.

Examples:
Taj Mahal Gardens, Agra and Humayun’s Tomb Garden, Delhi.

v. Surprising Open Spaces Concept

This design principle is most common in Japanese gardens, where spaces are not
revealed all at once. Visitors encounter the garden gradually through visual discovery
and hidden views — called Miegakure (the art of concealment).

Purpose:

Builds curiosity and emotional engagement.




Emphasizes simplicity, mystery, and symbolism.

Example:
Katsura Imperial Villa, Kyoto – known for its sequence of surprising garden spaces.

(b) Botanical Names of Trees

 Common Name Botanical Name
i. Baheda Terminalia bellirica
ii. Kusum Schleichera oleosa
iii. Bargad (Banyan) Ficus benghalensis
iv. Kanak Champa Pterospermum acerifolium
v. Gulmohur Delonix regia

UNIT – I

Q2. Explain through sketches the Basic Principles and

Elements of Landscape Architecture. (12.5 marks)

Introduction:
Landscape architecture combines art, science, and environmental design to create
harmonious outdoor spaces. The principles and elements guide the composition of
these spaces to achieve beauty, balance, and function.

Elements of Landscape Architecture:

1.

Landform (Earthform):

2.

Shapes and contours of the ground surface (hills, mounds, slopes).

o
o

Controls drainage, defines space, and adds visual movement.

3.

Water:

4.
 o

Creates reflection, sound, and movement.

o
o

Used in fountains, cascades, ponds, or rills.

5.

Vegetation:

6.

Adds texture, color, and life.

o
o

Provides shade, privacy, and ecological balance.

7.

Structure and Built Features:

8.

Includes gazebos, pergolas, walls, and paving.

o
o

Defines circulation and visual rhythm.

9.

Climate and Light:

10.
 o

Influences the orientation and selection of materials.

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Creates changing shadows and highlights.

11.

Space:

12.

Physical and visual volume created by arrangement of elements.

Principles of Landscape Design:

1.

Unity:
All elements relate to a single coherent concept.

2.
3.

Balance:

4.

Symmetrical balance — equal distribution (formal gardens).

o
o

Asymmetrical balance — natural irregular composition (informal

gardens).

o
 5.

Proportion and Scale:

Ensures the size of landscape elements fits human scale and architecture.

6.
7.

Rhythm and Repetition:

Creates continuity and movement.

8.
9.

Focal Point:
Draws attention — e.g., fountain, sculpture, or tree.

10.
11.

Simplicity and Order:

Avoids clutter for clarity and harmony.

12.

Sketch Suggestion:
Show a plan combining a water body, pathways, tree groupings, and focal feature
aligned with visual axes.

Q3. Describe Landscape Elements Used in Designing French

Gardens. (12.5 marks)

Introduction:
French gardens developed during the 17th century under Louis XIV as an expression
of power, grandeur, and symmetry. The gardens at Versailles designed by André Le
Nôtre epitomize this style.

Main Landscape Elements:

1.

Central Axis:

2.
 o

Dominant feature aligned with the main building.

o
o

Extends visual lines and connects terraces, fountains, and vistas.

3.

Parterres:

4.

Ornamental patterned flower beds defined by clipped hedges.

o
o

Decorative gravel paths form symmetrical motifs.

5.

Terraces:

6.

Platforms at different levels, creating spatial hierarchy.

7.

Topiary:

8.

Sculpted shrubs for visual rhythm and discipline.

o
 9.

Water Features:

10.

Fountains, reflecting pools, and cascades placed on the central axis.

11.

Sculptures and Statuary:

12.

Depictions of Greek or Roman deities representing control over nature.

13.

Tree Avenues (Allées):

14.

Long rows of trees framing paths and adding perspective.

15.

Bosquets:

16.

Enclosed groves for shade and intimate gatherings.

Example: Palace of Versailles Gardens — the most prominent symbol of classical

French landscape design.
Design Philosophy:
Man’s mastery over nature — perfection through geometry and order.

Q4. Japanese Gardens – Explain in Detail with Sketches.

(12.5 marks)

Introduction:
Japanese gardens represent the philosophy of simplicity, spirituality, and harmony
with nature. They are deeply symbolic, focusing on balance, minimalism, and the
meditative experience.

Types of Japanese Gardens:

1.

Karesansui (Dry Garden):

2.

Rocks, gravel, and sand symbolize mountains and water.

o
o

Example: Ryoan-ji Zen Temple, Kyoto.

3.

Tsukiyama (Hill Garden):

4.

Miniaturized natural landscapes with ponds, islands, and bridges.

5.

Chaniwa (Tea Garden):

 6.

Pathways leading to tea houses, used for Chanoyu (tea ceremony).

7.

Kaiyu-shiki (Strolling Garden):

8.

Designed to be experienced while walking, with constantly changing

views.

Elements:

Water: Symbol of purity and calm.




Rocks: Represent stability and eternity.




Plants: Evergreen pines, bamboo, mosses, cherry blossoms — signify seasons.




Bridges: Transition between worlds or experiences.




Lanterns: Provide spiritual light and beauty.



 Walls and Fences: Create enclosure and separation from the outer world.

Design Principles:

Asymmetry (Fukinsei) – no strict balance.




Simplicity (Kanso) – minimal elements.




Naturalness (Shizen) – avoid artificiality.




Tranquility (Seijaku) – evoke inner peace.

Example: Katsura Imperial Villa, Kyoto — a perfect example of asymmetrical

balance and progression of views.

Q5. Compare Mughal and English Gardens. (12.5 marks)

Aspect Mughal Gardens English Gardens

Persian-Islamic influence, 18th century England,
Origin
16th–17th century India reaction against formality
Formal, symmetrical, Informal, natural, free-
Style
geometric layout flowing
Asymmetrical, natural
Plan Form Charbagh (Four-part) layout
topography
Natural lakes, serpentine
Water Use Axial channels, fountains
rivers
Planting Fruit trees, cypress, roses Native trees and open lawns
Romanticism and nature’s
Symbolism Paradise and spirituality
freedom
Materials Marble, sandstone, canals Stone bridges, rustic
 Aspect Mughal Gardens English Gardens
structures
Shalimar Bagh, Taj Mahal
Example Stourhead, Blenheim Palace
Gardens

Conclusion:
Mughal gardens express divine order and geometry; English gardens evoke natural
beauty and emotional connection.

UNIT – II

Q6. Aspects and Variables to be Studied for Site Analysis.

(12.5 marks)

Definition:
Site analysis is a detailed study of natural, physical, social, and aesthetic features that
influence design decisions.

Key Aspects:

1.

Topography:

2.

Contour mapping, slopes, and elevation.

o
o

Determines grading and drainage.

3.

Climate:

4.
 o

Sun path, prevailing winds, temperature range, rainfall.

5.

Soil and Geology:

6.

Soil type, bearing capacity, and erosion potential.

7.

Hydrology:

8.

Surface runoff, groundwater levels, and nearby water bodies.

9.

Vegetation:

10.

Existing flora, ecological value, and preservation potential.

11.

Views and Vistas:

12.

o
 Identify focal points and unwanted visual obstructions.

13.

Accessibility and Circulation:

14.

Entry points, pedestrian and vehicular routes.

15.

Cultural and Legal Context:

16.

Land ownership, zoning laws, heritage protection.

Outcome:
Helps create environmentally responsive and cost-effective designs.

Q7. Role of Various Services in Landscape Plan of a

Residential Area. (12.5 marks)

Introduction:
Services ensure comfort, functionality, and sustainability of landscape spaces.

Key Services:

1.

Water Supply and Irrigation:

2.

o
 Underground irrigation lines, sprinkler systems, and rainwater
harvesting.

3.

Drainage:

4.

Proper slope, catch basins, and soak pits to prevent flooding.

5.

Electric and Lighting Systems:

6.

Street lighting, decorative garden lights, solar lamps.

7.

Waste Management:

8.

Compost pits, concealed bins, recycling areas.

9.

Sewage and Plumbing:

10.

Integration of greywater reuse.

 o

11.

Communication Services:

12.

Concealed electrical and internet cabling.

Design Principle:
Services must be invisible yet functional, ensuring aesthetics and maintenance
efficiency.

Example:
Modern residential colonies like Magarpatta City, Pune integrate solar streetlights
and underground utilities seamlessly.

Q8. Explain Any Eminent Recent Landscape Design Work. (12.5

marks)

Example: The High Line Park, New York City

Designers:
James Corner Field Operations, Diller Scofidio + Renfro, Piet Oudolf.

Concept:
Adaptive reuse of an abandoned elevated railway into a linear park blending ecology,
art, and urban experience.

Design Features:

1.

Linear Walkway:

2.

Concrete planks with gaps for natural vegetation growth.

 o

3.

Planting Design:

4.

Native, drought-tolerant species inspired by self-seeded flora.

5.

Seating and Lighting:

6.

Integrated furniture and minimalistic LED lighting.

7.

Viewpoints:

8.

Framed cityscapes, art installations, and social zones.

9.

Sustainability:

10.

Rainwater harvesting, recycled materials, and habitat restoration.

o
Principles Demonstrated:

Ecological restoration.




Human-centered design.




Urban renewal and adaptive reuse.

Impact:
Reclaimed 2.3 km of obsolete infrastructure into a vibrant cultural and ecological
landmark.