Answer key

1 People and relationships verb noun adjective

claim claim X
Practice exercises define definition X

1 Circle: parent, sibling, spouse evaluate evaluation evaluative

Underline: client, colleague, employer investigate investigation investigative
2 1 d 2 f 3c X evidence evident
3 1 efficient 2 flexible 4 idealistic hypothesize hypothesis hypothetical
theorize theory theoretical
41c 2d 3a 4b 5e 6c
4 1 define 2 evaluative 3 investigate
5 1 siblings 2 care, attention 3 differences
4 evident 5 hypothesis 6 theoretical
4 effectively, others 5 make, decisions 6 normal
5 1 evaluate 2 hypothesis 3 evidence
4 investigation 5 definition
Exam practice
1C 2B 3A 4C 5B Exam practice
1 claim 2 evaluate 3 define 4 Linguists

2 Health 5 analyses 6 Archaeologists 7 investigate

8 geology 9 astronomers 10 evidence

Practice exercises
1Circle: heart disease, allergies, 4 Adventure
obesity, stroke, addiction
Underline: infection, dehydration Practice exercises
3 1 health conditions, diseases 2 addiction 1 1 c 2 f 3a 4b 5 d 6e
3 infectious agents 4 immunizing venture seek accompany reschedule
4 1 admit 2 examine _ 3 diagnose 4 treat encounter overcome
5 discharge
2 1 a look for 5 a journey
5 1 e 2c 3b 4a 5d
1 b seek 5 b itinerary

Exam practice 2 a dreary 6 a profound

1 True 2 Not given 3 True 4 True 5 burden 2 b dull 6 b intense
6 is diagnosed 7 who took part 3 a destination 7 a significant
3 b goal 7 b pivotal
4 a encounter
3 Education 4 b meet
8 a valuable
8 b priceless
3 1 itinerary2 seek 3 journey 4 encounter
Practice exercises
5 dreary 6 pivotal 7 meet 8 profound
1 1 archaeology - b
2 astronomy - g
Exam practice
3 economics - d
1 exploring 2 intense 3 journey 4 challenge
4 geology - e
5 overcome 6 valuable 7 priceless
5 linguistics-f
6 psychology - a
7 sociology - c
2 1 astronomer 2 psychology 3 Linguistics
4 economists 5 geology 6 sociology
7 archaeologists

Vocabulary for IELTS

 Units 1-9

I would suggest that freedom of speech should

5 Gadgets be protected in all but extreme circumstances.
In this essay, I will outline two main reasons.
Practice exercises Firstly, if people are not allowed to express their
1 1 d 2b 3 g 4c 5a 6 f 7h 8e views freely, they may choose to take action instead.
2 1 4 cm 2 12 cm 3 1 mm 4 18 cm This is how the communist regimes of Eastern Europe
3 1 suspend 2 reinforce 3 adjust were toppled in the 1980s. The same is happening
4 launch 5 secure again in other regions of the world today. People may
4 1 a 2b 3b 4a 5a choose to behave destructively, to riot, for example,
when they have no other means of being heard.
Exam practice Secondly, history shows that great thinkers of the past
1C 2B 3A 4C 5A 6B have often been censored for ideas that are now widely
accepted as valid. The sixteenth-century astronomer

6 Cities Galileo, for example, was condemned for advocating a

sun-centered theory of the solar system. More recently,
many dissident writers, scientists and thinkers who had
Practice exercises been silenced in the former Soviet Bloc have come to be
1 1 bustling 2 busy 3 pioneering celebrated for their achievements.
4 extensive 5 historic In short, freedom of speech is essential for a peaceful,
2 1 public transport 2 housing 3 amenity just and progressive society. It may be challenging for
4 infrastructure society to allow differences of opinion out into the open;
3 a 1 b 1 c 2 d 2 e3 f1 g1 h2 however, the consequences of restricting free speech
4 3 are likely to be more damaging in the longer term.
[253 words)
Exam practice
1 iv 2 iii 3 vi 4 vii
8 Getting involved
7 The art of persuasion Practice exercises
1 1 d 2a 3b 4c 5e
Practice exercises
1 1 d 2b 3a 4c interest involvement
2 1 advocate 2 acknowledge 3 justified Speaker 1 e iii
4 outline 5 object (to) Speaker 2 c ii
3 1 b 2 e 3a 4c 5d Speaker 3 d i
4 1 Consumers question whether the new printer Speaker 4 a in
will be more reliable than previous models. Speaker 5 b i
2 Many people object to the sale of national
treasures abroad. 3 a iv b v c i d iii e ii
3 Most people acknowledge that the National 4 1 ii 2 c 3 v 4 iii 5 a
Health Service has improved the nation’s health. 5 1 /z / 2 /s / 3 /s / 4 /s / 5 /s / 6 /z/ 7 /s /
4 Some politicians assert that new approaches 8 /z / 9 /z /
to tackling youth crime should be explored.
5 Experts dispute these figures. 9 Global warming
6 The teacher implied that Susan
would pass the course.
Practice exercises
1 1 glaciers 2 typhoons 3 droughts
Exam practice model answer
4 current 5 flood 6 hurricane
There has been considerable debate in recent
2 1 a flood
years over the role of free speech in a free society.
2 hurricanes originate in the Caribbean or Atlantic;
Some object to absolute freedom of speech.
typhoons originate in the Pacific
Others advocate free speech, arguing that the
3 polar icecaps of Antarctica and Greenland, and in
ability to tolerate different points of view is a
mountains
hallmark of civilized society. Whilst I acknowledge
4 both air and water
that there are strong arguments on both sides,

Answer key 105

 3 1 disagree 2 inconsistent 3 unlikely is now thought that the Gulf Stream is unlikely
4 illegal 5 irresponsible to vanish. It may, therefore, be possible to scale
U 1 condense, contract 2 expand back plans for flood defences in coastal areas.
3 prehistoric 4 overestimate, overflow However, there is also evidence that some of the
5 1 condenses 2 expands 3 prehistoric consequences of climate change may have been
4 overflowed 5 inconsistent 6 unlikely understated. Tropical forests are now believed
7 disagree to be more vulnerable to drought. Hurricanes
and typhoons may become more severe. Greater
sentence a sentence b efforts should therefore be made to protect
1 expands contracts vulnerable populations, especially in tropical
areas. Buildings in storm-prone areas may also
2 likely unlikely
need to be re-designed to withstand high winds.
3 inaccurate accurate These recommendations, however, address the
6 overestimated underestimated symptoms of global warming, not the root cause:
the generation of greenhouse gases. Whatever the
precise scale and nature of the consequences of
Exam practice global warming, they are all undesirable. Clearly,
1 risk factors 2 impacts 3 sea levels more needs to be done to reduce the burning of
4 glaciers 5 to be expanding 6 unlikely to fossil fuels. Stricter emissions targets should
7 drought 8 typhoons 9 global warming be set and use of alternative sources of energy
encouraged. It would be profoundly irresponsible
to do nothing about the causes of global warming.
10 Revision 1
Revision exercises 11 Words for describing
1 1 My siblings are conventional.
2 My colleagues are tolerant.
graphs and figures
3 People with violent spouses are often vulnerable.
4 My employers are flexible.
Practice exercises
5 Our clients are idealistic. 1 1 d 2a 3c 4 g 5 f 6e 7b
2 1c 2d 3f 4e 5b 6a 7g
2 1c 2d 3 a 4b 5 e
3 1 d 2 f 3b 4c bar chart diagram flow chart line graph
4 1b 2b 3a 4b 5a
5 1b 2c 3b 4a 5 c 6 a 2. 3, 4, 5, 9 1.7 1,8 4. 5.9
6 1 d 2 e 3 c 4 a 5b
7 1 True 2 False 3 True 4 True
map pie chart table
8 1 attended 2 contemporary 3 organized
4 broadcast 5 participate in 6 amateur 5,7 5,7 3,6
9 Model answer k 1 flow chart, steps 2 map, key
Global warming has long been recognized as 3 bar chart, vertical axis 4 diagram, arrows
a serious problem by most climate scientists.
5 pie chart, segments 6 line graph, horizontal axis
Governments around the world have begun to take 7 table, columns
the necessary measures to address it. However, as
5 depicts represents compares
our understanding of the scale and nature of the illustrates gives data
problem is still developing, efforts to tackle global
warming need to be reassessed from time to time.
Exam practice model answer
Recent evidence suggests that some risk factors The charts show the percentage breakdown of
associated with climate change may have been
government spending across nine categories in
overstated. Sea levels are now expected to rise 2000 and 2010. Over the ten-year period, there
by approximately one metre, not two metres, were significant changes in expenditure.
as previously thought. This is because some In both years, the four largest areas of government
glaciers and ice sheets appear to be contracting, expenditure were: education, healthcare, pensions, and
the Arctic, for example, while others, such as defence, with education taking the largest share (24% in
the Antarctic, appear to be expanding. Also, it 2000 and 21% in 2010). The smallest areas of expenditure

106 Vocabulary for IELTS

 Units 10-14
were transport, culture and leisure and ‘other’. Interest
adjective adverb
on borrowing and spending on welfare lay in between.
Interestingly, between 2000 and 2010, spending on comparable comparably
all four of the largest areas had dropped, with the contrasting contrastingly
exception of pensions, which remained the same at different differently
19%. Spending on transport and culture and leisure also
X X
fell significantly, with the transport budget declining by
two thirds. On the other hand, spending on welfare and varied/variable variably
interest on government borrowing rose markedly, with
6 Circle: varied, comparable, comparison,
the latter doubling over the ten-year period to 10%.
resemblance, differently, contrast
Overall, the charts indicate that the government has
(noun), contrast (verb)
had to cut expenditure in most areas in order to fund the
7 1 varied 2 comparable 3 comparison
cost of borrowing and welfare.
4 resemblance 5 differently 6 contrast
7 contrasted
12 Words for describing
Exam practice
change 1 identical 2 different 3 comparable
4 different 5 alike
Practice exercises
11c 2a 3 e 4 f 5b 6d
2 a - bO c - d + e + fO
14 Words describing cause
3 year, decade, generation, century, millennium and effect
word connotation time expression
Practice exercises
1 alter 0 five centuries ago
1 1 the growth of social networking
2 diminish - the last few years [a reduction of government control of information]
+ 2 tax rises
3 refine over the next decade
[a slowdown in investment]
4 shift 0 within a generation 3 [Better maternal health]
5 transform + the next millennium the government's reform of services
4 The collapse of the bank
[financial crises throughout the country]
13 Words expressing 5 [The company’s insolvency]
similarity and difference a series of poor decisions made five years ago
6 His statements about corruption in the police

Practice exercises [an immediate response]

1 Circle: a, b, g, h Underline: c, d, e, f 2 1 whereas, complete d an antonym
2 1 identical 2 alike 3 diverse 4 distinct (cropped = reduced/cut)
5 equivalent 6 contrary 7 conversely 2 devices which reduce pollution generated by cars
8 comparable c a definition
3 1 differ 2 identical (a catalytic converter = a device which
4 1/2 differentiate/distinguish 3 differs reduces pollution generated by cars]
4identical 5/6 similar/analogous 3 weapons a a superordinate term
(a grenade = a type of weapon)
verb noun 4 for example failing to adeguatelv consider...
compare comparison b an example
(flawed = faulty)
contrast contrast
3 1b 2a 3b 4a 5a 6a 7b 8b 9a
differ difference
resemble resemblance Exam practice
IB 2A 3C 4B 5D
vary variety

Answer key 107

 15 Signposting expressions 16 Adverbs
for writing
Practice exercises
1 Underline: provisionally, relatively, approximately,
Practice exercises
ideally, indefinitely, particularly, necessarily
1 1 e 2 f 3b 4c 5a 6d
2 1 particularly 2 ideally 3 provisionally
2 1 b 2b and c 3a 4b 5c 6d
4 indefinitely 5 necessarily 6 approximately
3 1 prior 2 nevertheless 3 on balance
7 relatively
4 subsequent 5 whereas 6 respectively
3 1f 2c 3a 4 e 5g 6b 7d
4 1 Nevertheless 2 initial 3 subsequent
U 1 absol[u]tely2 necess[a]nly
4 moreover 5 former 6 whereas OR whilst
3 particularly 4 presMmably
5 supp[o]sedly 6 surpr[i]singly
Exam practice model answer
Studying abroad has become increasingly common
Exam practice sample answer
in the last few years, especially for young people
Examiner: Hello. My name is Susan Davie. Can
from countries such as China and India. Many
you tell me your full name, please?
students and their families clearly consider the
Student: Anna Delgado
experience worth the sacrifices involved. The former
Examiner: Thanks. Can I please see your
often give up friendships when they move abroad;
identification?... Thanks, that’s great.
the latter often use their life savings. Moreover,
I’m going to ask you some questions
many governments are willing to invest huge sums
about yourself now. Tell me about your
of money in sponsoring their young people to study
favourite film or television programme.
in universities overseas. However, this trend has
Student: A television programme I particularly
drawbacks as well as benefits for those concerned.
like is a comedy about people who work
One potential drawback is that the instruction
in an office. It looks quite ordinary on
international students receive may not be relevant
the surface, but the characters are very
to their home contexts. For example, students from
funny. If you’ve ever worked in an office,
developing countries who go to Western countries
you would understand the humour.
for teacher training are often taught to use teaching
Examiner: How do you think television has
techniques that are suitable for small classes. When
changed since you were a child?
they return home they are often expected to teach
Student: There are a lot more television channels,
classes of 40 or 50 students. Hence, what they have
so, supposedly, there is a lot more choice.
been trained to do may not be relevant.
But in fact many of the programmes today
Another potential drawback is the phenomenon of
are very similar. In the past there were
"brain drain’. Prior to leaving home, they may be fully
fewer programmes but more variety.
committed to returning. Nevertheless, students are
Examiner: Are there any types of programmes
often at the stage in their lives when they are forming
that you don’t like to watch?
their most important personal and professional
Student: Absolutely. I really don’t like
relationships. Thus they may choose to remain in the
soap operas. I find the story lines
host country on completing their studies.
completely unrealistic and I can
However, most international students find ways of
never keep track of all the different
making the experience work well for themselves and
characters and how they're related.
others involved. Most return home, enriched by new
Examiner: I’d like to ask you a few questions about
friendships made abroad. Furthermore, most find
transport. How do normally travel
ways of adapting what they have learned to their home
to your work or place of study?
context. On balance, the drawbacks do not outweigh the
Student: I usually walk to work as my workplace
benefits.
is only two kilometres from my home. It
takes me approximately 25 minutes to get
there. However, if the weather is bad, I get
a lift from my brother or my sister-in law.

108 Vocabulary for IELTS

 Units 15-19
Examiner: How do people in your country 5 adjusting different foreign referted
normally travel? adjustment acceptance environment
Student: More and more people own a car, so, approaching alleviated
inevitably, most people travel by car.
Unfortunately, it’s not the healthiest Exam practice
or most environmentally friendly 1 student welfare
mode of travel, but it is convenient. 2 letter of enrolment
Examiner: How easy is it to get around 3 damage to property
in your country? 4 intervene (if necessary)
Student: It’s relatively easy to get around, especially 5 welfare handbook
by car. The road network is extensive
and generally in a good state of repair.
The exception is in the mountainous
18 Words for talking about
areas in the west, where the roads are ideas
comparatively rough and narrow.
Examiner: We’re now going to talk about places
Practice exercises
of interest in your country. What do you
1 1 d 2 h 3 g 4b 5 f 6c 7a 8e
think is the most interesting building
2 Underline: 3 , 4, 6
or monument in your country?
Circle: 1, 2, 5
Student: Undoubtedly, the national museum. It
3 1 d 2c 3 a 4b
was once a palace but it now houses
the national art collection. It was built noun ambiguity bias concept
approximately 400 years ago and each adjective ambiguous biased conceptual
room has a particular theme. My
favourite room is designed around the noun credibility dogma validity
theme of music and holds the museum’s adjective credible dogmatic valid
collection of musical instruments.
Examiner: Do you prefer historic building 5 1 framework 2 validity
styles to modern architecture? 3 perspective 4 flaws
Student: Not necessarily. I think there are a lot of
interesting buildings being built these Exam practice
days. I like the way glass and steel can 1 philosophers and psychologists (any order)
be used to create light airy spaces. 2 consensus
Examiner: To what extent do people in your country 3 theories
value traditional architecture? 4 relief and incongruity (any order)
Student: Generally speaking, people still 5 misfortune or inferiority (any order)
prefer traditional architecture and the 6 valid
government has promoted the conservation
of historic buildings. Not surprisingly, 19 Emphasis and
it’s very difficult to get permission to
alter a traditional structure or construct understatement
a modern building in an old area.
Practice exercises
1 Circle: 1 abundant 3 ample 4 marked
17 Words for problems and Underline: 2 negligible 5 modest
solutions 2 1 definitive 2 undisputed 3 confirmed
4 will 5 known to be
1 1 c 2 b 3a 4 d 3 Cross out: 1b 2 c 3a 4c 5c 6 c
2 1 b 2c 3 e 4a 5e 4 1 liable to 2 marked 3 marginally
3 1 repaired 2 alleviate 3 resolve 4 seldom 5 definitive
4 tackle 5 resolve
4 1 damage 2 address 3 tackle
4 question 5 complication 6 alleviate

Answer key 109

 2 1 decline 2 abandoning 3 evolved
Exam practice
4 four decades 5 hardly altered
Model answer 6 a generation ago
The graph shows the number of hours per day on 3 1 distinguish 2 identical 3 equivalent
average that children spent watching television. The 4 varies 5 conversely 6 diverse 7 comparable
graph covers the period between 1950 and 2010. 4 1 cause 2 cause 3 consequence 4 cause
From 1950 to 1960, there was a modest rise in the 5 consequence 6 consequence 7 cause
average number of hours children spent in front of the 5 1 She knew she did not have the right qualifications;
television set. This was followed by a marked increase nevertheless, she applied for the job.
from approximately one hour to four hours of viewing 2 Geography is the study of the countries of
per day among children between 1965 and 1985. Over the world, whereas, geology is the study of
the next five years, there was a decrease. However this the structure and origin of the earth.
trend proved negligible as the viewing figure then rose 3 Over the last ten years, there has been a
again marginally. Between 2010 and 2011, there was marked divergence in the salaries of executives
another modest decline in the hours children spent and the salaries of ordinary workers; the
watching television. former has increased by one hundred and
Overall, there has been a significant rise in television eighty-seven per cent, while the latter has
viewing over the sixty-year period, though there is some increased by only twenty-seven per cent.
indication that this trend may be changing. 4 Shopkeepers should be penalized if they
sell cigarettes to young people; moreover,
the minimum age at which young
20 Revision 2 people can legally buy tobacco products
should be increased to eighteen.
Practice exercises 5 In many countries, it is very difficult to
1 1 graph 2 vertical 3 horizontal train for a new career after the age of
forty; hence, people need to think carefully
Model answer
before choosing an occupation.
Overall, the graph indicates that there were greater
6 Prior to the dispute over land ownership,
fluctuations in gym membership among men than
the two communities had lived
among women. The number of male members
harmoniously for many years.
started the period at just over two thousand and
6 1 False 2 True 3 False 4 True
reached highs of four thousand in 1985 and five
5 False 6 True 7 False
thousand around 2005. The lowest rates were
between 1993 and 1997 and more recently in 2010
8 1 notion2 credibility 3 valid 4 conjecture
5 compelling 6 biased
when the rate dipped as low as one thousand.
Female gym membership began lower at one thousand,
9 1b 2a 3 a 4 a 5b 6b
doubled by 1984, and then fluctuated between two and
three thousand for the remainder of the period. When
male rates were at their lowest, female rates were higher.
This was particularly true between 1993 and 1997 when
over three thousand women held gym membership.
In brief, there were marked differences in rates of male
and female gym memberships in the period covered.

110 Vocabulary for IELTS

 Units 1-2

Collocations
These are common collocations for the vocabulary
presented in the units. idealistic
an idealistic notion/vision/view

Unit 1___________________ tolerant

tolerant of something
People and relationships: a tolerant society/country/attitude
client racially tolerant
a firm’s clients vulnerable
advise/represent a client vulnerable to something
a prospective client vulnerable to attack/damage/fire
parent vulnerable children/women/people
the parents of someone a vulnerable position
a foster/adoptive/birth/single/lone parent especially/highly/increasingly vulnerable

sibling
a younger/elder sibling
Unit 2_________________
sibling rivalry
Health problems:
addiction
Adjectives to describe people:
addiction to something
autonomous
drug/heroin/cocaine/nicotine/alcohol addiction
an autonomous individual
a long-term/chronic/serious addiction
an autonomous region/republic/province/unit
cure/treat/overcome/fight against/feed
fiercely/relatively/largely autonomous
an addiction
consistent an addiction problem/clinic/counsellor
a consistent player/performer
allergy
consistent with something
an allergy to something
consistent with a finding/hypothesis
develop/diagnose/treat/trigger/cause
entirely/fairly/broadly/remarkably consistent
an allergy
conventional a severe/common/serious/
conventional wisdom/thinking/treatment/ life-threatening allergy
methods a food/peanut/penicillin/skin allergy
conventional forces/weapons allergy sufferers/symptoms
co-operative dehydration
a co-operative approach/effort/relationship avoid/prevent/cause/suffer from dehydration
efficient severe/mild/extreme dehydration
an efficient use of something disease
an efficient way of doing something a fatal/deadly/chronic disease
an efficient manner heart/lung/kidney disease
highly/extremely efficient transmit/contract/develop a disease
fuel/energy efficient prevent/treat/cure/fight a disease
flexible diagnose/spread/cause a disease
a flexible approach/system/arrangement infection
flexible working/working hours a viral/bacterial/urinary/respiratory infection
a flexible rate/market a chest/ear/lung infection

Collocations
 contract/transmit/spread an infection
prevent/combat/fight/treat/cure/
Unit 3
detect an infection A cad em ic subjects:
infection control/prevention archaeology
obesity an archaeology student/professor/
tackle/prevent/fight/reduce/cause obesity lecturer/department
the obesity epidemic/rate/problem maritime/biblical/industrial/classical
childhood/child/adult obesity archaeology
morbid/extreme/severe obesity astronomy
stroke an astronomy professor/enthusiast/
a suspected/minor/severe/fatal/mini stroke mission
a stroke victim/patient/unit planetary/optical/theoretical/modern
suffer/have/prevent a stroke astronomy

economics
V e rb s associated w ith tre a tm e n t: an economics professor/degree/department
adm inister Keynesian/classical/experimental/
administered by someone/something free-market economics
administer something to someone development/market economics
administer a dose/injection/vaccine/drug
administer medication/antibiotics/morphine geology
orally/intravenously administered the geology of somewhere
the geology of the area/region/island/earth
diagnose
someone is diagnosed with something linguistics
someone/something is diagnosed as something modern/historical/applied linguistics
diagnosed with cancer/diabetes/leukaemia psychology
diagnosed with a disorder/disease/tumour educational/evolutionary psychology
diagnosed as epileptic/diabetic clinical/cognitive psychology
examine sociology
a doctor/psychiatrist/specialist the sociology of something
examines someone the sociology of religion/science
examine a patient a sociology professor/lecturer/department/student
examine someone carefully
examined by someone A cad em ic a c tiv itie s :
analyse
screen
analyse data/statistics/results/trends
screen for something
analyse a sample
screen for a disease/abnormality/condition
analyse something critically/
screen for TB/diabetes/cancer
carefully/scientifically
screen a patient/donor
routinely/properly screen claim
cla im falsely/rig htly/wrongly/repeatedly
vaccinate
a true/false claim
vaccinated against something
vaccinated against smallpox/measles/ define
flu/rabies define something as/in terms of something
fully vaccinated define a term/concept
children/adults/animals are vaccinated a rule/law defines something
have someone vaccinated clearly/narrowly/broadly defined

112 Vocabulary for IELTS

 Units 3 -4

evaluate seek help/advice/refuge/treatment

evaluate a situation/impact/risk seek approval/permission/compensation
evaluate the effectiveness of something actively/eagerly/urgently/desperately/
evaluate the performance of someone unsuccessfully seek
carefully evaluate something
Nouns associated with travel
investigate
and adventure:
investigate a link/case/incident/complaint/
challenge
allegation
present/pose/accept/face/meet a challenge
thoroughly/fully/properly investigate
a serious/real/major/great challenge
a legal challenge
Nouns associated with research:
evidence destination
evidence of/for something a tourist/holiday/travel/popular/
find/gather/collect evidence favourite destination
present/produce evidence a final/ultimate destination
evidence suggests/shows
route
clear/strong/conclusive evidence
a route to/from somewhere
hypothesis take/follow/choose/travel a route
test/support/confirm/propose a hypothesis a main/direct/circuitous/alternative/
a null/testable/alternative hypothesis scenic route
a trade/escape/supply/bus route
theory
a route map/network
a theory of something
the theory of evolution/relativity
develop/propose/formulate/test/
Adjectives to describe experiences:
prove/apply a theory
intense
intense heat/pain/pressure/scrutiny/
a scientific/an evolutionary theory
fighting
intense debate/speculation/negotiations
Unit U_______________ intense competition/rivalry

Verbs associated with travel and pivotal

adventure: pivotal in something
accompany a pivotal role/moment/figure/point/
accompanied by someone position
accompanied by a bodyguard/adult/escort potentially/absolutely pivotal
accompany a text/illustration/article prove/become pivotal

delay profound
delay the onset/start of something a profound sense of something
a profound change/impact/effect/
encounter influence/implication
encounter resistance/opposition profound shock/sadness
encounter a difficulty/problem
valuable
overcome extremely/less/very valuable
overcome a problem/difficulty/ prove/become valuable
injury/deficit/obstacle a valuable asset/lesson/resource/
seek experience
seek something from someone a valuable contribution/item
be sought for something valuable property/information/advice

Collocations 113
 the full/overall/approximate/
Unit 5 minimum/maximum width
Nouns to describe dimensions:
angle Actions:
a 90-degree/£5-degree/acute angle
adjust
adjust to something
circumference adjusted for something
the circumference of something adjust figures/rates
in circumference adjust something to reflect/fit something
measure the circumference seasonally/periodically/automatically/
manually adjusted
diam eter
a diameter of x cm convey
x cm in diameter convey a sense/impression of something
convey the meaning of something
height convey something vividly/powerfully/accurately
a height of x convey information/emotion
have/reach a height of x convey a message
of medium/normal/average height
the maximum/minimum height launch
the average height launch a product/model/brand/book/magazine/car
the launch of something
length a product/book launch
the length of something an official launch
something stretches/extends the length of announce/delay/postpone a launch
something
have a length of x reinforce
reinforce a perception/view/impression/belief
measure/run/walk/travel the length of
something mutually/powerfully/constantly/
the entire/full/whole/total/overall
further reinforce something
length of something reinforce a notion/message/stereotype
powerfully/further reinforce something
radius
secure
a radius of/around something
secure a victory/conviction/place/win/deal
in/within a radius of something
secure the approval/support/backing of someone
a 50-mile/ten-mile/1km radius
secure funding/peace
a radius of x
the radius of a circle suspend
suspend something until a time
volume
immediately/temporarily/indefinitely
the volume of traffic/shares/data
suspend something
export/sales/traffic volume
suspended from a ceiling/rafter/hook
the average/total/estimated volume
suspended by wire/rope
the sheer/huge/high volume
increase/reduce volume
Unit 6___________________
width
the width of something Nouns associated with human
an amount in width geography
a width of x feet/inches/metres/miles commuter
adjust/vary/decrease/increase/extend a commuter train/plane/bus
the width a commuter town/belt

114 Vocabulary for IELTS

 Units 5-7

congestion urban
traffic/road/airport congestion urban sprawl/renewal/regeneration/
cause/increase congestion planning
reduce/ease congestion an urban neighbburhood/environment
congestion charge/charging urban warfare/poverty/living

resident
residents of/in somewhere Unit 7_______________
evacuate/warn/advise residents
residents say/fear/complain about/want/ R ep orting verb s:
report something advocate
former/local/permanent/nearby/elderly advocated by someone
residents advocate reform/legislation/violence
openly/strongly/publicly advocate
immigrant
a skilled/illegal immigrant acknowledge
a first-generation/second-generation acknowledge the existence/
immigrant importance of something
deport/detain/smuggle immigrants acknowledge the need for something
immigrants arrive/settle/flee acknowledge difficulties
an immigrant population/community/ publicly/readily acknowledge
worker/visa widely/universally acknowledged
infrastructure
dispute
the infrastructure of something
dispute a claim/assertion/allegation
have infrastructure in place dispute figures/facts
build/rebuild/improve/destroy infrastructure
hotly/vigorously/bitterly disputed
existing/basic infrastructure
transport/rail/telecommunications/security justify
infrastructure justified by something
entirely/wholly/amply justified
inhabitant
morally/ethically/rationally/economically/
the inhabitants of somewhere
scientifically justified
indigenous/native/original/local inhabitants
justify a war/invasion/action/expense
neighbourhood
a safe/good/bad/poor/quiet neighbourhood object
a residential/run-down neighbourhood object to something
object to the idea/notion/use
object strongly
Adjectives:
pioneering question
pioneering work/surgery/research question the validity/legality of something
a pioneering technique/concept/study question the wisdom/motives/integrity
a pioneering surgeon/conservationist/geologist of something/someone
historic
suggest
a historic agreement/decision/victory
evidence/research suggests
a historic achievement/opportunity
data/findings suggest something
a historic event/occasion/moment
a poll/study/report/study suggests
rural something
a rural area/community/population strongly/tentatively suggest
a rural economy/development/road suggest otherwise

Collocations 115
 Nouns associated with persuasion: poetry
benefit write/compose/publish poetry
the benefit of something recite/read/quote poetry
health/economic/financial/social benefit love/lyric/war/epic poetry
reap the benefit of something a poetry book/anthology
debate
a debate on/over/about/within something Adjectives:
a heated/lively/intense/ongoing debate classical
spark/provoke/trigger a debate classical music/ballet
classical tradition
drawback classical architecture/mythology/civilization
have drawbacks the classical world
outweigh/overcome drawbacks
the main/only drawback Verbs associated with involvement:
a big/major drawback assemble
proof assemble in/at somewhere
proof of something assemble for something
proof of identity/residency assemble for a meeting/ceremony/occasion
conclusive/definite/irrefutable/further/ a crowd/team assembles
concrete proof delegates/guests/workers assemble
need/provide/offer/furnish proof
attend
People who persuade: attended by someone
politician attend a meeting/conference/summit/funeral
a democratic/conservative/liberal/ delegates/guests/representatives
opposition politician attend something
a leading/senior/prominent/local/ sparsely/poorly/well attended
corrupt politician attend regularly/rarely
elect a politician
broadcast
politicians promise/claim/decide things
broadcast on something
broadcast on television/radio
Unit 8_______________ broadcast live
Nouns for cultural interests: broadcast a message/programme/image
current affairs a broadcasting network
a current affairs programme establish
drama establish a link/relationship
be in a drama firmly/quickly establish something
watch a drama
observe
a drama is set/filmed somewhere
scientists/researchers observe something
a drama is based on something
observe behaviour
a drama continues/begins/unfolds
closely observe
opera
an opera about something
organize
organize things by/into something
an opera singer/house
organize things by group/topic
orchestra organize things into units/sections/chapters
a chamber/symphony orchestra organize a meeting/conference/event/
conduct an orchestra demonstration
an orchestra plays/performs something well/poorly/highly organized

116 Vocabulary for IELTS

 Units 8-11

participate a letter/document/report/rule/
participate in something article states something
participate in a discussion/activity/debate/process
participate equally/willingly/effectively Adjectives:
accurate
reasonably/historically/scientifically/
Unit? factually accurate
accurate information/figures
Natural processes: an accurate description/measurement/
condense diagnosis/prediction
condense into/out of something
condense into rain/liquid/droplets
likely
likely to become/remain/continue/happen/cause
vapour/moisture/steam/gas condenses
be/seem/look/appear/become likely
a cloud condenses
more/most/very/highly/increasingly likely
contract less/as/not/also/quite likely
the throat contracts a likely target/explanation/outcome/candidate
the muscles/ventricles contract
contract rhythmically/rapidly Nouns associated with climate:
expand current
a current of something
expanded by an amount
a current of air/electricity
an expanding universe/economy/population
a strong/ocean current
expand capacity/coverage/production
expand the scope/range of something drought
expand rapidly/dramatically a prolonged/severe/devastating drought
drought affects/hits/devastates somewhere
flow
drought conditions
flow into a place
water/blood flows flood
a current flows a bad/devastating/flash flood
flow freely a flood hits/sweeps somewhere
a steady/constant/free flow
glacier
an Antarctic/Alaskan glacier
Verbs associated with scientific study: a glacier melts/retreats/moves
estimate
estimate something at x hurricane
estimate cost/value/revenue a devastating/deadly/major/powerful hurricane
an estimated percentage/amount withstand/predict a hurricane
a hurricane hits/destroys/damages something
predict
predict an event/outcome typhoon
a powerful/deadly typhoon
predict a fall/drop/decline/rise/recovery/upturn
a forecaster/economist/analyst predicts something
predict something accurately/confidently/ Unit 11_________________
correctly Nouns for graphs and figures:
impossible/difficult/possible to predict bar chart
a bar chart shows/illustrates/reflects something
state
state a fact/reason/preference a bar chart compares things
state clearly/explicitly/categorically/ diagram
unequivocally a diagram illustrates/shows something
state repeatedly/incorrectly/publicly draw a diagram

Collocations 117
 a schematic/explanatory/simple/ adjust something to reflect/fit something
complex diagram seasonally/periodically/automatically/
manually adjusted
pie chart
a pie chart shows/indicates/displays something alter
alter the course/outcome of something
Components of graphs and figures: alter the composition/balance/
row structure of something
a row of things alter the facts/perceptions/wording
in/into a row radically/fundamentally/structurally/
put/place/arrange things in a row genetically alter something
the front/back/top/bottom row
decline
a single/double row decline from x toy
segment decline by x
a segment of something steadily/rapidly/sharply decline
a segment of a circle/pie chart develop
a segment of a market/industry develop into something
a fast-growing/mid-sized/profitable segment develop something further
stage develop a technique/strategy/idea
a stage of something develop a business/product
a stage of development/evolution/pregnancy develop rapidly/quickly
a stage of a competition/tournament diminish
a stage of a cycle/process diminish in something
diminish in importance/size/number
Verbs meaning show’: rapidly/gradually diminish
depict greatly/drastically/considerably diminished
depicted as/in something
a painting/photograph depicts something evolve
a mural/fresco/cartoon depicts something evolve from/into something
depict a scene/landscape/character evolve over time
graphically/vividly/accurately depicted culture/language/society/technology evolves
humans/organisms/species evolve
represent rapidly/constantly/gradually/slowly evolve
represent a difference/increase/shift/step
modify
modify food/crops/ingredients
Unit 12________________ genetically/chemically modified
extensively/significantly modified
Verbs associated with change:
abandon refine
refine oil/uranium/gasoline/sugar
abandon a child/baby/project/plan/idea
refine a technique/procedure/skill
abandon an attempt/effort
an abandoned building/warehouse/
continually/constantly/greatly refine something
mine/quarry/vehicle/car shift
hastily/abruptly/temporarily shift uncomfortably/restlessly/uneasily
abandon someone/something shift one’s weight/position
shift the focus/emphasis/balance
adjust
adjust to something transform
adjusted for something transform something from/into something
adjust figures/rates completely/magically/dramatically transform

118 Vocabulary for IELTS

 Units 1 2 - U

transform society resemble

transform a country/business/area closely/somewhat/strongly resemble something
transform the economy/landscape/country/world
Adjectives and adverbs for describing
Nouns for periods of time: difference:
century contrary
centuries of something contrary to something
decade run/seem contrary to something
the last/next decade a contrary view/opinion/direction
recent/past/previous decades contrary evidence/information
a decade later/earlier/ago distinct
decades of something distinct from something
decades of war/conflict/neglect a distinct category/type/species/entity
millennium diverse
celebrate/approach/reach the millennium ethnically/culturally diverse
a new/next/second/third millennium geographically/linguistically diverse
diverse backgrounds
Unit 13_________________ a diverse group/range/population/society

Verbs for describing difference: Adjectives for describing similarity:

contrast alike
contrast a view/approach with something look/sound alike
contrast sharply/starkly dress/think alike

differ analogous
differ from something analogous to something
differ significantly/considerably/widely/ a manner/situation/process/position is analogous
sharply/markedly somewhat/closely/roughly/directly analogous
opinions/views differ equivalent
differentiate the equivalent of something
differentiate between things the equivalent of a pound/pint
differentiate something from something a modern/modern-day equivalent
a differentiated product/brand a cinematic/literary/musical/visual equivalent
a differentiating factor the male/female equivalent

distinguish identical
distinguish between things identical to/with something
distinguish something from something an identical copy/score/twin
reliably/easily/clearly distinguish identical wording/circumstances
functionally/genetically identical
vary look identical
vary from something
vary from region to region/person to person
vary considerably/enormously/greatly/widely Unit 14_________________
opinions/prices/estimates/practices vary Nouns:
varying degrees/sizes/lengths/amounts chain reaction
a chain reaction of things
Verbs for describing similarity: a chain reaction of events/damage/explosions
compare cause/set off/trigger/initiate a chain reaction
compare something with/to something a chain reaction occurs

Collocations 119
consequence genetically/biologically determined
the consequences of war/action/failure determine the cause/extent of something
the consequences for the economy/future/ determine precisely/conclusively/exactly
region
generate
suffer/face/accept/consider/
generated by something
understand the consequences
generate excitement/publicity/
serious/severe/tragic consequences
controversy/enthusiasm
likely/unintended consequences
generate wealth/income/profit
impact generate electricity/energy/heat/power
an impact oh the environment/economy
induce
an impact on society/health/earnings/tourism
induce a state/feeling/sense/change
a significant/important/major/profound impact
induce a response/reaction/heart attack/coma
a lasting/immediate/negative/
induce sleep/vomiting/fear/panic/relaxation
adverse/positive impact
provoke
influence provoke outrage/fury/controversy/fury/anger
the influence of alcohol/drugs
provoke a reaction/response/
have/exert influence on someone/something
backlash/outcry/debate
considerable/powerful/positive/political
influence result
a major/important/strong/good/bad influence result in death/arrest
result in a loss/reduction/increase
outcome result from use/exposure
the outcome of something
result from a failure/lack
await/predict/decide/affect/influence
the outcome stem
the likely outcome stem from something
a successful outcome a problem stems from something
stem from a fact/incident/belief/misconception
repercussion stem the tide/flow/spread of something
serious/possible/potential/negative
repercussions trigger
have/suffer/fear repercussions trigger a response/reaction/change
trigger a crisis/attack/war/debate
Verbs: trigger a tsunami/landslide/avalanche
affect
badly/adversely/directly affect Unit 15_________________
seriously/severely/greatly affect
affect the outcome/quality/ Referring to sequence:
performance of something initial
affect people/everyone an initial reaction/response/impression/diagnosis
an initial offering/purchase/investment/meeting
contribute
the initial stages/results/success
contribute to something
a contributing factor latter
contribute greatly/directly/ choose/prefer the latter
significantly/substantially the latter stage/part/category
determine prior
determined by something prior approval/permission/consent/agreement
determine something’s outcome/fate/ prior knowledge/experience
future/value a prior engagement/arrangement

Vocabulary for IELTS

 Units 15-17

the prior period/week/month/year dilemma

a day/hour/week/month/year prior to something pose/raise/face/solve a dilemma
subsequent a moral/ethical/policy/workplace dilemma
a subsequent year/event/period/generation
a subsequent investigation/inquiry/purchase Verbs associated with problems:
damage
Generalising: damage a building/vehicle
overall damage the environment
overall spending/revenue damage someone's brain/ligaments/
an overall impression/strategy/performance knee/ankle
an overall majority/increase damage someone's prospects/
reputation/credibility
badly/severely/seriously/permanently
Unit 16_________________ damage something
comparatively
deteriorate
comparatively little/small
deteriorate into something
comparatively rare/modest/mild/inexpensive
a condition/situation deteriorates
indefinitely someone’s health deteriorates
continue indefinitely a deteriorating situation/condition
be suspended/postponed/delayed/ quickly/rapidly/sharply/steadily deteriorate
closed indefinitely
exacerbate
be held/detained indefinitely
exacerbated by something
inevitably exacerbate a problem/situation/conflict/
inevitably result in/lead to/mean something crisis
particularly exacerbate tensions/symptoms
particularly in/among something
particularly useful/important/interesting/ Verbs associated with solutions:
relevant address
particularly vulnerable/sensitive/difficult address a problem/issue/concern/question
particularly concerned/pleased/impressed adequately/urgently/specifically/directly
address something
provisionally
provisionally agreed/accepted/scheduled eradicate
provisionally entitled/titled eradicate something in/from a place
virtually/completely/almost eradicated
relatively eradicate disease/poverty/illiteracy/racism
relatively small/low/short/easy/simple
relatively easily/cheaply/recently/little intervene
intervene in something
intervene personally/directly
Unit 17 intervene in a dispute/conflict/war/row/crisis
intervene in a case/affair/matter/situation/
Nouns for problems: process
crisis
a political/economic/humanitarian/ resolve
financial crisis quickly/peacefully/amicably resolve something
a severe crisis resolve a dispute/conflict/crisis/issue/problem
a hostage/energy/health/cash crisis tackle
resolve/face a crisis tackle a problem/issue/task/crisis
a crisis point/situation/meeting tackle crime/poverty/corruption

Collocations
 from the perspective of someone/something
Unit 18________________ a historical/feminist/sociological perspective
Nouns for ideas: a different/new/fresh perspective
concept stance
the concept of freedom/democracy/justice someone's stance towards/on something
understand/introduce/explain a concept adopt/maintain/take/assume a stance
a basic/original/abstract/simple/ a neutral/tough/aggressive/moral stance
key/underlying concept
a marketing/design concept Adjectives for describing ideas:
conjecture ambiguous
a matter of/for conjecture deliberately/somewhat/highly ambiguous
conjecture about something remain/seem ambiguous
fuel/spark/prompt conjecture an ambiguous relationship/position/
scientific/historical conjecture result/phrase/statement
ambiguous language/wording
consensus
the consensus amongst people biased
a consensus on/about something biased against someone/something
reach/build/achieve a consensus biased in favour of/towards someone/something
seek/establish a consensus biased reporting/coverage/research/advice
a scientific/cross-party/broad/general a biased opinion/sample/referee/judge
consensus heavily biased

dogma compelling
accept/question/challenge dogma a compelling argument/reason/testimony
ideological/religious/outdated dogma compelling data/results/evidence

fram ew ork credible

within a framework credible to someone
a framework of/for something appear/look/sound credible
agree/develop/establish/set a framework a credible threat/claim/witness/theory
a legal/regulatory/legislative/political scarcely credible
framework flawed
a conceptual/theoretical framework a flawed premise/assumption
ideology flawed logic/reasoning
the ideology of something fundamentally/seriously/fatally flawed
embrace/reject an ideology valid
an ideology influences/motivates/ a valid reason/point/argument/claim
drives someone a valid comment/question/comparison/
a political/religious/secular/economic ideology criticism
model perfectly/equally/entirely valid
a model of something
a model of efficiency/consistency/excellence
introduce/adopt/follow a model
Unit 19
a model of evolution
Adjectives describing quantity and
propose a model
degree:
perspective abundant
a perspective on something abundant wildlife/evidence/resources
the perspective of someone an abundant supply/element

122 Vocabulary for IELTS

 units 1 8 - i y

marked
a marked contrast/improvement/
increase/difference
clearly/most/more marked
negligible
a negligible impact/effect/contribution
a negligible amount/level/risk/cost
almost/essentially negligible

Adjectives describing degree of certainty:

definitive
a definitive answer/agreement/
statement/conclusion
definitive proof
tentative
a tentative step/agreement/settlement/deal
a tentative conclusion/thesis/theory

Adverbs describing quantity and degree:

marginally
marginally profitable/low/high
increase/rise/decline/improve marginally

Collocations 123
 The International English Language
Testing System (IELTS) Test
IELTS is jointly managed by the British Council, Cambridge ESOL Examinations and IDP Education, Australia.
There are two versions of the test:
• Academic
• General Training
Academic is for students wishing to study at undergraduate or postgraduate levels in an English-medium
environment.
General Training is for people who wish to migrate to an English-speaking country.
This book is primarily for students taking the Academic version.

The Test
There are four modules:
Listening 30 minutes, plus 10 minutes for transferring answers to the answer sheet
NB: the audio is heard only once.
Approx. 10 questions per section
Section 1: two speakers discuss a social situation
Section 2: one speaker talks about a non-academic topic
Section 3: up to four speakers discuss an educational project
Section 4: one speaker gives a talk of general academic interest
Reading 60 minutes
3 texts, taken from authentic sources, on general, academic topics. They may contain diagrams,
charts, etc.
40 questions: may include multiple choice, sentence completion, completing a diagram, graph or
chart, choosing headings, yes/no, true/false questions, classification and matching exercises.
Writing Task 1: 20 minutes: description of a table, chart, graph or diagram (150 words minimum]
Task 2: 40 minutes: an essay in response to an argument or problem (250 words minimum)
Speaking 11-14 minutes
A three-part face-to-face oral interview with an examiner.
The interview is recorded.
Part 1: introductions and general questions (4-5 mins)
Part 2: individual long turn (3-4 mins) - the candidate is given a task, has one minute toprepare,
then talks for 1-2 minutes, with some questions from the examiner.
Part 3: two-way discussion (4-5 mins): the examiner asks further questions on the topic from Part
2, and gives the candidate the opportunity to discuss more abstract issues or ideas.
Timetabling Listening, Reading and Writing must be taken on the same day, and in the order listed above.
Speaking can be taken up to 7 days before or after the other modules.
Scoring Each section is given a band score. The average of the four scores produces the Overall Band
Score. You do not pass or fail IELTS; you receive a score.

IELTS and the Common European Framework of Reference

The CEFR shows the level of the learner and is used for many English as a Foreign Language examinations. The
table below shows the approximate CEFR level and the equivalent IELTS Overall Band Score.-
CEFR description CEFR code IELTS Band Score
Proficient user C2 9
(Advanced) C1 7-8
Independent user B2 5-6.5
(Intermediate - Upper Intermediate) B1 4-5

124
This table contains the general descriptors for the band scores 1-9:

IELTS Band
Scores

Expert user Has fully operational command of the language: appropriate, accurate and fluent
with complete understanding.
Very good user Has fully operational command of the language, with only occasional unsystematic
inaccuracies and inappropriacies. Misunderstandings may occur in unfamiliar
situations. Handles complex detailed argumentation well.
Good user Has operational command of the language, though with occasional inaccuracies,
inappropriacies and misunderstandings in some situations. Generally handles
complex language well and understands detailed reasoning.
Competent user Has generally effective command of the language despite some inaccuracies,
inappropriacies and misunderstandings. Can use and understand fairly complex
language, particularly in familiar situations.
Modest user Has partial command of the language, coping with overall meaning in most
situations, though is likely to make many mistakes. Should be able to handle basic
communication in own field.
Limited user Basic competence is limited to familiar situations. Has frequent problems in
understanding and expression. Is not able to use complex language.
Extremely limited Conveys and understands only general meaning in very familiar situations. Frequent
user breakdowns in communication occur.
Intermittent user No real communication is possible except for the most basic information using
isolated words or short formulae in familiar situations and to meet immediate
needs. Has great difficulty understanding spoken and written English.
Non user Essentially has no ability to use the language beyond possibly a few isolated words.
Did not attempt No assessable information provided.
the test

Marking
The Listening and Reading papers have 40 items, each worth one mark if correctly answered. Here are some
examples of how marks are translated into band scores:
Listening: 16 out of 40 correct answers: band score 5
23 out of 40 correct answers: band score 6
30 out of 40 correct answers: band score 7
Reading 15 out of 40 correct answers: band score 5
23 out of 40 correct answers: band score 6
30 out of 40 correct answers: band score 7
Writing and Speaking are marked according to performance descriptors.
Writing: examiners award a band score for each of four areas with equal weighting:
• Task achievement (Task 1)
• Task response (Task 2}
• Coherence and cohesion
• Lexical resource and grammatical range and accuracy
Speaking: examiners award a band score for each of four areas with equal weighting:
• Fluency and coherence
• Lexical resource
• Grammatical range
• Accuracy and pronunciation
For full details of how the examination is scored and marked, go to: [Link]

125
Collins IELTS Test preparation
English fo r Exams
covered by Collins
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The only series o f topic-based IELTS test preparation books focusing on each skill.

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