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Introduction to SQL Basics and Commands

SQL (Structured Query Language) is used for managing data in databases such as MySQL and PostgreSQL. It consists of core commands like DQL for data retrieval, DML for data manipulation, DDL for defining data structures, DCL for access control, and TCL for transaction management. SQL allows users to perform operations like selecting, filtering, sorting, and joining data.

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6 views4 pages

Introduction to SQL Basics and Commands

SQL (Structured Query Language) is used for managing data in databases such as MySQL and PostgreSQL. It consists of core commands like DQL for data retrieval, DML for data manipulation, DDL for defining data structures, DCL for access control, and TCL for transaction management. SQL allows users to perform operations like selecting, filtering, sorting, and joining data.

Uploaded by

gstformyclients
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© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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What is SQL?

SQL (Structured Query Language) is a language used to store, retrieve, update, delete, and
manage data in a database.

It works with databases like:

• MySQL

• SQL Server

• PostgreSQL

• Oracle

• SQLite

• MariaDB

Core SQL Commands (Think of them as categories)

DQL – Data Query Language (for fetching data)

Used to read or retrieve data.

• SELECT

Example:

SELECT * FROM employees;

DML – Data Manipulation Language (for modifying data)

Used to insert, update, delete records.

• INSERT

• UPDATE

• DELETE

Examples:

INSERT INTO employees (name, salary) VALUES ('John', 50000);

UPDATE employees SET salary = 60000 WHERE name = 'John';


DELETE FROM employees WHERE name = 'John';

DDL – Data Definition Language (for creating structures)

Used to create or modify tables, databases, indexes, etc.

• CREATE

• ALTER

• DROP

• TRUNCATE

Examples:

CREATE TABLE employees (

id INT,

name VARCHAR(100),

salary INT

);

ALTER TABLE employees ADD COLUMN age INT;

DROP TABLE employees;

DCL – Data Control Language (permissions/security)

Controlling access to the database.

• GRANT

• REVOKE

Example:

GRANT SELECT ON employees TO user1;

TCL – Transaction Control Language

Used to manage transactions.


• COMMIT

• ROLLBACK

• SAVEPOINT

Example:

BEGIN;

UPDATE accounts SET balance = balance - 1000 WHERE id = 1;

UPDATE accounts SET balance = balance + 1000 WHERE id = 2;

COMMIT;

Most Commonly Used SQL Syntax

✔ 1. Selecting data

SELECT column1, column2 FROM table_name;

✔ 2. Filtering rows

SELECT * FROM employees WHERE salary > 50000;

✔ 3. Sorting data

SELECT * FROM employees ORDER BY salary ASC;

✔ 4. Grouping data

SELECT department, COUNT(*)

FROM employees

GROUP BY department;

✔ 5. Joining tables

SELECT [Link], departments.dept_name

FROM employees

JOIN departments ON employees.dept_id = [Link];


Super Simple Analogy

A database is like an Excel file with many sheets (tables).


SQL is the language you use to ask questions about the data, modify it, or design new
sheets.

If you want, I can also provide:


SQL cheat sheet
Practice questions with answers
Real-world examples (banking, e-commerce, HR, etc.)
Just tell me!

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