Shoulder
Landmarks
1. Medially . clavicle , Acromion, Medial border of scapula.
2. Laterally. Acromion,Spine of scapula
3. Anteriorly coracoid process Anterior age of acromion
4. [Link]
Muscles of Shoulder
Rotator cuff muscles
Supra and infraspinatus muscle
Terus minor
Terus major
Movement and Motions disabled by cast Application
Rotation .external and internal rotation of Shoulder
Circumduction of shoulder
Extension and flexion of shoulder
Upward and downward movement posterior and anterior movement of shoulder
Pressure sensitive areas of Shoulder
-this are bony prominent areas they include
Glenohumeral joint
Acromion clavicular joint
Axillary fossa
Sterno clavicular joint
Acromion projection
Pressure tolerant area include .soft tissue lignings .
Head of humerus and anteriorly
HUMERUS
Landmarks
Medially . Medial epicondyle distal
Laterally .Lateral epicondyle distal humerus
[Link] tubercle and deltoid tuberosity
Posteriorly. Radial groove
Internally. Cubital fossa
Muscles enclosed on Humerus
Coracobrachialis
Biceps
Triceps
Nerve supply and blood supply
-brachial plexus an brachial artery
Movements disabled by cast Application
Flexion of forearm
Extension of fore Arm
Pressure sensitive areas of Humerus
Greater tuberosity
Lesser tubercle
Deltoid tuberosity
Pressure tolerant areas thes are soft tissue lignings of the
humerus like the muscles lignings .biceps and triceps muscles
Shaft of humerus
Forces affecting the part .
[Link] force .
Radius and Ulna (ForeArm)
Landmarks
[Link] styloid process and ulnar bone
[Link] bone and radial styloid process
[Link] notch and Interociouss. Membrane
Internally .Radial notch
Muscles covered by fore Arm
-Brachioradialis
-flexor and extensior Carpi ulnaris and Radialis
-Pronator Teres
Blood vessels
-median Artery
-Ulna Artery
-radial Artery
Nerve supply
-Ulna Nerve
-Radial Nerve
-Median Nerve
Forces affecting the part .
-muscular force and contact force and shear force
Pressure sensitive areas
Styloid process of Radius
Radio ulna notch of wrist
Scaphoid bone
Pressure tolerant areas
Interoceaous membrane
Shaft of radius and ulna
ELBOW
1>Landmarks
(I)medially:medial epicondyle of the humerus, ulnar nerve
(ii) laterally: lateral epicondyle, radial nerve
(III) Anteriorly: Brachial artery, median nerve
(iv) Posteriorly: Olecranon process of the ulna, posterior interosseous nerve
(v) Internally:Cubitol fossa, brachial artery, median nerve
2: Pressure sensitive area
✓Over the bony prominences of the elbow such as;
>medial and lateral epicondyles
>Olecranon process
✓Too much pressure in this area can cause;
>Discomfort
>Skin breakdown
>Potential nerve or Vascular damage.
3: Pressure tolerance area when the splint is applied
✓over the soft tissues of the forearm and upper arm
4:Motions restrained by the splint
>Flexion and extension of the elbow joint
>Supination and pronation of the forearm
>Rotation of the upper arm
5: Muscles covered by the splint
>Biceps brachii
>Triceps brachii
>Brachial is
>Brachioradialis
>Pronator there's
>supinator
6:Internal forces affecting the part
✓Tensile forces applied by muscles and tendons during movement
✓The compressive forces experienced during weight bearing activities
✓Shear forces that occur during rotational movements
7:Bones enclosed in the splint
-Humerus
-Radius
-Ulna
8: Articulating surfaces within the splint
✓Trochlea of the humerus which articulates with the trochlear notch of the ulna forming humero-ulna
joint.
9: Effects of improper splint application to the part
>Inadequate immobilization of the injured area
>Restriction of blood flow
>Discomfort
>Skin breakdown/pressure sores
10:Types of injuries likely to emerge within that area
✓Fractures of the distal humerus
✓Fractures of proximal ulna or radius
✓Dislocation of elbow joint
✓Ligament sprains or tears
✓Muscle strains
✓Nerve injuries such as;ulna nerve compression or radial nerve palsy
✓Vascular injuries such as brachial artery damage.