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1. Chemical Reactions
and Equations
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Chemistry
CHEMICAL EQUATION
An atom of an element is represented by symbol, the molecule of a compound by a formula, and a chemical change is
represented by an equation. Thus, the symbolic representation of an actual chemical change is a chemical equation.
To write an equation –
(a) Substances which take part in chemical reaction (i.e., reactants) are usually written on left hand side and substances
formed as a result of chemical reaction (i.e., products) are written on right hand side. The reactants and products are
separated by an arrow head mark (→) which starts from reactants and points towards the products. Sign of equal to (=)
may also be used in place of arrow head mark.
(b) Each reactant or the product is separated from one another by using plus sign (+) in between them.
The chemical equation written, following the above two steps, is skeletal chemical equation, as it does not have same
number of atoms of each element on both sides of the arrow i.e. unbalanced chemical equation.
BALANCED CHEMICAL EQUATION
A chemical equation in which number of atoms of each element is equal, both in products and reactants, is a balanced chemical
equation.
Example :
(i) Magnesium burns with oxygen and forms magnesium oxide.
Mg(s) + O2(g)  → MgO(s) (Skeleton equation)
2Mg(s) + O2(g)  → 2MgO(s) .... (i)  (Balanced equation)
Note: Magnesium burns in air with a brilliant white light, and for this reason it is often used in flares and fireworks.
(ii) Magnesium also burns in an environment of carbon dioxide such as in a beaker full of dry ice.
Mg(s) + CO2(g)  → MgO(s) + C(s) (Skeleton equation)
2Mg(s) + CO2(g)  → 2MgO(s) + C(s) ... (ii) (Balancedequation)
(iii) Nitrogen and hydrogen combine together to give ammonia. (Haber synthesis)
N2 + H2  → NH3 (Skeleton equation)
N2 + 3H2  → 2NH3 ... (iii) (Balancedequation)
Note: When the Haber synthesis is carried out industrially, immense numbers of molecules are involved, but for every one
molecule of N2 that reacts with three molecules of H2, two molecules of NH3 are produced.
Features of the Balanced Equation
(a) The reactants appear on the left, and products appear on the right. The arrow joining them indicates the direction of
reaction.
(b) An integer preceedes the formula of each molecule. These integers are known as stoichiometric coefficients. The
quantitative relation among reactants and products is known as stoichiometry.
The stoichiometric coefficient for H2 in the equation (iii) is 3 and that of NH3 is 2. When no number appears, we
understand that the stoichiometric coefficient is 1. The stoichiometric coefficient for N2 in this equation is 1.
(c) The stoichiometric coefficients in a chemical equation are the set of smallest integers that gives a balanced equation.
It refers to the relative number of molecules involved in the reaction.
(d) Charge is conserved in balanced equation. In this equation, all participants are neutral species, so charge is conserved
regardless of the stoichiometric coefficients. For reactions that include ions, however, charge conservation must be
explicitly addressed.

 The amount of product actually obtained in a reaction is called actual yield.

 Balancing a chemical equation refers to establishment of mathematical relationship between
the quantity of reactants and products. The quantities are expressed as grams or moles.

BALANCING OF A CHEMICAL EQUATION

According to law of conservation of mass, “Mass can neither be created nor destroyed”
In a chemical reaction total mass of the reactant should be equal to total mass of the product. If not, then we need to balance
chemical equation. Let us understand the balancing of a chemical equation :
There is no definite rule for balancing an equation. Therefore, it requires a good deal of skill and practice. The equation is
balanced by a method called hit and trial method.
Hit and Trial Method
Lets consider word equation of a reaction between nitrogen and hydrogen producing ammonia.
Nitrogen + Hydrogen  → Ammonia
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Steps involved in balancing the above equation are as following :

Chemical Reactions and Equations

Step-1
First of all write the skeletal equation for the reaction and count the number of atoms of each substance on either side of the
equation.
N 2 + H 2 → NH3 (Skeletalequation)
Number of atoms Number of atoms
Element
in reactants in product
N 2 1
H 2 3
Step-2
Balance the atom which is minimum in number, on either side of chemical equation. In the given equation, number of nitrogen
is the minimum on the RHS.
To balance the nitrogen atom, multiply the nitrogen in RHS by 2, so that the number of nitrogen atoms becomes equal on
both sides.
N2 + H2  → 2NH3 (partly balanced equation)
It should be noted that to equalise the number of atoms on both sides, we cannot alter the formulae of the compounds or
elements involved in the reaction.
Step-3
Still number of H atoms is not balanced. To equalise the number of H atoms, multiply the hydrogen molecule (H2) on LHS by 3.
N2 + 3H2  → 2NH3
Step-4
Now examine the number of atoms of N and H in the new chemical equation.
Number of atoms Number of atoms in
Elements
in reactants product
N 2 2
H 6 6
The number of atoms of each element are equal on both sides. Thus, this equation is now balanced.
Step-5
The above balanced equation does not give any information about the physical state of reactants and products.
In order to make the equation more informative, the physical states of reactants and products are mentioned along with their
chemical formulae. These physical states are mentioned with the help of certain notations. These notations are –
(g) for gases, (l) for liquids,(s) for solid, (aq) for aqueous; The word aqueous (aq) is written if the reactant or product is present
as a solution in water.
The balanced equation becomes
N2(g) + H2(g)  → 2NH3(g)
Example :
Hydrogen reacts with chlorine to give hydrochloric acid.
(i) The skeleton equation of the above reaction :
H2 + Cl2 → HCl
(ii) To balance chlorine atoms, multiply the molecule HCl by 2.
H2 + Cl2  → 2HCl
Now, number of chlorine atoms and oxygen atoms are equal on both sides. Hence, the equation is balanced.
(iii) To make the chemical equation more informative, now write physical states of the reactants and products.
H2(g) + Cl2(g)  → 2 HCl (g)
Implications of a Chemical Equation
A chemical equation conveys a large number of informations as described below.
Qualitative information
(a) It tells us about the names of the reactants and products.
(b) It tells us about the physical states of the reactants and products.
Quantitative information
(a) It expresses the number of molecules of reactants and products.
(b) It expresses the relative number of moles of the reactants and the products.
(c) It expresses the relative weight of the reactants and the products.
(d) It expresses the volume of the gaseous reactants and products.
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Example :
Chemistry

Ammonia gas is formed by the combination of nitrogen and hydrogen.

N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) 
→ 2 NH3 (g)
1V 3V 2V
28 6 34
The above equation expresses that–
(i) Nitrogen combines with hydrogen to form ammonia.
(ii) N2, H2 and NH3, all three are in gaseous physical state.
(iii) One molecule of nitrogen combines with three molecules of hydrogen to form two molecules of ammonia.
(iv) 28 parts by weight of nitrogen has combined with 6 parts by weight of hydrogen to form 34 parts by weight of ammonia.
(v) One volume of nitrogen and three volumes of hydrogen combine together to give 2 volumes of ammonia gas.
Limitations of a Chemical Equation
A chemical equation does not give the following informations :
(a) Conditions necessary for a chemical reaction : A chemical equation does not necessarily indicate the reaction conditions.
(b) Rate of reaction : It does not give any idea about the rate of the reaction, whether it is slow or fast.
(c) Change of heat : It fails to give any indication whether the heat is absorbed or evolved.
(d) Concentration : It does not give any indication about the concentration of the reactants.
(e) Mechanism : It fails to give any idea about the mechanism of the reaction.
(f) Nature of reaction : It fails to give any information about the nature of reaction, whether it is reversible or irreversible
reaction.
Removal of Drawbacks of a Chemical Equation
Limitations of chemical reactions have been partially removed.
(a) To express the concentration of a substance the word ‘conc.’ for concentrated and ‘dil’ for dilute are written just below the
reactant or after the formula of the reactant, viz. H2SO4 (conc.)
Cu + 2 H2SO4  → CuSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O
(conc.)
(b) If a substance formed in the reaction is gas, it is indicated putting an arrow pointing upwards after the formula.
CaCO3  → CaO + CO2↑
If a substance is precipitated in the reaction, it is indicated by putting arrow pointing downwards after the formula.
NaCl + AgNO3  → AgCl↓+ NaNO3
(c) Reversible reaction is indicated by the sign of reversibility (  ).
N2 + O2  2 NO↑
(d) If a reaction take place at a particular temperature or pressure, it is expressed by writing above or below the arrow head.
200 atm
N 2 + 3H 2 

→ 2NH3 ↑
450 C
(e) If the reaction is exothermic the energy released is expressed by plus (+) sign and if the reaction is endothermic, it is
expressed by putting minus (–) sign on RHS.
C + O2  → CO2 + 94300 cal
N2 + O2  → 2NO – 83200 cal
ILLUSTRATION : 1
Write balanced chemical equations from the following word equations including the physical state of each element or
compound.
(a) Sodium metal with water yields hydrogen gas and an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution.
(b) Potassium chlorate when heated yields potassium chloride and oxygen gas (ionic compounds are solids).
(c) An aqueous sodium chloride solution with an aqueous silver nitrate solution yields a silver chloride precipitate
(solid) and a sodium nitrate solution.
(d) An aqueous phosphoric acid solution with an aqueous calcium hydroxide solution yields water and solid calcium
phosphate.
SOLUTION :

(a) 2Na(s) + 2H 2O(l) 

→ H 2 (g) + 2NaOH(aq)
(b) 2KClO3 (s) 
→ 2KCl(s) + 3O2 (g)
(c) NaCl(aq) + AgNO3 (aq) 
→ AgCl(s) + NaNO3 (aq)
(d) 2H3PO 4 (aq) + 3Ca(OH)2 (aq) 
→ Ca 3 (PO 4 )2 (s) + 6H 2O(l)
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Chemical Reactions and Equations

 Check whether the following represents the correct balanced chemical equation or not.
(a) Cu(s) + 2H 2SO 4 
→ CuSO 4 + SO 2 + 2H 2O

(b) Cu ( NO3 )2 
→ 2CuO + 4NO 2 + O 2
Copper nitrate

SOLUTION
(a) No, equation (a) is not correctly balanced, as it is not specified whether acid is dilute or concentrated. Moreover, state of
reactants and products is also not mentioned. Thus, the correct balanced equation will be

Cu(s) + 2H 2SO 4 
→ CuSO 4 (s) + SO 2 (g) ↑ + 2H 2O (l)
Copper (Conc) Copper sulphate Sulphur dioxide Water

(b) No, equation (b) is also not correctly balanced, as atoms of different elements are not equal in reactants and products.
Moreover, state of reactants and products is not specified. Thus, the correct balanced equation will be

2Cu(NO3)2 → 2CuO (s) + 4NO2 (g)↑ + O2 (g)↑

Copper (II) oxide Nitrogen dioxide Oxygen
Copper nitrate

You go through the concept of balancing of chemical equation thoroughly and ask your friend to do the same. Now
divide your friends in two groups/and you also become part of one group. Convince your teacher to conduct a quiz in
which your teacher will give you an equation. Students of both groups have to answer whether the given equation is
balanced or not. If not then mention the parameter missing to balance the equation. The group which comes up with
more number of correct identification will be the winner of quiz.
Note : If a group don’t know the correct identification of the equation given to them then they can pass on that equation
to other group for identification.

CHEMICAL REACTION
The process in which two or more substances reacts to form new substances, is called chemical reactions.
It involves making and breaking of bond between atoms to form new a substance, which describes the nature and specific
characteristic of the reaction.

Types of Chemical Reactions

Based on the specific characteristics and the nature of the reactions, chemical reactions have been divided into following types :
1. Synthesis or Combination Reaction
When two or more elements or substances combine together to form a new substance, the chemical reaction is known as
synthesis or combination reaction. This type of reaction takes place in presence of heat, light or may require electricity.
Examples : 2Fe + O2  → 2FeO
2H2 + O2 
→ 2H2O
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Chemistry

Combination reactions have wide applications in manufacturing of some industrially important

compounds.
(1) At a commercial scale, ammonia is manufactured by Haber’s process.
N 2 (g) + 3 H 2 (g)  2 NH 3 (g)
(2) Ostwald process for manufacturing of nitric acid.
4 NO2 (g) + O2 (g) + 2 H 2O(l) 
→ 4 HNO3 (aq)
(3) Contact process for manufacturing of sulphuric acid involves multiple stages of
combination reactions.
2 SO2 (g) + O2 (g)  2 SO3 (g)
SO3 (g) + H 2O(l) 
→ H 2 SO4 (l)
H 2 SO4 (l) + SO3 (g) 
→ H 2 S2O7 (l)
( Conc )

H 2 S2O7 (l) + H 2O(l) 

→ 2 H 2 SO4 (l)
(4) Manufacturing of ethyl alcohol by acid catalysed hydration of ethylene.
H O+
C 2 H 4 (g) + H 2O (g) 
3 → CH 3CH 2OH (l)

Combination reactions can occur between following types of reactants:

(a) Combination reaction between two elements.
(a) Combination between two non-metals : When a mixture of hydrogen and chlorine is placed in sunlight, hydrogen
chloride gas is formed.
Sunlight
H2 + Cl2 → 2HCl
(b) Combination between a metal and a non-metal : When magnesium wire is burnt in air, magnesium oxide is formed.
Heat
2Mg + O 2 
→ 2MgO

(b) Combination reaction between two compounds.

These are the reactions in which two compounds directly combine to form a new compound.
(a) Calcium oxide directly combines with water to form calcium hydroxide.
CaO + H2O  → Ca (OH)2
(b) Calcium oxide directly combines with carbon dioxide gas to form calcium carbonate.
CaO + CO2  → CaCO3
(c) Formation of sulphuric acid from combination of sulphur trioxide and water which is a major contributor to nasty
and toxic acid rain.
SO3(g) + H2O(l)  → H2SO4 (aq)
(c) Combination reaction between a compound and an element.
In these reaction in which an element reacts with a compound to form a new substance.
Combination of oxygen with carbon monoxide produces carbondioxide gas.
2CO(g) + O 2 (g) 
→ 2CO 2 (g)

ILLUSTRATION : 2
Write balanced equations that predict the reactions of cesium metal with (a) Cl2(g); and (b) H2(g).
SOLUTION :
The reaction of Cs with H2 and Cl2 are simple combination reactions between two elements, one metal and one nonmetal,
forming the compound CsH and CsCl,
2 Cs (s) + Cl2 (g) 
→ 2 CsCl (s)
2Cs (s) + H2 (g) → 2 CsH (s)
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Chemical Reactions and Equations

Reaction between calcium oxide, also known as quick lime, with water produces calcium hydroxide (slaked lime). calcium
hydroxide produced in the above reaction remains as a white suspension.
CaO(s) + H2O(l)  → Ca(OH)2(s)
Quick lime Slaked lime
It is filtered and solution containing soluble calcium hydroxide is used for white washing walls. Calcium hydroxide reacts
slowly with the CO2 in air to form a thin layer of carbonate on the walls. Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is formed after two
to three days of white washing and gives a shiny finish to the wall.

Combination reactions involve the formation of new bonds, and this process releases a large amount of energy in the form
of heat. Those reactions which occur with the evolution of heat, are known as exothermic reactions.
Example : Formation of calcium hydroxide.
Quick lime reacts with water to form slaked lime. This reaction is highly vigorous as well as exothermic in nature.
CaO(s) + H 2O(l)  → Ca(OH)2 (s)
Quick lime Slaked lime
2. Decomposition Reaction
The reactions in which a substance is decomposed into two or more simpler substances, are known as decomposition
reactions. Decomposition reactions involve the breaking of chemical bonds to form new substances. Hence, they require
energy in the form of heat, light, electricity, etc.
Those reactions which absorbs energy in the form of heat are known as endothermic reactions.
Examples :
(i) When potassium chlorate is heated, it is decomposed into potassium chloride and oxygen.
Heat
2KClO3  → 2 KCl + 3 O2
(ii) When calcium carbonate (CaCO3) or zinc carbonate (ZnCO3) is heated CaO and CO2 or ZnO and CO2 respectively
are formed.
Heat
CaCO3  → CaO + CO 2

 The fermentation of grapes to make wine is also an example of decomposition reaction.

 Decomposition reactions also takes place by light.
(1) Decomposition of white silver chloride by sunlight turns it to grey.
light
2 AgCl → 2 Ag + Cl2

(2) Silver bromide also decomposes by light as AgCl. This reaction is used in black & white
photography.
light
2 AgBr (s) → 2 Ag (s) + Br2 (g)

(3) Light induced decomposition of indocyanine green (ICG). It is water-soluble tricarbo
cyanine dye.
 Electrolysis of water is the decomposition of water into hydrogen and oxygen due to passage
of electric current through it.
Electric
2 H 2O (l) → 2 H 2 (g) + O2 (g)
current
 Thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate into simple substance when heated e.g.
decomposition of carbonate into simpler substances.
Heat
CaCO3 (s) → CaO(s) + CO2 (g)

ILLUSTRATION : 3
Ammonium nitrate, a colorless ionic solid used as a fertilizer, explodes when it is heated above 300°C. The products
are three gases: molecular nitrogen, molecular oxygen, and steam (water vapour). Find the type of chemical reaction
and write a balanced equation for the explosion of ammonium nitrate.
SOLUTION :
The description in the problem tells us what happens to the starting material: NH4NO3 breaks apart into molecules of
N2, O2 and H2O. An unbalanced form of the equation can be written from this description. Then we must balance each
element in turn by inspection.
NH 4 NO3  → N 2 + O2 + H 2O
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Step 1
Chemistry

First, count all atoms of each element on each side of the equation to see whether the elements are balanced:
2N + 4H + 3O  → 2N + 2H + 3O
Step 2
As we can see that nitrogen is already balanced. To balance the hydrogen atoms, we change the stoichiometric coefficient of
water from 1 to 2:
NH 4 NO3  → N 2 + O 2 + 2H 2 O
2N + 4H + 3O  → 2N + 4H + 4O
Step 3
This step balances nitrogen and hydrogen, but oxygen is not yet balanced. Oxygen must be balanced without changing the 1 :
1 ratio of NH4NO3 to N2 and the 1 : 2 ratio of NH4NO3 to H2O. These ratios must be retained to keep hydrogen and nitrogen in
balance. Thus the only coefficient that can be adjusted to balance the oxygen atoms is that of O2. Two oxygen atoms are already
present as in water and thus the remaining oxygen atom can be adjusted. by changing the coefficient of O2 to 1/2.
1
NH 4 NO3  → N 2 + O 2 + 2H 2 O
2
2N + 4H + 3O  → 2N + 4H + 3O
This balances the equation, but it is unrealistic from a molecular perspective because there is no such thing as half a molecule.
To get rid of the 1/2 without unbalancing the reaction, we multiply all the coefficients by 2.
2NH 4 NO3  → 2N 2 + O 2 + 4H 2 O
4N + 8H + 6O  → 4N + 8H + 6O
Now the reaction is balanced and reasonable from a molecular perspective.

Copper nitrate [Cu(NO3 )2 ] gives positive ring test of nitrate ion , but after heating small
amount of copper nitrate in dry boiling tube over the burner flame, it does not give positive ring
test any more because it undergoes thermal decomposition reaction.
∆
2Cu(NO3 )2 (s) 
→ 2CuO(s) + 4NO2 (g) + O2 (g)

Electrolysis of Water
Water is broken down into the elements hydrogen and
oxygen, using a Hoffman’s apparatus, by electrolysis.
The water is made light blue colored using nile blue
dye. In addition, to increase the conductivity, sulfuric
acid (electrolyte) is added. Pure water does not conduct
electricity.

The basic principle of electrolysis is that the application of

an electrical current can force a reaction to take place in the
direction opposite to that in which it would spontaneously
occur. The following two reactions take place at the poles:
Cathode: 2 H2O + 2e–  → H2 + 2OH–
Anode: 2 H2O  → O2 + 4 H+ + 4e–
We can detect hydrogen using the “lighted splint” test, in
which an open flame is held near the opening of the tube
suspected to contain hydrogen. If hydrogen is present,
the gas ignites.
We can detect oxygen using the “glowing splint” test. A
glowing splint is held over the tube containing oxygen. If
oxygen is present, the splint reignites.
Figure : Setup for the Electrolysis of Water
 CASE STUDY-1 : Understanding Decomoposition and Combination Reactions
CASE - II : When a piece of coal is used in place of CuCO3
and heated, will the similar change be observed in test tube
B as in Case I.
Carbon and oxygen are combined together to form a single
compound, CO2. It is a combination reaction in which
CO2 gas is produced. Therefore, similar changes will be
observed as in case I.
∆
C (s) + O2 (g) 
→ CO2 (g)
from air

CASE - I : Take two boiling tubes and mark them A and B. Put copper (II) carbonate in tube A CASE - III : Take an unknown compound XCO3
and fill tube B with lime water. On heating, CuCO3 (Green) is converted to black material. in test tube A and heat. Milky appearence is
At initial stage, solution in tube B turns milky and becomes colourless after prolonged heating of observed in test tube B. Now add water to test
CuCO3. Why? tube A, colourless solution is obtained. What will
CuCO3 undergoes decomposition reaction on heating, simple subtances, CO2 and CuO (black) be the element X?
is formed. When CO2 is reached into the tube B, it reacts with the lime water to form CaCO3 In this case, XCO 3 is CaCO 3 because on
and causes milky appearance of the solution but on further heating excess amount of CO2 is heating it is converted into CO2 and CaO. CO2
reached into the tube B where CaCO3 reacts with excess CO2, solution become colourless due turns lime water milky and CaO is completely
to the formation of Ca(HCO3)2. dissolved in water. Thus, X is Ca.
∆
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∆ CaCO3(s) → CaO(s) + CO2 (g)

CuCO3(s) 
→ CuO(s) + CO2 (g) Decomposition

CO2 (g) + Ca(OH)2 (aq) 

→ CaCO3(s)
CO2 (g) + Ca(OH)2 (aq) 
→ CaCO3(s)
milky
CaO(s) + H2O(l) 
→ Ca(OH)2 (aq)
CO2 Lime water
CaCO3(s)  → Ca(HCO3 )2 (aq)
H2O

Q.1 When hydrogen gas is passed into a chamber, containing a gas X. Both gases combined together to form gas, Y. White fumes of ammonium chloride is formed
when gas Y is combined with gas, Z. Write the suitable chemical equations for the process and find the gases X, Y and Z.
Q.2 When ferrous sulphate having green colour is heated strongly it breaks down to form brown colour compound alongwith two gases X and Y. These gasses form
sulfurous and sulfuric acid respectively when passed into the water. Write the chemical equations and find the molar masses of X and Y.
Q.3 A metal salt MX when decomposed by passing electric current to its molten state forms metal M and gas X2. Metal M is stored in kerosene due to highly reactive
nature whereas X2 is used to disinfect drinking water.
(i) What is the colour of salt MX?
(ii) What could the metal M and gas X2 be?
(iii) What type of chemical reaction take place in this case? Write the chemical equation for the reaction.
9

Chemical Reactions and Equations

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3. Simple Displacement Reactions (Simple Substitution)
Chemistry

A displacement reaction occurs because a more reactive element

displaces a less reactive one from a solution of its compound.
When we immerse a strip of zinc metal in a blue aqueous solution
of copper (II) and remove the zinc strip it looks as if it has changed
into copper. Actually, what happened is that a coating of copper
is formed on the metal strip.
Zn(s) + CuSO 4 (aq) 
→ ZnSO 4 (aq) + Cu(s)

Figure : Single-replacement reaction

Some metals are so reactive that they can displace hydrogen from water, these reaction are also
termed as hydrolysis reaction.
2K + 2H2 O  → 2KOH + H2

To decide if a displacement reaction will happen or not, we must have the knowledge of activity series. In activity series
the element placed above will displace the element placed below from its compound.
Now reactivity of different metals is decided on the basis of reactivity series.
Reactivity series or activity series is an empirical series of metals, in order of “reactivity” from highest to lowest. It is used to
summarise the information about the reactions of metals with acids and water, single displacement reactions and the extraction
of metals from their ores.
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Displacement reactions in solutions

Chemical Reactions and Equations

A more reactive metal will displace a less reactive metal from its compounds in solution. These are the sorts of things you
observe in this type of reaction:
• The more reactive metal gradually dissolves.
• The less reactive metal coats the more reactive metal.
• The solution may change colour.
• The tube gets warm because these reactions are exothermic.
Here are two examples of these displacement reactions.
(a) Magnesium and copper sulphate solution
Magnesium is more reactive than copper, so it displaces copper from copper sulphate solution.
Magnesium + Copper sulphate 
→ Magnesium sulphate + Copper
Mg(s) + CuSO4(aq) 
→ MgSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
Displacement reaction in this reaction can be witnessed, as blue coloured solution of CuSO4 becomes colourless due to
formation of MgSO4 (see figure (a) below).

Figure (a) : Displacement of copper from copper sulphate Figure (b) : Iron becomes coated with copper in this
solution displacement reaction
(b) Iron and copper sulphate solution
Iron is more reactive than copper, so it displaces copper from copper sulphate solution.
iron + copper sulphate 
→ iron sulphate + copper
Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq) 
→ FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
In this reaction displacement could be witnessed, as blue coloured solution of CuSO4 changes in green colour due to
formation of FeSO4 (see figure (b) above).

Note that the reaction between iron and copper sulphate takes much longer time than magnesium
and copper sulphate because iron and copper are comparatively closer in the reactivity series
than magnesium and copper.
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Chemistry

At first a color change is observed when a piece of aluminium metal is dropped into green colored aqueous solution of
ferrous sulphate same is the case when piece of Zinc metal is dropped. But no such color change is observed when a piece
of copper metal is dropped in green coloured aqueous solution of ferrous sulphate.
SOLUTION
Above question can be answered on the basis of reactivity series. As we know that more reactive metal can replace less reactive
metal from its salt. Reactivity series gives idea about reactive nature of different metals more reactive metals are at top whereas
less reactive elements lie below in reactivity series. Now aluminium and zinc being more reactive than iron they displace iron
from aqueous solution of its salt which results into color change.
2Al(s) + 3FeSO 4 (aq)  → Al2 ( SO 4 )3 (aq) + 3Fe(s)
Zn(s) + FeSO 4 (aq) 
→ ZnSO 4 (aq) + Fe(s)
Since copper metal falls below iron in reactivity series thus it is not able to displace iron from its salt. Thus there is no color
change in aqueous solution of FeSO4.
Cu(s) + FeSO 4 (aq)  → No reaction

4. Double Decomposition Reaction (Double Displacement Reaction) :

The reactions in which mutual exchange of ions takes place are known as double decomposition reactions. As a result of
double decomposition reactions, two new substances are formed.
(a) Aqueous barium chloride reacts with sulfuric acid to form solid barium sulfate and hydrochloric acid.
BaCl2 (aq) + H2SO4 (aq)  → BaSO4 (s) + 2HCl (aq)
(b) Sodium sulfide reacts with hydrochloric acid to form sodium chloride and hydrogen sulfide gas.
Na2S (aq) + 2HCl (aq)  → 2NaCl (aq) + H2S (g)
(c) Potassium hydroxide reacts with nitric acid to form water and potassium nitrate.
KOH (aq) + HNO3 (aq)  → H2O (l) + KNO3 (aq)

CONNECTING TOPIC
CONNECTING TOPIC   CONNECTING TOPIC

Double displacement reactions can be further classified as precipitation, gas formation, and acid–base neutralization reactions.
1. Precipitation reactions : A precipitation reaction occurs when two solutions are mixed together and a solid separates
from the solution. The solid part that forms and separates from the solution is called the precipitate.
Pb ( NO3 )2 (aq) + 2KI (aq)  → PbI2 (s) ↓ + 2KNO3 (aq)
2. Gas formation reaction : A double-displacement reaction in which one of the product formed is gas, is called gas
formation reactions. For example, sulfide salts react with acids to form gaseous hydrogen sulfide.
ZnS (s) + 2HCl (aq) 
→ ZnCl2 (aq) + H2S (g)↑
All gases are soluble in water to some extent, but only a few gases [like HCl (g) and NH3 (g)] are highly soluble.
3. Neutralization reactions : Neutralization reaction is a special kind of double displacement reactions. In an acid-
base reaction, an acid reacts with equal quantity of a base. The acid-base reaction results in the formation of salt
and water.
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq)  → NaCl ( aq ) + H 2O(l)
 CASE STUDY-2 : Will you displace me?
CASE - III : To explain the difference in colour
of precipitate formed when H2S gas is passed
through CuSO4 solution and when barium
chloride solution is added to CuSO4 solution.
Take CuSO4 solution in a beaker and pass H2S
gas through the solution. Copper sulphate and
H2S react by an exchange of ions to form two
new compounds, copper sulphide and H2SO4.
CASE - I : Take dark blue solution of CuSO4 in a beaker. Now immerse an iron object into the →
CuSO4 (aq.) + H2S (g) 
solution. After half an hour notice that the colour of the solution has changed to light green. Now
immerse a platinum object in CuSO4 solution in another beaker. Is the similar change is possible in CuS (s) + H2SO4 (aq.)
Copper
second beaker too? sulphide
In the first condition, iron displaces copper from copper sulphate solution. The blue color of (Black ppt.)
CuSO4 solution fades due to the formation of light green solution of FeSO4. Fe is able to displace Now take CuSO4 solution in another beaker
copper from CuSO4 solution because iron is more reactive than copper. and add barium chloride soluton. CuSO4
CuSO4 (aq) + Fe (s) ––→ FeSO4 (aq) + Cu (s) and BaCl2 react to each other to form barium
In second condition, Pt metal does not displace copper from copper sulphate solution because sulphate (white ppt.) and copper chloride.
Pt is less reactive than copper. →
CuSO4 (aq) + BaCl 2 (aq) 

CASE - II : Now replace copper sulphate solution by aqeuous solution of HCl then immerse iron BaSO4 (s) + CuCl 2 (aq)
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Barium
fillings into the solution. Notice the evolution of colourless gas, which form water when burn with sulphate
oxygen gas. When Pt fillings are used instead of iron, in same solution, will the same gas evolved (white ppt.)

during the reaction? why? Both, reactions are the examples of double
In this case, iron metal displaces hydrogen from HCl solution to form hydrogen gas. This reaction displacement reaction.
takes place because iron is more reactive than hydrogen. Hydrogen gas will form H2O with
oxygen. But hydrogen gas will not evolve when Pt is used because it is less reactive than hydrogen.

Q.1 What type of chemical reaction are represented by the following reactions?
(i) Cl2 + 2KI → 2KCl + I2 (ii) PQ + RS → PS + RQ (iii) A2O3 + 2B → B2O3 + 2A
Q.2 A strip of metal X is dipped in blue coloured solution of YSO4. After sometime, a layer of metal Y from the salt solution is formed on the surface of metal X.
Metal X is used in galvanisation whereas metal Y is used in making electric wires.
(i) What do you think metal X & Y are?
(ii) Write the name and formula of the salt YSO4.
(iii) What type of chemical reaction take place when metal X reacts with YSO4? Write the equation of the reaction.
Q.3 Arrange the following elements in increasing order of their reactivity.
Au, Ag, H, Ni, Fe, Cr, Na, K and Pb.
13

Chemical Reactions and Equations

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5. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Chemistry

(a) Oxidation reactions :

Oxidation is defined as a process in which a substance gains oxygen or loses hydrogen during a chemical reaction.
Examples : S + O2  → SO2
C H
2 5 OH  → CH3CHO + H2
Based on classical concept, oxidation reaction can also be defined as following:
(i) Removal of hydrogen : Chlorine oxidises hydrogen sulphide to sulphur by the removal of hydrogen.
Cl2 + H2S  → 2 HCl + S
(ii) Addition of oxygen : When carbon is heated in oxygen gas, carbon dioxide is obtained.
C + O2  → CO2
(iii) Addition of more electronegative element: Chlorine is added to stannous chloride to from stannic chloride.
SnCl2 + Cl2  → ­SnCl4
(b) Reduction : Reduction is defined as a process which involves the loss of oxygen or gain of hydrogen during a chemical
reaction.
Examples : C2H4 + H2  → C2H6
FeO + C  → Fe + CO
Based on classical classification reduction can also be defined as following:
(i) Removal of oxygen : When copper (II) oxide is heated in hydrogen gas, copper metal is obtained.
CuO + H2  → Cu + H2O
(ii) Addition of hydrogen : Combination of hydrogen and sulphur.
H2 + S  → H2S
(iii) Removal of electronegative element: Chlorine is removed from ferric chloride to form ferrous chloride.
2FeCl3 + H2 2FeCl2 + 2HCl
ILLUSTRATION : 4
Identify the substance that is oxidised and the substance that is reduced in the following reactions.
(a) 4 Na(s) + O2 (g)  → 2Na2O(s)
(b) CuO(s) + H2(g)  → Cu(s) + H2O(l)
SOLUTION :
(a) 4 Na(s) + O2 (g) → 2Na2O(s)
Sodium metal is oxidised as it is gaining oxygen.
(b) CuO(s) + H2(g)  → Cu(s) + H2O(l)
Copper oxide is getting reduced as it is losing oxygen.

CONNECTING TOPIC
CONNECTING TOPIC  CONNECTING TOPIC  

CONCEPTS OF OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTIONS

1. Modern Concept or Electronic Concept
(a) Oxidation : According to modern concept, the process which involves the loss of one or more electrons from an
atom or ion or a molecule is called oxidation (de-electronation).
Example :
Mg  → Mg2+ + 2e– ; 2Cl–  → Cl2 + 2e–
Fe2+  → Fe3+ + e– ; [Fe (CN)6]4–  3–
→ [Fe(CN)6] + e
–

In the above reactions, observe that species on the LHS undergoes loss of electron, therefore, they are oxidized
and thus the reaction involved is oxidation reaction.
(b) Reduction : According to modern concept, the process which involves gain of one or more electrons by an atom,
an ion or a molecule is called reduction (electronation).
Example :
Sn4+ + 2e–  → Sn2+ ; MnO4– + e­–  → MnO42–
2H2O + 2e–  → H2 + 2OH– ; [Fe(CN)6]3– + 3e–  → [Fe(CN)6] 6–
–  → Cl – + – → Mn2+ + 2H2O
Cl + e ; MnO2 + 4H + 2e 
In the above reaction, observe the species on the RHS which undergoes gain of electron, therefore, they are reduced;
and thus the reaction involved is reduction reaction.
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2. Oxidation Number Concept

Chemical Reactions and Equations

CONNECTING TOPIC

(a) Oxidation : According to this concept, increase in oxidation number of an element in a reaction is called oxidation.
(b) Reduction : According to this concept, decrease in oxidation number of an element in a reaction is called reduction.

Example :
Thus, here FeSO4 or Fe2+ is oxidised to Fe3+ while KMnO4 or Mn7+ is reduced to Mn2+.
CONNECTING TOPIC    CONNECTING TOPIC   CONNECTING TOPIC   CONNECTING TOPIC   CONNECTING TOPIC

OXIDATION NUMBER
It is the number of electrons lost or gained by an element during a chemical change in a particular compound.
Or
It is defined as the formal charge present on an atom in a particular compound determined by certain arbitrary rules.
Rules for Determining Oxidation Number
(i) O.N. of elements in free state or uncombined state is zero. Cl2 , N 2 , Mg,Ca etc has zero oxidation state.
(ii) O.N. of hydrogen is always +1 except in ionic metal hydrides where it is –1.
(iii) O.N. of oxygen is –2 except in OF2 where it is +2 and in peroxides where it is –1.
(iv) O.N. of metals is always +ve. For IA group elements it is +1 and for IIA group elements it is +2.
(v) O.N. of halogens is –1 in metal halides.
(vi) O.N. of ion or radical is the number of electrons it must gain or lose to acquire neutrality i.e. it is equal to the electric
charge, e.g. for SO 24 − O.N. , is –2.
(vii) O.N. of an atom within compound can be +ve, –ve integer, zero or fraction.
(viii) The algebric sum of all the O.N. of elements in a compound is equal to zero.
(ix) The algebric sum of all the O.N. of elements in an ion is equal to net charge on the ion.
(x) Maximum O.N. of an element is equal to number of valence electrons i.e. group number.
(xi) Minimum O.N. of an element (except metals) = (Group number – 8).
A compound can undergo both oxidation as well as reduction, if the O.N. of one of its element is in between the maximum
and the minimum value.
For example,
Maximum O.N. of N is + 5 and minimum O.N. of N is –3.
O.N. of N is HNO2 is +3. So, HNO2 can undergo oxidation and reduction both, since O.N. of N is between maximum and
minimum value.
Calculation/ Determination of Oxidation Number of Underlined Element in Some Compounds
(a) K 2 Cr 2O7 (b) KMnO4
Let the O.N. of Cr be x then Let the O.N. of Mn be x then
2 × (+1) + 2 × (x) + 7 × (–2) = 0 1 × (+1) + 1 × (x) + 4 × (–2) = 0
2 + 2x –14 = 0, ∴ x = +6 1 + x – 8 = 0, ∴ x = +7

(c) H2SO4 (d) PO3–

4
Let the O.N. of S be x then Let the O. N. of P be x then
2 × (+1) + 1 × (x) + 4 × (–2) = 0 1 × (x) + 4 × (–2) = –3
2 + x –8 = 0, ∴ x = +6 x – 8 = –3, ∴ x = +5
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Chemistry
REDOX REACTIONS
Those reactions in which oxidation and reduction takes place simultaneously, are known as redox reactions.

Example :

PbO + H2 
→ Pb + H2O

During this reaction lead oxide is losing oxygen and thus, being reduced. The hydrogen is gaining oxygen and thus being oxidised.
Hence we can say that in a redox (oxidation-reduction) reaction one substance gets oxidised while the other one gets reduced.

Some other examples of redox reactions are :

(i) (ii)

Reduction

+4 –1 +2 0
(iii) MnO2 + 4HCl → MnCl2 + 2H2O + Cl2 (iv)

Oxidation

 Redox processes are very important as they play important role in governing a number of
natural processes like corrosion, combustion, biological processes like respiration etc.
 Redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons, while in general acid-base reactions involve
transfer of protons.

Oxidizing Agent

• The substance which gives oxygen for oxidation is called an oxidizing agent.

• The substance which removes hydrogen is also called an oxidizing agent.

• The substance which undergoes gain of electron and oxidizes the other substance is called an oxidizing agent.

Reducing Agent

• The substance which gives hydrogen for reduction is called a reducing agent.

• The substance which removes oxygen is also called a reducing agent.

• The substance which undergoes loss of electron and reduces the other substance is called a reducing agent.

Here CuO oxidises H2 and H2 reduces CuO therefore in this reaction CuO is a oxidising agent whereas H2 is a reducing agent.
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Chemical Reactions and Equations

 Which of the following is / are redox reaction ?
(a) P4(s) + 5O2(g)  → P4O10(s)
(b) CO2(g) + H2(g) 
→ CO(g) + H2O(g)
(c) Cu 2S(s) + 2FeO(s) 
→ 2Cu(s) + 2Fe(s) + SO 2 (g) ↑
SOLUTION
0 +5
(a) P4 (s) + 5O 2 (g) 
→ P4O10 (s)
This reaction is an oxidation reaction as P4 is gaining oxygen, or oxidation number of phosphorus is increasing from 0 to +5.
Reduction
(losing 1 oxygen atom)

+4 0 +2 +1
(b) CO2 (g) + H2 (g) → CO (g) + H2O (g)

Oxidation
(gaining oxygen)

(c)

Since both oxidation and reduction reactions are taking place simultaneously in reactions (b) and (c) these are redox reactions.

CONNECTING TOPIC
CONNECTING TOPIC   CONNECTING TOPIC CONNECTING TOPIC

REDOX REACTIONS
(A) Oxidation Number Method
In a balanced redox reaction, total increase in oxidation number must be equal to the total decrease in oxidation
number. This equivalence provides the basis for balancing redox reactions.
The general procedure involves the following steps :
(a) Select the atom in oxidising agent whose oxidation number decreases and indicate the gain of electrons.
(b) Select the atom in reducing agent whose oxidation number increases and indicate the loss of electrons.
(c) Now cross multiply i.e. multiply oxidising agent by the number of lost electrons and reducing agent by number
gained electrons.
(d) Balance the number of atoms on both sides whose oxidation number changes in the reaction.
(e) In order to balance oxygen atoms, add H2O molecules to the side deficient in oxygen. Then, balance the number
of H atoms by adding H+ ions to the side deficient in hydrogen.
(f) If the reaction occurs in basic medium, then add OH– ions, equal to the number of H+ ions, on both sides of
the equation.

Example : Balance the following redox reaction by oxidation number method.

Cu + HNO3 → Cu(NO3)2 + NO2 + H2O
Sol. Writing the oxidation number of all the atoms.
0 +1 + 5 −2 +2 + 5− 2 + 4− 2 +1 − 2
Cu + HNO3  → Cu(NO3 ) 2 + NO 2 + H 2O
There is change in oxidation number of Cu and N.
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0 +2
Chemistry

CONNECTING TOPIC → Cu(NO3 ) 2 + 2e −

Cu  .... (1)
(Oxidation no. of Cu increases by 2)
+5 +4
HNO3  → NO2 .... (2)
(Oxidation no. of N decreases by 1)
To make the increase and decrease of electrons equal, eq. (2) is multiplied by 2.
Cu + 2HNO3  → Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2
Balancing nitrate ions, hydrogen and oxygen, the following equation is obtained.
Cu + 4HNO3  → Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O
CONNECTING TOPIC    CONNECTING TOPIC   CONNECTING TOPIC   CONNECTING TOPIC   CONNECTING TOPIC

This is the balanced equation.

(B) Ion Electron Method (Half Reaction Method)
The following steps are followed while balancing redox reactions (equations) by this method.
(a) Write the equation in ionic form.
(b) Split the redox equation into two half reactions, one representing oxidation half reaction and the other reduction
half reaction.
(c) Balance these half reactions separately and then add by multiplying with suitable coefficients so that the electrons
are cancelled.
Balancing is done as follows:
(i) Write both half reactions and then balance the atoms other than ‘O’ and ‘H’.
(ii) Balance oxygen atoms by adding H2O molecules to the side deficient in oxygen. The number of H2O molecules
added is equal to the deficiency of oxygen atoms.
(iii) Balance hydrogen atoms by adding H+ ions equal to the deficiency, on the side which is deficient in hydrogen
atoms.
(iv) If the medium of reaction is basic, OH– ions equal in number of H+ are added to both sides of balanced equation.
(v) Balance the charge by adding electrons to the side which is rich in +ve charges. i.e. deficient in electrons. Number
of electrons added is equal to the deficiency.
(vi) Multiply the half equations with suitable coefficients to equalize the number of electrons.
(vii) Add these half equations to get an equation which is balanced with respect to charge and atoms.
Example : Balance the following reactions by ion electron method.
H+
(a) Cr2O72 − + C2O 42–  → Cr 3+ + CO 2
−
(b) Cr(OH)3 + IO3− 
OH
→ I – + CrO 2–
4
Sol. (a) Acidic Medium :
(i) Given equation
H+
Cr2O72– + C2O42–  → Cr3+ + CO2
(ii) Write both the half reactions.
Cr2O2– 7
 → Cr3+ (Reduction half reaction)
C2O42– 
→ CO2 (Oxidation half reaction)
(iii) Atoms other than H and O are balanced
Cr2O72–  → 2Cr3+
C2O2–
4

→ 2CO2
(iv) Balance O atoms by the addition of H2O to another side
→ 2Cr3+ + 7H2O
Cr2O72– 
C2O42– 
→ 2CO2
(v) Balance H atoms by the addition of H+ ions to another side.
Cr2O2–
7 + 14H
+ 
→ 2Cr3+ + 7H2O
C2O2–
4

→ 2CO2
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(vi) Now, balance the charge by the addition of electrons (e­).

Chemical Reactions and Equations

CONNECTING TOPIC

Cr2O2– +
7 + 14H + 6e
– → 2Cr3+ + 7H2O
C2O42– 
→ 2CO2 + 2e–
(vii) Multiply equations by a constant to get number of electrons same on both side. In the above case second equation
is multiplied by 3 and then added to first equation.
Cr2O72– + 14H+ + 6e–  → 2Cr3+ + 7H2O
3C2O 24− → 6CO 2 + 6e−
Cr O 2− + 3C2O 42− + 14H + → 2Cr 3+ + 6CO 2 + 7H 2O
2 7
   CONNECTING TOPIC   CONNECTING TOPIC   CONNECTING TOPIC

(b) Alkaline medium :

(i) Given equation
OH −
Cr(OH)3 + IO3– → I– + CrO42–
(ii) Separate the two half reactions.
Cr(OH)3  → CrO42– (Oxidation half reaction)
–  –
→ I
IO3 (Reduction half reaction)
(iii) Balance O atoms by adding H2O.
H2O + Cr(OH)3  → CrO42–
–  –
→ I + 3H2O
IO3
(iv) Balance H atoms by adding H2O to side having deficiency of H atoms and an equal no. of OH– ions to the other
side ( medium is alkaline)
5OH– + H2O + Cr(OH)3  → CrO2–4 + 5H2O
– → CrO42– + 4 H2O
5OH + Cr(OH)3 
IO3– + 6H2O  → I– + 3H2O + 6OH– or
– → I– + 6OH–
IO3 + 3H2O 
(v) Balance the charges by electrons
5OH– + Cr(OH)3  → CrO42– + 4H2O + 3e–
IO3– + 6H2O + 6e–  → I– + 3H2O + 6OH–
(vi) Multiply first equation by 2 and add to second to give
10OH– + 2Cr(OH)3  → 2CrO42– + 8H2O + 6e–
IO − + 6H O + 6e−  → 3H O + 6OH −
3 2 2
−
4OH + 2Cr(OH)3 + IO3− → 5H 2O + 2CrO 42− + I−


EXOTHERMIC AND ENDOTHERMIC REACTION

Chemical reactions usually proceed with either liberation of heat or the absorption of heat. The constituent elements of a
compound are bound by a chemical bond, during the chemical reaction or chemical change these bonds between the constituents
of the reactants are broken and the products are formed having new bonds. Breaking of a chemical bond releases energy while
formation of a chemical bond requires energy.
Therefore, when a chemical reaction liberates heat to the surroundings, it is said to be ‘exothermic reaction’ and when it absorbs
the heat, it is said to be ‘endothermic reaction’.

Reaction between liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen to form water is an extremly exothermic
reaction, the large amount of energy is released which is utilized to upthrust space shuttle.
2H 2 (l) + O2 (l) 
→ 2 H 2O(l) + 572kJ (286 kJ/mol).
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Examples :
Chemistry

(i) Nitrogen and hydrogen combine together to form ammonia. This chemical reaction liberates heat to the surroundings and,
therefore, it is exothermic reaction.
N2 (g) + 3H2 (g)  → 2 NH3 + 22.4 kcal.
Here bond between two atoms of a nitrogen molecule and between two atoms of the three hydrogen molecules are broken
and new bonds between nitrogen and hydrogen atoms are formed. Here the sum of energies needed to break nitrogen-
nitrogen bond and hydrogen-hydrogen bond is less than the energy released during the formation of the bonds between
nitrogen and hydrogen. Thus the heat (energy) is liberated to the surroundings. Therefore, this reaction is exothermic.
Similarly the formation of sulphur trioxide from sulphur dioxide and oxygen is also exothermic reaction :
2 SO2 + O2  → 2 SO3 + 42.00 kcal.
(ii) Nitrogen and oxygen combine together to form nitric oxide. Here the heat from the surroundings is absorbed. Therefore,
this reaction is endothermic.
N2 + O2  → 2 NO – 43.2 kcal.
The sum of energies needed to break nitrogen-nitrogen and oxygen-oxygen bonds is much more than the energy released
during the formation of the bonds between nitrogen and oxygen atoms. Therefore, heat energy is provided externally to
complete the reaction. Thus this is reaction is endothermic.

Take a 500 mL beaker in your school lab containing appropriate amount of water. Add small amount of calcium oxide
or quick lime in a beaker. Stir it mildly. After sometime do you feel any change in temperature of beaker if yes then
find out correct reason for change in temperature by discussing with your friends and teacher.

CORROSION (EROSION BY CHEMICAL ACTION)

For most of us, corrosion is the degradation of metals and is often called [Link] we can define it as an irreversible
interfacial reaction of a material (metal, ceramic, polymer) with its environment which results in consumption of the material.
Corrosion causes damage to car bodies, bridges, iron railings, ships and to all objects made of metals, specially those of iron.
Corrosion of iron (rusting) is a serious problem. Every year an enormous amount of money is spent to replace damaged iron.
Most metals corrode on contact with water (and moisture in the air), acids, bases, salts, oils, aggressive metal polishes, and other
solid and liquid chemicals. Metals will also corrode when exposed to gaseous materials like acid vapors, formaldehyde gas,
ammonia gas, and sulfur containing gases. Corrosion specifically refers to any process involving the deterioration or degradation
of metal components. The best known case is that of the rusting of iron. Corrosion processes are usually electrochemical in
nature, having the essential features of a battery.

When corrosion is localised and create small holes or pits in the metal, it is called pitting
corrosion. Pitting corrosion occurs much faster in areas where microstructural changes have
occurred due to welding operations.

Factors Influencing Corrosion

Following factors influence the corrosion –
(i) Reactivity of metals
(ii) Presence of moisture and atmospheric gases like CO2 , SO2 etc
(iii) Presence of impurities
(iv) Strains in the metal
(v) Presence of electrolyte

 There are two iron pillars out of which one is located in the coastal area and the other in the town. Now after
few months one observe the pillar in coastal area corroded early. Give suitable explanation.
SOLUTION
As we know that corrosion of iron occur in presence of humid air and in coastal areas air is much more humid as compared
to the air in the town. Thus corrosion of iron pillar in coastal area occurs at faster rate.
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Corrosion can be prevented by applying paint on the metal surface. Methods like galvanising, electroplating etc, are

Chemical Reactions and Equations

also used to prevent corrosion.
(i) Galvanization is the process of applying a protective zinc coating to iron surface for the prevention of direct contact of
moisture and oxygen with the metal.
(ii) Another way to protect iron and other metals from oxidation is to coat them with corrosion resistant metal like gold,
platinum. This process of coating one metal with another by electrolysis is called electroplating.

• Both oxygen and water are necessary for rusting because together they can be reduced to
form hydroxide ions.
• Salt water accelerates rusting because it is an electrolyte solution and its ions are able to
move freely.
• Impure iron rusts more quickly than pure iron.
• The rusting of iron is accelerated when it is in contact with a less active metal such as copper
or tin
• Iron under mechanical stress rusts more quickly because individual Fe atoms are less strongly
bonded together.
• Acidic conditions lead to an acceleration of the corrosion process compared with basic or
neutral conditions.

ILLUSTRATION : 5
When aluminium metal is exposed to air, a protective layer of aluminium oxide (Al2O3) forms on its surface. The layer
prevents further reaction between aluminium and oxygen, and it is the reason that aluminium beverage cans do not
corrode. [In the case of iron, the rust, or iron (III) oxide, is too porous to protect the iron metal underneath, so rusting
continues]. Write a balanced equation for the formation of Al2O3.
SOLUTION :
Al + O 2 
→ Al2O3
The unbalanced equation is :
We see that both Al and O appear only once on each side of the equation but in unequal numbers. To balance the Al atoms,
we place 2 in front of Al : 2Al + O 2  → Al2O3
There are two O atoms on the left-hand side and three O atoms on the right-hand side of the equation. This inequality of O
3
atoms can be eliminated by writing in front of the O2 on the left-hand side of the equation.
2
3
2Al + O 2  → Al2O3
2

Now multiply the entire equation by 2 to convert 3/2 to 3.

i.e. 4Al + 3O 2 
→ 2Al2O3
The above equation is the balanced equation for the formation of Al2O3.

Place a small silver article (made up of pure silver) in open air for few days. Then record your observation. In case if
there is any sort of change, then try to find out the exact reason for this change by discussing with your friends and
teacher.
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Chemistry
RANCIDITY
The most important cause of deterioration in fats and fatty foods is oxidation. Oxidation of fats results in the replacement
of an oxygen ion from a hydrogen ion in the fatty acid molecule. This substitution destabilizes the molecule and makes it
possible for other odd chemical fragments to find a place along the chain. An unpleasant change in the flavor and odour of a
food is develop, called rancidity. Unsaturated fats are more susceptible to oxidation than the saturated fats.
Factors which accelerate fat oxidation include trace metals (iron, zinc, etc.), salt, light, water, bacteria, and molds. Fat oxidation
can be retarded by use of antioxidants (Antioxidants are compounds that inhibit chemical reactions with oxygen such as BHT,
BHA, vitamin E, and vitamin C), by use of spices such as sage and rosemary, and by use of light and/or air tight wrapping.
Some high fat foods such as potato chips are packed in materials that protect them from light and oxygen and the containers
are flooded with nitrogen to further exclude oxygen. The nitrogen also serves as a cushion to minimize breakage of the chips
during transport.

Oxidation reactions may involve highly reactive molecules called free radicals. Free radicals are molecules that have lost
an electron and try to gain it by reacting with other molecules. This causes the substance to break down. Metals often
catalyze reactions with oxygen. Another example would be the half eaten apple. The skinless area quickly oxidized causing
the apple to turn brown. Antioxidants inhibit these changes by reacting with the free radicals before they can react with
oxygen (free radical scavenging) or by reacting with the metals. Naturally occurring antioxidants may also work by
interacting directly with oxygen.
Naturally occurring antioxidants include retinol (vitamin A) and tocopherols (vitamin E), found in
many animals and plants; ascorbic acid (vitamin C), found in citrus and other fruits and vegetables;
and beta carotene, found in deep orange and dark green vegetables. These may play a significant role
in the prevention of cancer, heart disease, immune-deficiency diseases, and aging.
Synthetic antioxidants include butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT), butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA), and
propyl gallate. Natural and synthetic antioxidants are added to food to prevent undesirable deterioration.
Foods preserved with antioxidants include vegetable oils, bread, and cheese.
Antioxidants are frequently applied to the packaging materials of cereals and nuts.
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Chemical Reactions and Equations

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) 1. Assertion : Chlorine gas react with potassium iodide
solution to form potassium chloride and iodine.
DIRECTIONS : This section contains multiple choice Reason : Chlorine is more reactive than iodine therefore
questions. Each question has four choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) displaces iodine from potassium iodide.
out of which ONLY ONE is correct.
2. Assertion : When copper strip is placed in ferrous sul-
1. Which of the following is a decomposition reaction? phate solution, colour of the solution changes.
(a) 2HgO 
Heat
→ 2Hg + O 2 Reason : Iron is more reactive than copper.
Heat 3. Assertion : Decomposition of vegetable matter into
(b) CaCO3 
→ CaO + CO 2
compost is an endothermic reaction.
Electrolysis
(c) 2H 2O  → H 2 + O2 Reason : Heat is required in an endothermic reaction.
(d) All of these
4. Assertion : Reaction of sodium sulphate with barium
2. On the basis of following features, identify the correct chloride is a precipitation reaction.
option.
Reason : Precipitation reaction produces insoluble salt.
(i) This reaction occurs during corrosion.
5. Assertion: When a mixture of hydrogen and chlorine
(ii) This reaction occurs during respiration. is placed in sunlight, hydrogen chloride is formed.
(a) Decomposition reaction Reason : It is an example of combination reaction.
(b) Redox reaction
(c) Combination reaction Fill in the Blanks
(d) Endothermic reaction DIRECTIONS : Complete the following statements with an
3. Which of the following is not a physical change? appropriate word / term to be filled in the blank space(s).
(a) Boiling of water to give water vapour. 1. In a .................... reaction two or more substances
(b) Melting of ice to give water. combine to form a new single substance.
(c) Dissolution of salt in water. 2. Reactions in which heat is given out along with the
(d) Combustion of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG). products are called ....................... reactions.
4. Which of the following can be decomposed by the action 3. Reactions in which energy is absorbed are known as
of light? ........... reactions.
(a) NaCl (b) KCl 4. When an element displaces another element from its
compound, a ..................... reaction occurs.
(c) AgCl (d) CuCl
5. In which of the following the identity of initial substance 5. Two different atoms or groups of atoms (ions) are
exchanged in .................... reactions.
remains unchanged?
(a) Curdling of milk 6. Precipitation reactions produce .................... salts.
(b) Formation of crystals by process of crystallisation 7. Reduction is the ................. of oxygen or gain of
(c) Fermentation of grapes hydrogen.
(d) Digestion of food 8. The digestion of food in the body is an example of .........
reaction.
Assertion & Reason 9. The addition of oxygen to a substance is called ...........
DIRECTIONS : Each of these questions contains an assertion 10. When calcium carbonate is heated, it decomposes to
followed by reason. Read them carefully and answer the give .................. and ................. .
question on the basis of following options. You have to select 11. The new substances produced in a reaction are called as
the one that best describes the two statements. ....................

(a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason True / False
is the correct explanation of Assertion.
DIRECTIONS : Read the following statements and write your
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct, but Reason answer as true or false.
is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(c) If Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect. 1. The number of atoms of each element is conserved in
any chemical reaction.
(d) If Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct.
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2. Oxidation is the loss of electrons from a substance. Very Short Answer Questions
Chemistry

3. Reduction is the gain of electrons by a substance. 1. Write a balanced chemical equation when magnesium
4. A complete chemical equation represents the reactants, metal reacts with aqueous hydrochloric acid to produce
products and their physical states symbolically. a solution of magnesium chloride and hydrogen gas.
5. A magnesium ribbon burns with a dazzling flame in air 2. Can a combination reaction be redox reaction?
(oxygen) and changes into a white substance, magnesium 3. What are the different types of reactions ?
oxide. 4. What is a decomposition reaction ? Give example.
6. Rusting is a double decomposition reaction. 5. Define displacement reaction.
6. What happens when sodium reacts with water ?
7. The reaction between nitrogen and hydrogen to give
ammonia is an example of a combination reaction. 7. Write the chemical equation and name the reaction when
a solution of sodium chloride is mixed with a solution
8. Action of heat on ferrous sulphate is an example of
of silver nitrate and a white precipitate of silver chloride
decomposition reaction.
is formed.
9. The formation of Cu and H2O in the reaction of copper 8. Potassium chlorate (KClO3) on heating forms potassium
oxide with hydrogen is an example of a redox reaction. chloride and oxygen. Write a balanced equation for this
reaction.
Match the Following 9. Give an example of a chemical reaction characterised
DIRECTIONS : Each question contains two columns, column by the change in temperature.
I have to be matched with column II. 10. To balance a chemical equation, can we change the
formulae of either reactants or products ?
1. Column II gives type of reaction mention in column I, match 11. Nickel(II) nitrate is prepared by heating nickel metal with
them correctly. liquid dinitrogen tetraoxide. In addition to the nitrate,
gaseous nitrogen monoxide is formed. Write the balanced
Column I Column II
equation.
(A) C + O2 → CO2 (p) Displacement 12. Write a balanced chemical equation with state symbols
light
(B) AgBr → Ag + Br (q) Combination for the following reactions.
(a) Aquaeous solutions of barium chloride and sodium
(C) Zn + CuSO4 → ZnSO4 + Cu (r) Decomposition sulphate react to give insoluble barium sulphate
and the solution of sodium chloride.
Cu
(D) CH3CH2OH → (s) Oxidation (b) Sodium hydroxide solution (in water) reacts with
CH3CHO + H2 hydrochloric acid solution (in water) to produce
sodium chloride solution and water.
Passage Based Questions Short Answer Questions
DIRECTIONS : Study the given paragraph (s) and answer 1. In the refining of silver, the recovery of silver from silver
the following questions. nitrate solution involved displacement by copper metal.
Passage Write down the reaction involved.
Two metals X and Y form the salt XSO4 and Y2SO4 2. Translate the following statements into chemical
equations and then balance them.
respectively. The solution of salt XSO4 is blue in colour
(a) Hydrogen gas combines with nitrogen to form
whereas that of Y2SO4 is colourless. When barium chloride ammonia.
solution is added to XSO4 solution, then a white precipitate Z (b) Hydrogen sulphide gas burns in air to give water and
is formed alongwith a salt which turns the solution green. And sulphur dioxide
when barium chloride solution is added to Y2SO4 solution, (c) Barium chloride reacts with aluminum sulphate to
then the same white precipitate Z is formed alongwith give aluminum chloride and a precipitate of barium
colourless common salt solution. sulphate.
(d) Potassium metal reacts with water to give potassium
1. What could the metals X and Y be? hydroxide and hydrogen gas.
2. Write the name and formula of salt XSO4. 3. What is rancidity ?
3. Write the name and formula of salt Y2SO4. 4. Balance the following chemical reactions.
4. What is the name and formula of white precipitate Z? (a) NH4NO3  → N2O + H2O
5. Write the name and formula of the salt which turns the (b) P4O10 + H2O 
→ H3PO4
solution green in the first case. (c) HIO3  → I2O5 + H2O
(d) As + Cl2 → AsCl5
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5. Balance the chemical equations for the following In which test tube or test tube will she observe colour

Chemical Reactions and Equations

important industrial processes : change? On the basis of this experiment, state which one
(a) Molecular nitrogen and hydrogen combine to give is the most reactive metal and why?
ammonia. 17. Identify the type of reactions taking place in each of the
(b) Molecular hydrogen and carbon monoxide react to following cases and write the balanced chemical equation
form methanol (CH3OH). for the reactions.
(c) CaO + C  → CO + CaC2 (a) Zinc reacts with silver nitrate to produce zinc nitrate
(d) C2H4 + O2 + HCl  → C2H4Cl2 + H2O and silver.
6. Represent each of the following word reaction with a (b) Potassium iodide reacts with lead nitrate to produce
balanced chemical equation. potassium nitrate and lead iodide.
(a) Disilane gas (Si2H6) undergoes combustion to form 18. 2 g of silver chloride is taken in a china dish and the china
solid silicon dioxide and water. dish is placed in sunlight for sometime. What will be your
(b) Solid aluminium hydride is formed by a combination observation in this case? Write the chemical reaction
reaction of its two elements.
involved in the form of a balanced chemical equation.
(c) When solid calcium bisulfite is heated, it decomposes
Identify the type of chemical reaction.
to solid calcium oxide, sulfur dioxide gas, and water.
7. A large piece of zinc metal is placed in a copper (II) 19. Mention with reason the colour changes observed when :
sulfate, CuSO4, solution. The blue solution become (i) silver chloride is exposed to sunlight.
colourless as copper metal falls to the bottom of the (ii) copper powder is strongly heated in the presence of
container. The resulting solution contains zinc sulfate, oxygen.
ZnSO4. Write balanced chemical equation for the reaction.
(iii) a piece of zinc is dropped in copper sulphate solution.
8. A solution of AgNO3 is mixed with a solution of K2S.
Write the molecular, total ionic and net ionic equations Long Answer Questions
illustrating the reaction.
1. What are different types of combination reactions ?
9. Write decomposition reactions for the following 2. A solution of Na2CO3 is mixed with a solution of CaCl2.
compounds. Predict what happens.
(a) Ca(HCO3)2 (b) Ag2O 3. Balance the following equations
(c) N2O3 (a)
∆
CaCO3 → CaO + CO 2
10. Show that oxidation and reduction reactions go side by
(b) H2SO4 + NaOH  → Na2SO4 + H2O
side by taking a suitable example.
(c) H2O2  → H2O + O2
11. Explain the following in terms of gain or loss of oxygen
with two examples each. (d) Al + H3PO4  → AlPO4 + H2
(a) Oxidation (b) Reduction (e) Ca(OH)2 + HCl  → CaCl2 + H2O
12. Can oxidation or reduction take place alone? Why or why 4. Write balanced equations by predicting the products of
not? What are such reactions called? the following reactions. Include the physical state of each
13. (a) Solution of a substance ‘X’ is used for testing carbon element or compound.
dioxide. Write the equation of the reaction of ‘X’ (a) The neutralization of aqueous rubidium hydroxide
with carbon dioxide. with hydrobromic acid.
(b) How is ‘X’ obtained? Write chemical equation. (b) A single-displacement reaction of calcium metal
14. When hydrogen gas is passed over heated copper (II) with a nitric acid solution.
oxide, copper and steam are formed. Write the balanced (c) The combustion of solid naphthalene (C10H8).
chemical equation with physical states for this reaction. (d) A precipitation reaction involving aqueous
State what kind of chemical reaction is this? ammonium chromate and aqueous barium bromide.
15. What is observed when carbon dioxide gas is passed (e) The decomposition of solid aluminum hydroxide
through lime water. into solid aluminum oxide and gaseous water.
(a) For a short duration? 5. Identify the type of chemical reaction in the following
(b) For a long duration? Also write the chemical statements and define each of them :
equations for the reaction involved. (a) Digestion of food in our body
16. A student added few pieces of aluminium metal to two (b) Rusting of iron
test tubes A and B containing aqueous solutions of iron (c) Heating of manganese dioxide with aluminium powder
sulphate and copper sulphate. In the second part of her (d) Blue colour of copper sulphate solution disappears
experiment, she added iron metal to another test tubes C when iron fillings are added to it
and D containing aqueous solution of aluminium sulphate (e) Dilute hydrochloric acid is added to sodium hydroxide
and copper sulphate. solution to form sodium chloride and water.
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Reasoning Based Questions 8. Write combination reactions that occur when the metal
Chemistry

barium reacts with the following nonmetals.

1. Why is photosynthesis considered as an endothermic
(a) Hydrogen (b) Sulfur
reaction ?
(c) Bromine (d) Nitrogen
2. Why is the amount of gas collected in one of the test tubes
in electrolysis of water double of the amount collected in
Case Study Based MCQs
the other? Name this gas.
3. The oxidation of iron to rust is a problem, but the oxidation [Link] the following and answer any four questions from
of aluminium to aluminium oxide is not why? (i) to (v).
4. Why the green colour of ferrous sulphate salt changes to Chemical reactions involve the breaking and making of
brown and produces smell of burning sulphur on strong bonds between atoms to produce new substances. during a
heating? chemical reaction atoms of one element do not change into
those of another element. Nor do atoms disappear from the
5. Why colourless lead nitrate produces a yellow residue
mixture or appear from elsewhere. There are certain types
and brown fumes on heating? of reactions. Reactions in which a single product is formed
6. When an aqueous solution of AgNO3 is added to common from two or more reactants is known as a combination
salt solution, then a white precipitate is formed. Why? reaction. Decomposition reactions are the reactions in
7. Why the formation of black precipitate takes place, when which a compound breaks down into simpler compounds.
hydrogen sulphide gas is passed through an aqueous Displacement and double displacement reactions are the
solution of CuSO4? one in which an atom or group of atom is replaced by
8. Why sodium metal reacts violently with water? [Link] type of reaction is redox reactions in which
9. Why antioxidants are added to fat and oil containing food? simultaneous oxidation and reduction takes place.
10. Why magnesium ribbon burns in air with a dazzling flame (i) Which of the following reactions involved the
and forms white ash? combination of two element ?
(a) CaO + CO2 → CaCO2
HOTS Questions (b) 4Na + O2 → 2Na2O
1
1. A substance X, which is an oxide of a group 2 element, is (c) SO2 + O2 → SO3
2
used intensively in the cement industry. This element is (d) NH3 + HCl → NH4Cl
present in bones also. On treatment with water it forms a
(ii) Consider the reaction
solution which turns red litmus blue. Identify X and also
Fe2O3 + 2Al → Al2O3 + 2Fe
write the chemical reactions involved.
The above reaction is an example of
2. A solution of KBr is mixed with a solution of Sr (ClO4)2.
Predict what happens. (a) combination reaction
3. Identify the reducing agent in the following reactions. (b) double displacement reaction
(a) 4NH3 + 5O2 → 4NO + 6H2O (c) decomposition reaction
(b) H2O + F2 → HF + HOF (d) simple displacement reaction
(c) Fe2O3 + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO2 (iii) The equation
(d) 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O Mg (s) + CuO (s) ¾→ MgO (s) + Cu (s) represents
4. Write balanced equations for the reactions between each (i) decomposition reaction
of the following oxides and water : (ii) displacement reaction
(a) Li2O (b) CaO (c) SO3 (iii) combination reaction
5. Represent the following chemical reaction as a balanced (iv) double displacement reaction
equation. Liquid “rubbing alcohol,” (C3H8O) reacts with (v) redox reaction
oxygen to form carbon dioxide gas and water. (a) (i) and (ii) (b) (iii) and (iv)
6. (a) Would you expect aluminum oxide to be a solid, (c) (ii) and (v) (d) (iv) and (v)
liquid, or gas at room temperature? (iv) Which of the following is a decomposition reaction?
(b) Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction (a) 2HgO  heat
→ 2Hg + O 2
of aluminum oxide with nitric acid.
(b) heat
7. Consider the following two possible reactions. If a CaCO3 
→ CaO + CO 2
reaction does occur, write the balanced equations electrolysis
(c) 2H 2 O 
→ H 2 + O2
illustrating the reactions.
(a) A strip of tin metal is placed in an aqueous AgNO3 (d) All of these
solution. (v) CuO + H2 ¾→ H2O + Cu reaction is an example of -
(b) A strip of silver metal is placed in an aqueous (a) redox reaction (b) synthesis reaction
perchloric acid solution. (c) neutralisation (d) analysis reaction
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Chemical Reactions and Equations

Text - Book Questions (a) combination reaction
(b) double displacement reaction
1. Why should a magnesium ribbon be cleaned before burning (c) decomposition reaction
in air? (d) displacement reaction.
2. Write the balanced equation for the following chemical 3. What happens when dilute hydrochloric acid is added to
reactions. iron fillings? Tick the correct answer.
(i) Hydrogen + Chlorine  → Hydrogen chloride (a) Hydrogen gas and iron chloride are produced.
(ii) Barium chloride + Aluminium sulphate  → (b) Chlorine gas and iron hydroxide are produced.
Barium sulphate + Aluminium chloride (c) No reaction takes place.
(d) Iron salt and water are produced.
(iii) Sodium + Water  →
4. What is a balanced chemical equation? Why should
Sodium hydroxide + Hydrogen
chemical equations be balanced?
3. Write a balanced chemical equation with state symbols for 5. Translate the following statements into chemical
the following reactions. equations and then balance them.
(i) Solutions of barium chloride and sodium sulphate in (a) Hydrogen gas combines with nitrogen to form
water react to give insoluble barium sulphate and the ammonia.
solution of sodium chloride. (b) Hydrogen sulphide gas burns in air to give water and
(ii) Sodium hydroxide solution (in water) reacts with sulphur dioxide.
hydrochloric acid solution (in water) to produce (c) Barium chloride reacts with aluminium sulphate to
sodium chloride solution and water. give aluminium chloride and a precipitate of barium
4. A solution of a substance ‘X’ is used for white washing. sulphate.
(i) Name the substance ‘X’ and write its formula. (d) Potassium metal reacts with water to give potssium
hydroxide and hydrogen gas.
(ii) Write the reaction of the substance ‘X’ with water.
6. Balance the following chemical equations.
5. Why is the amount of gas collected in one of the test tube
(a) HNO3 + Ca(OH)2  → Ca(NO3)2 + H2O
in activity 1.7 of your NCERT text book double of the (b) NaOH + H2SO4  → Na2SO4 + H2O
amount collected in the other? Name this gas. (c) AgNO3 + NaCl  → AgCl + NaNO3.
6. Why does the colour of copper sulphate solution changes (d) BaCl2 + H2SO4  → BaSO4 + HCl
when an iron nail is dipped in it? 7. Write the balanced chemical equations for the following
7. Give an example of a double displacement reaction other reactions.
than the one given in activity 1.10 of your NCERT text (a) Calcium hydroxide + Carbon dioxide  →
book. Calcium carbonate + water
8. Identify the substances that are oxidised and the substances (b) Zinc + Silver nitrate  → Zinc nitrate + Silver
that are reduced in the following reactions. (c) Aluminium + Copper chloride  →
(i) 4Na(s) + O2(g)  → 2Na2O(s) Aluminium chloride + Copper
(ii) CuO(s) + H2(g)  → Cu(s) + H2O(l) (d) Barium chloride + Potassium sulphate  →
Barium sulphate + Potassium chloride
8. Write the balanced chemical equation for the following
Text - Book Exercise and identify the type of reaction in each case.
(a) Potassium bromide(aq) + Barium iodide(aq)
1. Which of the statements about the reaction below are
 → Potassium iodide(aq) + Barium bromide(s)
incorrect?
(b) Zinc carbonate(s)  →
2PbO(s) + C(s)  → 2Pb(s) + CO2(g)
Zinc oxide(s) + Carbon dioxide(s)
(i) Lead is getting reduced.
(c) Hydrogen(g) + Chlorine(g)  →
(ii) Carbon dioxide is getting oxidised.
Hydrogen chloride(g)
(iii) Carbon is getting oxidised.
(d) Magnesium(s) + Hydrochloric acid(aq)
(iv) Lead oxide is getting reduced.
 → Magnesium chloride(aq) + Hydrogen(g)
(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (i), (ii) and (iii)
9. What does one mean by exothermic and endothermic
(c) (i) and (iii) (d) all
reaction? Give examples.
2. Fe2O3 + 2Al  → Al O + 2Fe
2 3
10. Why is respiration considered an exothermic reaction?
The above reaction is an example of a: Explain.
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11. Why are decomposition reactions called the opposite (ii) Cu(s) + 2AgNO3(aq)  → Cu(NO3)2(aq) + x(s)
Chemistry

of combination reactions? Write equations for these (iii) Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq) 

→ ZnSO4(x) + H2(y)
reactions. x
(iv) CaCO3(s)  → CaO(s) + CO2(g)
12. What is the difference between displacement and double
2. Grapes hanging on the plant do not ferment but after
displacement reactions? Write equations for these
reactions. being plucked from the plant can be fermented. Under
what conditions do these grapes ferment? Is it a chemical
13. In the refining of silver, the recovery of silver from silver
or a physical change?
nitrate solution involved displacement by copper metal.
Write down the reaction involved. 3. During the reaction of some metals with dilute
hydrochloric acid, following observations were made.
14. What do you mean by a precipitation reaction? Explain
by giving examples. (i) Silver metal does not show any change
15. A shiny brown coloured element ‘X’ on heating in air (ii) The temperature of the reaction mixture rises when
becomes black in colour. Name the element ‘X’ and the aluminium (Al) is added.
black coloured compound formed. (iii) The reaction of sodium metal is found to be highly
16. Why do we apply paint on iron articles? explosive.
17. Oil and fat containing food items are flushed with (iv) Some bubbles of a gas are seen when lead (Pb)
nitrogen. Why? is reacted with the acid.
18. Explain the following terms with one example each. Explain these observations giving suitable reasons.
(a) Corrosion (b) Rancidity 4. Ferrous sulphate decomposes with the evolution of a
19. Write chemical equation for decomposition reactions gas having a characteristic odour of burning sulphur.
where energy is supplied in the form of (i) heat (ii) light Write the chemical reaction involved and identify the
(iii) electricity. type of reaction.
5. You are provided with two containers made up of copper
Exemplar Questions and aluminium. You are also provided with solutions
1. Complete the missing components/variables given as x of dilute HCl, dilute HNO3, ZnCl2 and H2O. In which
and y in the following reactions of the above containers these solutions can be kept?
(i) Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + 2KI(aq)  → PbI2(x) + KNO3(y)
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Chemical Reactions and Equations

Multiple Choice Questions 8. Zn + H 2SO 4 (dil)  → ZnSO 4 + H 2↑
Above reaction is –
DIRECTIONS : This section contains multiple choice (a) decomposition reaction
questions. Each question has four choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) (b) single displacement reaction
out of which ONLY ONE is correct. (c) combination reaction
(d) synthesis reaction
1. Which of the following reactions involves the combination 9. The reaction in which two compounds exchange their
of two elements? ions to form two new compounds is –
(a) CaO + CO2 → CaCO3 (a) a displacement reaction
(b) 4Na + O 2 → 2Na 2O (b) a decomposition reaction
1 (c) an isomerization reaction
(c) SO 2 + O 2 → SO3
2 (d) a double displacement reaction
(d) NH3 + HCl → NH 4Cl 10. When the gases sulphur dioxide and hydrogen sulphide
2. When hydrogen sulphide gas is passed through a blue mix in the presence of water, the reaction is
solution of copper sulphate, a black precipitate of copper SO 2 + 2H 2S → 2H 2O + 3S . Here hydrogen sulphide is
sulphide is obtained and the sulphuric acid so formed acting as –
remains in the solution. The reaction is an example of – (a) an oxidising agent (b) a reducing agent
(a) a combination reaction (c) a dehydrating agent (d) a catalyst
(b) a displacement reaction 11. CuO + H 2 → H 2O + Cu , reaction is an example of –
(c) a decomposition reaction (a) redox reaction (b) synthesis reaction
(d) a double decomposition reaction (c) neutralisation (d) analysis reaction
3. What happens when copper rod is dipped in iron sulphate 12. A substance which oxidises itself and reduces other is
solution? known as –
(a) Copper displaces iron (a) oxidising agent (b) reducing agent
(b) Blue colour of copper sulphate solution is obtained (c) both of these (d) none of these
(c) No reaction takes place 13. A redox reaction is one in which –
(d) Reaction is exothermic (a) both the substances are reduced.
4. A student added dilute HCl to a test tube containing zinc (b) both the substances are oxidised.
granules and made following observations which one is (c) an acid is neutralised by the base.
correct? (d) one substance is oxidised while the other is reduced.
(a) The zinc surface became dull and black. 14. In the following equations :
(b) A gas evolved which burns with a pop sound. Na2CO3 + x HCl → 2 NaCl + CO2 + H2O, the value of x
(c) The solution remained colourless. is–
(d) The solution becomes green in colour. (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
5. A dilute solution of sodium carbonate was added to two 15. In the equation, NaOH + HNO3 → NaNO3 + H2O
test tubes (A) containing dil HCl and (B) containing dilute nitric acid is acting as –
NaOH. The correct observation was – (a) an oxidising agent (b) an acid
(a) a brown coloured gas liberated in test tube A. (c) a nitrating agent (d) a dehydrating agent
(b) a brown coloured gas liberated in test tube B. 16. Fe2O3 + 2Al → Al2O3 + 2Fe
(c) a colourless gas liberated in test tube A. The above reaction is an example of a –
(d) a colourless gas liberated in test tube B. (a) combination reaction
(b) double displacement reaction
6. A balanced chemical equation is in accordance with –
(c) decomposition reaction
(a) Avogadro’s law
(d) displacement reaction
(b) law of multiple proportion
17. White silver chloride in sunlight turns to –
(c) law of conservation of mass
(a) grey (b) yellow
(d) law of gaseous volumes.
(c) remain white (d) red
7. The equation
18. Black and white photography uses –
Cu + xHNO3 → Cu(NO3 )2 + yNO2 + 2H 2O
(a) decomposition of silver chloride.
The values of x and y are – (b) decomposition of silver bromide.
(a) 3 and 5 (b) 8 and 6 (c) both
(c) 4 and 2 (d) 7 and 1 (d) none of these
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19. When copper powder is heated it gets coated with – 30. The oxidation number of sulphur is –4 in  [KVPY]
Chemistry

(a) black copper oxide (b) yellow copper oxide (a) H2S (b) CS2
(c) red copper oxide (d) None of these (c) Na2SO4 (d) Na2SO3
20. Combination of phosphorus and oxygen is an example 31. Identify the endothermic process from the following
of– [JSTSE]
(a) oxidation (b) reduction (a) Addition of conc. HCl to water
(c) rancidity (d) None of these
(b) CH 4 (g) + 2O 2 (g) → CO 2 (g) + 2H 2O(l)
21. Rusting of iron is an example of –
(c) H 2O(l)  → H 2O(g)
(a) reduction (b) redox
(c) oxidation (d) dissociation (d) CaO(s) + H 2O(l)  → Ca(OH) 2 (aq)
22. Which of the following does not corrode when exposed 32. The schematic diagram is given below  [NTSE]
heat
to the atmosphere? A →
→ B + HCl
(solid)
(a) Iron (b) Copper cool (vapour) (vapour)

(c) Gold (d) Silver

→
23. Take about 1.0g CaCO3 in a test tube. Heat it over a flame, heat NaOH(aq)
a colourless gas comes out. The reaction is called a
(a) decomposition reaction HO
C →
conc. HCl
D →
2
E(aq)
(b) displacement reaction (Gas)
shake well
(acidic solution)
(c) double decomposition reaction
Which of the following is a correct statement ?
(d) double displacement reaction
24. Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) is a strong reducing agent. (a) A and E are chemically same.
Which of the following reactions shows its reducing (b) A and D are chemically same.
action?
(c) D and E are chemically same.
(a) Cd(NO3 )2 + H 2S  → CdS + 2HNO3
(d) C and E are chemically same.
(b) CuSO 4 + H 2S  → CuS + H 2SO 4
33. The oxidation states of P atom in POCl3, H2PO3 and
(c) 2FeCl3 + H 2S  → 2FeCl2 + 2HCl + S
H2P2O6, respectively are  [KVPY]
(d) Pb(NO3 )2 + H 2S  → PbS + 2CH3COOH
(a) + 5, + 4, + 4 (b) + 5, + 5, + 4
25. 2CuI → Cu + CuI2, the reaction is –
(c) + 4, + 4, + 5 (d) + 3, + 4, + 5
(a) redox (b) neutralisation
34. The process of respiration is :  [JSTSE]
(c) oxidation (d) reduction
(a) Oxidation reaction which is endothermic
26. When copper turnings are added to silver nitrate solution,
a blue coloured solution is formed after some time. It is (b) Reduction reaction which is endothermic
because, copper – (c) Combination reaction which is exothermic
(a) displaces silver from the solution (d) Oxidation reaction which is exothermic
(b) forms a blue coloured complex with AgNO3
35. Silver articles become black when exposed to air. It is
(c) is oxidised to Cu2+
due to the formation of  [JSTSE]
(d) is reduced to Cu2+
(a) Silver oxide (b) Silver nitrate
27. Zn 2+ (aq) + 2e – → Zn(s) . This is –
(a) oxidation (b) reduction (c) Silver chloride (d) Silve sulphide
(c) redox reaction (d) none of these 36. A test tube along with calcium carbonate in it initially
28. A substance A reacts with another substance B to produce weighed 30.08 g. A heating experiment was performed
the product C and a gas D. If a mixture of the gas D and on this test tube till calcium carbonate completely
ammonia is passed through an aqueous solution of C, decomposed with evolution of a gas. Loss of weight
baking soda is formed. The substances A and B are during this experiment was 4.40 g. What is the weight of
[NTSE] the empty test tube in this experiment?
(a) HCl and NaOH (b) HCl and Na2CO3 (a) 20.08 g (b) 21.00 g
(c) Na and HCl (d) Na2CO3 and H2O (c) 24.50 g (d) 2.008 g
29. Chemically the ‘water gas’ is  [JSTSE] 37. Match chemical reactions given in the List I with the
(a) H2O (gaseous) (b) CO2 + H2 type of chemical reactions given in List II and select the
(c) CH4 + H2O (d) CO + H2 correct answer using the options given below: [NTSE]
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5. Ferrous sulphate on heating produces –

Chemical Reactions and Equations

List I List II
(a) ferric oxide (b) sulphur dioxide
(Chemical reactions) (Type of Chemical
(c) oxygen (d) water
reactions) 6. Rancidity can be prevented by –
A. Formation of NH3 I. Decomposition (a) adding anti-oxidants
from N2 and H2 (b) packaging oily food in nitrogen gas
B. Calcination of zinc II. Double displacement (c) packaging oily food in argon gas
carbonate. (d) use of spices
7. Which of the following are endothermic process?
C. Reaction of aqueous III. Combination
(a) boiling of water
BaCl2 solution with (b) disolving salts in water
dilute H2SO4 (c) dissolving conc. H2SO4 in water
D. Rancidity of oils IV. Redox (d) evaporation of water
V. Displacement 8. Which of the following is (are) an example of a
displacement reaction?
(a) A-I, B-V, C-III, D-IV (b) A-III, B-IV, C-V, D-I (a) CaO + CO 2  → CaCO3
(c) A-IV, B-III, C-V, D-I (d) A-III, B-I, C-II, D-IV (b) CaCO3  → CaO + CO 2
38.
A B C D (c) Cu + 2AgNO3  → CuNO3 + 2Ag
(d) CuSO 4 + H 2S  → CuS + H 2SO 4
9. The process of oxidation involves –
(a) the addition of oxygen atoms.
(b) the acceptance of hydrogen atoms.
(c) the release of hydrogen atoms.
(d) neither acceptance nor release of hydrogen atoms.
10. Following reaction describes the rusting of iron
Cu Al Fe Zn
If we added FeSO4 to above four test tubes, in which test 4Fe + 3O 2 → 2Fe2O3
tube we observe black residue?  [NTSE] Which one of the following statement is (are) correct?
(a) “A” and “B” (b) “B” and “C” (a) This is an example of a oxidation reaction.
(b) Metallic iron is oxidised to Fe2O3.
(c) “A” and “C” (d) “B” and “D”
(c) Fe is reduced to Fe2O3.
More than One Correct Option (d) Metallic iron in this is an example of reduction reaction.
11. Potassium chlorate on decomposition gives–
DIRECTIONS : This section contains multiple choice (a) potassium chloride (b) oxygen gas
questions. Each question has four choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) (c) chlorine gas (d) potassium oxide
out of which ONE OR MORE may be correct. 12. 2Mg + O2  → 2MgO, the above reaction is an example of–
(a) decomposition reaction
1. Which of the following statements is correct? (b) displacement reaction
(a) A chemical equation tells us about the substances (c) combination reaction
involved in a reaction. (d) oxidation reaction
(b) A chemical equation informs us about the symbols 13. Ammonia gas is formed by the combination of nitrogen
and formula of substances involved in a reaction. and hydrogen
(c) A chemical equation tells us about the atom or N2 + 3H2  → 2NH3
molecules of the reactants and products involved in In the above equation
a reaction. (a) Nitrogen and hydrogen are reactants.
(d) A chemical equation represents energy changes (b) One molecule of nitrogen combines with 3 molecules
during a reaction. of hydrogen and form two molecules of ammonia.
2. In the reaction PbO + C → Pb + CO (c) One volume of nitrogen and three volume of hydrogen
(a) PbO is reduced combine and give 2 volumes of ammonia gas.
(b) C acts as a oxidising agent (d) Reactants and products are not gaseous.
(c) C acts as a reducing agent 14. Double decomposition reactions are–
(d) this reaction does not represent redox reaction (a) Mg + CuSO4  → MgSO4 + Cu
3. Lead nitrate on decomposition gives– (b) KOH + HNO3  → H2O + KNO3
(c) Na2S + 2HCl  → 2NaCl + H2S
(a) lead oxide (b) nitrogen dioxide
(d) BaCl2 + H2SO4  → BaSO4 + 2HCl
(c) oxygen (d) nitrogen
4. Heating of limestone produces – 15. 2SO2 + O2  → 2SO3 + 42 kcal. The above reaction is–
(a) endothermic reaction (b) exothermic reaction
(a) quick lime (b) carbon dioxide
(c) combination reaction (d) displacement reaction
(c) carbon monoxide (d) slaked lime
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Passage Based Questions 4. Assertion : A reducing agent is a substance which can
Chemistry

either accept electron.

DIRECTIONS : Study the given paragraph(s) and answer the Reason : A substance which helps in oxidation is known
following questions. as reducing agent.
Passage 5. Assertion : The balancing of chemical equations is based
An element placed above in the activity series will replace the on law of conservation of mass.
element placed below it from its aqueous solution. Reactivity Reason : Total mass of reactants is equal to total mass of
of metals towards other elements decreases as you go down the products.
series. The stability of their compounds also decreases.
Any metal above hydrogen reacts with acids, replaces hydrogen Multiple Matching Questions
from acids.
The more active a metal, the more strongly it holds on to oxygen DIRECTIONS : Following question has Column I and
in an oxide and therefore, the more strongly the oxide resists Column II. Any given option in Column I can have correct
decomposition into its elements upon heating. matching with one or more option given in Column II. Match
1. Copper displaces which of the following metals from its the entries in column I with entries in column II.
salt solution? 1. Column I Column II
(a) Zinc (b) Iron (c) Silver (d) Nickel ∆
2. Which of the following oxides can be decomposed with (A) KClO3 → (p) O2
difficulty? ∆
(a) CuO (b) ZnO (c) AgO (d) CrO (B) ZnCO3 → (q) H2O
3. Which of the following statement is correct? ∆
(a) Elements near the top of the series are never found (C) H2CO3 → (r) CO2
free in nature. ∆
(b) Elements near the bottom of the series are often (D) C2H6 → (s) ZnO
found free in nature. A B C D
(c) Elements near the top of the series are found free in (a) p s,r q,r q,r
nature.
(b) p q,r s,r r,p
(d) both (a) and (b)
(c) q,r s,p p,s r
(d) r q s p
Assertion & Reason
DIRECTIONS : Each of these questions contains an Assertion Integer/Numerical Value Type Questions
followed by reason. Read them carefully and answer the
DIRECTIONS (Qs. 1-4) : Following are integer/numerical
question on the basis of following options. You have to select
value based questions. Each question, when worked out will
the one that best describes the two statements.
result in an integer/numerical value.
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is 1. The following equation is unbalanced, on balancing the
the correct explanation of Assertion. equation what will be the value of x?
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct, but Reason is
not the correct explanation of Assertion. Na 2CO3 + xHCl 
→ 2NaCl + CO 2 + H 2O
(c) If Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect. 2. In the reaction N 2O5  → NO 2 + O 2 ,
(d) If Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct. how many moles of NO2 is produced when 2 moles of
1. Assertion : Stannous chloride gives grey precipitate with N2O5 are dissociated?
mercuric chloride, but stannic chloride does not do so. 3. (A) Fe + S → FeS
Reason : Stannous chloride is a powerful oxidising agent
(B) CaO + CO2 → CaCO3
which oxidises mercuric chloride to mercury. Heat
2. Assertion : Corrosion of iron is commonly known as (C) Ca(OH)2  → CaO + H2O
Heat
rusting. (D) CuO + H2  → Cu + H2O
Reason : Corrosion of iron occurs in presence of water Out of the four reactions given above, the number of
and air. combination reactions is/are
3. Assertion : In a reaction 4. (A) N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3 + 22.4 kcal
Zn(s) + CuSO4 (aq)  → ZnSO4 (aq) + Cu(s), (B) N2 + O2 + 43.2 kcal → 2NO
Zn is a reductant but itself get oxidized. (C) C + 2H2 → CH4 + 74.8 kJ
Reason : In a redox reaction, oxidant is reduced by How many reactions from the given reaction are
accepting electrons and reductant is oxidized by losing endothermic reactions?
electrons.
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Chemical Reactions and Equations

15. Consider the following reaction :
Multiple Choice Questions
xC2H6 (g) + yO2(g) → mCO2 (g) + nH2O(l)
DIRECTIONS (Qs. 1-23) : This section contains multiple Which of the following set of coefficients balances the
choice questions. Each question has four choices (a), (b), (c) above redox reaction?
and (d) out of which ONLY ONE is correct.
x y m n
1. The loss of electron is termed as– (a) 1 3 2 2
(a) oxidation (b) reduction (b) 2 7 4 6
(c) combustion (d) neutralization (c) 2 3 2 2
2. Reduction involves– (d) 1 7 2 3
(a) loss of electrons 16. What will be the value of x, y and z in following equation?
(b) gain of electrons H2C2O4 + xH2O2 → yCO2 + zH2O
(c) increase in the valency of positive part (a) x = 1, y = 2, z = 2 (b) x = 2, y = 2, z = 2
(d) decrease in the valency of negative part (c) x = 2, y = 2, z = 1 (d) x = 1, y = 2, z = 4
3. Zn 2+ (aq.) + 2e−  → Zn(s) . This is– 17. Which of the following reactions is an example of a redox
(a) Oxidation (b) Reduction reaction? [NTSE]
(c) Redox reaction (d) None of the above (a) XeF4 + O2F2 → XeF6 + O2
4. The oxidation number of sulphur in S 8, S 2F 2, H 2S (b) XeF2 + PF5 → [XeF]+ PF6–
respectively, are–
(a) 0, +1 and –2 (b) +2, +1 and –2 (c) XeF6 + H2O → XeOF4 + 2HF
(c) 0, +1 and +2 (d) –2, +1 and –2 (d) XeF6 + 2H2O → XeO2F2 + 4HF
5. Oxidation number of carbon in CH2Cl2 is– 18. The formal oxidation numbers of Cr and Cl in the ions
(a) –4 (b) +4 (c) 0 (d) –2 Cr2O72– and ClO3–, respectively are [KVPY 2018]
6. The oxidation state of osmium (Os) in OsO4 is– (a) + 6 and +7 (b) +7 and +5
(a) +7 (b) +6 (c) +4 (d) +8
(c) +6 and +5 (d) +8 and +7
7. Which of the following transition metal has zero oxidation
state ? 19. The oxidation states of Cr in [Cr(H2O)6]Cl3, [Cr(C6H6)2],
(a) [Fe(CO)5] (b) NH2.NH2 and K2[Cr(CN)2(O)2(O)2(NH3)] respectively are
(c) NOClO4 (d) CrO5 [NTSE]
8. Oxidation number of S in S2– is– (a) +3, +4, and +6 (b) +3, +2, and +4
(a) – 2 (b) 0 (c) – 6 (d) + 6 (c) +3, 0, and +6 (d) +3, 0, and + 4
9. The oxidation number of Mn in KMnO4 is– 20. The correct order of N-compounds in its decreasing order
(a) + 7 (b) – 7 (c) + 1 (d) – 1 of oxidation states is [JSTSE]
10. Oxidation number of oxygen atom in O2 molecule is– (a) HNO3, NO, N2, NH4Cl
1 (b) HNO3, NO, NH4Cl, N2
(a) 0 (b) – 2 (c) + 2 (d) −
2
11. The oxidation number of N in NH3 is– (c) NH4Cl, N2, NO, HNO3
(a) + 3 (b) + 5 (c) – 3 (d) 0 (d) HNO3, NH4Cl, NO, N2
12. Oxygen has an oxidation state of +2 in the compound–
21. For the redox reaction
(a) H2O2 (b) CO2 (c) H2O (d) F2O
13. In which of the following reactions, H2O2 acts as a MnO 4– + C2O 2– +
4 + H  → Mn 2+ + CO 2 + H 2O
reducing agent? The correct coefficients of the reactants for the balanced
(a) 2KI + H 2O 2  → 2KOH + I2 equation are [JSTSE]
(b) 2FeSO4 + H 2SO4 + H 2O 2  → Fe2 (SO 4 )3 + 2H 2O –
C2O 2–
MnO 4 4 H+
(c) PbS + 4H 2O 2  → PbSO 4 + 4H 2O
(a) 16 5 2
(d) Ag 2 O + H O
2 2  → 2Ag + H 2O + O 2
(b) 2 5 16
14. In a balance equation H2SO4 + xHI → H2S + yI2 + zH2O,
the values of x, y, z are– (c) 5 16 2
(a) x = 3, y = 5, z = 2 (b) x = 4, y = 8, z = 5 (d) 2 16 5
(c) x = 8, y = 4, z = 4 (d) x = 5, y = 3, z = 4
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22. The correct order of the oxidation states of nitrogen in NO, 29. Choose the correct option(s) for the following
Chemistry

N2O, NO2 and N2O3 is: [NTSE] statement:

(a) NO2 < NO < N2O3 < N2O When Sn2+ changes to Sn4+ in a reaction then
(a) Sn2+ loses two electrons.
(b) NO2 < N2O3 < NO < N2O
(b) Sn2+ gains two electrons.
(c) N2O < N2O3 < NO < NO2 (c) Sn4+ loses two electrons.
(d) N2O < NO < N2O3 < NO2 (d) This is an example of oxidation reaction.

23. What is the change in oxidation number of carbon in the Assertion & Reason
following reaction? [JSTSE] DIRECTIONS (Qs. 30-32) : Each of these questions
CH4(g) + 4Cl2(g) → CCl4(l) + 4HCl(g) contains an assertion followed by reason. Read them
(a) 0 to + 4 (b) – 4 to + 4 carefully and answer the question on the basis of following
(c) 0 to – 4 (d) + 4 to + 4 options. You have to select the one that best describes the
two statements.
More than One Correct Option
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is
DIRECTIONS (Qs. 24-29) : This section contains multiple
the correct explanation of Assertion.
choice questions. Each question has 4 choices (a), (b), (c) and
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct, but Reason is
(d) out of which ONE OR MORE may be correct.
not the correct explanation of Assertion.
24. In which of the following pairs, there is zero difference (c) If Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
in the oxidation number of the underlined elements? (d) If Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct.
(a) NO2 and N2O4 30. Assertion : In a reaction
(b) P2O5 and P4O10 Zn(s) + CuSO4 (aq)  → ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
(c) N2O and NO Zn is a reductant but itself gets oxidized.
(d) SO2 and SO3
Reason : In a redox reaction, oxidant is reduced by accepting
25. Which of the following reactions is/are not redox
electrons and reductant is oxidized by losing electrons.
reaction?
31. Assertion : Mg(s) + F2(s) → MgF2(s),
(a) Ca(OH)2 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + 2H 2O
magnesium loses electrons and acts as a reducing agent.
(b) BaCl2 + MgSO 4 → BaSO 4 + MgCl2
Reason : Reduction in general means acceptance of
(c) 2S2O72– + 2H 2O → 4SO 2– 4 + 4H
+
electron(s) by a reactant.
(d) Cu 2S + 2FeO → 2Cu + 2Fe + SO 2 32. Assertion : In a redox reaction, the oxidation number of
26. The oxidation number of an element in a compound
the oxidant decreases, while that of reductant increases.
is evaluated on the basis of certian rules. Which of the
Reason : Oxidant gains electron (s) reductant loses
following rules is/are correct in this respect?
(a) The oxidation number of hydrogen is always + 1. electrons (s).
(b) The algebraic sum of all the oxidation numbers in a
Matching Questions
compound is zero.
(c) An element in the free or the uncombined state bears DIRECTIONS (Qs. 33-34) : Each question contains two
oxidation number zero. columns. (A, B, C, D) in column I have to be matched with (p,
(d) In all its compounds, the oxidation number of q, r, s) in column II.
fluorine is – 1. 33. Column I Column II
27. Which one of the following reaction(s) involve either (A) Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) → (p) Reduction reaction
oxidation or reduction? ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
(a) VO +2 → V2O3 (b) Na → Na+ (B) Mg → Mg2+ + 2e– (q) displacement
reaction
(c) CrO 24− → Cr2O72− (d) Zn2+ → Zn
(C) Sn4+ + 2e– → Sn2+ (r) Redox reaction
28. Which of the following is/are not redox reaction(s)?
(D) C + O2 → CO2 (s) Oxidation reaction
(a) BaCl2 + H2SO4  → BaSO4 + 2HCl
A B C D
(b) H2SO4 + 2NaOH 
→ 2Na2SO4 + 2H2O (a) r,q p q s
(c) CH3COOH + C2H5OH  → (b) r,q s p s
CH3COOC2H5 + H2O (c) s p,r q r,q
(d) 2FeCl3 + SnCl2 
→ 2FeCl2 + SnCl4 (d) s,q r q p,s
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34. Column I Column II sum of all the O.N.’s of atoms of the ion must equal the

Chemical Reactions and Equations

(Compound) (Oxidation state) charge on the ion.
(A) [Fe(CO)5] (p) +2 35. What is the oxidation number of P in PO3–
4 and
(B) FeO.Fe2O3 (q) +6 S in SO 2–
4 ?
(C) OF2 (r) 0
(a) P = + 5, S = +3 (b) P = +3. S = +5
(D) K2MnO4 (s) +3
(c) P = +5, S = +6 (d) P = +6, S = +6
A B C D
(a) r p,s p q 36. Oxygen has an oxidation state of +2 in the compound :
(b) p q s r (a) H2O2 (b) CO2 (c) H2O (d) F2O
(c) q s p r 37. What is the correct increasing order of oxidation state of
(d) r q s p nitrogen in following compounds?
NH3, N2, NH2OH, NO2
Passage Based Questions
(a) NH3 < NO2 < N2 < NH2OH
DIRECTIONS (Qs. 35-37) : Study the given paragraph(s) (b) NO2 < NH3 < NH2OH < NH3
and answer the following questions.
(c) NH3 < NH2OH < NO2 < N2
Passage (d) NH3 < NH2OH < N2 < NO2
Oxidation number is defined as the charge which an atom of
the element has in its ion or appears to have when present in Integer Type Questions
the combined state with other atoms. DIRECTIONS (Qs. 38-42) : Following are integer based
There are certain rules for assigning oxidation number. Some questions. Each question, when worked out will result in one
of these rules are given below. integer from 0 to 9 (both inclusive).
• The oxidation number of all the atoms of different 38. Among NH3, HNO3 and Mg3N2 how many molecules
elements in their respective elementary states and
have nitrogen in negative oxidation state?
allotropic forms is taken to be zero.
39. When K2Cr2O7 is converted into K2CrO4, then what is
• The O.N. of a monoatomic ion is the same as the charge on it.
the change in oxidation number of chromium?
• The O.N. of hydrogen is +1 when combined with non-
metals and is –1 when combined with active metals called 40. Consider the following reaction
metal hydrides PbS + nH2O2 → PbSO4 + 4H2O
• The O.N. of alkali metals (Li, Na, K, etc.) is always + 1 and What is the value of coefficient ‘n’ in the above equation?
that of alkaline earth metals (Be, Mg, Ca, etc.) is + 2. 41. Find the oxidation number of S in (CH3)2SO.
• The algebraic sum of the O.N. of all the atoms in a 42. Find the difference in oxidation states of nitrogen in
compound must be zero. In polyatomic ion, the algebraic nitrous acid and nitric acid.
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Chemistry

SOLUTIONS
(Brief Explanations of Selected Questions)
Match the Following
1. A → (q) B → (r) C → (p) D → (s)
Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
Passage Based Questions
1. (d) A decomposition reaction is a type of chemical
1. Metal X : Copper; Metal Y : Sodium
reaction in which a single compound breaks down
2. Copper sulphate, CuSO4
into two or more elements or new compounds.
3. Sodium sulphate, Na2SO4
2. (b) Both are redox reactions. Redox reactions are
4. Barium sulphate BaSO4
characterised by the transfer of electrons between
chemical species. One species undergoes oxidation 5. Copper chloride, CuCl2
while another species undergoes reduction. Very Short Answer Questions
3. (d) Combustion of liquefied petroleum gas is a chemical
1. Mg (s) + 2 HCl (aq) –––––→ MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)
change. As it is an irreversible reaction and new
2. Yes, a combination reaction can be a redox reaction.
products (carbon dioxide and water vapours) are oxidation
formed during the change. Also, a lot of heat is
released during this reaction. 0 0 +2 –2
2Ca(s) + O2(g) → 2CaO(s)
4. (c)
5. (b) Formation of crystals by process of crystallization. reduction

Assertion & Reason 3. Different types of reaction are-

1. (a) Chlorine displaces iodine from potassium iodide (i) Combination reactions
solution. (ii) Decomposition reactions
2. (d) When copper strip is placed in FeSO4 solution, (iii) Displacement reactions
colour of the solution does not change. (iv) Double decomposition reactions
3. (d) Decomposition of vegetable matter into compost is (v) Redox reaction
an exothermic reaction. 4. The conversion of a single compound into two or more
4. (a) Na 2SO 4 (aq) + BaCl2 (aq) 
→ simpler substances is called as decomposition reaction.
For example,
BaSO 4 (s) + 2NaCl(aq)
heat
Precipitate 2HgO(s) 
→ 2Hg(l) + O 2 (g)
5. (a) A combination reaction is a reaction where two or mercury(II) mercury oxygen
oxide
more elements or compounds combine to form a
single compound. Hydrogen and chlorine combine 5. A reaction in which an atom or group of atoms present
in a molecule is displaced by another atom is known as
to give hydrogen chloride.
displacement reaction. For example,
Fill in the Blanks
Mg + H2SO4 → MgSO4 + H2
1. combination 2. exothermic
6. Sodium being more reactive than hydrogen, displaces
3. endothermic 4. displacement
hydrogen from water.
5. double displacement 6. insoluble
7. loss 8. Decomposition 2Na(s) + H 2O(l) 
→ 2NaOH(aq) + H 2 (g)

reaction
7. NaCl (aq) + AgNO3 (aq) → AgCl ↓ + NaNO3
9. oxidation 10. CaO (s) and CO2 (g)
(aq)
11. products
sodium chloride silver nitrate silver chloride sodium nitrate
True / False (white ppt.)
1. True 2. True 3. True The reaction involves the exchange of radicals and is
4. True 5. True 6. False known as double displacement reaction.
7. True 8. True 9. True
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8. 2KClO3 (s) 
→ 2KCl(s) + 3O 2 (g) 8. 2AgNO3 (aq) + K 2S(aq) 
→ Ag 2S(s) + 2KNO3 (aq)

Chemical Reactions and Equations

9. The chemical reaction between quicklime and water 2Ag + (aq) + 2NO3− (aq) + 2K + (aq) + S2− (aq) 
→
to form slaked lime is characterised by the change in
temperature (rise in temperature). Ag 2S(s) + 2K + (aq) + 2NO3− (aq)
10. No, we cannot change the chemical formulae of reactants
2Ag + (aq) + S2− (aq) 
→ Ag 2S(s)
or products to balance a chemical equation.
11. Ni(s) + 2N 2O 4 (l) → Ni(NO3 )2 (s) + 2NO(g) 9. (a) Ca(HCO3 )2 (s) 
→ CaO(s) + 2CO 2 (g) + H 2O(l)
(b) 2Ag 2O(s) 
→ 4Ag(s) + O 2 (g)
12. (a) BaCl2 (aq) + Na 2SO 4 (aq) 
→
(c) N 2O3 (g)  → NO 2 (g) + NO(g)
BaSO 4 (s) ↓ +2NaCl(aq) 10. ZnO + C  → Zn + CO
If a substance gains oxygen during a reaction it is said
(b) NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) 
→ NaCl(aq) + H 2O(l) to be oxidised and if a substance loses oxygen it is said
to be reduced. In the above reaction carbon is oxidised
Short Answer Questions
to carbon monoxide, while zinc oxide is reduced to zinc.
1. 2AgNO3 (aq) + Cu(s)  → Cu(NO3 )2 (eq) + 2Ag(s) Thus, oxidation and reduction reactions are going side
The displacement reaction occurs because copper is more by side in the above reaction.
reactive than silver. Shining white deposit of silver is 11. (a) Oxidation is a reaction which involves addition or
formed on the copper metal and the solution becomes gain of oxygen. For example,
blue due to the formation of copper nitrate. 4Na + O2 → 2Na2O; 2Cu + O2  → 2CuO
Heat

2. (a) 3H 2 (g) + N 2 (g) → 2NH3 (g) (b) Reduction is a reaction which involves loss or
(b) 2H 2S(g) + 3O 2 (g) → 2H 2O(l) + 2SO 2 (g) removal of oxygen, For example,
(c) 3BaCl2 (aq) + Al2 (SO4 )3 (aq) → Heat
CuO + H2  → Cu + H2O; ZnO + C → Zn + CO
2AlCl3 (aq) + 3BaSO4 ↓ 12. Oxidation or reduction cannot take place alone. This is
(d) 2K(s) + 2H 2O(l) → 2KOH(aq) + H 2 (g) because if one substance loses oxygen, i.e., undergoes
reduction, there must be another substance to take up
3. When food material left for longer time, the fat and oil
this oxygen, i.e., undergo oxidation. Similarly, if one
present in them undergoes oxidation process that results
substance loses hydrogen, i.e., undergoes oxidation,
in change of taste and smell of the food and make it unfit
there must be another substance to take up this hydrogen,
for consumption. The process of such oxidation of fat and
i.e., undergo reduction. Hence, oxidation and reduction
oil is known as rancidity.
always take place together. That is why, these reactions
4. (a) NH4NO3  → N2O + 2 H2O
are called redox reactions.
(b) P4O10 + 6 H2O 
→ 4 H3PO4 13. (a) Solution of a substance X can be of calcium
(c) 2 HIO3 
→ I2O5 + H2O hydroxide.
Ca(OH)2 (aq) + CO 2 (g) → CaCO3 (s) + H 2O
(d) 2 As + 5 Cl2 
→ 2 AsCl5 (White ppt.)
5. (a) N2 + 3H2 
→ 2 NH3 (b) ‘X’ can be obtained by the reaction of calcium oxide
(b) 2H2 + CO 
→ CH3OH with water.
CaO(s) + H2O (l) —→ Ca (OH)2 + Heat
(c) CaO + 3C 
→ CO + CaC2 Heat
14. CuO(s) + H 2 (g)  → Cu(s) + H 2O(g)
(d) 2 C2H4 + O2 + 4 HCl 
→ 2 C2H4Cl2 + 2 H2O
The above chemical reaction is a redox reaction.
6. (a) 2Si 2 H 6 (g) + 7O 2 (g) 
→ 4SiO 2 (s) + 6H 2O(l) 15. (a) Lime water turns milky due to the formation of
(b) 2Al(s) + 3H 2 (g) 
→ 2AlH3 (s) CaCO3 which is insoluble in water.
Ca(OH)2(aq) + CO2(g) → CaCO3(s) + H2O(l)
(c) Ca(HSO3 )2 (s) 
→ CaO(s) + 2SO 2 (s) + H 2O(l)
Lime water White ppt.
7. In this displacement reaction, the more active metal, zinc, (b) A clear solution is obtained due to the formation of
displaces the ions of the less active metal, copper, from calcium bicarbonate Ca(HCO3)2 which is soluble in
the aqueous solution of copper sulphate. water.
The balanced chemical equation is CaCO3 (s) + H 2O(l) + CO 2 (g) → Ca(HCO3 )2 (aq)
Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
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16. A - FeSO4 C - Al2(SO4)3 (b) Combination of two or more compounds to form a
Chemistry

B - CuSO4 D - CuSO4 new compound.

3FeSO 4 + 2Al 
→ Al2 (SO 4 )3 + 3Fe MgO(s) + CO 2 (g) → MgCO3 (s)

(A) (c) The combination of an element and a compound to
3 CuSO 4 + 2Al 
→ Al2 (SO 4 )3 + Cu form a new compound.
(B) 2CO(g) + O 2 (g) 
→ 2CO 2 (g)

Al2 (SO 4 )3 + Fe 
→ No reaction 2. The four ions involved are Na+, CO32– , Ca2+ and Cl–.
(C)
The combinations of Na+ with Cl– and Ca2+ with CO32–
CuSO 4 + Fe 
→ FeSO 4 + Cu produce the compounds NaCl and CaCO3. If both of
(D) these compounds are soluble, no reaction occurs. In
Color change occurs in test tube A, B and D, no color this case, however, CaCO3 is insoluble. Thus a reaction
change will be observed in test tube (C) becuase there is occurs which we can illustrate with a balanced chemical
no reaction. equation.
Al is most reactive because it displace copper and iron Na 2CO3 (aq) + CaCl2 (aq)  → CaCO3 (s) + 2NaCl(aq)
from their sulphate salts.
The equation written in total ionic form is
17. (a) Zn + 2AgNO3 → Zn(NO3)2 + 2Ag
2Na + (aq) + CO32− (aq) + Ca 2+ (aq) + 2Cl− (aq)
As zinc is more reactive than silver, therefore it displaces
silver from its nitrate solution. → CaCO3 (s) + 2Na + (aq) + 2Cl− (aq)


It is a displacement reaction.
The net ionic equation will be
(b) 2KI + Pb(NO3)2 → 2KNO3 + PbI2
Ca 2+ (aq) + CO32− (aq) 
→ CaCO3 (s)
(yellow)
A yellow precipitate of lead iodide is formed. It is a 3. ∆
(a) CaCO3  → CaO + CO 2
precipitation reaction.
(b) H2SO4 + 2NaOH 
→ Na2SO4 + 2H2O
18. When 2 g of AgCl taken in a china dish and placed in
sunlight then it turns to black/grey metallic colured silver (c) 2H2O2 
→ 2H2O + O2
along with the liberation of chlorine gas. (d) 2Al + 2H3PO4 
→ 2AlPO4 + 3H2
The balanced chemical reaction will be- (e) Ca(OH)2 + 2HCl  → CaCl2 + 2H2O
2AgCl → 2Ag + Cl2 4. (a) HBr(aq) + RbOH(aq) 
→ RbBr(aq) + H 2O(l)
This is a decomposition reaction. As the decomposition (b) Ca(s) + 2HNO3 (aq) 
→ Ca(NO3 )2 (aq) + H 2 (g)
reaction is carried out by sunlight so it is called photolytic (c) C10 H8 (s) + 12O 2 (g) 
→10CO 2 (g) + 4H 2O(l)
decomposition reaction.
19. (i) Photo decomposition of silver chloride takes place (d) (NH 4 )2 CrO4 (aq) + BaBr2 (aq) →
which results in formation of silver and colour BaCrO 4 (s) + 2NH 4 Br(aq)
changing to grey. (e) 2Al(OH)3 (s)  → Al2O3 (s) + 3H 2O(g)
2AgCl2 → 2Ag + 2Cl2 5. (a) Decomposition reaction : Carbohydrates are
(ii) Copper undergoes oxidation and black coloured broken down to form glucose. Complex molecule
copper oxide is formed. broken down into simpler molecule during the
2Cu + O2 → 2CuO digestion of food. Therefore it is a decomposition
(iii) Zinc displaces copper from its solution and colour reaction.
of the solution changes from blue to colourless. (b) Redox reaction
Zn (s) + CuSO4 (aq.) → Cu (s) + ZnSO4 (aq.) Oxidation : Fe(s) → Fe2+(aq) + 2e–
Long Answer Questions Reduction : O2(g) + 4H+ (aq) + 4e– → 2H2O(l)
1. There are three different types of combination Overall : 2Fe(s) + O2(g) + 4H+(aq) → 2Fe2+(aq)
reactions: + 2H2O(l)
(a) Combination of an element with another element to (c) Displacement reaction
form a compound. 3MnO 2 + 4Al  → 3Mn + 2Al2O3
2H 2 (g) + O 2 (g) 
→ 2H 2O(l)

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Aluminium being higher in reactivity series 9. When antioxidants are added to food, they act as reducing

Chemical Reactions and Equations

displaces Mn from its compound. Therefore it is an agent. Therefore the fat and oil present in the food do not
example of displacement reaction. get oxidised easily consequently prevent rancidity.
(d) Displacement reaction 10. When magnesium ribbon burns in air, addition of oxygen
Fe + CuSO 4  → FeSO 4 + Cu to magnesium takes place to produce magnesium oxide.

This process accompanied with the evolution of heat and
Iron is placed at higher position than copper in
light due to which dazzling flame observed.
reactivity series. Therefore iron displace copper
from copper sulphate solution which result in the HOTS Questions
formation of FeSO4 leaving behind copper. 1. Substance calcium oxide.
(e) Neutralisation reaction CaO(s) + H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2(aq) + H2(g)
NaOH + HCl  → NaCl + H 2O Ca(OH)2 turns red litmus blue.
NaOH which is a base react with hydrochloric acid 2. The four ions involved are K+, Br–, Sr2+ and ClO4–.
leads to formation of sodium chloride (salt) and An exchange of ions produces the compounds KClO4
water. This is an example of neutralisation reaction. and SrBr2. Both of these compounds are soluble, so no
reaction occurs.
Reasoning Based Questions
3. (a) Ammonia (NH3)
1. Photosynthesis is an endothermic reaction because light (b) Water (H2O) act as reducing agents
energy in the form of sun light is absorbed during the (c) Carbon monoxide (CO)
process by green plants. (d) Hydrogen
2. It is because on electrolysis water decomposes to form Hint-Reducing agents are those substances which have
hydrogen and oxygen in the ratio of 2 : 1 by volume. The the ability of adding hydrogen or removing oxygen from
gas with double volume is hydrogen. the other substances.
3. Iron is oxidized in presence of atmospheric oxygen 4. (a) Li2O + H2O  → 2LiOH
and water to form iron oxide trihydrate (Fe2O3. 3H2O), (b) CaO + H2O  → Ca(OH)2
known as rust. It peels off iron surface exposing fresh (c) SO3 + H2O  → H2SO4
iron surface for further rusting. While, aluminium, 5. First, represent the name of the species involved as
oxidized in presence of atmospheric oxygen to form reactants and products with formulae and indicate their
a thin, transparent and non water-soluble layer of physical states.
aluminium oxide (Al2O3), which shield the metal from C3H8O(l) + O 2 (g)  → CO 2 (g) + H 2O(l)

further oxidation and maintains its metallic shine. Hence,
Next, balance carbon. Place a coefficient of 3 in
the oxidation of iron to rust is a problem for structural
front of CO 2 to balance the carbons in C 3 H 8 O.
engineers but the oxidation of aluminium is not.
Balance the eight hydrogens in C 3H8O by adding a
4. Decomposition reaction
coefficient of 4 in front of H2O.
∆
2FeSO 4 (s) → Fe2O3 (s) + SO 2 (g) + SO3 (g) C3H8O(l) + O 2 (g)  → 3CO 2 (g) + 4H 2O(l)
(green) (brown)
Now note that there are 10 oxygens on the right. On the
Smell of sulphur is due to the formation of SO2 and SO3 left, one oxygen is in C3H8O so nine are needed from
gases. O2. To get an odd number of oxygens from O2 we need
∆
5. 2Pb(NO3 )2(s) → 2PbO(s) + 4NO 2 (g) + O 2 (g) 9 9
to use a fractional coefficient, in this case (i.e., × 2 =9)
(colourless) (yellow) (brown fumes) 2 2
6. AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) → AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq) 9
white ppt.
C3H8O(l) + O 2 (g)  → 3CO 2 (g) + 4H 2O(l)
2
Double displacement reaction.
Finally, we need to clear the fraction so that all
7. CuSO4(aq) + H2S(g) → CuS(s) + H2SO4(aq)
coefficients are whole numbers. Multiply the whole
Black ppt.
equation by 2 and do a quick check.
Double displacement reaction.
2C3H8O(l) + 9O 2 (g)  → 6CO 2 (g) + 8H 2O(l)
8. Reaction between sodium metal and water is highly
exothermic. During the course of the reaction hydrogen 6. (a) Because aluminum oxide is the oxide of a metal, we
gas produces which catches fire easily. would expect it to be an ionic solid. Indeed it is, and
it has a very high melting point, 2072°C.
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(b) In its compounds, aluminum has a 3+ charge, Al3+, 3. (i) BaCl2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) 
→
Chemistry

the oxide ion is O2–, consequently, the formula of BaSO4(s) + 2NaCl(aq)

aluminum oxide is Al2O3. Metal oxides tend to be
(ii) NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) 
→ NaCl(aq) + H2O(aq)
basic and therefore reacts with acids to form salts
and water. In this case the salt formed is aluminum 4. (i) Quick lime – CaO.
nitrate, Al(NO3)3. The balanced chemical equation (ii) CaO(s) + H2O(l)  → Ca(OH)2(aq)
is 5. The gases formed at two electrodes are produced due to
decomposition of water on passing electricity. Since the
Al2O3 (s) + 6HNO3 (aq) 
→ 2Al(NO3 )3 (aq) + 3H 2O(l) electrolysis of water produces 2 volume of hydrogen gas
7. In the activity series that Sn is higher in the series than and 1 volume of oxygen gas, thus we can say that the
Ag. Therefore Sn replaces Ag + ions from solution. ratio of hydrogen and oxygen in water is 2:1 by volume
(a) Sn(s) + 2AgNO3 (aq)  → 2Ag(s) + Sn(NO3 ) 2 (aq) and hence the amount of gas collected in one test tube
(b) In the activity series, H2 is in higher position than Ag. will be double of the amount collected in other.
Therefore, H2 replaces Ag+, but the reverse reaction, 6. As iron is more reactive than copper thus it displaces
the replacement of H+ by Ag, does not occur. No copper from copper sulphate solution.
reaction occurs. Fe(s) + CuSO 4 (aq)  → FeSO 4 (aq) + Cu(s)
(Blue) (Green)
8. (a) Ba(s) + H 2 (g)  → BaH 2 (s)
(b) 8Ba(s) + S8 (g) 
→ 8BaS(s) In this way concentration of copper sulphate decreases
while concentration of ferrous sulphate increases. As a
(c) Ba(s) + Br2 (l) 
→ BaBr2 (s)
result colour changes from blue to green.
(d) 3Ba(s) + N 2 (g) 
→ Ba 3 N 2 (s) 7. AlCl3 (aq) + 3NH 4OH(aq)  →
Case Study Based MCQs Aluminium
chloride
Ammonium
hydroxide
1. (i) (b)
Al(OH)3 (s) + 3NH 4Cl(aq)
(ii) (d) It is an example of displacement reaction. In Aluminium Ammonium
it Al metal displaces iron from Fe2O3 when hydroxide chloride

reaction is carried out in aqueous solution. 8. (i)

oxidation
Oxidation
0 0 +1–2
Mg + CuO → MgO + Cu 4Na + O2 → 2Na2O
(iii) (c) a. Reduction reduction
   b. Copper is displaced by Mg. Therefore, Na is oxidised to Na+and O2 is reduced to
(iv) (d) As in all above reactions complex substances O2–.
decomposes to give simple subtances. (ii) reduction

(v) (a) As here H2 gets oxidised and CuO reduced +2 0 0 –1

CuO + H2 → Cu + H2O
to Cu.
oxidation
+2
Therefore, CuO is reduced to Cu and H2 is oxidised to
H+.
Text - Book Questions
1. Magnesium ribbon has a coating of basic magnesium Text - Book Exercise
carbonate on its surface, which is formed by a slow action 1. (a) The statements (i) and (ii) are incorrect because PbO
of moist air on it. Therefore before burning it in air, it is is getting reduced, not Pb, similarly C is getting
cleaned by a sand paper which removes the protective oxidized not CO2.
layer of basic magnesium carbonate from the surface of 2. (d) The given reaction is an example of displacement
magnesium ribbon, so that it can easily burn. reaction as in this reaction Al displaces Fe from
2. (i) H2(g) + Cl2(g) 
→ 2HCl(g) Fe2O3.
3. (a) Fe(s) + 2HCl(aq)  → FeCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)
(ii) 3BaCl2(aq) + Al2(SO4)3(aq) 
→
4. Balanced chemical equation: – A chemical equation
3BaSO4(s) + 2AlCl3(aq) is said to be balanced if the number of atoms of each
(iii) 2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) 
→ 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g) element participating in the reaction are equal on both
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side of the equation. The chemical reaction should be 12. Displacement reaction : – In this reaction an element

Chemical Reactions and Equations

balanced because law of conservation of mass states that which is more reactive displaces the other element which
‘In a chemical reaction total mass of the reactant must be is less reactive from its salt solution. e.g.
equal to the total mass of the product’. Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq)  → FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
5. (a) N 2 (g) + 3H 2 (g)  → 2NH3 (g) Double displacement reaction : – In this reaction
(b) 2H 2S(g) + 3O 2 (g)  → 2H 2O(l) + 2SO 2 (g) exchange of ions between two reactants takes place. e.g.
(c) 3BaCl2(aq) + Al2(SO4)3 (s)  → BaCl2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq)  → BaSO4(s) + 2NaCl(aq)
3BaSO4(s) + 2AlCl3(aq) 13. Cu(s) + 2AgNO3(aq)  → Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2Ag(s)
(d) 2K(s) + 2H 2O(l)  → 2KOH(aq) + H 2 (g) 14. Those reactions which produce an insoluble product or
6. (a) 2HNO3 + Ca(OH)2  → Ca(NO3)2 + 2H2O precipitate are known as precipitation reaction. e.g.
(b) 2NaOH + H2SO4  → Na2SO4 + 2H2O AgNO3(aq) + NaCl (aq)  → AgCl(s) ↓ + NaNO3(aq)
(c) AgNO3 + NaCl  → AgCl + NaNO3 ∆
15. 2Cu + O2  → 2CuO
(d) BaCl2 + H2SO4  → BaSO4 + 2HCl
brown from air Cuprous Oxide
7. (a) Ca(OH)2 + CO2  → CaCO3 + H2O
(Black)
(b) Zn + 2AgNO3  → Zn(NO3)2 + 2Ag
16. To prevent iron articles from rusting, we apply paint on
(c) 2Al + 3CuCl2  → 2AlCl3 + 3Cu
it, by which iron does not come in contact with air and
(d) BaCl2 + K2SO4  → BaSO4 + 2KCl.
moisture which causes rusting.
8. (a) 2KBr(aq) + BaI2(aq)  → 2KI(aq) + BaBr2(aq)
17. When the oil and fat containing food is surrounded by
(b) ZnCO3(s)  → ZnO(s) + CO2(g)
unreactive gas nitrogen, oxygen become unavailable to
(c) H2(g) + Cl2(g)  → 2HCl (g)
cause oxidation and therefore prevent rancidity.
(d) Mg(g) + 2HCl(aq)  → MgCl2 (aq) + H2(g)
18. Corrosion : – It is a process in which metals are eaten
9. Exothermic reaction : – Those reactions which occur
up gradually by the action of air, moisture or a chemical
with the evolution of heat are exothermic reactions. e.g.
on their surface. For example rusting of iron.
2NaOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq)  →
Rancidity – When fat and oil containing food is oxidised
Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l) + heat
with air or oxygen, their smell and taste changes. This
Endothermic reaction : – Those reactions which occur
process is called rancidity.
with the absorption of heat are endothermic reactions. heat
19. (i) CaCO3 (s)  → CaO(s) + CO2 (g)
e.g.
heat sunlight
2Pb(NO3)2(s)  → 2PbO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g) (ii) 2AgCl(s) 
→ 2Ag(s) + Cl2 (g)
10. Respiration is the most important biochemical reaction electricity
(iii) 2H 2O(l) 
→ 2H 2 (g) + O 2 (g)
which releases energy in the cell. When we breathe air
(oxygen) enters into our lungs and oxygen binds itself Exemplar Questions
to haemoglobin present in red blood cells (RBC). It
1. (i) x → (s)
is then carried to million of cells present in our body.
y → (aq)
Respiration occurs in these cells and is accompanied by
(ii) x → 2Ag
the combustion of glucose (C6H12O6) producing carbon
(iii) x → (aq), y → (g)
dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). A large amount of energy
(iv) x → Heat
is released in this chemical reaction.
2. Grapes when attached to the plants are living and therefore
C6 H12O6 (s) + 6O 2 (aq) 
→ their own immune system prevents fermentation. The
Glucose (air)
microbes can grow in the plucked grapes and under anaerobic
6CO 2 (g) + 6H 2O(l) + 2820KJ conditions these can be fermented. This is a chemical change.
Since the process is accompanied by release of energy 3. (i) Silver metal does not react with dilute HCl.
so it is considered as an exothermic reaction. (ii) The temperature of the reaction mixture rises when
11. During decomposition reaction a single reactant aluminium is added because it is an exothermic reaction.
decompose to form two or more products, whereas in (iii) Reaction of sodium metal is found to be highly
combination reaction two or more reactants react to form explosive because it is an exothermic reaction.
a single product. e.g. (iv) When lead is treated with hydrochloric acid, bubbles
of hydrogen gas are evolved.
N2 + 3H2  → 2NH3 (Combination reaction)
∆ Pb + 2HCl → PbCl2 + H2
2H2O → 2H2 + O2 (Decomposition reaction)
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6. (c)
Chemistry
Heat
4. 2FeSO4(s)  → Fe2O3(s) + SO2(g) + SO3(g)
It is a thermal decomposition reaction. 7. (c) Cu + 4HNO3 
→ Cu(NO 3 )2 + 2NO2 + 2H 2O
5. (A) When solutions are kept in copper container. 8. (b) 9. (d)
(i) Dilute HCl 10. (b) Here H2S is behaves as a reducing agent and
Copper does not react with dilute HCl. Therefore, it oxidises to H2O .
can be kept. Oxidation
(ii) Dilute HNO3
Nitric acid acts as a strong oxidising agent and 11. (a) CuO + H2 → Cu + H2O
reacts with copper vessel, therefore cannot be kept. Reduction
(iii) ZnCl2
12. (b) 13. (d)
Zinc is more reactive than copper (Cu) therefore, no
displacement reaction occurs and hence can be kept. 14. (b) Na 2CO3 + 2HCl 
→ 2NaCl + CO 2 + H 2O
(iv) H2O 15. (b) The reaction represents a neutralisation reaction in
Copper does not react with water. Therefore, can be which base (NaOH) reacts with an acid (HNO3) to
kept. form salt (NaNO3) and water (H2O).
(B) When solutions are kept in aluminium containers. 16. (d)
(i) Dilute HCl 17. (a) White silver chloride in sunlight turns to grey.
Aluminium reacts with dilute HCl to form its salt 18. (b)
and hydrogen is evolved. Therefore, cannot be kept. ∆
19. (a) 2Cu + O 2 → 2CuO
2Al + 6HCl → 2AlCl3 + 3H2 Black
(ii) Dilute HNO3 (Oxidation)
20. (a) 4P + 3O 2 → 2P2O3
Aluminium gets oxidised by dilute HNO3 to form a
layer of Al2O3 and cannot be kept. (Oxidation)
(iii) ZnCl2 4P + 5O 2 → 2P2O5
Aluminium being more reactive than zinc can 21. (b) 2Fe(s) + O2(g) + 4H+(aq) → 2Fe2+(aq) + 2H2O(l)
displace zinc ion from the solution. Therefore, the 22. (c) Gold is least reactive hence does not corrode at all.
solution cannot be kept. ∆
23. (a) CaCO3 → CaO + CO 2
2Al + 3ZnCl2 → 2AlCl3 + 3Zn
Reduction
(iv) H2O
Aluminium does not react with cold or hot water. 24. (c) FeCl3 + H2S FeCl2 + HCl + S
Therefore, water can be kept.
Oxidation
Aluminium is attacked by steam to form aluminium
oxide and hydrogen gas. In the given reaction H2S undergoes oxidation,
2A1(s) + 3H2O(g) → Al2O3(s) + 3H2(g) hence behave as a reducing agent.
reduction
25. (a)
+1 0 +2
2C uI → C u + C uI 2 . Oxidation and reduction both
Multiple Choice Questions oxidation
1. (b) Except (b) all other reactions involve compounds. occur so the reaction is redox.
26. (a) Cu is more reactive than Ag.
CuSO 4 + H 2S 
→ CuS + H 2SO 4 0 +1
Cu + 2AgNO3 
(blue) (black) → CuNO3 + 2Ag
(double decomposition reaction)
+2 0
2. (d) 27. (b) Zn(aq) + 2e− 
→ Z n(s) ; reduction
3. (c) Iron is more reactive than copper, hence Cu will not 28. (b) HCl + Na 2CO3 
→ NaCl(aq)+ CO 2 + H 2O
displace iron from iron sulphate, hence no reaction (A) (B) (C) (D)
will take place.
CO 2 + NH3 + NaCl(aq)  → NaHCO3 + NH 4Cl
4. (b) Zn + 2HCl  → ZnCl2 + H 2 Baking soda

Hydrogen gas burns with a pop sound.
Hence A & B are HCl and Na2CO3
5. (c) Na 2CO3 + 2HCl 
→ 2NaCl + H 2O + CO 2
29. (d) Water gas → CO + H2
Na 2CO3 + NaOH 
→ no reaction
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30. (*) Let the oxidation state of S be x 36. (a) On thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate

Chemical Reactions and Equations

(i) H2S ∆
CaCO3 → CaO + CO 2
\2+x=0 100 g 56 g 44 g

x= -2 44 g CO2 is formed from 100 g CaCO3

100
(ii) CS2 4.40 g CO is formed from × 44 = 10 g CaCO3
44
4 + 2x = 0 ⇒ x = - 2
If mass of CaCO3 is 10 g, then weight of empty test tube
(iii) Na2SO4
= 30.08 – 10.0 = 20.08 g
2(+1) + x + 4(- 2) = 0
37. (d) A-III, B-I, C-II, D-IV
2+x-8=0 38. (d) Zn and Al are more reactive than iron, therefore
x=+6 they will displace iron from its salt solution giving black
(iv) Na2SO3 residue, while Cu being less reactive than iron will not
2(+1) + x + 3(- 2) = 0 able to displace iron from its salt solution.
2+x-6=0 FeSO4 + 2Al → Al2(SO4)3 + 3Fe
x=+4 FeSO4 + Zn → ZnSO4 + Fe
None of these, option is correct. FeSO4 + Cu → No reaction
31. (c) Conversion of liquid to gas is endothermic process. FeSO4 + Fe → No reaction
32. (b) (vapour)
More than One Correct Option
heat
(solid) A B + HCl
cool (vapour) 1. (a,b,c,d)
NH4Cl NH3
Reduction
heat NaOH (aq.)
2. (a, c) PbO + C Pb + CO
HCl (con)
C → D NH4Cl Oxidation
Since C oxidizes itself and reduces PbO hence acts as
NH3(g)
(shake
H2O reducing agent.
well) ∆
3. (a,b,c) 2Pb(NO3 )2 → 2PbO + 4NO 2 + O 2
E HCl ∆
(acidic soln.) 4. (a,b) CaCO3 → CaO + CO 2
lime stone
A = NH4Cl; D = NH4Cl
Hence correct statement is: A and D are chemically 5. (a,b,c) 4FeSO 4 
→ 2Fe2O3 + 4SO 2 + O 2
same. 6. (a,b,d)
33. (a) Let the oxidation state of P-atom in POCl3, H2PO3 7. (a,b,d) On dissolving conc. H2SO4 in water heat is
and H4P2O6 be x. liberated, hence it is an exothermic process.
(i) POCl3 8. (c,d) (a) is combination. (b) is decomposition.
x + 1(–2) + 3(–1) = 0 9. (a,c)   Oxidation involves removal of H or addition of
x–2–3=0 O.
x=+5 10. (a, b)
(ii) H2PO3 11. (a, b) 2KClO3  → 2KCl + 3O2
2(1) + x + 3(–2) = 0 12. (c, d) 13. (a, b, c)
2+x–6=0 14. (b, c, d) 15. (b, c)
x=+4 Passage Based Questions
(iii) H4P2O6 1. (c) Copper can displace silver from its salt solution since
4(1) + 2x + 6(–2) = 0 copper is more reactive than silver.
4 + 2x – 12 = 0 Cu + AgNO3 → CuNO3 + Ag
2x = 8 2. (b) Oxides of metals above iron resist conversion to the
x = + 4. free metal when heated with hydrogen.
34. (d) Respiration is oxidation and exothermic process. 3. (d) because elements near the bottom are so unreactive
35. (d) Layer of silver sulphide deposited on the silver that usually they remain free in nature.
articles when exposed to air.
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Assertion & Reason (c) Let oxidation number of N in NH3 = x
Chemistry
11.
Reduction \ x + (+ 1 × 3) = 0
or x=–3
+2 +2 +4 +1 12. (d) In H2O2 : ⇒ 2 × (+1) + 2 × x = 0 ⇒ x = –1
1. (c) SnCl2 + 2HgCl2 → SnCl4 + Hg2Cl2
In CO2 : ⇒ 4 + 2x = 0 ⇒ x = –2
Oxidation (Reducing agent) In H2O : ⇒ 2 × (+1) + x = 0 ⇒ x = –2
Hg2Cl2 + SnCl2 → 2Hg + SnCl4 In F2O : ⇒ 2 × (–1) + x = 0 ⇒ x = +2
2. (b) Corrosion occurs due to oxidation of iron. 13. (d) In (a), (b) and (c) H2O2 acts as oxidising agent.
3. (a) 14. (c) The value of x, y, z are 8, 4, 4 respectively hence the
4. (d) A reducing agent is a substance which oxidizes reaction is
itself but reduces others i.e., looses electrons. H 2SO 4 + 8HI → H 2S + 4I 2 + 4H 2O

5. (a) 15. (b) 2C2H6(g) + 7O2(g) → 4CO2(g) + 6H2O(l)
Multiple Matching Questions 16. (a) Balanced equation is :
H2C2O4 + H2O2 → 2CO2 + 2H2O
1. (a)
17. (a) In the reaction
Integer/Numerical Value Type Questions Oxidation
+4 +1 +6 0
1. 2 Na2CO3 + 2HCl 
→ 2NaCl + CO2 + H2O XeF4 + O2F2 → XeF6 + O2
2. 4 2N 2O5  → 4NO 2 + O 2 Reduction
3. 2
(c) In Cr2O37− , let the oxidation state of Cr be x.
18.
(C) and (D) are decomposition and redox reactions,
∴ 2(x) + 7 (–2) = – 2
respectively.
4. 1 2x – 14 = –2
In (B) reaction, heat is absorbed and therefore it is an 2x = 12
endothermic reaction. x = +6
In ClO – , let the oxidation state of Cl be x.
∴ 1(x) + 3 (–2) = –1
1. (a) Losing of electron is called oxidation. x–6=–1
x = +5
2. (b) It is the process in which electrons are gained
(electronation). 19. (c) [Cr (H2O)6] Cl3
⇒ x + 6 × 0 + (– 1) × 3 = 0
3. (b) Zn2+ + 2e– → Zn(s)
⇒ x = +3
Here electrons are add on Zn2+ to form Zn.
[Cr (C6H6)2]
4. (a)
x + 2 × 0 = 0 ; x = 0
(i) Oxidation state of element in its free state is zero.
K2 [Cr (CN)2 (O)2 (O2) (NH3)]
(ii) Sum of oxidation states of all atoms in compound is
2 × 1 + x + 2 × (– 1) + 2 × (– 2) + (– 2) + 0 = 0
zero.
x = + 6
O.N. of S in S8 = 0; O.N. of S in S2F2 = + 1;
+5 +2 0 −3
O.N. of S in H2S = –2; 20. (a) HNO3 , NO, N2 , NH4Cl
5. (c) O.N. of C is zero in CH2Cl2 +7 +2
6. (d) OsO4 21. (b) → Mn2+; 5e – gain
MnO 4–  ...(i)
+3 +4
Let O.N. of Os be x then 1 × (x) + 4(–2) = 0
→ CO 2 ; 2e− loss
C O 2–  ...(ii)
2 4
∴ x = 8
Multiplying (i) by 2 and (ii) by 5 to balance e–
7. (a) Fe(CO)5 is metal carbonyl, hence O.N. of Fe is zero. – 2–
→ 2 Mn 2+ + 10 CO 2
8. (a) Charge on an atom is called its oxidation number. 2 MnO 4 + 5 C2O 4 
On balancing charge;
So, oxidation no. of S2– is –2.
9. (a) 1 + x + 4 × (– 2) = 0; x = + 7 – 2– +
2 MnO 4 + 5 C2O 4 + 16 H 
→
10. (a) Ox. No. of an element in uncombined state = 0.
2 Mn 2+ + 10 CO 2 + 8 H 2O

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22. (d) (Oxide) (Oxidation state)

Chemical Reactions and Equations

−2e−
N2O +1 29. (a, d) Sn 2+ → Sn 4+
NO +2 In this reaction Sn2+ changes to Sn4+ and this
represents oxidation reaction.
N2O3 +3
30. (a) Both assertion and reason are true and
NO2 +4
reason is the correct explanation of assertion
So, N2O < NO < N2O3 < NO2 Oxidation loss of 2e–
−4 +4
23. (b) CH 4 (g) + 4Cl2 (g) → CCl4 (l ) + 4HCl (g) Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq) → Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s)
Change in oxidation state of carbon is –4 to +4.
24. (a, b) O.N. of N in NO2 and N2O4 is +4 Reduction gain of 2e–

∴ difference is zero. 31. (b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not
O.N. of P in P2O5 and P4O10 is +5 \difference is the correct explanation of assertion.
zero In general, oxidation is the loss of electrons and the
O.N. of N in N2O is +1 and in NO is +2. The difference reactant like magnesium that loses electron acts as
is 1 a reductant or reducing agent.
O.N. of S in SO2 is +4 and in SO3 is +6. The difference 32. (a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the
is +2. correct explanation of assertion.
25. (a, b, c) In redox reactions oxidation and reduction take
33. (b) 34. (a)
place side by side.
35. (c) PO3–
4 ⇒ x + 4 (– 2) = – 3
Cu 2S + 2FeO → 2Cu + 2Fe + SO 2 .
x–8= –3
O.N. of Cu changes from +1 to 0 (reduction)
x= +5
and O.N. of S changes from –2 to +4 (oxidation).
Hence (d) is redox reaction. SO 2– 4 ⇒ x + 4 (– 2) = – 2
26. (b, c, d) x–8= –2
+5 +3 x= +6
27. (a, b, d) VO 2+ 
→ V2O3 (Reduction) 36. (d) In H2O2 : ⇒ 2 × (+1) + 2 × x = 0
→ Na + (Oxidation) ⇒ x = –1
Na 
In CO2 : ⇒ 4 + 2x = 0 ⇒ x = –2
2+
Zn → Zn(Reduction) In H2O : ⇒ 2 × (+1) + x = 0 ⇒ x = –2
* * In F2O : ⇒ 2 × (–1) + x = 0 ⇒ x = +2
2−
C r2O72−
C rO 4 37. (d) NH3 : x + 3 (1) = 0
x + [(–2) × 4] = – 2 2x + (– 2) × 7 = – 2 x = –3
NH2OH : x + 2 + 1 (–2) + 1 = 0
x = 8 – 2 = + 6 2x = 14 – 2 = 12,
x+1=0
12
x= = +6 x = –1
2
N2 : 0
In this reaction oxidation and reduction are not NO2 : x + 2 (–2) = 0
involved because there is no change in oxidation x=4
number. 38. 2 Calculating the oxidation state of nitrogen in given
28. (a, b, c) The reaction in which both oxidation and molecules;
reduction take place simultaneously is called redox Oxidation state of N in NH3 is
reaction. x + 3 × (+ 1) = 0 or x = – 3
– 2e– (oxidation) Oxidation state on N in HNO3 is
O
+3 +2 +2 +4 1 + x + 3 × (– 2) = 0 or x = + 5
2 FeCl 3 + SnCl 2 ?? → 2FeCl 2 + SnCl 4 Oxidation state of N in Mg3N2 is
3 × 2 + 2x = 0 or x = –3

–
+ e (reduction)
Thus 2 molecules (i.e. NH3 and Mg3N2 have nitrogen
Therefore only (d) is redox reaction. in negative oxidation state.
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39. 0 Gas X may be either SO2 or SO3 and Y may be either
Chemistry
O.N. of Cr in K 2Cr2O7 : 2 + 2x – 14 = 0
2x = 12, x = 6 SO2 or SO3.
As given, X forms sulfurous acid, H2SO3 that means
O.N. of Cr in K 2CrO 4 : 2 + x – 8 = 0
X will be SO2 and Y forms sulfuric acid, H2SO4 that
x=6 means Y will be SO3. Thus, X and Y are SO2 and SO3
\Change in O.N. of Cr = 6 – 6 = 0 respectively.
40. 4 Balanced equation is
SO 2 + H 2O 
→ H 2SO3
PbS + 4H2O2 → PbSO4 + 4H2O (X) Sulfurous acid
41. 0 Let the oxidation no. of S be x
SO3 + H 2O 
→ H 2SO 4
O. N of CH3 = + 1 (Y) Sulfuric acid
O. N of O = – 2
Molar mass of X = atomic mass of sulphur + 2 (atomic
2(+1) + x + (– 2) = 0 mass of oxygen)
x=0 = 32 + 2(16) = 64 g/mol.
42. 2 Nitrous acid HNO2 Similarly,
( + 1) + x + 2(– 2) = 0 Molar mass of Y = 32 + 3(16) = 80 g/mol.
x=+3 3. As the given properties, it is suggested that the metal M is
Nitric acid HNO3 Na and gas is Cl2. Therefore, salt is NaCl, which exhibits
white colour. NaCl on electrical decomposition produces
(+ 1) + x + 3 (– 2) = 0 ⇒ x = + 5
Na and Cl2. So, this reaction is a type of decomposition
Think out of the Box reaction.
Electrical
Case Study-1 2NaCl(l) → 2Na(s) + Cl2 (g)
Decomposition
Sodium Sodium
1. White fumes of ammonium chloride form by the Chlorine gas
chloride metal
combination of NH3 and HCl. Thus, gas Y and Z are HCl (molten)
and NH3 respectively. Therefore, HCl gas should form by
the reaction of hydrogen gas with chlorine gas (Cl2). The Case Study-2
chemical reaction involved in the process can be written 1. (i) Displacement reaction
as follows: (ii) Double displacement reaction

combination
(iii) Displacement reaction
H 2 (g) + Cl2 (g) → HCl(g)
Hydrogen Chlorine (X) Hydrogen chloride 2. (i) X = Zn, Y = Cu
(Y)
(ii) Copper sulphate (CuSO4)
combination
HCl (g) + NH3 (g) → NH 4Cl(s) (iii) Displacement reaction
Hydrogen chloride (Y) Ammonia (Z) Ammonium chloride
Zn (s) + CuSO 4 (aq) 
→ ZnSO 4 (q) + Cu(s)
2. In the first reaction the green colour of ferrous sulphate X
changes to brown due to the formation of ferric oxide. 3. The order of reactivity is
∆
2FeSO 4 (s) → Fe2O3 (s) + SO 2 (g) + SO3 (g) Au < Ag < H < Pb < Ni < Fe < Cr < Na < K
decomposition
Ferrous sulphate Ferric oxide Sulphur Sulphur
(green colour) (brown colour) dioxide trioxide