Risk, Reliability & Integrity of Offshore
Structure
Dr. Ahmad Mahamad al Yacouby
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS,
Malaysia
© 2020 Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS
All rights reserved
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without the permission of the copyright owner
Offshore structures consist of offshore oil platforms
and offshore wind turbines (OWTs). They are special type of
complex structures. The offshore oil platforms are large-
scale structures situated in the sea. They can accommodate the
facilities and equipment to drill, extract, and process oil and natural
gases
Overview of Offshore Platforms
Fixed Compliant
Supported
Bottom
Jacket Gravity Based Structures Jack-up Compliant
Floating
FPSO Semi-Sub TLP SPAR FLNG/Offloading
Overview of Offshore Platforms
Operational water depth for offshore platforms
Overview of Offshore Platforms
Classification of water depths
< 300 meters – Shallow water
< 1500 meters – Deep water
> 1500 meters – Ultra deep water
(DNV, 2013)
For design and analysis of marine structures, calculating wave loads and load
combinations is the first step in marine structural design. For structural design and
analysis, a structural engineer needs to understand the basic concepts of waves,
motions, and design loads.
FUNDAMENTAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
• They shall perform adequately under all expected actions –
• They shall withstand extreme and/or frequently repeated actions occurring during
their construction and anticipated use
• They shall not be damaged by events like fire, explosions, impact or consequences of
human errors, to an extent disproportionate to the original cause [a robustness
requirement].
Note: The appropriate degree of reliability should be judged with due regard to the
possible consequences of failure and the expense, level of effort and procedures
necessary to reduce the risk of failure.
• Deterministic Design and Assessment Procedures
• Probabilistic Design and Assessment Procedures
• Mode of Failures
• Treatment of Gross or Human Error
Deterministic Design
and Assessment
Procedures
Deterministic design methods include the following:
Design by geometric Ratio (Such rules work well with masonry where stresses are generally low
and where failure involves rigid body motion)
Load factor design Load factor design (Accidental overload leading, Geometric imperfections,
Imperfections in the material)
Allowable stress design Linear elastic theories: Euler (born in 1757), Coulomb (1773), Navier (1826),
Saint-Venant (1855), Mohr (1874), Castigliano (1879), Timoshenko (1910),
etc..
Limit state design Working-Stress Design (WSD) , Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)
Deterministic reliability methods are design methods in which appropriate degrees of
structural reliability are provided on a structural element basis (occasionally on a structural
basis) by the use of a number of partial safety factors, or partial coefficients, related to pre-
defined characteristic or nominal values of the major structural and loading variables.
Deterministic methods of design or safety checking can be defined as Level 1 design methods.
The main disadvantages of all deterministic design methods are that:
1 Properties and partial safety factors (where used) are often not given as best estimates
or most likely values, with the result that it is not possible to estimate the most likely
strength of the structure.
2 The risk of failure or collapse, or the overload necessary to cause failure or collapse, may vary
widely for different structural members and components, and different types of structure.
3 The assumption that most design parameters are known constants rather than statistical
variables is in most cases a gross simplification.
4 The safety factor approach is not so easy to apply in assessment of existing structures and for
making maintenance decisions.
PROBABILISTIC DESIGN
AND ASSESSMENT
PROCEDURES
Variations in the values of the basic engineering parameters occur because of the
natural physical variability, because of poor information, and because of accidental
events involving human error. In the past, emphasis has been focused on the former
categories, but the last is equally if not more important.
In addition to the uncertainties associated with
the individual load and strength parameters
(basic variables) which are mentioned above, it
is well known that both the methods of global
analysis and the equations used for assessing
the strength of individual components are not
exact.
Global analysis model uncertainty: The differences between real and predicted behavior
1 In the case of global structural analysis, the true properties of the
materials and components often deviate from the idealisations on
which the methods are based.
2 Practical structural systems exhibit behavior that is nonlinear and
dynamic, and have properties that are time-dependent, strain-rate
dependent and spatially non-uniform.
3 Most practical structures are statically indeterminate and contain
high levels of residual forces (and hence stresses) resulting from
the particular fabrication and installation sequence adopted; in
addition they often contain so-called non-structural components
which are normally ignored in the analysis, but which often
contribute in a significant way, particularly to stiffness
Variability
Deterministic Design Approach Probabilistic Design Approach
The variability in load and strength parameters In Probabilistic methods the variability in
(including model uncertainty) arising from the basic design variables, including model
physical variability and inadequacies in uncertainty, is taken into account directly in the
modelling are allowed for in deterministic probabilistic modelling of the quantities.
design and assessment procedures by an
appropriate choice of safety factors and by an
appropriate degree of bias in the Code design
equations.
MODE OF FAILURES
Failure Models
The structural reliability analysis for the various failure
modes requires accurate models to predict failure. For
the most part, the failure models may be adapted from
the existing deterministic models used for assessment.
Basic Variable Statistics
The uncertainty and variability of the basic variables also needs to be
assessed
Basic variables include:
✓ Geometric Parameters (Wall Thickness, Diameter,)
✓ Material Parameters ( Young’s Modulus, Fracture Toughness, Etc., )
✓ Model Uncertainties For The Various Failure Models,
✓ Corrosion Rates, Etc.
TREATMENT OF GROSS
OR HUMAN ERROR
OECU
OFFSHORE ENGINEERING CENTER UTP
Class of offshore failure due to natural hazards
Technical
Observation :Wave force exceed the structural resistance
Human
Design
Inadequate design for imposed force
Safety factors
Fabrication deficiencies
Inadequate state of art in offshore engineering
Errors and omission during design for fabrication
GROSS ERROR
A gross error may be defined as a major or fundamental mistake in some aspect of
the processes of planning, design, analysis, construction, use or maintenance of a
structure that has the potential for causing failure .
Human errors can be individual acts, and may be:
• Deliberate acts - sharp practice, fraud, theft, etc.
• Non-deliberate acts
- Obvious: inexperience, negligence
- Subtle: new material, new structural type, new
construction procedure
• Human errors can also be resulted due to:
• Stress and overwork
• Bad practice, poor communication, etc.
OECU
OFFSHORE ENGINEERING CENTER UTP
A- Alexander [Link] -
B- Ocean Ranger, flooding and
fatigue failure, progressive
capsizing, new Found land, 1982
failure, and capsizing, North
Sea, 1980
C- Piper Alpha fire and D- P-36 explosion, flooding
explosion, North sea, 1988 and capsizing, brazil, 2001
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YOU
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