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Circuit Analysis Techniques Explained

Chapter 4 discusses techniques of circuit analysis, focusing on the principle of superposition, which is applicable to linear systems and involves analyzing circuits by considering one input at a time while deactivating others. It also covers source transformation and delta to Y transformation methods for simplifying circuit calculations. Examples illustrate how to apply these principles to find currents and voltages in various circuits.

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6 views21 pages

Circuit Analysis Techniques Explained

Chapter 4 discusses techniques of circuit analysis, focusing on the principle of superposition, which is applicable to linear systems and involves analyzing circuits by considering one input at a time while deactivating others. It also covers source transformation and delta to Y transformation methods for simplifying circuit calculations. Examples illustrate how to apply these principles to find currents and voltages in various circuits.

Uploaded by

marwandaradka2
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Chapter 4: Techniques of Circuit Analysis

Principle of Superposition :
• This principle or technique is used to analyze the
electrical circuits through considering only one input
“individually”.
• This principle is only applied for linear system.
• This principle is explained by figures as next:

Input X1 System output Y1 Input Output


System
X1+X2 Y1+Y2

Input X2 System output Y2 • The system is linear


Principle of Superposition :
• The electrical circuits are linear systems.

• For the electrical circuits, the voltage and current


sources are inputs. The desired parameters (voltage,
current, ..etc) are outputs.
Principle of Superposition :
• Example :
Principle of Superposition :
• Studying or analyzing any electrical circuit with
individual source (voltage or current) requires killing or
deactivating the other sources in that circuit.
• The voltage source is killed by replacing it with short
cct.

• The current source is killed by replacing it with open


cct.
• Principle of Superposition :
• Example : use the principle of superposition to find
𝑖1 , 𝑖2 and 𝑉𝑜 in the following circuit.
• Principle of Superposition :
• Solution :

Circuit I Circuit II

Circuit III
• For circuit I :
10
𝑖′1 = 𝑖′2 = = 2𝐴
5
𝑉′O = 𝑖′2 × 2Ω = 2𝐴 × 2Ω = 4 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡

• For circuit II :
−5
• 𝑖′′1 = 𝑖′′2 = = −1𝐴
5
• 𝑉′′O = 𝑖′′2 × 2Ω = −1 × 2 = −2 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡 (𝑃𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛. )

• For circuit III :


−2
• 𝑖′′′1 = × 5 = −2𝐴 (𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟)
5
3
• 𝑖′′′2 = × 5 = 3𝐴 (𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟)
5
• 𝑉′′′O = 𝑖′′′2 × 2Ω = 3 × 2 = 6 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡
Now, to find 𝑖1 , 𝑖2 and 𝑉𝑜

𝑖1 = 𝑖′1 + 𝑖′′1 + 𝑖′′′1 = 2 − 1 − 2 = −1𝐴

𝑖2 = 𝑖′2 + 𝑖′′2 + 𝑖′′′2 = 2 − 1 + 3 = 4𝐴

𝑉O = 𝑉′O + 𝑉′′O + 𝑉′′′O = 4 − 2 + 6 = 8𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡


• Example : use the principle of superposition to find 𝑖𝑥
in the following circuit.
• Solution :
Here, we treat only with independent sources.
The dependent sources will not killed .

Circuit I Circuit II
• For circuit I :
• KVL → −12 − 𝑉O + 𝑖′𝑥 = 0 → Eq. 1
𝑉O 5𝑉O
• KCL → 3𝑉O = 𝑖′𝑥 + → = 𝑖′𝑥 → Eq. 2
2 2
By substituting Eq.2 in Eq.1
𝑉O = 8 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡 → 𝑖′𝑥 = 20A
For circuit II :
Using Nodal analysis : (2Ω and 1Ω are parallel → same voltage)
𝑉O 𝑉O
−5 + − 3𝑉O + = 0 → 𝑉O = −3.33 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡
1 2
𝑉O
𝑖′′𝑥 = = −3.33A
1
• Now, to find 𝑖𝑥

𝑖𝑥 = 𝑖′𝑥 + 𝑖′′𝑥 = 20 − 3.33 = 16.66 𝐴


Chapter 4: Techniques of Circuit Analysis
Source Transformation :

𝑉𝑠 = 𝐼𝑠 × 𝑅 𝑉𝑠
𝐼𝑠 =
𝑅
Example : use the source transformation to find 𝑉𝑜
Solution :

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 36 + 6 − 10 = 32𝐴

𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 20Ω // 5 Ω // 6Ω =2.4Ω


Solution :

10
𝑉𝑜 = × 76.8 = 28.029 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡
10 + 15 + 2.4
Example : use the source transformation to find 𝑖𝑜
Solution :

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 1500 − 80 + 100 = 1520 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡

−1520 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡
𝑖𝑜 = = −27.63 A
30 + 15 + 10
Chapter 4: Techniques of Circuit Analysis
Delta to Y Transformation:
This is a method that facilitate the calculation of (𝑅𝑒𝑞 ).

𝑅2
𝑅𝑐 𝑅𝑏

𝑅3 𝑅1
𝑅𝑎

𝑅𝑎 ×𝑅𝑏 +𝑅𝑏 ×𝑅𝑐 +𝑅𝑐 ×𝑅𝑎 𝑅1 ×𝑅3


𝑅3 = 𝑅𝑏
𝑅𝑎 =𝑅
1 +𝑅2 +𝑅3
Example:
Find the equivalent resistance between a and b
in the following circuit.
Solution:

3×3
𝑅𝑌 =3+3+3 = 1Ω

4Ω×4Ω
𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 8Ω
+ 1Ω = 3Ω

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